1
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Parasitic diseases causing deaths and illthrift in Scottish cattle. Vet Rec 2022; 191:152-5. [PMID: 35984262 DOI: 10.1002/vetr.2150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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2
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Neal T, Kent ML, Sanders J, Schreck CB, Peterson JT. Laboratory infection rates and associated mortality of juvenile Chinook Salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) from parasitic copepod (Salmincola californiensis). J Fish Dis 2021; 44:1423-1434. [PMID: 34053103 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.) rearing in lakes and reservoirs above dams have been known to become heavily infected with an ectoparasitic copepod (Salmincola californiensis). Little is known about the factors that affect the parasite infection prevalence and intensity. However, previous research suggests that the parasite may negatively affect the fitness and survival of the host fish. The effect of water temperature, confinement and the density of the free-swimming infectious stage of S. californiensis, the copepodid, on infection prevalence and intensity was evaluated by experimentally exposing juvenile Chinook Salmon (O. tshawytscha). Infection rates observed in wild populations were achieved under warm water (15-16°C) and high copepodid density (150-300/L) treatment conditions. Infection prevalence and intensity were also significantly higher in larger fish. During the infection experiment, 4.5% of infected fish died within 54 days with mortality significantly related to copepod infection intensity. The potential for autoinfection was compared to cross-infection by cohabitation of infected fish with naïve fish. Previously infected fish had significantly greater infection intensity compared with naïve fish, indicating that infected fish can be reinfected and that they may be more susceptible than naïve fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Travis Neal
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Michael L Kent
- Department of Microbiology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Justin Sanders
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Carl B Schreck
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - James T Peterson
- US Geological Survey, Oregon Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
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3
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Abstract
Infectious diseases of domesticated animals impact human well-being via food insecurity, loss of livelihoods, and human infections. While much research has focused on parasites that infect single host species, most parasites of domesticated mammals infect multiple species. The impact of multihost parasites varies across hosts; some rarely result in death, whereas others are nearly always fatal. Despite their high ecological and societal costs, we currently lack theory for predicting the lethality of multihost parasites. Here, using a global dataset of >4,000 case-fatality rates for 65 infectious diseases (caused by microparasites and macroparasites) and 12 domesticated host species, we show that the average evolutionary distance from an infected host to other mammal host species is a strong predictor of disease-induced mortality. We find that as parasites infect species outside of their documented phylogenetic host range, they are more likely to result in lethal infections, with the odds of death doubling for each additional 10 million years of evolutionary distance. Our results for domesticated animal diseases reveal patterns in the evolution of highly lethal parasites that are difficult to observe in the wild and further suggest that the severity of infectious diseases may be predicted from evolutionary relationships among hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxwell J Farrell
- Department of Biology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada H3A 1B1;
| | - T Jonathan Davies
- Botany, Forest, and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z4
- Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z4
- African Centre for DNA Barcoding, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa 2092
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Akdesir E, Origgi FC, Wimmershoff J, Frey J, Frey CF, Ryser-Degiorgis MP. Causes of mortality and morbidity in free-ranging mustelids in Switzerland: necropsy data from over 50 years of general health surveillance. BMC Vet Res 2018; 14:195. [PMID: 29921290 PMCID: PMC6009050 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-018-1494-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although mustelids occur worldwide and include a wide range of species, little is known about the diseases affecting them. Mustelids have regularly been submitted for post mortem investigation in the framework of the program for general wildlife health surveillance in Switzerland, which has been in place for nearly 60 years. We performed a retrospective analysis of the necropsy reports on mustelids submitted to the diagnostic service of the University of Bern. The aims of this