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Li Y, Ding J, Araki D, Zou J, Larochelle A. Modulation of WNT, Activin/Nodal and MAPK Signaling Pathways Increases Arterial Hemogenic Endothelium and Hematopoietic Stem/Progenitor Cell Formation During Human iPSC Differentiation. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.02.21.529379. [PMID: 36865308 PMCID: PMC9980074 DOI: 10.1101/2023.02.21.529379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
Several differentiation protocols enable the emergence of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) from human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), yet optimized schemes to promote the development of HSPCs with self-renewal, multilineage differentiation and engraftment potential are lacking. To improve human iPSC differentiation methods, we modulated WNT, Activin/Nodal and MAPK signaling pathways by stage-specific addition of small molecule regulators CHIR99021, SB431542 and LY294002, respectively, and measured the impact on hematoendothelial formation in culture. Manipulation of these pathways provided a synergy sufficient to enhance formation of arterial hemogenic endothelium (HE) relative to control culture conditions. Importantly, this approach significantly increased production of human HSPCs with self-renewal and multilineage differentiation properties, as well as phenotypic and molecular evidence of progressive maturation in culture. Together, these findings provide a stepwise improvement in human iPSC differentiation protocols and offer a framework for manipulating intrinsic cellular cues to enable de novo generation of human HSPCs with functionality in vivo . Significance Statement The ability to produce functional HSPCs by differentiation of human iPSCs ex vivo holds enormous potential for cellular therapy of human blood disorders. However, obstacles still thwart translation of this approach to the clinic. In keeping with the prevailing arterial-specification model, we demonstrate that concurrent modulation of WNT, Activin/Nodal and MAPK signaling pathways by stage-specific addition of small molecules during human iPSC differentiation provides a synergy sufficient to promote arterialization of HE and production of HSPCs with features of definitive hematopoiesis. This simple differentiation scheme provides a unique tool for disease modeling, in vitro drug screening and eventual cell therapies.
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2
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Krenn PW, Montanez E, Costell M, Fässler R. Integrins, anchors and signal transducers of hematopoietic stem cells during development and in adulthood. Curr Top Dev Biol 2022; 149:203-261. [PMID: 35606057 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2022.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), the apex of the hierarchically organized blood cell production system, are generated in the yolk sac, aorta-gonad-mesonephros region and placenta of the developing embryo. To maintain life-long hematopoiesis, HSCs emigrate from their site of origin and seed in distinct microenvironments, called niches, of fetal liver and bone marrow where they receive supportive signals for self-renewal, expansion and production of hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPCs), which in turn orchestrate the production of the hematopoietic effector cells. The interactions of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) with niche components are to a large part mediated by the integrin superfamily of adhesion molecules. Here, we summarize the current knowledge regarding the functional properties of integrins and their activators, Talin-1 and Kindlin-3, for HSPC generation, function and fate decisions during development and in adulthood. In addition, we discuss integrin-mediated mechanosensing for HSC-niche interactions, ex vivo protocols aimed at expanding HSCs for therapeutic use, and recent approaches targeting the integrin-mediated adhesion in leukemia-inducing HSCs in their protecting, malignant niches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter W Krenn
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany; Department of Biosciences and Medical Biology, Cancer Cluster Salzburg, Paris-Lodron University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria.
| | - Eloi Montanez
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona and Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute, L'Hospitalet del Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mercedes Costell
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universitat de València, Burjassot, Spain; Institut Universitari de Biotecnologia i Biomedicina, Universitat de València, Burjassot, Spain
| | - Reinhard Fässler
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany
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3
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Mehrpouri M. The contributory roles of the CXCL12/CXCR4/CXCR7 axis in normal and malignant hematopoiesis: A possible therapeutic target in hematologic malignancies. Eur J Pharmacol 2022; 920:174831. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2022.174831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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4
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Torres-Barrera P, Mayani H, Chávez-González A. Understanding the hematopoietic microenvironment in chronic myeloid leukemia: A concise review. Curr Res Transl Med 2021; 69:103295. [PMID: 33962119 DOI: 10.1016/j.retram.2021.103295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 04/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is a myeloproliferative disease that results from the BCR-ABL gene-induced transformation of a primitive hematopoietic cell. This disease has been extensively studied, and, as a result, a very effective therapy has been developed: the tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Although, there is a significant knowledge about the intrinsic biology of CML cells, alterations in their bone marrow microenvironment are not yet completely understood. In this concise review, we summarized recent findings on the composition and function of the bone marrow microenvironment in CML, and their importance in the progression of the disease and treatment resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Torres-Barrera
- Laboratorio de Células Troncales Leucémicas, Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Oncológicas, CMN Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, México; Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas, UNAM, México
| | - H Mayani
- Laboratorio de Células Troncales Hematopoyéticas, Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Oncológicas, CMN Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, México
| | - A Chávez-González
- Laboratorio de Células Troncales Leucémicas, Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Oncológicas, CMN Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, México.
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5
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Jung O, Beauvais DM, Adams KM, Rapraeger AC. VLA-4 phosphorylation during tumor and immune cell migration relies on its coupling to VEGFR2 and CXCR4 by syndecan-1. J Cell Sci 2019; 132:jcs.232645. [PMID: 31562188 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.232645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
When targeted by the tumor-promoting enzyme heparanase, cleaved and shed syndecan-1 (Sdc1) then couples VEGFR2 (also known as KDR) to VLA-4, activating VEGFR2 and the directed migration of myeloma cells. But how VEGFR2 activates VLA-4-mediated motility has remained unknown. We now report that VEGFR2 causes PKA-mediated phosphorylation of VLA-4 on S988, an event known to stimulate tumor metastasis while suppressing cytotoxic immune cells. A key partner in this mechanism is the chemokine receptor CXCR4, a well-known mediator of cell motility in response to gradients of the chemokine SDF-1 (also known as CXCL12). The entire machinery necessary to phosphorylate VLA-4, consisting of CXCR4, AC7 (also known as ADCY7) and PKA, is constitutively associated with VEGFR2 and is localized to the integrin by Sdc1. VEGFR2 carries out the novel phosphorylation of Y135 within the DRY microswitch of CXCR4, sequentially activating Gαiβγ, AC7 and PKA, which phosphorylates S988 on the integrin. This mechanism is blocked by a syndecan-mimetic peptide (SSTNVEGFR2), which, by preventing VEGFR2 linkage to VLA-4, arrests tumor cell migration that depends on VLA-4 phosphorylation and stimulates the LFA-1-mediated migration of cytotoxic leukocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oisun Jung
- Department of Human Oncology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1111 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53705, USA.,Graduate Program in Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1111 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - DeannaLee M Beauvais
- Department of Human Oncology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1111 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Kristin M Adams
- Department of Human Oncology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1111 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Alan C Rapraeger
- Department of Human Oncology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1111 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53705, USA .,Graduate Program in Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1111 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53705, USA
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6
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Valent P, Sadovnik I, Eisenwort G, Herrmann H, Bauer K, Mueller N, Sperr WR, Wicklein D, Schumacher U. Redistribution, homing and organ-invasion of neoplastic stem cells in myeloid neoplasms. Semin Cancer Biol 2019; 60:191-201. [PMID: 31408723 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2019.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The development of a myeloid neoplasm is a step-wise process that originates from leukemic stem cells (LSC) and includes pre-leukemic stages, overt leukemia and a drug-resistant terminal phase. Organ-invasion may occur in any stage, but is usually associated with advanced disease and a poor prognosis. Sometimes, extra-medullary organ invasion shows a metastasis-like or even sarcoma-like destructive growth of neoplastic cells in local tissue sites. Examples are myeloid sarcoma, mast cell sarcoma and localized blast phase of chronic myeloid leukemia. So far, little is known about mechanisms underlying re-distribution and extramedullary dissemination of LSC in myeloid neoplasms. In this article, we discuss mechanisms through which LSC can mobilize out of the bone marrow niche, can transmigrate from the blood stream into extramedullary organs, can invade local tissue sites and can potentially create or support the formation of local stem cell niches. In addition, we discuss strategies to interfere with LSC expansion and organ invasion by targeted drug therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Valent
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Hematology & Hemostaseology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Hematology & Oncology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria.
| | - Irina Sadovnik
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Hematology & Hemostaseology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Hematology & Oncology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Gregor Eisenwort
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Hematology & Hemostaseology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Hematology & Oncology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Harald Herrmann
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Hematology & Oncology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Radiotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Department of Medicine III, Austria
| | - Karin Bauer
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Hematology & Hemostaseology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Hematology & Oncology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Niklas Mueller
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Hematology & Hemostaseology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Internal Medicine III, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Hospital of the Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Germany
| | - Wolfgang R Sperr
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Hematology & Hemostaseology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Hematology & Oncology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Daniel Wicklein
- Institute of Anatomy and Experimental Morphology, University Cancer Center, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Udo Schumacher
- Institute of Anatomy and Experimental Morphology, University Cancer Center, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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7
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Agarwal P, Isringhausen S, Li H, Paterson AJ, He J, Gomariz Á, Nagasawa T, Nombela-Arrieta C, Bhatia R. Mesenchymal Niche-Specific Expression of Cxcl12 Controls Quiescence of Treatment-Resistant Leukemia Stem Cells. Cell Stem Cell 2019; 24:769-784.e6. [PMID: 30905620 PMCID: PMC6499704 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2019.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Revised: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) originates in a hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) transformed by the breakpoint cluster region (BCR)-abelson (ABL) oncogene and is effectively treated with tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs). TKIs do not eliminate disease-propagating leukemic stem cells (LSCs), suggesting a deeper understanding of niche-dependent regulation of CML LSCs is required to eradicate disease. Cxcl12 is expressed in bone marrow niches and controls HSC maintenance, and here, we show that targeted deletion of Cxcl12 from mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) reduces normal HSC numbers but promotes LSC expansion by increasing self-renewing cell divisions, possibly through enhanced Ezh2 activity. In contrast, endothelial cell-specific Cxcl12 deletion decreases LSC proliferation, suggesting niche-specific effects. During CML development, abnormal clusters of colocalized MSCs and LSCs form but disappear upon Cxcl12 deletion. Moreover, MSC-specific deletion of Cxcl12 increases LSC elimination by TKI treatment. These findings highlight a critical role of niche-specific effects of Cxcl12 expression in maintaining quiescence of TKI-resistant LSC populations.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Apoptosis
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Chemokine CXCL12/genetics
- Chemokine CXCL12/metabolism
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm
- Enhancer of Zeste Homolog 2 Protein/genetics
- Enhancer of Zeste Homolog 2 Protein/metabolism
- Fusion Proteins, bcr-abl/genetics
- Fusion Proteins, bcr-abl/metabolism
- Hematopoietic Stem Cells/physiology
- Humans
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/drug therapy
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/metabolism
- Mesenchymal Stem Cells/physiology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Neoplastic Stem Cells/physiology
- Organ Specificity
- Protein Kinase Inhibitors/therapeutic use
- Stem Cell Niche/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Puneet Agarwal
- Division of Hematology & Oncology, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Stephan Isringhausen
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Division of Hematology, University Hospital and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Hui Li
- Division of Hematology & Oncology, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Andrew J Paterson
- Division of Hematology & Oncology, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Jianbo He
- Division of Hematology & Oncology, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Álvaro Gomariz
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Division of Hematology, University Hospital and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Takashi Nagasawa
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology & Developmental Immunology, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - César Nombela-Arrieta
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Division of Hematology, University Hospital and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ravi Bhatia
- Division of Hematology & Oncology, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
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8
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Kawa MP, Baumert B, Litwińska Z, Gniot M, Pius-Sadowska E, Rogińska D, Lewandowski K, Zdziarska B, Machaliński B. Potential Leukemic Cells Engraftment After Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation From Unrelated Donors With Undiagnosed Chronic Leukemia. Transplant Proc 2018; 50:3789-3796. [PMID: 30509616 DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2018.04.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Revised: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Donor-related neoplasms are a potential complication of treatment strategies involving stem cell transplantation. Although mechanisms for detection of short-term complications after these procedures are well developed, complications with delayed onset, notably transmission of chronic diseases such as chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), have been difficult to assess. Consequently, we studied the potential of human CML cells to engraft hematopoietic tissues after intravenous implantation in mice. METHODS Human peripheral blood cells, collected from CML patients presenting with moderately increased white blood cells count before treatment, were transplanted into sub-lethally irradiated, immunodeficient mice. Five weeks after transplantation the nuclear cells were isolated from the murine bone marrow, spleen, and peripheral blood and were used to quantitatively detect human CD45 antigen by flow cytometry; qRT-PCR was used to detect the BCR-ABL1 fusion gene, and the human or murine beta-glucuronidase housekeeping gene was used to examine human-murine chimerism. RESULTS We found that all evaluated animals had donor chimerism at the selected interval after transplant and the presence of a specific BCR-ABL1 fusion gene transcript was also detected. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that the risk of neoplasm transmission cannot be eliminated during hematopoietic stem cell transplantation from undiagnosed CML donors with borderline leukocytosis. The obtained data confirms the potential of leukemic cells to viably engraft the hematopoietic organs post-transplantation in an immunosuppressed recipient.
