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Abdel-Hakeem SS, Fadladdin YA, El-Sagheer AM, Adel A. New host record, Sclerophrys regularis (Bufonidae), for Rhabdias africanus (Rhabdiasidae, ) based on molecular and morphological evidence. Saudi J Biol Sci 2022; 29:103366. [PMID: 35860497 PMCID: PMC9289862 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2022.103366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2021] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
With diversity of hosts range, most identified nematode species still lack the crucial connection between morphological and molecular make-up, which is important for precisely classifying the specimens. The present study provides the complete description of Rhabdias africanus in the new host record, Sclerophrys regularis. Fifty toad specimens were collected, and a high prevalence of R. africanus infection (74%) was observed. Morphology and ultrastructure were observed using light and scanning electron microscopes. Morphological characteristics, including peculiarities of the head, the shape and position of the lips, and the number of labial papillae, were described. The length of the body, the esophageal length, the distance from an anterior end to the nerve ring, and the tail length were reduced in the studied samples relative to previously described specimens. Furthermore, some variable matrices that have not previously been described, e.g., ovarian part widening, the nerve ring and its location, and eggs with different stages of larvae, were included in the present study. Genus and species identification was confirmed by comparing partial 12S (619 bp) and ITS (878 bp) gene sequences to those of Rhabdias species deposited in GenBank. The studied species showed a 99.34% resemblance to R. africanus from South Africa. We assume our findings will aid in the molecular identification of adult and larval stages of this genus in amphibians. We strongly recommend further studies on the environmental factors that promote Rhabdias infection and transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara S. Abdel-Hakeem
- Parasitology Laboratory, Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Assiut University, Assiut 71516, Egypt
- Corresponding author.
| | - Yousef A. Fadladdin
- King Abdulaziz University, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Biological Sciences, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Atef M. El-Sagheer
- Agricultural Zoology and Nematology Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Al-Azhar University, Egypt
| | - Asmaa Adel
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, South Valley University, Egypt
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Marcaida AJB, Nakao M, Fukutani K, Nishikawa K, Urabe M. Phylogeography of Rhabdias spp. (Nematoda: Rhabdiasidae) collected from Bufo species in Honshu, Shikoku, and Kyushu, Japan including possible cryptic species. Parasitol Int 2022; 90:102612. [PMID: 35752226 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2022.102612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The genus Rhabdias Stiles & Hassall, 1905 comprises lung parasites of amphibians and reptiles worldwide. In Japan, 9 species have been recorded, including Rhabdias incerta Wilkie, 1930 which has been reported only in Bufo species. In this study, to assess the diversity of R. incerta, we performed molecular analyses of Rhabdias species sampled from three species/subspecies of Japanese toads namely Bufo japonicus, B. japonicus formosus, and B. torrenticola, collected in various regions of Honshu, Shikoku, and Kyushu, Japan. DNA sequence divergence was compared using mtDNA (COI) and nuclear DNA (28S) to identify possible cryptic species. Morphological analysis was performed through light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results revealed that Bufo spp. serve as hosts for at least three Rhabdias species. Morphologically, most samples were identified as R. incerta but with a longer body and larger buccal cavity than originally described. Rhabdias incerta appears to be specific to the genus Bufo and is further subdivided into two or three phylogroups based on subspecies divisions and biogeography of their host. Some Rhabdias specimens collected in this study resemble R. tokyoensis Wilkie, 1930, parasitic in hosts from the order Caudata, which suggests host switching. Both molecular and morphological analyses suggested the presence of undescribed and cryptic Rhabdias species within toads collected in Japan. This study was the first to molecularly characterize Rhabdias species in Japan, including novel sequences of R. incerta and two undescribed species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arvin Jet B Marcaida
- Department of Environmental Dynamics, Graduate School of Environmental Science, The University of Shiga Prefecture, Hikone, Shiga, Japan.