study were to present an overview of the causes of mortality and morbidity observed in these carnivores, to assess differences among species, to assess changes in disease detection over the study period, and to describe the pathology of selected diseases. RESULTS Five hundred and sixty-six reports from 1958 to 2015 were analyzed. Most animals were stone martens (Martes foina, 46%) and badgers (Meles meles, 44%); the remaining species were polecats (Mustela putorius, 4.7%), pine martens (Martes martes, 2%), stoats (Mustela erminea, 1.4%), weasels (Mustela nivalis, 0.8%) and otters (Lutra lutra, 0.3%). Infectious diseases (n = 262) were frequent and were mostly bacterial or viral; non-infectious conditions (n = 169) were less common and were mostly traumatic or due to metabolic disorders. The most frequent diagnoses included distemper (75% were badgers), amyloidosis (96% were martens), bacterial respiratory infections (all mustelids), biting lice (badgers only) and pulmonary and gastro-intestinal helminths (all species). Less frequent diseases included histoplasmosis (badgers only), aspergillosis, toxoplasmosis, hepatozoonosis, and sarcoptic mange. Lesions due to infection with distemper virus were primarily appreciated in the respiratory tract and central nervous system; they presented species-specific characteristics such as necrosis in the ependyma in badgers and absence of syncytia in stone martens. Amyloidosis in martens was multisystemic in most cases and included both AA and AL amyloidosis; the main macroscopic change was severe splenomegaly. CONCLUSION Infectious diseases were the most frequent causes of morbidity and mortality of mustelids, with marked species-specific differences. Lung and skin were the most commonly affected organs. Contagious diseases such as canine distemper, sarcoptic mange and rabies in mustelids showed a similar temporal pattern as in red foxes (Vulpes vulpes), suggesting pathogen spillovers from foxes to mustelids.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Akdesir
- Centre for Fish and Wildlife Health (FIWI), Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Länggassstrasse 122, Postfach, 3001, Bern, Switzerland
| | - F C Origgi
- Centre for Fish and Wildlife Health (FIWI), Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Länggassstrasse 122, Postfach, 3001, Bern, Switzerland
| | - J Wimmershoff
- Centre for Fish and Wildlife Health (FIWI), Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Länggassstrasse 122, Postfach, 3001, Bern, Switzerland
| | - J Frey
- Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Länggassstrasse 122, Postfach, 3001, Bern, Switzerland
| | - C F Frey
- Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Länggassstrasse 122, Postfach, 3001, Bern, Switzerland
| | - M-P Ryser-Degiorgis
- Centre for Fish and Wildlife Health (FIWI), Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Länggassstrasse 122, Postfach, 3001, Bern, Switzerland.
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Garcia C, Haond C, Chollet B, Nerac M, Omnes E, Joly JP, Dubreuil C, Serpin D, Langlade A, Le Gal D, Terre-Terrillon A, Courtois O, Guichard B, Arzul I. Descriptions of Mikrocytos veneroïdes n. sp. and Mikrocytos donaxi n. sp. (Ascetosporea: Mikrocytida: Mikrocytiidae), detected during important mortality events of the wedge clam Donax trunculus Linnaeus (Veneroida: Donacidae), in France between 2008 and 2011. Parasit Vectors 2018; 11:119. [PMID: 29499746 PMCID: PMC5834847 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-018-2692-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microcell parasites are small intracellular protozoans mostly detected in molluscs and can be associated with mortalities. In 2010 and 2011, strong increases in mortality events were reported in different wild beds of the wedge clam Donax trunculus Linnaeus, along the Atlantic coast of France and the presence of potential pathogens, including microcells, was investigated. METHODS Clams collected in different beds showing mortality were examined by histology. Based on histological observations, confirmatory analyses were carried out, including transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and molecular characterization. RESULTS Histological analyses revealed the presence of small protozoans similar to microcell parasites in different tissues of Donax trunculus, particularly in muscular and connective tissues. TEM examination confirmed the intracellular localization of the protozoans. Moreover, the lack of haplosporosomes and mitochondria suggested that the observed parasites belong to the genus Mikrocytos Farley, Wolf & Elston, 1988. Mikrocytos genus-specific PCR and in situ hybridization results supported the microscopic observations. Sequence fragments of the 18S rRNA gene shared 75-83% identity with the different Mikrocytos spp. described previously, including Mikrocytos mackini Farley, Wolf & Elston, 1988 and M. boweri Abbott, Meyer, Lowe, Kim & Johnson, 2014. Phylogenetic analyses confirmed that the microcell parasites observed in Donax trunculus in France belong to the genus Mikrocytos and suggest the existence of two distinct species. CONCLUSIONS Based on morphological, ultrastructural, molecular data and host information, the two microcell parasites detected in Donax trunculus belong to the genus Mikrocytos and are distinct from previously described members of this genus. This is the first report of Mikrocytos spp. found in France and infecting the clam Donax trunculus. Mikrocytos veneroïdes n. sp. was detected in different wild beds and Mikrocytos donaxi n. sp. was detected only in Audierne Bay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline Garcia