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Affiliation(s)
- M P Kawa
- Department of General Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - B Baumert
- Department of General Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Z Litwińska
- Department of General Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - M Gniot
- Department of Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - E Pius-Sadowska
- Department of General Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - D Rogińska
- Department of General Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - K Lewandowski
- Department of Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - B Zdziarska
- Department of Hematology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - B Machaliński
- Department of General Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland.
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9
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Valent P, Horny H, Arock M. The underestimated role of basophils in Ph + chronic myeloid leukaemia. Eur J Clin Invest 2018; 48:e13000. [PMID: 30019447 PMCID: PMC6175372 DOI: 10.1111/eci.13000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2018] [Revised: 05/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML) is a hematopoietic neoplasm defined by the chromosome translocation t(9;22) and the related oncogene, BCR-ABL1. In most patients, leukaemic cells can be kept under control using BCR-ABL1-targeting drugs. However, many patients relapse which remains a clinical challenge. In particular, patients with advanced (accelerated or blast phase) CML have a poor prognosis. So far, little is known about molecular and cellular interactions and features that contribute to disease progression and drug resistance in CML. One key prognostic factor at diagnosis is marked basophilia. However, although basophils are well-known multifunctional effector cells, their impact in CML remains uncertain. In this article, we discuss the potential role of basophils as active contributors to disease evolution and progression in CML. In particular, basophils serve as a unique source of inflammatory, angiogenic and fibrogenic molecules, such as vascular endothelial growth factor or hepatocyte growth factor. In addition, basophils provide vasoactive substances, like histamine as well as the cytokine-degrading enzyme dipeptidyl-peptidase IV which may promote stem cell mobilization and the extramedullary spread of stem and progenitor cells. Finally, basophils may produce autocrine growth factors for myeloid cells. Understanding the role of basophils in CML evolution and progression may support the development of more effective treatment concepts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Valent
- Division of Hematology & HemostaseologyDepartment of Internal Medicine IMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
- Ludwig Boltzmann Cluster OncologyMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | | | - Michel Arock
- LBPA CNRS UMR8113Ecole Normale Supérieure de Paris SaclayCachanFrance
- Laboratory of HematologyPitié‐Salpêtrière HospitalParisFrance
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10
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Arrigoni E, Del Re M, Galimberti S, Restante G, Rofi E, Crucitta S, Baratè C, Petrini M, Danesi R, Di Paolo A. Concise Review: Chronic Myeloid Leukemia: Stem Cell Niche and Response to Pharmacologic Treatment. Stem Cells Transl Med 2018; 7:305-314. [PMID: 29418079 PMCID: PMC5827745 DOI: 10.1002/sctm.17-0175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, more than 90% of patients affected by chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) survive with a good quality of life, thanks to the clinical efficacy of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs). Nevertheless, point mutations of the ABL1 pocket occurring during treatment may reduce binding of TKIs, being responsible of about 20% of cases of resistance among CML patients. In addition, the presence of leukemic stem cells (LSCs) represents the most important event in leukemia progression related to TKI resistance. LSCs express stem cell markers, including active efflux pumps and genetic and epigenetic alterations together with deregulated cell signaling pathways involved in self-renewal, such as Wnt/β-catenin, Notch, and Hedgehog. Moreover, the interaction with the bone marrow microenvironment, also known as hematopoietic niche, may influence the phenotype of surrounding cells, which evade mechanisms controlling cell proliferation and are less sensitive or frankly resistant to TKIs. This Review focuses on the role of LSCs and stem cell niche in relation to response to pharmacological treatments. A literature search from PubMed database was performed until April 30, 2017, and it has been analyzed according to keywords such as chronic myeloid leukemia, stem cell, leukemic stem cells, hematopoietic niche, tyrosine kinase inhibitors, and drug resistance. Stem Cells Translational Medicine 2018;7:305-314.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Arrigoni
- Unit of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacogenetics, Department of Clinical and Experimental MedicineUniversity of PisaPisaItaly
| | - Marzia Del Re
- Unit of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacogenetics, Department of Clinical and Experimental MedicineUniversity of PisaPisaItaly
| | - Sara Galimberti
- Unit of Hematology, Department of Clinical and Experimental MedicineUniversity of PisaPisaItaly
| | - Giuliana Restante
- Unit of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacogenetics, Department of Clinical and Experimental MedicineUniversity of PisaPisaItaly
| | - Eleonora Rofi
- Unit of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacogenetics, Department of Clinical and Experimental MedicineUniversity of PisaPisaItaly
| | - Stefania Crucitta
- Unit of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacogenetics, Department of Clinical and Experimental MedicineUniversity of PisaPisaItaly
| | - Claudia Baratè
- Unit of Hematology, Department of Clinical and Experimental MedicineUniversity of PisaPisaItaly
| | - Mario Petrini
- Unit of Hematology, Department of Clinical and Experimental MedicineUniversity of PisaPisaItaly
| | - Romano Danesi
- Unit of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacogenetics, Department of Clinical and Experimental MedicineUniversity of PisaPisaItaly
| | - Antonello Di Paolo
- Unit of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacogenetics, Department of Clinical and Experimental MedicineUniversity of PisaPisaItaly
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11
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Culen M, Borsky M, Nemethova V, Razga F, Smejkal J, Jurcek T, Dvorakova D, Zackova D, Weinbergerova B, Semerad L, Sadovnik I, Eisenwort G, Herrmann H, Valent P, Mayer J, Racil Z. Quantitative assessment of the CD26+ leukemic stem cell compartment in chronic myeloid leukemia: patient-subgroups, prognostic impact, and technical aspects. Oncotarget 2018; 7:33016-24. [PMID: 27145281 PMCID: PMC5078071 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.9108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 04/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Little is known about the function and phenotype of leukemic stem cells (LSCs) in chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) or about specific markers that discriminate LSCs from normal hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). CD26 has recently been described as a specific marker of CML LSCs. In the current study, we investigated this marker in a cohort of 31 unselected CML patients. BCR/ABL1 positivity was analyzed in highly enriched stem cell fractions using fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR). The proportion of CD26+ LSCs and CD26− HSCs varied considerably among the patients analyzed, and the percentage of CD26+ cells correlated with leukocyte count. The CD26 expression robustly discriminated LSCs from HSCs. This required a strict gating of the stem cell compartment. Thus, in patients with very low LSC or HSC numbers, only the highly sensitive RT-PCR method discriminated between clonal and non-clonal cells, while a robust FISH analysis required larger numbers of cells in both compartments. Finally, our data show that the numbers of CD26+ CML LSCs correlate with responses to treatment with BCR-ABL1 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Culen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hematology and Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Marek Borsky
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hematology and Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic.,Department of Internal Medicine, Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Veronika Nemethova
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czech Republic.,Polymer Institute of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Filip Razga
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czech Republic.,Polymer Institute of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Jiri Smejkal
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Tomas Jurcek
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hematology and Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic.,Department of Internal Medicine, Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Dana Dvorakova
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hematology and Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic.,Department of Internal Medicine, Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Daniela Zackova
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hematology and Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic.,Department of Internal Medicine, Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Barbora Weinbergerova
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Lukas Semerad
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hematology and Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic.,Department of Internal Medicine, Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Irina Sadovnik
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Haematology and Hemostaseology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gregor Eisenwort
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Haematology and Hemostaseology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Ludwig Boltzmann Cluster Oncology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Harald Herrmann
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Haematology and Hemostaseology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Ludwig Boltzmann Cluster Oncology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Peter Valent
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Haematology and Hemostaseology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Ludwig Boltzmann Cluster Oncology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jiri Mayer
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hematology and Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic.,Department of Internal Medicine, Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czech Republic.,Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC), Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Zdenek Racil
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hematology and Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic.,Department of Internal Medicine, Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czech Republic.,Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC), Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
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12
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Willmann M, Sadovnik I, Eisenwort G, Entner M, Bernthaler T, Stefanzl G, Hadzijusufovic E, Berger D, Herrmann H, Hoermann G, Valent P, Rülicke T. Evaluation of cooperative antileukemic effects of nilotinib and vildagliptin in Ph + chronic myeloid leukemia. Exp Hematol 2017; 57:50-59.e6. [PMID: 29031704 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2017.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2017] [Revised: 09/17/2017] [Accepted: 09/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is a stem cell (SC) neoplasm characterized by the BCR/ABL1 oncogene. Although the disease can be kept under control using BCR/ABL1 tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) in most cases, some patients relapse or have resistant disease, so there is a need to identify new therapeutic targets in this malignancy. Recent data suggest that leukemic SCs (LSCs) in CML display the stem-cell (SC)-mobilizing cell surface enzyme dipeptidyl-peptidase IV (DPPIV = CD26) in an aberrant manner. In the present study, we analyzed the effects of the DPPIV blocker vildagliptin as single agent or in combination with the BCR/ABL1 TKI imatinib or nilotinib on growth and survival of CML LSCs in vitro and on LSC engraftment in an in vivo xenotransplantation nonobese diabetic SCID-IL-2Rγ-/- (NSG) mouse model. We found that nilotinib induces apoptosis in CML LSCs and inhibits their engraftment in NSG mice. In contrast, no substantial effects were seen with imatinib or vildagliptin. Nevertheless, vildagliptin was found to reduce the "mobilization" of CML LSCs from a stroma cell layer consisting of mouse fibroblasts in an in vitro co-culture model, suggesting reduced disease expansion. However, although vildagliptin and nilotinib produced cooperative effects in individual experiments, overall, no significant effects of coadministered vildagliptin over nilotinib or imatinib treatment alone were seen on the engraftment of CML cells in NSG mice. Gliptins may be interesting drugs in the context of CML and nilotinib therapy, but our preclinical studies did not reveal a major cooperative effect of the drug-combination vildagliptin + nilotinib on engraftment of CML cells in NSG mice.