| | - Minoru Nakao
- Department of Parasitology, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Kazumi Fukutani
- Graduate School of Human and Environmental Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kanto Nishikawa
- Graduate School of Human and Environmental Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan; Graduate School of Global Environmental Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Misako Urabe
- Department of Ecosystem Studies, Faculty of Environmental Science, The University of Shiga Prefecture, Hikone, Shiga, Japan
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DNA Footprints: Using Parasites to Detect Elusive Animals, Proof of Principle in Hedgehogs. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10081420. [PMID: 32823900 PMCID: PMC7460031 DOI: 10.3390/ani10081420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Nocturnal and elusive animals are notoriously difficult to count—hedgehogs being a prime example. Therefore, any reliable way to demonstrate the presence of a particular animal, within a given area, would be a valuable addition to many ecologists’ tool kits. The proposed method is based upon the idea that you can find a parasite, specific to a vertebrate animal of interest that has a life stage within an invertebrate host. Molecular detection of these parasites is then carried out in the more abundant and easily collected invertebrate intermediate host. The key to this proposed method is the specificity of the parasite to the vertebrate animal and its detection in the invertebrate intermediate hosts. Crenosoma striatum is specific to hedgehogs and was chosen as the parasite to develop the molecular survey tool for hedgehogs, an elusive nocturnal species of considerable interest at present. Results revealed the presence of the nematode only at a site known to be inhabited by hedgehogs confirming the potential of this method to improve the accuracy of recording hedgehog populations. Abstract The Western European Hedgehog (Erinaceous europaeus) is a nocturnal animal that is in decline in much of Europe, but the monitoring of this species is subjective, prone to error, and an inadequate basis for estimating population trends. Here, we report the use of Crenosoma striatum, a parasitic nematode specific to hedgehogs as definitive hosts, to detect hedgehog presence in the natural environment. This is achieved through collecting and sampling the parasites within their intermediate hosts, gastropoda, a group much simpler to locate and sample in both urban and rural habitats. C. striatum and Crenosoma vulpis were collected post-mortem from the lungs of hedgehogs and foxes, respectively. Slugs were collected in two sessions, during spring and autumn, from Skomer Island (n = 21), which is known to be free of hedgehogs (and foxes); and Pennard, Swansea (n = 42), known to have a healthy hedgehog population. The second internal transcribed spacer of parasite ribosomal DNA was used to develop a highly specific, novel, PCR based multiplex assay. Crenosoma striatum was found only at the site known to be inhabited by hedgehogs, at an average prevalence in gastropods of 10% in spring and autumn. The molecular test was highly specific: One mollusc was positive for both C. striatum and C. vulpis, and differentiation between the two nematode species was clear. This study demonstrates proof of principle for using detection of specific parasite DNA in easily sampled intermediate hosts to confirm the presence of an elusive nocturnal definitive host species. The approach has great potential as an adaptable, objective tool to supplement and support existing ecological survey methods.
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Morsy K, Mohamed SA, Abdel-Ghaffar F, El-Fayoumi H, Abdel-Haleem H. Rhabdias bufonis (Rhabdiasidae) from the lung of the African common toad, Amietophrynus regularis (Bufonidae) in Egypt: new data on the basis of light and scanning electron microscopic study. PeerJ 2018; 6:e5328. [PMID: 30042901 PMCID: PMC6055686 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.5328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aims Rhabdias sp. (Rhabdiasidae) is a nematode parasite of family Rhabdiasidae infecting the lung of amphibians. The present study provides new morphological details for Rhabdias bufonis isolated from the lungs of the African common toad, Amietophrynus regularis based on observations of light and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Methods Forty specimens were collected from its natural habitat: the damp, moist fields and gardens at Giza governorate, Egypt. Worms were isolated from the lungs, fixed and then preserved. They were examined using light and SEM with further line drawings. Results Fourteen specimens (35%) were found to harbor Rhabdias with an intensity of three to five worms per host. Bodies of the gravid females were elongated, slender, measured 3.22–9.86 (5.64 ± 0.03) long and 0.09–0.48 (0.23 ± 0.02) wide at mid-length. Buccal capsule was with cylindrical lumen and sclerotized walls. Ovaries were almost straight. The uteri were located