- Ifremer, RBE-SG2M-LGPMM, Station de La Tremblade, Avenue de Mus de Loup, F-17390 La Tremblade, France
| | - Christophe Haond
- Ifremer, RBE-SG2M-LGPMM, Station de La Tremblade, Avenue de Mus de Loup, F-17390 La Tremblade, France
| | - Bruno Chollet
- Ifremer, RBE-SG2M-LGPMM, Station de La Tremblade, Avenue de Mus de Loup, F-17390 La Tremblade, France
| | - Mirella Nerac
- Ifremer, RBE-SG2M-LGPMM, Station de La Tremblade, Avenue de Mus de Loup, F-17390 La Tremblade, France
| | - Emmanuelle Omnes
- Ifremer, RBE-SG2M-LGPMM, Station de La Tremblade, Avenue de Mus de Loup, F-17390 La Tremblade, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Joly
- Ifremer, RBE-SG2M-LGPMM, Station de La Tremblade, Avenue de Mus de Loup, F-17390 La Tremblade, France
| | - Christine Dubreuil
- Ifremer, RBE-SG2M-LGPMM, Station de La Tremblade, Avenue de Mus de Loup, F-17390 La Tremblade, France
| | - Delphine Serpin
- Ifremer, RBE-SG2M-LGPMM, Station de La Tremblade, Avenue de Mus de Loup, F-17390 La Tremblade, France
| | - Aimé Langlade
- Ifremer, ODE-LITTORAL-LERMPL, Station de la Trinité sur Mer, 12, rue des Résistants, F-56470 La Trinité sur Mer, France
| | - Dominique Le Gal
- Ifremer, ODE-LITTORAL-LERBO, Station de Concarneau, Place de la Croix, F-29185 Concarneau, France
| | - Aouregan Terre-Terrillon
- Ifremer, ODE-LITTORAL-LERBO, Station de Concarneau, Place de la Croix, F-29185 Concarneau, France
| | - Olivier Courtois
- Ifremer, ODE-LITTORAL-LERPC, Station de La Tremblade, Avenue de Mus de Loup, F-17390 La Tremblade, France
| | - Benjamin Guichard
- Ifremer, RBE-SG2M-LGPMM, Station de La Tremblade, Avenue de Mus de Loup, F-17390 La Tremblade, France
| | - Isabelle Arzul
- Ifremer, RBE-SG2M-LGPMM, Station de La Tremblade, Avenue de Mus de Loup, F-17390 La Tremblade, France
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Jacques A, Laurent M, Ribière-Chabert M, Saussac M, Bougeard S, Budge GE, Hendrikx P, Chauzat MP. A pan-European epidemiological study reveals honey bee colony survival depends on beekeeper education and disease control. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0172591. [PMID: 28278255 PMCID: PMC5344352 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0172591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Reports of honey bee population decline has spurred many national efforts to understand the extent of the problem and to identify causative or associated factors. However, our collective understanding of the factors has been hampered by a lack of joined up trans-national effort. Moreover, the impacts of beekeeper knowledge and beekeeping management practices have often been overlooked, despite honey bees being a managed pollinator. Here, we established a standardised active monitoring network for 5 798 apiaries over two consecutive years to quantify honey bee colony mortality across 17 European countries. Our data demonstrate that overwinter losses ranged between 2% and 32%, and that high summer losses were likely to follow high winter losses. Multivariate Poisson regression models revealed that hobbyist beekeepers with small apiaries and little experience in beekeeping had double the winter mortality rate when compared to professional beekeepers. Furthermore, honey bees kept by professional beekeepers never showed signs of disease, unlike apiaries from hobbyist beekeepers that had symptoms of bacterial infection and heavy Varroa infestation. Our data highlight beekeeper background and apicultural practices as major drivers of honey bee colony losses. The benefits of conducting trans-national monitoring schemes and improving beekeeper training are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Jacques
- Unit of coordination and support to surveillance, ANSES, Scientific Affairs Department for Laboratories, Maisons-Alfort, France
- Unit of Honey bee Pathology, ANSES, European Union and National Reference Laboratory for Honey bee Health, Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Marion Laurent
- Unit of Honey bee Pathology, ANSES, European Union and National Reference Laboratory for Honey bee Health, Sophia Antipolis, France
| | | | - Magali Ribière-Chabert
- Unit of Honey bee Pathology, ANSES, European Union and National Reference Laboratory for Honey bee Health, Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Mathilde Saussac
- Unit of coordination and support to surveillance, ANSES, Scientific Affairs Department for Laboratories, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | | | - Giles E. Budge
- Fera, Sand Hutton, York, United Kingdom
- Institute for Agri-Food Research and Innovation, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, Tyne and Wear, United Kingdom
| | - Pascal Hendrikx