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MESH Headings
- Adamantane/administration & dosage
- Adamantane/analogs & derivatives
- Adamantane/pharmacology
- Animals
- Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/pharmacology
- Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/therapeutic use
- Apoptosis
- Coculture Techniques
- Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4/drug effects
- Dipeptidyl-Peptidase IV Inhibitors/administration & dosage
- Dipeptidyl-Peptidase IV Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Drug Synergism
- Fibroblasts
- Fusion Proteins, bcr-abl/drug effects
- Humans
- Imatinib Mesylate/pharmacology
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/drug therapy
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred NOD
- Mice, SCID
- Molecular Targeted Therapy
- Neoplasm Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Nitriles/administration & dosage
- Nitriles/pharmacology
- Protein Kinase Inhibitors/administration & dosage
- Protein Kinase Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Pyrimidines/administration & dosage
- Pyrimidines/pharmacology
- Pyrrolidines/administration & dosage
- Pyrrolidines/pharmacology
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
- Vildagliptin
- Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Willmann
- Department for Companion Animals and Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Ludwig Boltzmann Cluster Oncology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Irina Sadovnik
- Department of Medicine I, Division of Hematology & Hemostaseology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gregor Eisenwort
- Ludwig Boltzmann Cluster Oncology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Department of Medicine I, Division of Hematology & Hemostaseology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Martin Entner
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Tina Bernthaler
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gabriele Stefanzl
- Ludwig Boltzmann Cluster Oncology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Department of Medicine I, Division of Hematology & Hemostaseology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Emir Hadzijusufovic
- Department for Companion Animals and Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Ludwig Boltzmann Cluster Oncology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Department of Medicine I, Division of Hematology & Hemostaseology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Daniela Berger
- Department of Medicine I, Division of Hematology & Hemostaseology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Harald Herrmann
- Ludwig Boltzmann Cluster Oncology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Department of Medicine I, Division of Hematology & Hemostaseology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Department of Radiotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gregor Hoermann
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Peter Valent
- Ludwig Boltzmann Cluster Oncology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Department of Medicine I, Division of Hematology & Hemostaseology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Rülicke
- Ludwig Boltzmann Cluster Oncology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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13
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Chemokines as a Conductor of Bone Marrow Microenvironment in Chronic Myeloid Leukemia. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18081824. [PMID: 28829353 PMCID: PMC5578209 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18081824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Revised: 08/19/2017] [Accepted: 08/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
All blood lineage cells are generated from hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), which reside in bone marrow after birth. HSCs self-renew, proliferate, and differentiate into mature progeny under the control of local microenvironments including hematopoietic niche, which can deliver regulatory signals in the form of bound or secreted molecules and from physical cues such as oxygen tension and shear stress. Among these mediators, accumulating evidence indicates the potential involvement of several chemokines, particularly CXCL12, in the interaction between HSCs and bone marrow microenvironments. Fusion between breakpoint cluster region (BCR) and Abelson murine leukemia viral oncogene homolog (ABL)-1 gene gives rise to BCR-ABL protein with a constitutive tyrosine kinase activity and transforms HSCs and/or hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPCs) into disease-propagating leukemia stem cells (LSCs) in chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). LSCs can self-renew, proliferate, and differentiate under the influence of the signals delivered by bone marrow microenvironments including niche, as HSCs can. Thus, the interaction with bone marrow microenvironments is indispensable for the initiation, maintenance, and progression of CML. Moreover, the crosstalk between LSCs and bone marrow microenvironments can contribute to some instances of therapeutic resistance. Furthermore, evidence is accumulating to indicate the important roles of bone marrow microenvironment-derived chemokines. Hence, we will herein discuss the roles of chemokines in CML with a focus on bone marrow microenvironments.
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14
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Sadovnik I, Herrmann H, Eisenwort G, Blatt K, Hoermann G, Mueller N, Sperr WR, Valent P. Expression of CD25 on leukemic stem cells in BCR-ABL1 + CML: Potential diagnostic value and functional implications. Exp Hematol 2017; 51:17-24. [PMID: 28457753 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2017.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Revised: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is a stem cell-derived leukemia in which neoplastic cells exhibit the Philadelphia chromosome and the related oncoprotein BCR-ABL1. The disease is characterized by an accumulation of myeloid precursor cells in the peripheral blood and bone marrow (BM). A small fraction of neoplastic cells in the CML clone supposedly exhibits self-renewal and thus long-term disease-propagating ability. However, so far, little is known about the phenotype, function, and target expression profiles of these leukemic stem cells (LSCs). Recent data suggest that CML LSCs aberrantly express the interleukin-2 receptor alpha chain CD25. Whereas normal CD34+/CD38- BM stem cells display only low amounts of CD25 or lack CD25 altogether, CD34+/CD38- LSCs express CD25 strongly in more than 90% of all patients with untreated CML. As a result, CD25 can be used to identify and quantify CML LSCs. In addition, it has been shown that CD25 serves as a negative growth regulator of CML LSCs. Here, we review the value of CD25 as a novel marker and potential drug target in CML LSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Sadovnik
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Hematology & Hemostaseology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Harald Herrmann
- Ludwig Boltzmann Cluster Oncology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Department of Radiation Oncology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gregor Eisenwort
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Hematology & Hemostaseology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Ludwig Boltzmann Cluster Oncology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Katharina Blatt
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Hematology & Hemostaseology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Ludwig Boltzmann Cluster Oncology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gregor Hoermann
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Niklas Mueller
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Hematology & Hemostaseology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Wolfgang R Sperr
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Hematology & Hemostaseology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Ludwig Boltzmann Cluster Oncology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Peter Valent
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Hematology & Hemostaseology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Ludwig Boltzmann Cluster Oncology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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15
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Increased megakaryocytic proliferation, pro-platelet deposition and expression of fibrosis-associated factors in children with chronic myeloid leukaemia with bone marrow fibrosis. Leukemia 2017; 31:1540-1546. [PMID: 28239144 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2017.73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Revised: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Paediatric chronic myeloid leukaemia (ped-CML) is rare and ped-CML with fibre accumulation in the bone marrow (MF) is thought to be even rarer. In adults (ad-CML), fibrosis represents an adverse prognostic factor. So far, the pro-fibrotic changes in the bone marrow microenvironment have not been investigated in detail in ped-CML. From a total of 66 ped-CML in chronic phase, biopsies were analysable and 10 had MF1/2 (MF1, n=8/10; MF2, n=2/10). We randomly selected 16 ped-CML and 16 ad-CML cases with and without fibrosis (each n=8) as well as 18 non-neoplastic controls. Bone marrow samples were analysed with a real-time PCR-based assay (including 127 genes for paediatric cases) and by immunohistochemistry. We found increased expression of megakaryocytic genes in ped-CML. The number of megakaryocytes and pro-platelets are increased in CML patients, but the most significant increase was noted for ped-CML-MF1/2. Anti-fibrotic MMP9 expression was lower in children than in adults. Cell mobilisation-related CXCL12 was decreased in young and adult patients with CML but not the corresponding receptor CXCR4. In summary, fibre accumulation in ped-CML-MF1/2 is associated with increased megakaryocytic proliferation and increased interstitial pro-platelet deposition. Deregulated expression of matrix-modulating factors shifts the bone marrow microenvironment towards fibrosis.
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16
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Thiago F, Glauco V, Marla A. Possible involvement of tyrosine kinase inhibitors on the expression of CXCR4 in chronic myeloid leukemia. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CANCER THERAPY AND ONCOLOGY 2015. [DOI: 10.14319/ijcto.34.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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17
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Cytokine Regulation of Microenvironmental Cells in Myeloproliferative Neoplasms. Mediators Inflamm 2015; 2015:869242. [PMID: 26543328 PMCID: PMC4620237 DOI: 10.1155/2015/869242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Accepted: 08/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The term myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPN) refers to a heterogeneous group of diseases including not only polycythemia vera (PV), essential thrombocythemia (ET), and primary myelofibrosis (PMF), but also chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), and systemic mastocytosis (SM). Despite the clinical and biological differences between these diseases, common pathophysiological mechanisms have been identified in MPN. First, aberrant tyrosine kinase signaling due to somatic mutations in certain driver genes is common to these MPN. Second, alterations of the bone marrow microenvironment are found in all MPN types and have been implicated in the pathogenesis of the diseases. Finally, elevated levels of proinflammatory and microenvironment-regulating cytokines are commonly found in all MPN-variants. In this paper, we review the effects of MPN-related oncogenes on cytokine expression and release and describe common as well as distinct pathogenetic mechanisms underlying microenvironmental changes in various MPN. Furthermore, targeting of the microenvironment in MPN is discussed. Such novel therapies may enhance the efficacy and may overcome resistance to established tyrosine kinase inhibitor treatment in these patients. Nevertheless, additional basic studies on the complex interplay of neoplastic and stromal cells are required in order to optimize targeting strategies and to translate these concepts into clinical application.