anterior and posterior to the vulva. Uterus were filled with a large number of eggs (17–42). Eggs were oval in shape and some of them were with fully developed larvae inside. The tail was comparatively short, gradually tapered. SEM showed that worms possessed an oval anterior end with a simple, slit like oral opening. The lipless edges of the mouth opening were bordered with tiny cuticular elevations, radiated outwards. Two pairs of submedian cephalic papillae were observed around the oral opening as well as two amphids. Conclusion The current study presents new morphological details for R. bufonis isolated from the African common toad. Also, the morphology of the slit-like mouth opening, the two pairs of cephalic papillae, two amphids and the three pairs of cuticular elevations supporting the area around mouth opening were investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kareem Morsy
- Department of Biology, College of Science, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Sara Ali Mohamed
- Departement of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Beni Suef University, Beni Suef, Egypt
| | | | - Hoda El-Fayoumi
- Departement of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Beni Suef University, Beni Suef, Egypt
| | - Heba Abdel-Haleem
- Departement of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Beni Suef University, Beni Suef, Egypt
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Müller MI, Morais DH, Costa-Silva GJ, Aguiar A, Ávila RW, da Silva RJ. Diversity in the genusRhabdias(Nematoda, Rhabdiasidae): Evidence for cryptic speciation. ZOOL SCR 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/zsc.12304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Maria I. Müller
- Department of Parasitology, Rua Professor Doutor Antônio Celso Wagner Zanin; Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP); Botucatu São Paulo Brazil
| | - Drausio H. Morais
- Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia (UFRA); Parauapebas Pará Brazil
| | - Guilherme J. Costa-Silva
- Department of Morphology, Rua Professor Doutor Antônio Celso Wagner Zanin; Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP); Botucatu São Paulo Brazil
- Universidade Santo Amaro, Rua Prof. Enéas de Siqueira Neto, Jardim das Imbuias; São Paulo Brazil
| | - Aline Aguiar
- Department of Parasitology, Rua Professor Doutor Antônio Celso Wagner Zanin; Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP); Botucatu São Paulo Brazil
| | - Robson W. Ávila
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Laboratório de Herpetologia; Universidade Regional do Cariri (URCA); Crato Ceará Brazil
| | - Reinaldo J. da Silva
- Department of Parasitology, Rua Professor Doutor Antônio Celso Wagner Zanin; Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP); Botucatu São Paulo Brazil
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Machado SA, Kuzmin Y, Tkach VV, Dos Santos JN, Gonçalves EC, de Vasconcelos Melo FT. Description, biology and molecular characterisation of Serpentirhabdias moi n. sp. (Nematoda: Rhabdiasidae) from Chironius exoletus (Serpentes: Colubridae) in Brazil. Parasitol Int 2018; 67:829-837. [PMID: 29753096 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2018.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Revised: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
A new species of the genus Serpentirhabdias Tkach, Kuzmin et Snyder, 2014, S. moi n. sp., is described from a colubroid snake Chironius exoletus from Caxiuanã National Forest, State of Pará, Brazil. The species is characterised by having a triangular oral opening, absence of the buccal capsule, presence of six minute onchia in the oesophastome, and excretory glands of approximately the same length as the oesophagus. These qualitative morphological characters, as well as some measurements, differentiate the new species from other Neotropical and Nearctic Serpentirhabdias spp. The morphological description of parasitic adults of S. moi n. sp. is complemented by the description of free-living stages including males, females, and infective larvae. Comparative analysis of partial sequences of cox1 and 12S mitochondrial genes strongly supported the status of S. moi n. sp. as a new species. Molecular phylogeny based on sequences of the nuclear DNA region spanning the 3' end of the 18S nuclear rRNA gene, ITS region (ITS1 + 5.8S + ITS2) and 5' end of the 28S gene supported monophyly of all rhabdiasid genera included in the analysis and placed the new species into the Serpentirhabdias clade as sister taxon to S. fuscovenosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soraya A Machado
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Helminthology "Prof. Dr. Reinalda Marisa Lanfredi", Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Av. Augusto Correa s/n, 66075-900 Belém, PA, Brazil
| | - Yuriy Kuzmin
- Department of Parasitology, I. I. Schmalhausen Institute of Zoology NAS of Ukraine, 15 Bogdan Khmelnytskyi Street, Kyiv 01030, Ukraine
| | - Vasyl V Tkach
- Department of Biology, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota 58202, USA.