- Unit of coordination and support to surveillance, ANSES, Scientific Affairs Department for Laboratories, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Marie-Pierre Chauzat
- Unit of coordination and support to surveillance, ANSES, Scientific Affairs Department for Laboratories, Maisons-Alfort, France
- Unit of Honey bee Pathology, ANSES, European Union and National Reference Laboratory for Honey bee Health, Sophia Antipolis, France
- * E-mail:
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7
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Losada AP, Bermúdez R, Faílde LD, Ruiz de Ocenda MV, Quiroga MI. Study of the distribution of active caspase-3-positive cells in turbot, Scophthalmus maximus (L.), enteromyxosis. J Fish Dis 2014; 37:21-32. [PMID: 24224724 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2011] [Revised: 12/06/2011] [Accepted: 01/09/2012] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Enteromyxosis caused by Enteromyxum scophthalmi is one of the parasitizations with a higher economic impact on turbot, Scophthalmus maximus (L.), aquaculture. This myxosporean produces severe catarrhal enteritis with abundant inflammatory infiltrates in the lamina propria-submucosa (LP), epithelial detachment and leucocyte depletion of the lymphohaematopoietic organs. Some advances made on the pathogenesis pointed to a role of apoptosis in the enteromyxosis. Therefore, the main aim of this work was to employ the TUNEL assay and the anti-(active caspase-3) immunohistochemical assay to detect apoptotic cells in both healthy and E. scophthalmi-infected turbot in order to establish the presence and distribution of apoptotic cells during development of the disease. More apoptotic cells located within the gastrointestinal epithelium were observed in the initial stages of the infection in E. scophthalmi-infected turbot compared with non-infected turbot. As the infection progressed, a higher degree of apoptosis occurred in the epithelium of folds heavily parasitized. In the severely infected turbot, apoptosis was also found among the leucocytes of the intestinal inflammatory infiltrates. Moreover, the number of active caspase-3-positive cells in the lymphohaematopoietic organs tended to increase with disease severity. In view of the results, increased apoptosis in the epithelium may favour the scaling that occurs during enteromyxosis and cell death of leucocytes in the intestinal LP, contributing to leucocyte depletion in severe cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- A P Losada
- Departamento de Ciencias Clínicas Veterinarias, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain
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8
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Burki R, Krasnov A, Bettge K, Rexroad CE, Afanasyev S, Antikainen M, Burkhardt-Holm P, Wahli T, Segner H. Molecular crosstalk between a chemical and a biological stressor and consequences on disease manifestation in rainbow trout. Aquat Toxicol 2013; 127:2-8. [PMID: 22440717 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2012.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2011] [Revised: 02/18/2012] [Accepted: 02/21/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to examine the molecular and organism reaction of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, to the combined impact of two environmental stressors. The two stressors were the myxozoan parasite, Tetracapsuloides bryosalmonae, which is the etiological agent of proliferative kidney disease (PKD) and a natural stressor to salmonid populations, and 17β-estradiol (E2) as prototype of estrogen-active chemical stressors in the aquatic environment. Both stressors, the parasite and estrogenic contaminants, co-exist in Swiss rivers and are discussed as factors contributing to the decline of Swiss brown trout populations over the last decades. Using a microarray approach contrasting parasite-infected and non-infected rainbow trout at low or high estrogen levels, it was observed that molecular response patterns under joint exposure differed from those to the single stressors. More specifically, three major response patterns were present: (i) expression responses of gene transcripts to one stressor are weakened by the presence of the second stressor; (ii) expression responses of gene transcripts to one stressor are enhanced by the presence of the second stressor; (iii) expression responses of gene transcripts at joint treatment are dominated by one of the two stressors. Organism-level responses to concurrent E2 and parasite treatment - assessed through measuring parasite loads in the fish host and cumulative mortalities of trout - were dominated by the pathogen, with no modulating influence of E2. The findings reveal function- and level-specific responses of rainbow trout to stressor combinations, which are only partly predictable from the response to the single stressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Burki
- Centre for Fish and Wildlife Health, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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9