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18
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Arock M, Mahon FX, Valent P. Characterization and targeting of neoplastic stem cells in Ph + chronic myeloid leukemia. Int J Hematol Oncol 2015. [DOI: 10.2217/ijh.15.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is a myeloproliferative neoplasm characterized by the presence of an oncogenic fusion gene, BCR–ABL1. This fusion gene produces a cytoplasmic protein with tyrosine kinase activity that acts as a main driver of oncogenesis and abnormal proliferation of myeloid cells in CML. Targeted therapy with BCR–ABL1 tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) such as imatinib is followed by long-term responses in most patients. However, despite continuous treatment, relapses occur, suggesting the presence of TKI-resistant neoplastic stem cells in these patients. Here, we discuss potential mechanisms and signaling molecules involved in the prosurvival and self-renewal capacity of CML neoplastic stem cells as well as antigens expressed by these cells. Several of these signaling molecules and cell surface antigens may serve as potential targets of therapy and their use may overcome TKI resistance in CML in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel Arock
- Molecular & Cellular Oncology, LBPA CNRS UMR8113, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Cachan, Cachan, France
- Laboratory of Hematology, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France
| | - François-Xavier Mahon
- Laboratory of Hematology, CHU de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
- Laboratoire Hématopoïèse Leucémique et Cible Thérapeutique INSERM U1035, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Peter Valent
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Hematology & Hemostaseology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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19
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Tortorella SM, Hung A, Karagiannis TC. The implication of cancer progenitor cells and the role of epigenetics in the development of novel therapeutic strategies for chronic myeloid leukemia. Antioxid Redox Signal 2015; 22:1425-62. [PMID: 25366930 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2014.6096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) involves the malignant transformation of hematopoietic stem cells, defined largely by the Philadelphia chromosome and expression of the breakpoint cluster region-Abelson (BCR-ABL) oncoprotein. Pharmacological tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), including imatinib mesylate, have overcome limitations in conventional treatment for the improved clinical management of CML. RECENT ADVANCES Accumulated evidence has led to the identification of a subpopulation of quiescent leukemia progenitor cells with stem-like self renewal properties that may initiate leukemogenesis, which are also shown to be present in residual disease due to their insensitivity to tyrosine kinase inhibition. CRITICAL ISSUES The characterization of quiescent leukemia progenitor cells as a unique cell population in CML pathogenesis has become critical with the complete elucidation of mechanisms involved in their survival independent of BCR-ABL that is important in the development of novel anticancer strategies. Understanding of these functional pathways in CML progenitor cells will allow for their selective therapeutic targeting. In addition, disease pathogenesis and drug responsiveness is also thought to be modulated by epigenetic regulatory mechanisms such as DNA methylation, histone acetylation, and microRNA expression, with a capacity to control CML-associated gene transcription. FUTURE DIRECTIONS A number of compounds in combination with TKIs are under preclinical and clinical investigation to assess their synergistic potential in targeting leukemic progenitor cells and/or the epigenome in CML. Despite the collective promise, further research is required in order to refine understanding, and, ultimately, advance antileukemic therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie M Tortorella
- 1 Epigenomic Medicine, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, The Alfred Medical Research and Education Precinct , Melbourne, Australia
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20
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Schulenburg A, Blatt K, Cerny-Reiterer S, Sadovnik I, Herrmann H, Marian B, Grunt TW, Zielinski CC, Valent P. Cancer stem cells in basic science and in translational oncology: can we translate into clinical application? J Hematol Oncol 2015; 8:16. [PMID: 25886184 PMCID: PMC4345016 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-015-0113-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2014] [Accepted: 01/14/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Since their description and identification in leukemias and solid tumors, cancer stem cells (CSC) have been the subject of intensive research in translational oncology. Indeed, recent advances have led to the identification of CSC markers, CSC targets, and the preclinical and clinical evaluation of the CSC-eradicating (curative) potential of various drugs. However, although diverse CSC markers and targets have been identified, several questions remain, such as the origin and evolution of CSC, mechanisms underlying resistance of CSC against various targeted drugs, and the biochemical basis and function of stroma cell-CSC interactions in the so-called ‘stem cell niche.’ Additional aspects that have to be taken into account when considering CSC elimination as primary treatment-goal are the genomic plasticity and extensive subclone formation of CSC. Notably, various cell fractions with different combinations of molecular aberrations and varying proliferative potential may display CSC function in a given neoplasm, and the related molecular complexity of the genome in CSC subsets is considered to contribute essentially to disease evolution and acquired drug resistance. In the current article, we discuss new developments in the field of CSC research and whether these new concepts can be exploited in clinical practice in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Axel Schulenburg
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Unit, Department of Internal Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, Vienna, A-1090, Wien, Austria. .,Ludwig Boltzmann Cluster Oncology, Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 23, Vienna, 1090, Wien, Austria. .,Department of Medicine I, Stem Cell Transplantation Unit, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, A-1090, Wien, Austria.
| | - Katharina Blatt
- Department of Medicine I, Division of Hematology and Hemostaseology, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, Vienna, 1090, Wien, Austria.
| | - Sabine Cerny-Reiterer
- Ludwig Boltzmann Cluster Oncology, Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 23, Vienna, 1090, Wien, Austria. .,Department of Medicine I, Division of Hematology and Hemostaseology, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, Vienna, 1090, Wien, Austria.
| | - Irina Sadovnik
- Department of Medicine I, Division of Hematology and Hemostaseology, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, Vienna, 1090, Wien, Austria.
| | - Harald Herrmann
- Ludwig Boltzmann Cluster Oncology, Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 23, Vienna, 1090, Wien, Austria. .,Department of Radiation Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 23, Vienna, 1090, Wien, Austria.
| | - Brigitte Marian
- Ludwig Boltzmann Cluster Oncology, Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 23, Vienna, 1090, Wien, Austria. .,Department of Medicine I, Institute for Cancer Research, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, Vienna, 1090, Wien, Austria.
| | - Thomas W Grunt
- Ludwig Boltzmann Cluster Oncology, Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 23, Vienna, 1090, Wien, Austria. .,Department of Medicine I, Division of Clinical Oncology, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, Vienna, 1090, Wien, Austria.
| | - Christoph C Zielinski
- Ludwig Boltzmann Cluster Oncology, Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 23, Vienna, 1090, Wien, Austria. .,Department of Medicine I, Division of Clinical Oncology, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, Vienna, 1090, Wien, Austria.
| | - Peter Valent
- Ludwig Boltzmann Cluster Oncology, Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 23, Vienna, 1090, Wien, Austria. .,Department of Medicine I, Division of Hematology and Hemostaseology, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, Vienna, 1090, Wien, Austria.
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21
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Valent P, Sadovnik I, Ráčil Z, Herrmann H, Blatt K, Cerny-Reiterer S, Eisenwort G, Lion T, Holyoake T, Mayer J. DPPIV (CD26) as a novel stem cell marker in Ph+ chronic myeloid leukaemia. Eur J Clin Invest 2014; 44:1239-45. [PMID: 25371066 DOI: 10.1111/eci.12368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2014] [Accepted: 10/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The concept of leukaemic stem cells (LSCs) has been developed to explain the complex cellular hierarchy and biology of leukaemias and to screen for pivotal targets that can be employed to improve drug therapies through LSC eradication in these patients. Some of the newly discovered LSC markers seem to be expressed in a disease-specific manner and may thus serve as major research tools and diagnostic parameters. A useful LSC marker in chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML) appears to be CD26, also known as dipeptidylpeptidase IV. Expression of CD26 is largely restricted to CD34(+) /CD38(-) LSCs in BCR/ABL1(+) CML, but is not found on LSCs in other myeloid or lymphoid neoplasms, with the exception of lymphoid blast crisis of CML, BCR/ABL1p210 + acute lymphoblastic leukaemia, and a very few cases of acute myeloid leukaemia. Moreover, CD26 usually is not expressed on normal bone marrow (BM) stem cells. Functionally, CD26 is a cytokine-targeting surface enzyme that may facilitate the mobilization of LSCs from the BM niche. In this article, we review our current knowledge about the biology and function of CD26 on CML LSCs and discuss the diagnostic potential of this new LSC marker in clinical haematology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Valent
- Division of Haematology & Hemostaseology, Department of Internal Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Ludwig Boltzmann Cluster Oncology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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22
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Abstract
Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is a stem cell (SC) neoplasm characterized by the BCR/ABL1 oncogene. Although mechanisms of BCR/ABL1-induced transformation are well-defined, little is known about effector-molecules contributing to malignant expansion and the extramedullary spread of leukemic SC (LSC) in CML. We have identified the cytokine-targeting surface enzyme dipeptidylpeptidase-IV (DPPIV/CD26) as a novel, specific and pathogenetically relevant biomarker of CD34(+)/CD38(─) CML LSC. In functional assays, CD26 was identified as target enzyme disrupting the SDF-1-CXCR4-axis by cleaving SDF-1, a chemotaxin recruiting CXCR4(+) SC. CD26 was not detected on normal SC or LSC in other hematopoietic malignancies. Correspondingly, CD26(+) LSC decreased to low or undetectable levels during successful treatment with imatinib. CD26(+) CML LSC engrafted NOD-SCID-IL-2Rγ(-/-) (NSG) mice with BCR/ABL1(+) cells, whereas CD26(─) SC from the same patients produced multilineage BCR/ABL1(-) engraftment. Finally, targeting of CD26 by gliptins suppressed the expansion of BCR/ABL1(+) cells. Together, CD26 is a new biomarker and target of CML LSC. CD26 expression may explain the abnormal extramedullary spread of CML LSC, and inhibition of CD26 may revert abnormal LSC function and support curative treatment approaches in this malignancy.
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23
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Brown S, Hutchinson CV, Aspinall-O'Dea M, Whetton AD, Johnson SM, Rees-Unwin K, Burthem J. Monocyte-derived dendritic cells from chronic myeloid leukaemia have abnormal maturation and cytoskeletal function that is associated with defective localisation and signalling by normal ABL1 protein. Eur J Haematol 2014; 93:96-102. [DOI: 10.1111/ejh.12306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/05/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Brown
- Pharmacy Department; University of Wolverhampton; Wolverhampton UK
| | - Claire V. Hutchinson
- Institute of Cancer Sciences; Haematological Oncology; University of Manchester; Level 5 Research, St. Mary's Hospital; Manchester UK
| | - Mark Aspinall-O'Dea
- Institute of Cancer Sciences; Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre; The University of Manchester; Manchester UK
| | - Anthony D. Whetton
- Institute of Cancer Sciences; Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre; The University of Manchester; Manchester UK
| | - Suzanne M. Johnson
- Institute of Cancer Sciences; Manchester Academic Health Science Centre; The Christie NHS Foundation Trust; Manchester UK
| | - Karen Rees-Unwin
- Institute of Cancer Sciences; Haematological Oncology; University of Manchester; Level 5 Research, St. Mary's Hospital; Manchester UK
| | - John Burthem
- Pharmacy Department; University of Wolverhampton; Wolverhampton UK
- Clinical Haematology; Central Manchester University Hospitals; Manchester UK
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Beider K, Darash-Yahana M, Blaier O, Koren-Michowitz M, Abraham M, Wald H, Wald O, Galun E, Eizenberg O, Peled A, Nagler A. Combination of imatinib with CXCR4 antagonist BKT140 overcomes the protective effect of stroma and targets CML in vitro and in vivo. Mol Cancer Ther 2014; 13:1155-69. [PMID: 24502926 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-13-0410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Functional role of CXCR4 in chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) progression was evaluated. Elevated CXCR4 significantly increased the in vitro survival and proliferation in response to CXCL12. CXCR4 stimulation resulted in activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (Erk)-1/2, Akt, S6K, STAT3, and STAT5 prosurvival signaling pathways. In accordance, we found that in vitro treatment with CXCR4 antagonist BKT140 directly inhibited the cell growth and induced cell death of CML cells. Combination of BKT140 with suboptimal concentrations of imatinib significantly increased the anti-CML effect. BKT140 induced apoptotic cell death, decreasing the levels of HSP70 and HSP90 chaperones and antiapoptotic proteins BCL-2 and BCL-XL, subsequently promoting the release of mitochondrial factors cytochrome c and SMAC/Diablo. Bone marrow (BM) stromal cells (BMSC) markedly increased the proliferation of CML cells and protected them from imatinib-induced apoptosis. Furthermore, BMSCs elevated proto-oncogene BCL6 expression in the CML cells in response to imatinib treatment, suggesting the possible role of BCL6 in stroma-mediated TKI resistance. BKT140 reversed the protective effect of the stroma, effectively promoted apoptosis, and decreased BCL6 levels in CML cells cocultured with BMSCs. BKT140 administration in vivo effectively reduced the growth of subcutaneous K562-produced xenografts. Moreover, the combination of BKT140 with low-dose imatinib markedly inhibited tumor growth, achieving 95% suppression. Taken together, our data indicate the importance of CXCR4/CXCL12 axis in CML growth and CML-BM stroma interaction. CXCR4 inhibition with BKT140 antagonist efficiently cooperated with imatinib in vitro and in vivo. These results provide the rational basis for CXCR4-targeted therapy in combination with TKI to override drug resistance and suppress residual disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katia Beider
- Authors' Affiliations: Hematology Division and CBB, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer; Goldyne Savad Institute of Gene Therapy, Hadassah Hebrew University Hospital, Jerusalem; and Biokine Therapeutics Ltd., Science Park, Ness Ziona, Israel
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25
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Abstract
Dynamic interactions between leukaemic cells and cells of the bone marrow are a feature of haematological malignancies. Two distinct microenvironmental niches in the bone marrow, the 'osteoblastic (endosteal)' and 'vascular' niches, provide a sanctuary for subpopulations of leukaemic cells to evade chemotherapy-induced death and allow acquisition of drug resistance. Key components of the bone marrow microenvironment as a home for normal haematopoietic stem cells and the leukaemia stem cell niches, and the molecular pathways critical for microenvironment/leukaemia interactions via cytokines, chemokines and adhesion molecules as well as hypoxic conditions, are described in this review. Finally, the genetic abnormalities of leukaemia-associated stroma are discussed. Further understanding of the contribution of the bone marrow niche to the process of leukaemogenesis may provide new targets that allow destruction of leukaemia stem cells without adversely affecting normal stem cell self-renewal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoko Tabe
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA; Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Juntendo University of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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26
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Selectins and their ligands are required for homing and engraftment of BCR-ABL1+ leukemic stem cells in the bone marrow niche. Blood 2014; 123:1361-71. [PMID: 24394666 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2013-11-538694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated adhesion pathways that contribute to engraftment of breakpoint cluster region-Abelson murine leukemia viral oncogene homolog 1 (BCR-ABL1)-induced chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML)-like myeloproliferative neoplasia in a mouse retroviral transduction/transplantation model. Compared with normal stem/progenitor cells, BCR-ABL1(+) progenitors had similar expression of very late antigen-4 (VLA4), VLA5, leukocyte functional antigen-1, and CXCR4 but lower expression of P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 (PSGL-1) and of L-selectin. Whereas vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 and P-selectin were not required, deficiency of E-selectin in the recipient bone marrow endothelium significantly reduced engraftment by BCR-ABL1-expressing stem cells following intravenous injection, with leukemogenesis restored by direct intrafemoral injection. BCR-ABL1-expressing cells deficient for PSGL-1 or the selectin ligand-synthesizing enzymes core-2 β1,6-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase or fucosyltransferases IV/VII were impaired for engraftment, and destruction of selectin ligands on leukemic progenitors by neuraminidase reduced engraftment. BCR-ABL1-expressing L-selectin-deficient progenitors were also defective in homing and engraftment, with leukemogenesis rescued by coexpression of chimeric E/L-selectin. Antibody to L-selectin decreased the engraftment of BCR-ABL1-transduced stem cells. These results establish that BCR-ABL1(+) leukemic stem cells rely to a greater extent on selectins and their ligands for homing and engraftment than do normal stem cells. Selectin blockade is a novel strategy to exploit differences between normal and leukemic stem cells that may be beneficial in autologous transplantation for CML and perhaps other leukemias.