| | - Jeannie Nascimento Dos Santos
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Helminthology "Prof. Dr. Reinalda Marisa Lanfredi", Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Av. Augusto Correa s/n, 66075-900 Belém, PA, Brazil
| | - Evonnildo Costa Gonçalves
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Technology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Av. Augusto Correa s/n, 66075-900 Belém, PA, Brazil
| | - Francisco Tiago de Vasconcelos Melo
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Helminthology "Prof. Dr. Reinalda Marisa Lanfredi", Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Av. Augusto Correa s/n, 66075-900 Belém, PA, Brazil
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Svitin R, Kuzmin Y, Preez LD. Molecular and morphological characterisation of Rhabdias picardiae Junker, Lhermitte-Vallarino et Bain, 2010 (Nematoda: Rhabdiasidae) from Delaland's River Frog, Amietia delalandii (Duméril et Bibron, 1841) (Amphibia: Pyxicephalidae) in South Africa. Acta Parasitol 2018; 63:55-64. [PMID: 29351077 DOI: 10.1515/ap-2018-0007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Rhabdias picardiae previously known from the Guttural Toad, Sclerophrys gutturalis (Bufonidae) is described from a new host, Delaland's River Frog, Amietia delalandii (Pyxicephalidae). The species identification is confirmed by analysis of the COI gene sequence and morphological comparison with the original description. Morphological details of apical structures in adult parasitic R. picardiae, namely, the shape and position of lips, the number and position of external labial papillae, and the buccal capsule morphology are described using light and scanning electron microscopy. The buccal capsule width and length, the distance from anterior end to nerve ring and excretory pore, and ratios of distance to vulva to body length and body length to width were identified as less variable metrical characters in the studied sample of 30 specimens. Adult specimens demonstrated differences in the position of lips in relation to the oral opening and position of the buccal capsule in relation to the oesophagus depending on the size (age) of worms. The infective larvae of R. picardiae are described for the first time and characterised by two lateral alae consisting of two ridges, triangular pseudolabia with rounded tops, and presence of ornamentation on the rounded tail tip.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman Svitin
- I. I. Schmalhausen Institute of Zoology, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Yuriy Kuzmin
- I. I. Schmalhausen Institute of Zoology, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Louis du Preez
- African Amphibian Conservation Research Group, Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
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Spatial and genetic structure of directly-transmitted parasites reflects the distribution of their specific amphibian hosts. POPUL ECOL 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10144-018-0605-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Kuzmin Y, Halajian A, Tavakol S, Luus-Powell WJ, Tkach VV. Description and phylogenetic position of a new species of Rhabdias Stiles et Hassall, 1905 (Nematoda: Rhabdiasidae) from the banded rubber frog, Phrynomantis bifasciatus (Smith) (Amphibia: Microhylidae), in South Africa. Folia Parasitol (Praha) 2017; 64. [DOI: 10.14411/fp.2017.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Abdel-Gaber R, Abdel-Ghaffar F, Kamel R, Maher S, El Deeb N, Al Quraishy S, Mehlhorn H. Morphological description of Cosmocerca sp. (Nematoda: Cosmocerdidae) from the Mascarene grass frog Ptychadena cf. mascareniensis (Amphibia: Ptychadenidae). A light and scanning electron microscopic studies. Acta Parasitol 2017; 62:449-458. [PMID: 28426400 DOI: 10.1515/ap-2017-0052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The Mascarene grass frog Ptychadena cf. mascareniensis is a species of frog with a vast area of distribution in Africa. A total of 300 frog specimens were collected from different localities at El-Giza province, Egypt; then dissected and examined for the presence of parasitic infection. Only eighty six (28.66%) specimens were found to be naturally infected with nematode parasite. Seasonally, the prevalence of infection was reached its maximum value of 74.66% during summer and minimum values of 26.66% (20/75), 13.33% (10/75) during spring and autumn, respectively; while no records were observed during winter season. The morphology of the recovered parasite was studied by using light and scanning electron microscopy. The adult worm characterized by anterior extremity with small mouth opening being surrounded by three lips provided with four sub-median cephalic papillae and one pair of lateral amphids. Body measurements showed that male worms were smaller than females measuring 1.22-2.43 (2.21 ± 0.1) mm in length and 0.21-0.34 (0.29 ± 0.01) mm in width. Females measured 1.9-3.7 (2.8 ± 0.1) mm in length and 0.24-0.42 (0.38 ± 0.01) mm in width. Comparing the present parasite with other species of the same genus described previously, several similarities were observed. However, peculiar new characteristics such as the arrangement of plectanes and somatic papillae, the presence of gubernaculum, the position of nerve ring, excretory pore, and vulval opening make it reasonable belongs to the family Cosmocercidae and identified as Cosmocerca sp. In addition, the present study was the first report for occurrence of cosmocercid species from the Mascarene grass frog in Egypt.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Reem Kamel
