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Beck-Engeser GB, Ahrends T, Knittel G, Wabl R, Metzner M, Eilat D, Wabl M. Infectivity and insertional mutagenesis of endogenous retrovirus in autoimmune NZB and B/W mice. J Gen Virol 2015; 96:3396-3410. [PMID: 26315139 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Murine leukaemia virus has been suggested to contribute to both autoimmune disease and leukaemia in the NZB mouse and in the (NZB × NZW) F1 (abbreviated B/W) mouse. However, with apparently only xenotropic but no ecotropic virus constitutively expressed in these mice, few mechanisms could explain the aetiology of either disease in either mouse strain. Because pseudotyped and/or inducible ecotropic virus may play a role, we surveyed the ability of murine leukaemia virus in NZB, NZW and B/W mice to infect and form a provirus. From the spleen of NZB mice, we isolated circular cDNA of xenotropic and polytropic virus, which indicates ongoing infection by these viruses. From a B/W lymphoma, we isolated and determined the complete sequence of a putative ecotropic NZW virus. From B/W mice, we recovered de novo endogenous retroviral integration sites (tags) from the hyperproliferating cells of the spleen and the peritoneum. The tagged genes seemed to be selected to aid cellular proliferation, as several of them are known cancer genes. The insertions are consistent with the idea that endogenous retrovirus contributes to B-cell hyperproliferation and progression to lymphoma in B/W mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele B Beck-Engeser
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143-0414, USA
| | - Tomasz Ahrends
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143-0414, USA
| | - Gero Knittel
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143-0414, USA
| | - Rafael Wabl
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143-0414, USA
| | - Mirjam Metzner
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143-0414, USA
| | - Dan Eilat
- Department of Medicine, Hadassah University Hospital and The Hebrew University Faculty of Medicine, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Matthias Wabl
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143-0414, USA
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Gonzalez-Hernandez MJ, Cavalcoli JD, Sartor MA, Contreras-Galindo R, Meng F, Dai M, Dube D, Saha AK, Gitlin SD, Omenn GS, Kaplan MH, Markovitz DM. Regulation of the human endogenous retrovirus K (HML-2) transcriptome by the HIV-1 Tat protein. J Virol 2014; 88:8924-35. [PMID: 24872592 PMCID: PMC4136263 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00556-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2014] [Accepted: 05/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Approximately 8% of the human genome is made up of endogenous retroviral sequences. As the HIV-1 Tat protein activates the overall expression of the human endogenous retrovirus type K (HERV-K) (HML-2), we used next-generation sequencing to determine which of the 91 currently annotated HERV-K (HML-2) proviruses are regulated by Tat. Transcriptome sequencing of total RNA isolated from Tat- and vehicle-treated peripheral blood lymphocytes from a healthy donor showed that Tat significantly activates expression of 26 unique HERV-K (HML-2) proviruses, silences 12, and does not significantly alter the expression of the remaining proviruses. Quantitative reverse transcription-PCR validation of the sequencing data was performed on Tat-treated PBLs of seven donors using provirus-specific primers and corroborated the results with a substantial degree of quantitative similarity. IMPORTANCE The expression of HERV-K (HML-2) is tightly regulated but becomes markedly increased following infection with HIV-1, in part due to the HIV-1 Tat protein. The findings reported here demonstrate the complexity of the genome-wide regulation of HERV-K (HML-2) expression by Tat. This work also demonstrates that although HERV-K (HML-2) proviruses in the human genome are highly similar in terms of DNA sequence, modulation of the expression of specific proviruses in a given biological situation can be ascertained using next-generation sequencing and bioinformatics analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta J Gonzalez-Hernandez
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA Program in Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - James D Cavalcoli
- Center for Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Maureen A Sartor
- Center for Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | | | - Fan Meng
- Center for Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Manhong Dai
- Center for Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Derek Dube
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Anjan K Saha
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Scott D Gitlin
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA Department of Veterans Affairs, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Gilbert S Omenn
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA Center for Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA National Center for Integrative Biomedical Informatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Mark H Kaplan
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - David M Markovitz
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA Program in Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA Program in Cancer Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA Cellular and Molecular Biology Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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Boyd GW. An evolution-based hypothesis on the origin and mechanisms of autoimmune disease. Immunol Cell Biol 1997; 75:503-7. [PMID: 9429900 DOI: 10.1038/icb.1997.78] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The pathogenesis of autoimmune disease remains an enigma. Here, the condition is analysed from an evolutionary standpoint, and the thesis developed that viruses, in particular retroviruses, are important to our evolution, and that their inappropriate re-expression by repetitive (? ischaemic) cell damage in individuals of appropriate major histocompatibility type, leads to autoimmune disease. Such a view requires a slight adjustment to traditional ways of seeing Darwinian evolution, but one which makes real sense of the MHC-restricted nature of the adaptive immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- G W Boyd
- Division of Clinical Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia.
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Kitamura Y, Ayukawa T, Ishikawa T, Kanda T, Yoshiike K. Human endogenous retrovirus K10 encodes a functional integrase. J Virol 1996; 70:3302-6. [PMID: 8627815 PMCID: PMC190198 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.70.5.3302-3306.1996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
We cloned a human endogenous retrovirus K1O DNA fragment encoding integrase and expressed it as a fusion protein with Escherichia coli maltose-binding protein. Integrase activities were measured in vitro by using a double-stranded oligonucleotide as a substrate mimicking viral long terminal repeats (LTR). The fusion protein was highly active for both terminal cleavage and strand transfer in the presence of Mn2+ on the K1O LTR substrate. It was also active on both Rous sarcoma virus and human immunodeficiency virus type 1 LTR substrates, whereas Rous sarcoma virus and human immunodeficiency virus type 1 integrases were active only on their corresponding LTR substrates. The results strongly suggest that K1O encodes a functional integrase with relaxed substrate specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Kitamura
- Division of Molecular Genetics, National Institute of Health, Tokyo, Japan
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