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Hurst CN, Bartholomew JL. Ceratomyxa shasta genotypes cause differential mortality in their salmonid hosts. J Fish Dis 2012; 35:725-732. [PMID: 22808922 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2761.2012.01407.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2010] [Revised: 03/12/2012] [Accepted: 03/13/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Ceratomyxa shasta is a myxozoan parasite of salmonid fish. In natural communities, distinct genotypes of the parasite are associated with different salmonid hosts. To test the hypothesis that genotypes of C. shasta cause differential mortality, the polychaete host was experimentally infected with different parasite genotypes. Genotype I was obtained from Chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha, and genotype II from either coho salmon, O. kisutch, or rainbow trout, O. mykiss, We then challenged four salmonid strains: Chinook and coho salmon that occur in sympatry with the parasite and allopatric Chinook salmon and rainbow trout. Parasite genotype I caused mortality only in Chinook strains, although mortality in the allopatric strain also occurred from exposure to genotype II. A second experiment demonstrated that genotype II could be separated into two biotypes based on differential mortality in rainbow trout and coho salmon. These differential patterns of mortality as a result of infection by certain genotypes of C. shasta support field observations and suggest a co-evolutionary relationship between these parasites and their hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- C N Hurst
- Department of Microbiology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
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10
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Kik MJL, Janse M, Benz GW. The sea louse Lepeophtheirus acutus (Caligidae, Siphonostomatoida, Copepoda) as a pathogen of aquarium-held elasmobranchs. J Fish Dis 2011; 34:793-799. [PMID: 21916904 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2761.2011.01295.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Lepeophtheirus acutus Heegaard, 1943 (Caligidae, Siphonostomatoida, Copepoda), was collected from or observed on four of six elasmobranch species held at Burgers' Zoo (Arnhem, The Netherlands). Circumstantial evidence suggested that a zebra shark, Stegostoma fasciatum (Hermann), from the wild carried the infection into the facility, where copepods reproduced and colonized additional hosts. Copepods typically attached on and about the eyes, in the mouth and occasionally about the cloaca and on the claspers. Severe ocular lesions were associated with infections on zebra sharks, a grey reef shark, Carcharhinus amblyrhynchos (Bleeker), whitetip reef sharks, Triaenodon obesus (Rüppell), and giant shovelnose ray, Rhinobatos typus Bennett, while blacktip reef sharks, Carcharhinus melanopterus (Quoy & Gaimard), and blacktip sharks, Carcharhinus limbatus (Valenciennes), living in infested aquaria showed no sign of infection. Water treatments using trichlorfon were considered primarily responsible for the eradication of copepods from hosts and infested aquaria. This case is the first report of a copepod infection being closely associated with disease and death of an aquarium-held elasmobranch. Given its ability to infect a wide variety of elasmobranchs and promote life-threatening lesions on some hosts, L. acutus should be considered a dangerous pathogen of captive elasmobranchs.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Animals, Zoo/parasitology
- Copepoda/physiology
- Disease Eradication
- Elasmobranchii/parasitology
- Female
- Fish Diseases/mortality
- Fish Diseases/parasitology
- Fish Diseases/pathology
- Fish Diseases/transmission
- Male
- Netherlands
- Parasitic Diseases, Animal/mortality
- Parasitic Diseases, Animal/parasitology
- Parasitic Diseases, Animal/pathology
- Parasitic Diseases, Animal/transmission
- Skin Diseases, Parasitic/mortality
- Skin Diseases, Parasitic/parasitology
- Skin Diseases, Parasitic/pathology
- Skin Diseases, Parasitic/transmission
- Skin Diseases, Parasitic/veterinary
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Affiliation(s)
- M J L Kik
- Department of Pathobiology, Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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11
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Xi BW, Xie J, Zhou QL, Pan LK, Ge XP. Mass mortality of pond-reared Carassius gibelio caused by Myxobolus ampullicapsulatus in China. Dis Aquat Organ 2011; 93:257-260. [PMID: 21516979 DOI: 10.3354/dao02297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
From June to August 2009, allogynogenetic silver crucian carp Carassius gibelio (Bloch) pond-cultured at the Nanquan Experimental Station, China, were found to be heavily infected with myxosporeans, which caused mortalities ranging from 33% (13/40) to 90% (36/40) in the cages. The pharynxes of infected fish were swollen, nodular, and severely damaged. Based on morphological characters and 18S small subunit ribosomal DNA sequence similarity, the myxosporean was identified as Myxobolus ampullicapsulatus. This is the first report of M. ampullicapsulatus causing mass mortality of pond-reared C. gibelio.