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Women for Arts, Science and Education, Ain Shams University, Heliopolis
| | - Sherein Maher
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Women for Arts, Science and Education, Ain Shams University, Heliopolis
| | - Nashwa El Deeb
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Women for Arts, Science and Education, Ain Shams University, Heliopolis
| | - Saleh Al Quraishy
- Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh
| | - Heinz Mehlhorn
- Parasitology Institute, Düsseldorf University, Düsseldorf
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A Skeletochronological Assessment of Age–Parasitism Relationships in Wood Frogs (Lithobates sylvaticus). J HERPETOL 2015. [DOI: 10.1670/13-118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Temporal occurrence and community structure of helminth parasites in southern leopard frogs, Rana sphenocephala, from north central Oklahoma. Parasitol Res 2015; 114:1197-206. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-014-4303-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Accepted: 12/23/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Brown DS, Symondson WOC. Sex and age-biased nematode prevalence in reptiles. Mol Ecol 2014; 23:3890-9. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.12688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2013] [Revised: 01/30/2014] [Accepted: 01/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David S. Brown
- Cardiff School of Biosciences; Cardiff University; The Sir Martin Evans Building, Museum Avenue Cardiff CF10 3AX UK
| | - William O. C. Symondson
- Cardiff School of Biosciences; Cardiff University; The Sir Martin Evans Building, Museum Avenue Cardiff CF10 3AX UK
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Kuzmin Y, Junker K, du Preez L, Bain O. A new species of Rhabdias Stiles et Hassall, 1905 (Nematoda: Rhabdiasidae) from Blommersia domerguei (Guibé) (Amphibia: Mantellidae) in Madagascar. Folia Parasitol (Praha) 2014; 60:469-74. [PMID: 24471289 DOI: 10.14411/fp.2013.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Rhabdias blommersiae sp. n. (Nematoda: Rhabdiasidae) is described from the lungs of Domergue's Madagascar frog, Blommersia domerguei (Guibé) (Amphibia: Mantellidae), in Madagascar. The new species differs from congeners parasitizing amphibians in having a smaller body and buccal capsule, six equal lips, large excretory glands of unequal length and a posteriorly inflated body vesicle. A combination of characters distinguishes it from Afromalagasy species of Rhabdias Stiles et Hassall, 1905. Rhabdias blommersiae is the third species of the genus described from amphibians in Madagascar. Close similarities in the number and shape of circumoral structures in two Rhabdias species described from mantellid hosts in Madagascar suggest a close relationship and common origin of the two species, with subsequent adaptation to separate hosts within the Mantellidae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuriy Kuzmin
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Zoology, Kyiv, Ukraine.
| | - Kerstin Junker
- ARC-Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Onderstepoort, South Africa
| | - Louis du Preez
- Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Odile Bain
- Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Parasitologie comparée, Paris, France
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Phylogenetic affinities and systematic position of Entomelas sylvestris Baker, 1982 (Nematoda: Rhabdiasidae), a parasite of Breviceps sylvestris FitzSimons (Amphibia: Brevicipitidae) in South Africa. Syst Parasitol 2014; 87:293-8. [PMID: 24563145 DOI: 10.1007/s11230-014-9469-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2012] [Accepted: 01/02/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The genus Entomelas Travassos, 1930 currently includes nine species of rhabdiasid nematodes, eight of them parasitic in lizards and only one, Entomelas sylvestris Baker, 1982, parasitic in amphibians. Entomelas sylvestris was originally described from the Forest Rain Frog Breviceps sylvestris FitzSimons in South Africa and was not reported since. It was placed in the genus Entomelas without any specific arguments for this taxonomic decision, presumably mainly based on details of the buccal capsule morphology. We have found this species in the same host in Limpopo province, South Africa. Molecular phylogenetic analysis based on the newly-obtained sequence of complete ITS region and partial nuclear large ribosomal subunit (28S) gene of E. sylvestris and previously published sequences of a variety of other rhabdiasid taxa, has convincingly demonstrated that this species does not belong in Entomelas. Instead, it clustered together with the members of Rhabdias Stiles & Hassall, 1905 from amphibian hosts. Therefore, we transfer E. sylvestris into Rhabdias as Rhabdias sylvestris (Baker, 1982) n. comb. In our analysis E. sylvestris appears, albeit with weak support, as a basal/sister taxon to the rest of Rhabdias spp. which explains to some extent the differences in the buccal capsule morphology between this species and other Rhabdias spp.