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27
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Klamer SE, Kuijk CGM, Hordijk PL, van der Schoot CE, von Lindern M, van Hennik PB, Voermans C. BIGH3 modulates adhesion and migration of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells. Cell Adh Migr 2013; 7:434-49. [PMID: 24152593 DOI: 10.4161/cam.26596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell adhesion and migration are important determinants of homing and development of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) in bone marrow (BM) niches. The extracellular matrix protein transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) inducible gene H3 (BIGH3) is involved in adhesion and migration, although the effect of BIGH3 is highly cell type-dependent. BIGH3 is abundantly expressed by mesenchymal stromal cells, while its expression in HSPCs is relatively low unless induced by certain BM stressors. Here, we set out to determine how BIGH3 modulates HSPC adhesion and migration. We show that primary HSPCs adhere to BIGH3-coated substrates, which is, in part, integrin-dependent. Overexpression of BIGH3 in HSPCs and HL60 cells reduced the adhesion to the substrate fibronectin in adhesion assays, which was even more profound in electrical cell-substrate impedance sensing (ECIS) assays. Accordingly, the CXCL12 induced migration over fibronectin-coated surface was reduced in BIGH3-expressing HSPCs. The integrin expression profile of HSPCs was not altered upon BIGH3 expression. Although expression of BIGH3 did not alter actin polymerization in response to CXCL12, it inhibited the PMA-induced activation of the small GTPase RAC1 as well as the phosphorylation and activation of extracellular-regulated kinases (ERKs). Reduced activation of ERK and RAC1 may be responsible for the inhibition of cell adhesion and migration by BIGH3 in HSPCs. Induced BIGH3 expression upon BM stress may contribute to the regulation of BM homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofieke E Klamer
- Department of Hematopoiesis; Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory; Academic Medical Centre; University of Amsterdam; Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Carlijn G M Kuijk
- Department of Hematopoiesis; Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory; Academic Medical Centre; University of Amsterdam; Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Peter L Hordijk
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology; Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory; Academic Medical Centre; University of Amsterdam; Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - C Ellen van der Schoot
- Department of Experimental Immunohematology; Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory; Academic Medical Centre; University of Amsterdam; Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Hematology; Academic Medical Centre; Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Marieke von Lindern
- Department of Hematopoiesis; Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory; Academic Medical Centre; University of Amsterdam; Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Paula B van Hennik
- Department of Hematopoiesis; Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory; Academic Medical Centre; University of Amsterdam; Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Carlijn Voermans
- Department of Hematopoiesis; Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory; Academic Medical Centre; University of Amsterdam; Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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28
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Ekiz HA, Can G, Gunduz U, Baran Y. Nilotinib significantly induces apoptosis in imatinib resistant K562 cells with wild-type BCR–ABL, as effectively as in parental sensitive counterparts. Hematology 2013; 15:33-8. [DOI: 10.1179/102453310x12583347009775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Huseyin Atakan Ekiz
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Izmir Institute of Technology, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Geylani Can
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Izmir Institute of Technology, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Ufuk Gunduz
- Department of Molecular Biology and GeneticsMiddle East Technical University, Cankaya, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Yusuf Baran
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Izmir Institute of Technology, Izmir, Turkey
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29
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Badger-Brown KM, Gillis LC, Bailey ML, Penninger JM, Barber DL. CBL-B is required for leukemogenesis mediated by BCR-ABL through negative regulation of bone marrow homing. Leukemia 2012; 27:1146-54. [DOI: 10.1038/leu.2012.331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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30
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Rochelle T, Daubon T, Van Troys M, Harnois T, Waterschoot D, Ampe C, Roy L, Bourmeyster N, Constantin B. p210bcr-abl induces amoeboid motility by recruiting ADF/destrin through RhoA/ROCK1. FASEB J 2012; 27:123-34. [PMID: 23047898 DOI: 10.1096/fj.12-205112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
We previously demonstrated that the Bcr-Abl oncogene, p210(bcr-abl), through its unique GEF domain, specifically activates RhoA and induces spontaneous amoeboid motility. We intend to study the pathways downstream RhoA controlling amoeboid motility. Mouse prolymphoblastic cells (Ba/F3 cell line) expressing different forms of Bcr-Abl were embedded in 3-dimensional (3D) Matrigel to study motility and explore the effects of inhibiting Rho pathway (inhibitors and siRNAs). The phosphorylation levels of cofilin-1 and destrin were analyzed by 2-dimensional electrophoresis. Composition of Bcr-Abl signalplex in different conditions was determined by coimmunoprecipitation. Ba/F3p190 and Ba/F3 expressing a mutant form of p210(bcr-abl) (unable to activate RhoA) cells presented a spontaneous motility, but not an amoeboid type. p210(bcr-abl)-induced amoeboid motility in a 3D matrix requires isoform-specific RhoA/ROCK-1/destrin signaling. Next to the conventional Rho/ROCK/MLC/myosin pathway, this pathway is a crucial determinant for amoeboid motility, specific for the destrin isoform (and not its coexpressed homologue cofilin-1). Also, the presence of destrin (and not cofilin-1) in the p210(bcr-abl) complex is dependent on ROCK1, and this signalplex is required for amoeboid motility. This underscores isoform-specific function within the ADF/cofilin family and provides new insight into Bcr-Abl signaling to amoeboid motility and possible impact on understanding chronic myeloid leukemia progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tristan Rochelle
- Institut de Physiologie et Biologie Cellulaires, Unité Mixte de Recherche Centre National de Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) 6187, Poitiers, France
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31
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Zhang B, Ho YW, Huang Q, Maeda T, Lin A, Lee SU, Hair A, Holyoake TL, Huettner C, Bhatia R. Altered microenvironmental regulation of leukemic and normal stem cells in chronic myelogenous leukemia. Cancer Cell 2012; 21:577-92. [PMID: 22516264 PMCID: PMC3332001 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2012.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 277] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2011] [Revised: 11/24/2011] [Accepted: 02/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
We characterized leukemia stem cells (LSC) in chronic phase chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) using a transgenic mouse model. LSC were restricted to cells with long-term hematopoietic stem cell (LTHSC) phenotype. CML LTHSC demonstrated reduced homing and retention in the bone marrow (BM), related to decreased CXCL12 expression in CML BM, resulting from increased G-CSF production by leukemia cells. Altered cytokine expression in CML BM was associated with selective impairment of normal LTHSC growth and a growth advantage to CML LTHSC. Imatinib (IM) treatment partially corrected abnormalities in cytokine levels and LTHSC growth. These results were validated using human CML samples and provide improved understanding of microenvironmental regulation of normal and leukemic LTHSC and their response to IM in CML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Zhang
- Division of Hematopoietic Stem cell and Leukemia Research, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte CA
| | - Yin Wei Ho
- Division of Hematopoietic Stem cell and Leukemia Research, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte CA
| | - Qin Huang
- Department of Pathology, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte CA
| | - Takahiro Maeda
- Division of Hematopoietic Stem cell and Leukemia Research, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte CA
| | - Allen Lin
- Division of Hematopoietic Stem cell and Leukemia Research, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte CA
| | - Sung-uk Lee
- Division of Hematopoietic Stem cell and Leukemia Research, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte CA
| | - Alan Hair
- College of Medical, Veterinary & Life Sciences, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Scotland, UK
| | - Tessa L. Holyoake
- College of Medical, Veterinary & Life Sciences, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Scotland, UK
| | - Claudia Huettner
- Beffer Institute of Applied Cancer Science, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
| | - Ravi Bhatia
- Division of Hematopoietic Stem cell and Leukemia Research, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte CA
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32
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Kim HY, Hwang JY, Oh YS, Kim SW, Lee HJ, Yun HJ, Kim S, Yang YJ, Jo DY. Differential effects of CXCR4 antagonists on the survival and proliferation of myeloid leukemia cells in vitro. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF HEMATOLOGY 2011; 46:244-52. [PMID: 22259630 PMCID: PMC3259516 DOI: 10.5045/kjh.2011.46.4.244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2011] [Revised: 12/07/2011] [Accepted: 12/12/2011] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Background Antagonists of CXC chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4), including AMD3100, induce peripheral mobilization of hematopoietic stem cells and have been approved for clinical use. We explored whether the CXCR4 antagonists affected the survival and proliferation of myeloid leukemia cells in vitro. Methods The effects of CXCR4 antagonists AMD3100 and T140 on the survival and proliferation of myeloid leukemia cell lines (U937, HL-60, MO7e, KG1a, and K562) as well as CD34+ cells obtained from patients with AML and CML were analyzed by flow cytometry by using annexin V and a colorimetric cell proliferation assay. Results AMD3100, but not T140, stimulated the proliferation of leukemia cells in vitro in a dose-dependent manner for up to 5 days (~2-fold increase at a concentration of 10-5 M), which was not abrogated by pretreatment of the cells with pertussis toxin, but was attenuated by RNAi knockdown of CXCR7 transcripts. In contrast, AMD3100 induced a marked decrease in the cell numbers after 5-7 days. AMD3100, but not T140, induced phosphorylation of MAPK p44/p42. AMD3100 increased the number and size of leukemia cell colonies and reduced cell apoptosis during the first 5-7 days of incubation, but the phenomena were reversed during the later period of incubation. Conclusion The effects of CXCR4 antagonists on the proliferation of myeloid leukemia cells are not uniform. AMD3100, but not T140, exerts dual effects, initially enhancing and subsequently inhibiting the survival and proliferation of the cells in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ha-Yon Kim
- Department of Medical Science, School of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea
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33