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Affiliation(s)
- B W Xi
- Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, 214081 Wuxi, PR China
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12
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Ray RA, Rossignol PA, Bartholomew JL. Mortality threshold for juvenile Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha in an epidemiological model of Ceratomyxa shasta. Dis Aquat Organ 2010; 93:63-70. [PMID: 21290897 DOI: 10.3354/dao02281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The myxozoan parasite Ceratomyxa shasta is a significant pathogen of juvenile Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha in the Klamath River, California, USA. This parasite requires 2 hosts to complete its life cycle: a freshwater polychaete (Manayunkia speciosa) and a salmonid. The complex life cycle and large geographic area where infection occurs make it difficult to monitor and manage ceratomyxosis. We present a model for ceratomyxosis-induced mortality in O. tshawytscha, from which parameters important to the persistence of C. shasta are identified. We also experimentally quantify specific parameters from the model and identify a mortality threshold (a critical parameter), by naturally exposing native O. tshawytscha to C. shasta in the Klamath River. The average percent mortality that resulted from these experimental challenges ranged from 2.5 to 98.5% over an exposure dose of 4.4 to 612 x 10(6) parasites. This experiment identified a non-linear mortality threshold of 7.7 +/- 2.1 x 10(4) actinospores fish(-1) for Chinook salmon from the Iron Gate Hatchery on the Klamath River. Below this threshold no mortality occurred and above it mortality increased dramatically, thus providing a target by which to reduce parasitism in emigrating juvenile O. tshawytscha.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Adam Ray
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Nash Hall, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, USA
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Namazi F, Oryan A, Namavari MM, Rahimain A. Experimental infection of embryonated eggs of chicken with Besnoitia caprae. Trop Biomed 2010; 27:417-423. [PMID: 21399581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Knowledge on parasites of the genus Besnoitia, especially Besnoitia caprae, is sparse. Besnoitia caprae, an obligate intracellular protozoan parasite belonging to the phylum Apicomplexa, is the causative agent of caprine besnoitiosis. This experiment was conducted to determine the infectivity of the bradyzoites and the resultant histopathological lesions after inoculation of B. caprae bradyzoites in the embryonated egg. Eight groups, each having six embryonated eggs, were assigned in this experiment. Seven groups were inoculated with different doses of B. caprae bradyzoite inoculums (1x10(3), 1x10(4), 1x10(5), 1x10(6), 5x10(6), 1x10(7) and 2x10(7)) via the allantoic cavity route. The 8th group was considered as control. The embryos inoculated with higher doses showed mortality between 14 and 21 days of incubation (5-12 days post-infection). Those embryos that received lower doses were hatched on day 21 of incubation; however, they presented loss of feathers and paralysis and showed hyperemia in the skin of the feet regions. Histopathological sections of the skin revealed the presence of hemorrhages, hyperemia and inflammatory responses. Some of the chickens were euthanized after 50 days postinfection (DPI) and histopathological examination of their tissues revealed haemorrhages and coagulative necrosis with the presence of mononuclear cells infiltration in the liver and heart with interstitial pneumonia. It seems that the embryonated eggs could be a useful model to study the parasite's biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Namazi
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
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14
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Endoparasitic diseases cause losses of cattle and lambs. Vet Rec 2010; 167:318-21. [PMID: 20802184 DOI: 10.1136/vr.c4544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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15