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Tkach VV, Kuzmin Y, Snyder SD. Molecular insight into systematics, host associations, life cycles and geographic distribution of the nematode family Rhabdiasidae. Int J Parasitol 2014; 44:273-84. [PMID: 24560917 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2013.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2013] [Revised: 12/28/2013] [Accepted: 12/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Rhabdiasidae Railliet, 1915 is a globally distributed group of up to 100 known species of nematodes parasitic in amphibians and reptiles. This work presents the results of a molecular phylogenetic analysis of 36 species of Rhabdiasidae from reptiles and amphibians from six continents. New DNA sequences encompassing partial 18S rDNA, ITS1, 5.8S rDNA, ITS2 and partial 28S rDNA regions of nuclear ribosomal DNA were obtained from 27 species and pre-existing sequences for nine species were incorporated. The broad taxonomic, host and geographical coverage of the specimens allowed us to address long-standing questions in rhabdiasid systematics, evolution, geographic distribution, and patterns of host association. Our analysis demonstrated that rhabdiasids parasitic in snakes are an independent genus sister to the rest of the Rhabdiasidae, a status supported by life cycle data. Based on the combined evidence of molecular phylogeny, morphology and life cycle characteristics, a new genus Serpentirhabdias gen. nov. with the type species Serpentirhabdias elaphe (Sharpilo, 1976) comb. nov. is established. The phylogeny supports the monophyly of Entomelas Travassos, 1930, Pneumonema Johnston, 1916 and the largest genus of the family, Rhabdias Stiles and Hassall, 1905. DNA sequence comparisons demonstrate the presence of more than one species in the previously monotypic Pneumonema from Australian scincid lizards. The distribution of some morphological characters in the genus Rhabdias shows little consistency within the phylogenetic tree topology, in particular the apical structures widely used in rhabdiasid systematics. Our data suggest that some of the characters, while valuable for species differentiation, are not appropriate for differentiation among higher taxa and are of limited phylogenetic utility. Rhabdias is the only genus with a cosmopolitan distribution, but some of the lineages within Rhabdias are distributed on a single continent or a group of adjacent zoogeographical regions. Serpentirhabdias, Entomelas and Pneumonema show rather strict specificity to their host groups. The evolution of the Rhabdiasidae clearly included multiple host switching events among different orders and families of amphibians as well as switching between amphibians and squamatan reptiles. Only a few smaller lineages of Rhabdias demonstrate relatively strict associations with a certain group of hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasyl V Tkach
- Department of Biology, University of North Dakota, 1 Campus Drive and Cornell Street, Grand Forks, ND 58202, USA.
| | - Yuriy Kuzmin
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Zoology, 15 Bogdan Khmelnytskyi Street, Kyiv 01601, Ukraine
| | - Scott D Snyder
- Department of Biology, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, NE 68182, USA
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Description of Rhabdias breviensis n. sp. (Rhabditoidea: Rhabdiasidae) in two Neotropical frog species. Syst Parasitol 2013; 86:69-75. [DOI: 10.1007/s11230-013-9432-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2013] [Accepted: 06/24/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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18
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Langford GJ, Janovy J. Host Specificity of North AmericanRhabdiasspp. (Nematoda: Rhabdiasidae): Combining Field Data and Experimental Infections with a Molecular Phylogeny. J Parasitol 2013; 99:277-86. [DOI: 10.1645/ge-3217.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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19
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Gustafson KD, Newman RA, Tkach VV. Effects of host species and life stage on the helminth communities of sympatric northern leopard frogs (Lithobates pipiens) and wood frogs (Lithobates sylvaticus) in the Sheyenne National Grasslands, North Dakota. J Parasitol 2013; 99:587-94. [PMID: 23409956 DOI: 10.1645/ge-3246.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
We studied helminth communities in sympatric populations of leopard frogs (Lithobates pipiens) and wood frogs (Lithobates sylvaticus) and assessed the effects of host species and life stage on helminth community composition and helminth species richness. We examined 328 amphibians including 218 northern leopard frogs and 110 wood frogs collected between April and August of 2009 and 2010 in the Sheyenne National Grasslands of southeastern North Dakota. Echinostomatid metacercariae were the most common helminths found, with the highest prevalence in metamorphic wood frogs. Host species significantly influenced helminth community composition, and host life stage significantly influenced the component community composition of leopard frogs. In these sympatric populations, leopard frogs were common hosts for adult trematodes whereas wood frogs exhibited a higher prevalence of nematodes with direct life cycles. Metamorphic frogs were commonly infected with echinostomatid metacercariae and other larval trematodes whereas juvenile and adult frogs were most-frequently infected with directly transmitted nematodes and trophically transmitted trematodes. Accordingly, helminth species richness increased with the developmental life stage of the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle D Gustafson
- Department of Zoology, Oklahoma State University, Life Sciences West, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74078, USA.