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Farnoushi Y, Cipok M, Kay S, Jan H, Ohana A, Naparstek E, Goldstein RS, Deutsch VR. Rapid in vivo testing of drug response in multiple myeloma made possible by xenograft to turkey embryos. Br J Cancer 2011; 105:1708-18. [PMID: 22045188 PMCID: PMC3242603 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2011.445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The best current xenograft model of multiple myeloma (MM) in immune-deficient non-obese diabetic/severe-combined immunodeficient mice is costly, animal maintenance is complex and several weeks are required to establish engraftment and study drug efficacy. More practical in vivo models may reduce time and drug development cost. We recently described a rapid low-cost xenograft model of human blood malignancies in pre-immune turkey. Here, we report application of this system for studying MM growth and the preclinical assessment of anticancer therapies. Methods: Cell lines and MM patient cells were injected intravenously into embryonic veins on embryonic day 11 (E11). Engraftment of human cells in haematopoietic organs was detected by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, immunohistochemistry, flow cytometry and circulating free light chain. Results: Engraftment was detected after 1 week in all embryos injected with cell lines and in 50% of those injected with patient cells. Injection of bortezomib or lenalinomide 48 h after cell injection at therapeutic levels that were not toxic to the bone marrow dramatically reduced MM engraftment. Conclusion: The turkey embryo provides a practical, xenograft system to study MM and demonstrates the utility of this model for rapid and affordable testing therapeutics in vivo. With further development, this model may enable rapid, inexpensive personalised drug screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Farnoushi
- Department of Hematology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, 6 Weizman Street, Tel Aviv Israel
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34
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Can G, Ekiz HA, Baran Y. Imatinib induces autophagy through BECLIN-1 and ATG5 genes in chronic myeloid leukemia cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 16:95-9. [PMID: 21418740 DOI: 10.1179/102453311x12902908412039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Imatinib is a chemotherapeutic drug used for the treatment of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). Recent data showed imatinib-induced cell death in various types of cancers. Autophagy is the physiological process in which cellular components are broken down by the lysosomal activation. In this study, we aimed to examine the effects of imatinib on autophagy in addition to apoptosis in CML cells. Results suggested that imatinib induces autophagy in CML cells through inducing over-expression of BECLIN-1 and ATG5 genes with the statistical significance. Our results demonstrated that autophagy might be involved in imatinib-induced cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geylani Can
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Izmir Institute of Technology, Izmir, Turkey
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35
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Kosova B, Tezcanli B, Ekiz HA, Cakir Z, Selvi N, Dalmizrak A, Kartal M, Gunduz U, Baran Y. Suppression of STAT5A increases chemotherapeutic sensitivity in imatinib-resistant and imatinib-sensitive K562 cells. Leuk Lymphoma 2011; 51:1895-901. [PMID: 20849385 DOI: 10.3109/10428194.2010.507830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
STAT proteins are cytoplasmic transcription factors that are involved in the regulation of numerous cellular activities such as cell growth, differentiation, and survival. In this study, we aimed to identify the expression pattern of STAT genes in imatinib-sensitive and -resistant K562 cells, and further, to reveal the effects of STAT5A siRNA knockdown on cell growth and apoptosis induction. The XTT cell proliferation assay showed that both sensitive and resistant K562 cells were sensitized to imatinib upon transfection with STAT5A siRNA. Caspase-3 enzyme activity was increased significantly in both cells. These results may open up new opportunities to overcome chemotherapeutic resistance in leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Buket Kosova
- Department of Medical Biology, Medical School, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
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36
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Yu W, Sun X, Tang H, Tao Y, Dai Z. Inhibition of class II phosphoinositide 3-kinase gamma expression by p185(Bcr-Abl) contributes to impaired chemotaxis and aberrant homing of leukemic cells. Leuk Lymphoma 2010; 51:1098-107. [PMID: 20536348 DOI: 10.3109/10428191003754624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The expression of p185(Bcr-Abl) in Ba/F3 cells inhibits the chemotactic response of these cells to SDF1alpha. A mutant p185(Bcr-Abl) with deletion of amino acids from 176 to 426 (p185(Delta176-426)) is deficient in suppressing SDF1alpha-stimulated chemotaxis. Comparison of the gene expression profiles among parental Ba/F3 cells and cells transformed by p185(Bcr-Abl) and p185(Delta176-426) reveals that class II phosphoinositide 3-kinase gamma (PI3KC2gamma) expression is markedly down-regulated by p185(Bcr-Abl) but not p185(Delta176-426). Furthermore, knockdown of PI3KC2gamma expression in p185(Delta176-426) cells is sufficient to suppress SDF1alpha-stimulated chemotaxis and to promote infiltration of these cells into the liver. Together, these studies suggest that inhibition of PI3KC2gamma expression may represent a mechanism by which Bcr-Abl suppresses SDF1alpha-induced chemotaxis and induces abnormal homing of leukemic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weidong Yu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, Texas, USA
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37
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Dillmann F, Veldwijk MR, Laufs S, Sperandio M, Calandra G, Wenz F, Zeller J, Fruehauf S. Plerixafor inhibits chemotaxis toward SDF-1 and CXCR4-mediated stroma contact in a dose-dependent manner resulting in increased susceptibility of BCR-ABL+ cell to Imatinib and Nilotinib. Leuk Lymphoma 2010; 50:1676-86. [PMID: 19657955 DOI: 10.1080/10428190903150847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Despite Imatinib's remarkable success in chronic myelogenous leukemia treatment, monotherapy frequently causes resistance, underlining the rationale for combination chemotherapy. A potential approach would be interrupting the SDF-1/CXCR4 axis using the selective CXCR4 antagonist Plerixafor (previously AMD3100), as this axis has been reported to provide survival-enhancing effects to myeloid progenitor cells. By efficient CXCR4 blocking in the CXCR4(+)/BCR-ABL(+) cell line BV-173, plerixafor (1-100 muM) significantly inhibits SDF-1alpha-mediated chemotaxis and cell migration toward the murine stroma cell line FBMD-1. Furthermore, plerixafor also significantly (10-100 muM) increased the detachment rate of SDF-1-mediated/VCAM-1-associated cell adherence under shear stress. Using a stroma-dependent coculture assay, plerixafor sensitized BCR-ABL(+) cells toward tyrosine kinase inhibitor therapy. Because the level of cell killing nearly reached that of samples cultured without stroma, a cell-cell interaction disruption seems to improve the efficacy of BCR-ABL-targeting drugs. In addition, we could show that exposure of BCR-ABL(+) cells to Imatinib or Nilotinib induced an increase in surface CXCR4 expression. Our data suggest that for BCR-ABL(+) leukemia, the selective blocking of the SDF-1/CXCR4 axis by plerixafor is a potential mechanism to overcome the protective effect of the bone marrow environment, thereby increasing the therapeutic potency of anti-BCR-ABL drugs and the therapeutic window.
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Affiliation(s)
- Falk Dillmann
- Department of Internal Medicine V, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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38
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Hall BM, Gibson LF. Regulation of Lymphoid and Myeloid Leukemic Cell Survival: Role of Stromal Cell Adhesion Molecules. Leuk Lymphoma 2009; 45:35-48. [PMID: 15061195 DOI: 10.1080/1042819031000139620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Several laboratories have documented the necessity for direct contact of lymphoid and myeloid leukemic cells with bone marrow stromal cells for optimal survival. Subsequent studies have identified various stromal cell adhesion molecules and soluble factors that facilitate survival through leukemic cell anti-apoptotic signal transduction pathways. This report provides an overview of enhanced leukemic cell survival through adhesive interactions with bone marrow expressed molecules. In addition, we describe the establishment of cloned murine stromal cell lines engineered to constitutively express human VCAM-1 protein on their surface. These stromal cell lines will be useful in studies aimed at better understanding the specific contribution of VCAM-1: VLA-4 signaling in maintenance of residual leukemic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brett M Hall
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, Robert C. Byrd Health Sciences Center, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
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39
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Konopleva M, Tabe Y, Zeng Z, Andreeff M. Therapeutic targeting of microenvironmental interactions in leukemia: mechanisms and approaches. Drug Resist Updat 2009; 12:103-13. [PMID: 19632887 PMCID: PMC3640296 DOI: 10.1016/j.drup.2009.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2009] [Revised: 06/29/2009] [Accepted: 06/29/2009] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
In hematological malignancies, there are dynamic interactions between leukemic cells and cells of the bone marrow microenvironment. Specific niches within the bone marrow microenvironment provide a sanctuary for subpopulations of leukemic cells to evade chemotherapy-induced death and allow acquisition of a drug-resistant phenotype. This review focuses on molecular and cellular biology of the normal hematopoietic stem cell and the leukemia stem cell niche, and of the molecular pathways critical for microenvironment/leukemia interactions. The key emerging therapeutic targets include chemokine receptors (CXCR4), adhesion molecules (VLA4 and CD44), and hypoxia-related proteins HIF-1alpha and VEGF. Finally, the genetic and epigenetic abnormalities of leukemia-associated stroma will be discussed. This complex interplay provides a rationale for appropriately tailored molecular therapies targeting not only leukemic cells but also their microenvironment to ensure improved outcomes in leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Konopleva
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030,Section of Molecular Hematology and Therapy, Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Yoko Tabe
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Zhihong Zeng
- Section of Molecular Hematology and Therapy, Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Michael Andreeff
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030,Section of Molecular Hematology and Therapy, Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030
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40
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Gelmini S, Mangoni M, Serio M, Romagnani P, Lazzeri E. The critical role of SDF-1/CXCR4 axis in cancer and cancer stem cells metastasis. J Endocrinol Invest 2008; 31:809-19. [PMID: 18997494 DOI: 10.1007/bf03349262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Chemokines exert their multifunctional role in several physiologic and pathologic processes through interaction with their specific receptors. Much evidence have revealed that metastatic spread tumor cells may use chemokine-mediated mechanisms. In particular, an involvement of stromal cell-derived factor-1 (SDF-1) in growth of primary tumors and in metastatic process has been demonstrated. Indeed, it has been suggested that CXCR4 expression by tumor cells, plays a critical role in cell metastasis by a chemotactic gradient to organs expressing the ligand SDF-1. Moreover, CXCR4 overexpression correlated with poor prognosis in many types of cancer. In physiologic condition, SDF-1 also plays an essential role modulating stem cell proliferation, survival, and homing through its canonical receptor CXCR4. Recently, several studies have demonstrated the existence of a small subset of cancer cells which share many characteristics with stem cells and named cancer stem cells (CSC). They constitute a reservoir of self-sustaining cells with the ability to maintain the tumor growth. In particular, most of them express CXCR4 receptor and respond to a chemotactic gradient of its specific ligand SDF-1, suggesting that CSC probably represent a subpopulation capable of initiating metastasis. This review focuses on the role of SDF-1/CXCR4 axis in cancer and in the metastatic progression by tumoral cells, as well as the role of CSC in tumor pathogenesis and in metastatic process. A better understanding of migratory mechanism involving cancer cells and CSC provides a powerful tool for developing novel therapies reducing both local and distant recurrences.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Gelmini