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20
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Cipriani P, Mattiucci S, Paoletti M, Santoro M, Nascetti G. Rhabdias esculentarum n. sp. (Nematoda: Rhabdiasidae) from green frogs of the Rana esculenta species complex in Italy: molecular evidence, morphological description and genetic differentiation from its congeners in frogs and toads. Syst Parasitol 2012; 82:131-46. [DOI: 10.1007/s11230-012-9355-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2011] [Accepted: 01/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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21
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Kuzmin Y, Tkach VV, Bush SE. A new species of Rhabdias (Nematoda: Rhabdiasidae) from agamid lizards on Luzon Island, Philippines. J Parasitol 2012; 98:608-11. [PMID: 22263551 DOI: 10.1645/ge-3003.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhabdias odilebaini n. sp. is described on the basis of specimens found in the lungs of 2 species of agamid lizards: the Philippine flying lizard Draco spilopterus and the marbled bloodsucker Bronchocela marmorata . Specimens were collected in Aurora Province, Luzon Island, Philippines. The new species of Rhabdias is characterized by presence of 4 submedian lips, inconspicuous lateral lips, rounded cross-shaped oral opening, and tail end bent dorsally. This species is morphologically distinct from other Rhabdias spp. that parasitize reptilian and amphibian hosts, including 3 other species known to parasitize lizards of the Agamidae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuriy Kuzmin
- Institute of Zoology, Ukrainian National Academy of Sciences, Kiev, Ukraine
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22
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Kuzmin Y, Tkach VV. Description of a New Species of Kurilonema (Nematoda: Rhabdiasidae) From Lungs of the Skink Sphenomorphus abdictus aquilonius (Reptilia: Squamata: Scincidae) in the Philippines. J Parasitol 2011; 97:506-12. [DOI: 10.1645/ge-2578.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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23
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Santos JND, Melo FTDV, Nascimento LDCSD, Nascimento DEBD, Giese EG, Furtado AP. Rhabdias paraensis sp. nov.: a parasite of the lungs of Rhinella marina (Amphibia: Bufonidae) from Brazilian Amazonia. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2011; 106:433-40. [DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02762011000400008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2010] [Accepted: 02/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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First record of Neoxysomatium brevicaudatum through the non-invasive sampling of Anguis fragilis: complementary morphological and molecular detection. J Helminthol 2011; 86:125-9. [DOI: 10.1017/s0022149x11000174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
AbstractRelatively few studies have examined the parasite fauna of British reptiles, partly due to the cryptic nature and low population density of these hosts. Here we examined 12 populations of the slow worm Anguis fragilis which, unlike other UK lizards, occurs at locally high population densities. Morphological examination of non-invasively collected faecal samples revealed the presence of Neoxysomatium brevicaudatum and a second unidentified nematode species. Although previously unrecorded from slow worms in the UK, N. brevicaudatum was present in 38% of animals (mean intensity 70.9, range 1–686). Morphological identification was confirmed by sequencing the 18S ribosomal gene. The use of the species-specific, cytochrome oxidase I mitochondrial gene primers proved an efficient alternative to conventional, microscope screening for parasites, although the original identification of N. brevicaudatum was dependent upon morphological characters. Sequencing also identified the second, smaller nematode as belonging to the Rhabdiasidae family: this species was even more common at a prevalence of 83% (mean intensity 102.8, range 1–2000). While increasing our knowledge of the UK macroparasite fauna, this work demonstrates the benefits of a combined morphological–molecular approach.
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Junker K, Lhermitte-Vallarino N, Barbuto M, Ineich I, Wanji S, Bain O. New species of Rhabdias (Nematoda: Rhabdiasidae) from Afrotropical anurans, including molecular evidence and notes on biology. Folia Parasitol (Praha) 2010; 57:47-61. [DOI: 10.14411/fp.2010.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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26
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Patterns of trematode and nematode lungworm infections in northern leopard frogs and wood frogs from Ontario, Canada. J Helminthol 2009; 83:339-43. [PMID: 19321016 DOI: 10.1017/s0022149x09243495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
In this study we examined trematode and nematode lung helminths commonly found in two species of host ranid frogs for competitive interactions. We examined 147 adult (breeding and non-breeding) and juvenile northern leopard frogs, and 84 breeding male wood frogs in Bishops Mills, Ontario for Haematoloechus spp. (Trematoda) and Rhabdias sp. (Nematoda) infections. A strong negative association between phyla of helminth was observed in breeding and juvenile northern leopard frogs, and also in breeding wood frogs, but not in non-breeding adult northern leopard frogs. Few hosts carried both types of worm concurrently. Thirteen northern leopard frogs carried dual infections, while 77 carried only one phylum of helminth. Twenty-seven wood frogs carried dual infections, while 54 carried only one phylum of helminth. We also observed spatial segregation of the two phyla in host lungs. Our study informs future research on the dynamics of interactions among lung helminths in these two host species.