- Clinical Biochemistry Unit, Department of Clinical Pathophysiology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
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41
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Jin L, Tabe Y, Konoplev S, Xu Y, Leysath CE, Lu H, Kimura S, Ohsaka A, Rios MB, Calvert L, Kantarjian H, Andreeff M, Konopleva M. CXCR4 up-regulation by imatinib induces chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) cell migration to bone marrow stroma and promotes survival of quiescent CML cells. Mol Cancer Ther 2008; 7:48-58. [PMID: 18202009 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-07-0042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) is driven by constitutively activated Bcr-Abl tyrosine kinase, which causes the defective adhesion of CML cells to bone marrow stroma. The overexpression of p210Bcr-Abl was reported to down-regulate CXCR4 expression, and this is associated with the cell migration defects in CML. We proposed that tyrosine kinase inhibitors, imatinib or INNO-406, may restore CXCR4 expression and cause the migration of CML cells to bone marrow microenvironment niches, which in turn results in acquisition of stroma-mediated chemoresistance of CML progenitor cells. In KBM5 and K562 cells, imatinib, INNO-406, or IFN-alpha increased CXCR4 expression and migration. This increase in CXCR4 levels on CML progenitor cells was likewise found in samples from CML patients treated with imatinib or IFN-alpha. Imatinib induced G0-G1 cell cycle block in CML cells, which was further enhanced in a mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) coculture system. MSC coculture protected KBM-5 cells from imatinib-induced cell death. These antiapoptotic effects were abrogated by the CXCR4 antagonist AMD3465 or by inhibitor of integrin-linked kinase QLT0267. Altogether, these findings suggest that the up-regulation of CXCR4 by imatinib promotes migration of CML cells to bone marrow stroma, causing the G0-G1 cell cycle arrest and hence ensuring the survival of quiescent CML progenitor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linhua Jin
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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Altered SDF-1/CXCR4 axis in patients with primary myelofibrosis and in the Gata1 low mouse model of the disease. Exp Hematol 2008; 36:158-71. [PMID: 18206727 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2007.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2007] [Revised: 10/08/2007] [Accepted: 10/12/2007] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess whether alterations in the stromal cell-derived factor-1 (SDF-1)/CXCR4 occur in patients with primary myelofibrosis (PMF) and in Gata1 low mice, an animal model for myelofibrosis, and whether these abnormalities might account for increased stem/progenitor cell trafficking. MATERIALS AND METHODS In the mouse, SDF-1 mRNA levels were assayed in liver, spleen, and marrow. SDF-1 protein levels were quantified in plasma and marrow and CXCR4 mRNA and protein levels were evaluated on stem/progenitor cells and megakaryocytes purified from the marrow. SDF-1 protein levels were also evaluated in plasma and in marrow biopsy specimens obtained from normal donors and PMF patients. RESULTS In Gata1 low mice, the plasma SDF-1 protein was five times higher than normal in younger animals. Furthermore, SDF-1 immunostaining of marrow sections progressively increased with age. Similar abnormalities were observed in PMF patients. In fact, plasma SDF-1 levels in PMF patients were significantly higher (by twofold) than normal (p < 0.01) and SDF-1 immunostaining of marrow biopsy specimens demonstrated increased SDF-1 deposition in specific areas. In two of the patients, SDF-1 deposition was normalized by curative therapy with allogenic stem cell transplantation. Similar to what already has been reported for PMF patients, the marrow from Gata1 low mice contained fewer CXCR4 pos CD117 pos cells and these cells expressed low levels of CXCR4 mRNA and protein. CONCLUSION Similar abnormalities in the SDF-1/CXCR4 axis are observed in PMF patients and in the Gata1 low mice model of myelofibrosis. We suggest that these abnormalities contribute to the increased stem/progenitor cell trafficking observed in this mouse model as well as patients with PMF.
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Basu S, Ray NT, Atkinson SJ, Broxmeyer HE. Protein phosphatase 2A plays an important role in stromal cell-derived factor-1/CXC chemokine ligand 12-mediated migration and adhesion of CD34+ cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 179:3075-85. [PMID: 17709522 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.179.5.3075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Migration of hemopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPC) is required for homing to bone marrow following transplantation. Therefore, it is critical to understand signals underlying directional movement of HSPC. Stromal cell-derived factor-1 (SDF-1)/CXCL12 is a potent chemoattractant for HSPC. In this study, we demonstrate that the serine-threonine protein phosphatase (PP)2A plays an important role in regulation of optimal level and duration of Akt/protein kinase B activation (a molecule important for efficient chemotaxis), in response to SDF-1. Inhibition of PP2A, using various pharmacological inhibitors of PP2A including okadaic acid (OA) as well as using genetic approaches including dominant-negative PP2A-catalytic subunit (PP2A-C) or PP2A-C small interfering RNA, in primary CD34(+) cord blood (CB) cells led to reduced chemotaxis. This was associated with impairment in polarization and slower speed of movement in response to SDF-1. Concomitantly, SDF-1-induced Akt phosphorylation was robust and prolonged. Following SDF-1 stimulation, Akt and PP2A-C translocate to plasma membrane with enhanced association of PP2A-C with Akt observed at the plasma membrane. Inhibition of PI3K by low-dose LY294002 partially recovered chemotactic activity of cells pretreated with OA. In addition to chemotaxis, adhesion of CD34(+) cells to fibronectin was impaired by OA pretreatment. Our study demonstrates PP2A plays an important role in chemotaxis and adhesion of CD34(+) CB cells in response to SDF-1. CD34(+) CB cells pretreated with OA showed impaired ability to repopulate NOD-SCID mice in vivo, suggesting physiological relevance of these observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunanda Basu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, 950 West Walnut Street, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
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Jiang S, Fu Y, Williams J, Wood J, Pandarinathan L, Avraham S, Makriyannis A, Avraham S, Avraham HK. Expression and function of cannabinoid receptors CB1 and CB2 and their cognate cannabinoid ligands in murine embryonic stem cells. PLoS One 2007; 2:e641. [PMID: 17653268 PMCID: PMC1919431 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0000641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2007] [Accepted: 06/20/2007] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Characterization of intrinsic and extrinsic factors regulating the self-renewal/division and differentiation of stem cells is crucial in determining embryonic stem (ES) cell fate. ES cells differentiate into multiple hematopoietic lineages during embryoid body (EB) formation in vitro, which provides an experimental platform to define the molecular mechanisms controlling germ layer fate determination and tissue formation. METHODS AND FINDINGS The cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CB1) and cannabinoid receptor type 2 (CB2) are members of the G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) family, that are activated by endogenous ligands, the endocannabinoids. CB1 receptor expression is abundant in brain while CB2 receptors are mostly expressed in hematopoietic cells. However, the expression and the precise roles of CB1 and CB2 and their cognate ligands in ES cells are not known. We observed significant induction of CB1 and CB2 cannabinoid receptors during the hematopoietic differentiation of murine ES (mES)-derived embryoid bodies. Furthermore, mES cells as well as ES-derived embryoid bodies at days 7 and 14, expressed endocannabinoids, the ligands for both CB1 and CB2. The CB1 and CB2 antagonists (AM251 and AM630, respectively) induced mES cell death, strongly suggesting that endocannabinoids are involved in the survival of mES cells. Treatment of mES cells with the exogenous cannabinoid ligand Delta(9)-THC resulted in the increased hematopoietic differentiation of mES cells, while addition of AM251 or AM630 blocked embryoid body formation derived from the mES cells. In addition, cannabinoid agonists induced the chemotaxis of ES-derived embryoid bodies, which was specifically inhibited by the CB1 and CB2 antagonists. CONCLUSIONS This work has not been addressed previously and yields new information on the function of cannabinoid receptors, CB1 and CB2, as components of a novel pathway regulating murine ES cell differentiation. This study provides insights into cannabinoid system involvement in ES cell survival and hematopoietic differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuxian Jiang
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Yigong Fu
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - John Williams
- Center for Drug Discovery, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - JodiAnne Wood
- Center for Drug Discovery, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | | | - Shiri Avraham
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Alexandros Makriyannis
- Center for Drug Discovery, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Shalom Avraham
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Hava Karsenty Avraham
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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Burger JA, Bürkle A. The CXCR4 chemokine receptor in acute and chronic leukaemia: a marrow homing receptor and potential therapeutic target. Br J Haematol 2007; 137:288-96. [PMID: 17456052 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.2007.06590.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Chemokine (C-X-C motif) receptor 4 (CXCR4) is essential for homing and maintenance of haematopoietic stem cells in distinct stromal cell niches within the marrow. Chemotactic responsiveness of haematopoietic stem cells is restricted to the ligand for CXCR4, stromal cell-derived factor-1 (SDF-1/CXCL12), which is constitutively secreted by marrow stromal cells. Myeloid and lymphoid leukaemia cells also express CXCR4 that induces leukaemia cell chemotaxis and migration beneath marrow stromal cells. CXCR4 expression levels have a major prognostic impact in acute myeloid leukaemia. There is growing in vitro and in vivo evidence that CXCR4 expression by leukaemia cells allows for homing and their retention within the marrow. As such, leukaemia cells appear to utilise CXCR4 to access niches that are normally restricted to progenitor cells, and thereby reside in a microenvironment that favours their growth and survival. CXCR4- and integrin-mediated contact between leukaemia cells and stromal cells protects leukaemia cells from spontaneous and chemotherapy-induced cell death and therefore may represent a mechanism to explain minimal residual disease and subsequent relapses commonly seen in the treatment of these diseases. This review summarises our current knowledge regarding the importance of CXCR4 in acute and chronic leukaemia, discusses the importance of CXCR4 detection by flow cytometry in the diagnostic workup of leukaemia patients, and introduces the potential role of CXCR4-targeting compounds for the treatment of leukaemia patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan A Burger
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77230-1402, USA.
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46
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Alsayed Y, Ngo H, Runnels J, Leleu X, Singha UK, Pitsillides CM, Spencer JA, Kimlinger T, Ghobrial JM, Jia X, Lu G, Timm M, Kumar A, Côté D, Veilleux I, Hedin KE, Roodman GD, Witzig TE, Kung AL, Hideshima T, Anderson KC, Lin CP, Ghobrial IM. Mechanisms of regulation of CXCR4/SDF-1 (CXCL12)-dependent migration and homing in multiple myeloma. Blood 2007; 109:2708-17. [PMID: 17119115 PMCID: PMC1852222 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2006-07-035857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 328] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms by which multiple myeloma (MM) cells migrate and home to the bone marrow are not well understood. In this study, we sought to determine the effect of the chemokine SDF-1 (CXCL12) and its receptor CXCR4 on the migration and homing of MM cells. We demonstrated that CXCR4 is differentially expressed at high levels in the peripheral blood and is down-regulated in the bone marrow in response to high levels of SDF-1. SDF-1 induced motility, internalization, and cytoskeletal rearrangement in MM cells evidenced by confocal microscopy. The specific CXCR4 inhibitor AMD3100 and the anti-CXCR4 antibody MAB171 inhibited the migration of MM cells in vitro. CXCR4 knockdown experiments demonstrated that SDF-1-dependent migration was regulated by the P13K and ERK/ MAPK pathways but not by p38 MAPK. In addition, we demonstrated that AMD3100 inhibited the homing of MM cells to the bone marrow niches using in vivo flow cytometry, in vivo confocal microscopy, and whole body bioluminescence imaging. This study, therefore, demonstrates that SDF-1/CXCR4 is a critical regulator of MM homing and that it provides the framework for inhibitors of this pathway to be used in future clinical trials to abrogate MM trafficking.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/pharmacology
- Benzylamines
- Bone Marrow/immunology
- Bone Marrow/pathology
- Case-Control Studies
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Movement/drug effects
- Cell Movement/physiology
- Chemokine CXCL12
- Chemokines, CXC/antagonists & inhibitors
- Chemokines, CXC/blood
- Chemokines, CXC/physiology
- Chemotaxis/drug effects
- Chemotaxis/physiology
- Cyclams
- Cytoskeleton/physiology
- Heterocyclic Compounds/pharmacology
- Humans
- MAP Kinase Signaling System
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred NOD
- Mice, SCID
- Multiple Myeloma/immunology
- Multiple Myeloma/pathology
- Multiple Myeloma/physiopathology
- Receptors, CXCR4/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, CXCR4/blood
- Receptors, CXCR4/genetics
- Receptors, CXCR4/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Yazan Alsayed
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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47
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Song K, Sun X, Wang J, Zhou S, Zeng H, Chen F. Role of glycosylphosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase D in the homing of umbilical cord blood, mobilized peripheral blood and bone marrow-derived hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells. Leuk Res 2007; 31:1701-7. [PMID: 17467053 DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2007.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2006] [Revised: 12/13/2006] [Accepted: 03/17/2007] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies suggested that glycosylphosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase D (GPI-PLD) correlated with tumor malignancy and prognosis of certain tumors. As hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells (HS/PC) homing was similar to tumor invasion and metastasis in some mechanisms, which arose our interests in whether GPI-PLD contribution to the homing of HS/PC. In this study, CD34(+) cells from umbilical cord blood (UCB), mobilized peripheral blood (MPB), and bone marrow (BM) were assayed for their differences in adhesion, migration, respectively. The expression of GPI-anchored proteins (CD48, CD90) on the cells were analyzed by flow cytometry. Semi-quantitive RT-PCR was used to detect GPI-PLD expression in the three different CD34(+) cells. The results showed that GPI-PLD had no effect on the adhesion of CD34(+) cells. While, spontaneous and SDF-1 induced migration of UCB and MPB, but not BM CD34(+) cells were decreased after 1,10-phenanthroline (an inhibitor of GPI-PLD) pretreatment. Furthermore, we found little difference in GPI-anchored adhesion molecules (CD48, CD90) expression between untreated and pretreated CD34(+) cells. GPI-PLD mRNA was low expressed in MPB and undetected in UCB and BM CD34(+) cells. Our results suggested that GPI-PLD probably had no contribution to HS/PC homing, which may due to its low or no expression in UCB, BM and MPB CD34(+) cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kui Song
- Department of Hematology, Xiang Ya Hospital, Central South University, ChangSha 410008, PR China
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Rosti V, Massa M, Vannucchi AM, Bergamaschi G, Campanelli R, Pecci A, Viarengo G, Meli V, Marchetti M, Guglielmelli P, Bruno E, Xu M, Hoffman R, Barosi G. The expression of CXCR4 is down-regulated on the CD34+ cells of patients with myelofibrosis with myeloid metaplasia. Blood Cells Mol Dis 2007; 38:280-6. [PMID: 17350297 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcmd.2007.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2007] [Accepted: 01/08/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We studied the expression of the chemokine receptor CXCR4 on circulating CD34+ cells of patients with myelofibrosis with myeloid metaplasia (MMM), and examined its relationship to the severity of disease. PATIENTS AND METHODS Surface and intracellular CXCR4 expression were measured flow cytometrically in 84 consecutive MMM patients, 16 patients with polycythemia vera (PV), and 20 healthy subjects. In 23 MMM patients, CXCR4 gene expression level was also quantitated by real time-RT-PCR in CD34+ cells. RESULTS The expression of CXCR4 on circulating CD34+ cells was significantly reduced in patients with MMM (P<0.001) as compared to normal controls and patients with PV (P=0.01). The levels of CXCR4 mRNA in CD34+ cells were lower in patients with MMM as compared with normal subjects, and were directly correlated with the degree of CXCR4 surface expression, demonstrating that transcriptional defects were the major cause for receptor down-regulation. No statistical association was found between JAK2V617F mutational status and the extent of CXCR4 down-regulation. CXCR4 expression on CD34+ cells inversely correlated with the number of circulating CD34+ cells (R=-0.55; P<0.001), and was severely down-regulated in high risk patients and patients with a high "myelodepletion severity index". CXCR4 down-regulation was associated with advanced patient age, the presence of severe anemia, thrombocytopenia, and degree of bone marrow fibrosis. CONCLUSIONS Reduced expression of CXCR4 by CD34+ cells is a characteristic of MMM which is associated with the constitutive mobilization of CD34+ cells and occurs in patients with advanced forms of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vittorio Rosti
- Transplant Research Area, IRCCS Policlinico S. Matteo, Viale Golgi 19, 27100 Pavia, Italy
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49
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Diaz-Blanco E, Bruns I, Neumann F, Fischer JC, Graef T, Rosskopf M, Brors B, Pechtel S, Bork S, Koch A, Baer A, Rohr UP, Kobbe G, von Haeseler A, Gattermann N, Haas R, Kronenwett R. Molecular signature of CD34+ hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells of patients with CML in chronic phase. Leukemia 2007; 21:494-504. [PMID: 17252012 DOI: 10.1038/sj.leu.2404549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we provide a molecular signature of highly enriched CD34+ cells from bone marrow of untreated patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) in chronic phase in comparison with normal CD34+ cells using microarrays covering 8746 genes. Expression data reflected several BCR-ABL-induced effects in primary CML progenitors, such as transcriptional activation of the classical mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway and the phosphoinositide-3 kinase/AKT pathway as well as downregulation of the proapoptotic gene IRF8. Moreover, novel transcriptional changes in comparison with normal CD34+ cells were identified. These include upregulation of genes involved in the transforming growth factorbeta pathway, fetal hemoglobin genes, leptin receptor, sorcin, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 1, the neuroepithelial cell transforming gene 1 and downregulation of selenoprotein P. Additionally, genes associated with early hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) and leukemogenesis such as HoxA9 and MEIS1 were transcriptionally activated. Differential expression of differentiation-associated genes suggested an altered composition of the CD34+ cell population in CML. This was confirmed by subset analyses of chronic phase CML CD34+ cells showing an increase of the proportion of megakaryocyte-erythroid progenitors, whereas the proportion of HSC and granulocyte-macrophage progenitors was decreased in CML. In conclusion, our results give novel insights into the biology of CML and could provide the basis for identification of new therapeutic targets.
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MESH Headings
- Antigens, CD34/analysis
- Apoptosis/genetics
- Cell Adhesion/genetics
- Cell Differentiation/genetics
- Cell Division/genetics
- DNA, Complementary/genetics
- DNA, Neoplasm/genetics
- Fusion Proteins, bcr-abl/analysis
- Fusion Proteins, bcr-abl/genetics
- Gene Expression Profiling
- Gene Expression Regulation, Leukemic
- Hematopoietic Stem Cells/chemistry
- Humans
- Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/biosynthesis
- Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/genetics
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/genetics
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/metabolism
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/pathology
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Chronic-Phase/genetics
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Chronic-Phase/metabolism
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Chronic-Phase/pathology
- Neoplasm Proteins/analysis
- Neoplasm Proteins/biosynthesis
- Neoplasm Proteins/genetics
- Neoplastic Stem Cells/chemistry
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Neoplasm/genetics
- Receptors, Cell Surface/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Cell Surface/genetics
- Receptors, Growth Factor/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Growth Factor/genetics
- Receptors, Leptin
- Signal Transduction/genetics
- Up-Regulation
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Affiliation(s)
- E Diaz-Blanco
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Clinical Immunology, University of Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany
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50
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de Oliveira CEC, de Oliveira Cavassin GG, de Lourdes Perim A, Nasser TF, de Oliveira KB, Fungaro MHP, do Val Carneiro JL, Watanabe MAE. Stromal cell-derived factor-1 chemokine gene variant in blood donors and chronic myelogenous leukemia patients. J Clin Lab Anal 2007; 21:49-54. [PMID: 17245764 PMCID: PMC6649230 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.20142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2006] [Accepted: 10/19/2006] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) is a malignant myeloproliferative disorder that originates from a pluripotent stem cell expressing the bcr-abl oncogene. It is characterized by an abnormal release of the expanded, malignant stem cell clone from the bone marrow into the circulation. The stromal cell derived factor-1 (SDF-1) gene contains a common polymorphism, termed SDF1-3'A, in an evolutionarily conserved segment of the 3' untranslated region (UTR). In this work the SDF-1 genotypes of 25 patients (9-82 years old) who had been clinically and hematologically diagnosed with CML were compared with those of 60 healthy donors. In addition, the nature of bcr-abl hybrid mRNA and the association between demographic and hematological parameters were analyzed in cells from 12 CML patients (five women and seven men). All patients underwent blood collection during the chronic phase of disease after they received chemotherapy. b3a2 mRNA was detected in samples from eight of the CML patients and b2a2 mRNA was observed in four cases. An association between basophils and hemoglobin parameters was observed in that hemoglobin levels were higher in b2a2-expressing patients, and mean basophil levels were higher in patients expressing b3a2. Four of the CML patients (16%) were homozygous for 3'A allele. Of the patients who showed the presence of bcr-abl transcripts (N = 12), three presented the wt/wt genotype and nine were SDF1-3'A carriers. Three of the latter were homozygous for this mutation. It is possible that the bcr-abl fusion gene and the SDF1 genotype for 3'A allele have important implications for the pathogenesis of CML.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Aparecida de Lourdes Perim
- Department of Pathology, Clinical Analysis and Toxicology, Health Sciences Center, Londrina State University, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Thiago Franco Nasser
- Department of Pathological Sciences‐Immunology‐Genome, Biological Sciences Center, Londrina State University, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Karen Brajão de Oliveira
- Department of Pathological Sciences‐Immunology‐Genome, Biological Sciences Center, Londrina State University, Londrina, Brazil
| | | | - Juliana Laino do Val Carneiro
- Department of Pathological Sciences‐Immunology‐Genome, Biological Sciences Center, Londrina State University, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Maria Angelica Ehara Watanabe
- Department of Pathological Sciences‐Immunology‐Genome, Biological Sciences Center, Londrina State University, Londrina, Brazil
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