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Dare OK, Nadler SA, Forbes MR. Nematode lungworms of two species of anuran amphibians: Evidence for co-adaptation. Int J Parasitol 2008; 38:1729-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2008.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2008] [Revised: 05/08/2008] [Accepted: 05/08/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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28
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Holmes RM, Bocchiglieri A, Araújo FRRCD, da Silva RJ. New records of endoparasites infecting Hypsiboas albopunctatus (Anura: Hylidae) in a savanna area in Brasília, Brazil. Parasitol Res 2007; 102:621-3. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-007-0797-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2007] [Accepted: 10/31/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Joly P, Guesdon V, Fromont E, Plenet S, Grolet O, Guegan JF, Hurtrez-Bousses S, Thomas F, Renaud F. Heterozygosity and parasite intensity: lung parasites in the water frog hybridization complex. Parasitology 2007; 135:95-104. [PMID: 17908359 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182007003599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
In hybridogenetic systems, hybrid individuals are fully heterozygous because one of the parental genomes is discarded from the germinal line before meiosis. Such systems offer the opportunity to investigate the influence of heterozygosity on susceptibility to parasites. We studied the intensity of lung parasites (the roundworm Rhabdias bufomis and the fluke Haplometra cylindracea) in 3 populations of water frogs of the Rana lessonae-esculenta complex in eastern France. In these mixed populations, hybrid frogs (R. esculenta) outnumbered parental ones (R. lessonae). Despite variation in parasite intensity and demographic variability among populations, the relationship between host age and intensity of parasitism suggests a higher susceptibility in parentals than in hybrids. Mortality is probably enhanced by lung parasites in parental frogs. On the other hand, while parental frogs harboured higher numbers of H. cylindracea than hybrid frogs, the latter had higher numbers of R. bufonis. Despite such discrepancies, these results support the hybrid resistance hypothesis, although other factors, such as differences in body size, age-related immunity, differential exposure risks and hemiclonal selection, could also contribute to the observed patterns of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Joly
- UMR 5023 Ecology of Fluvial Hydrosystems, Université Claude Bernard Lyon1, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France.
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Martínez-Salazar EA, León-Règagnon V. NEW SPECIES OF RHABDIAS (NEMATODA: RHABDIASIDAE) FROM BUFO OCCIDENTALIS (ANURA: BUFONIDAE) FROM SIERRA MADRE DEL SUR, MEXICO. J Parasitol 2007; 93:1171-7. [DOI: 10.1645/ge-1188r.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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31
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Kuzmin Y, Tkach VV, Brooks DR. Two new species of Rhabdias (Nematoda: Rhabdiasidae) from the marine toad, Bufo marinus (L.) (Lissamphibia: Anura: Bufonidae), in Central America. J Parasitol 2007; 93:159-65. [PMID: 17436957 DOI: 10.1645/ge-858r.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Two new Rhabdias species are described from the lungs of the cane toad Bufo marinus (L.) from Costa Rica and Nicaragua. Rhabdias alabialis n. sp. differs from other known species of the genus by the remarkable morphology of its head end, i.e., the absence of lips or pseudolabia, the slitlike oral opening, and the triangular shape of the buccal capsule in apical view. Rhabdias pseudosphaerocephala n. sp. is identified as a form previously known in Central and South America as Rhabdias sphaerocephala Goodey, 1924, a species initially described from toads in Europe. The new species is differentiated from R. sphaerocephala based on head-end morphology and sequences of nuclear rDNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuriy Kuzmin
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Zoology, 15 Bogdan Khmelnytskyi Street, Kyiv 01601, Ukraine
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Martínez-Salazar EA. A NEW RHABDIASID SPECIES FROM NOROPS MEGAPHOLIDOTUS (SAURIA: POLYCHROTIDAE) FROM MEXICO. J Parasitol 2006; 92:1325-9. [PMID: 17304815 DOI: 10.1645/ge-872r1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhabdias leonae n. sp., a parasite of the lungs of Norops megapholidotus, is described and illustrated. The Mexican taxon differs from the other species in the genus by a combination of characters: possession of 4 lips, corpus slightly inflated, slightly postequatorial vulva, and presence of swollen cuticle of anterior and posterior ends. This is the 12th species described in the Neotropical realm and the first species of Rhabdias described from an endemic Mexican lizard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Martínez-Salazar
- Laboratorio de Helmintologia, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apartado Postal 70-153, Coyoacán, México DR.
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