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Bogomolni AL, Pugliares KR, Sharp SM, Patchett K, Harry CT, LaRocque JM, Touhey KM, Moore M. Mortality trends of stranded marine mammals on Cape Cod and southeastern Massachusetts, USA, 2000 to 2006. Dis Aquat Organ 2010; 88:143-155. [PMID: 20225675 DOI: 10.3354/dao02146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
To understand the cause of death of 405 marine mammals stranded on Cape Cod and southeastern Massachusetts between 2000 and 2006, a system for coding final diagnosis was developed and categorized as (1) disease, (2) human interaction, (3) mass-stranded with no significant findings, (4) single-stranded with no significant findings, (5) rock and/or sand ingestion, (6) predatory attack, (7) failure to thrive or dependent calf or pup, or (8) other. The cause of death for 91 animals could not be determined. For the 314 animals that could be assigned a cause of death, gross and histological pathology results and ancillary testing indicated that disease was the leading cause of mortality in the region, affecting 116/314 (37%) of cases. Human interaction, including harassment, entanglement, and vessel collision, fatally affected 31/314 (10%) of all animals. Human interaction accounted for 13/29 (45%) of all determined gray seal Halichoerus grypus mortalities. Mass strandings were most likely to occur in northeastern Cape Cod Bay; 97/106 (92%) of mass stranded animals necropsied presented with no significant pathological findings. Mass strandings were the leading cause of death in 3 of the 4 small cetacean species: 46/67 (69%) of Atlantic white-sided dolphin Lagenorhynchus acutus, 15/21 (71%) of long-finned pilot whale Globicephala melas, and 33/54 (61%) of short-beaked common dolphin Delphinus delphis. These baseline data are critical for understanding marine mammal population health and mortality trends, which in turn have significant conservation and management implications. They not only afford a better retrospective analysis of strandings, but ultimately have application for improving current and future response to live animal stranding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea L Bogomolni
- Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543, USA
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16
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Song JY, Sasaki K, Okada T, Sakashita M, Kawakami H, Matsuoka S, Kang HS, Nakayama K, Jung SJ, Oh MJ, Kitamura SI. Antigenic differences of the scuticociliate Miamiensis avidus from Japan. J Fish Dis 2009; 32:1027-1034. [PMID: 19702624 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2761.2009.01089.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
In Japan and Korea, outbreaks of scuticociliatosis have frequently occurred in Japanese flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus. Morphological observations and small subunit rRNA gene sequences have shown that the causative agent of scuticociliatosis in the flounder is Miamiensis avidus (syn. Philasterides dicentrarchi). In this study, we elucidated the antigenic differences between six Japanese M. avidus isolates as an initial step toward developing an effective vaccine against the disease. Four Japanese flounder isolates (IyoI, Nakajima, JF05To and Mie0301 isolates), one spotted knifejaw, Oplegnathus punctatus, isolate (SK05Kyo), and one ridged-eye flounder, Pleuronichthys cornutus, isolate (RF05To) were subjected to serological analysis. Antisera against IyoI, SK05Kyo, Nakajima and Mie0301 isolates were raised in rabbits and used for immobilization assays and Western blotting. Immobilization assays showed that the six isolates could be divided into three groups, tentatively designated serotype I for IyoI, JF05To, RF05To, SK05Kyo, serotype II for Nakajima and serotype III for Mie0301. Western blotting results supported these three serotypes, with marked similarities in the banding profiles of IyoI, JF05To, RF05To and SK05Kyo isolates, which were distinct from the Nakajima and Mie0301 isolates. Three isolates, IyoI, Nakajima and Mie0301 that were selected as representatives of each serotype, were highly pathogenic to Japanese flounder by experimental infection. Based on these findings, we propose that there are at least three M. avidus serotypes in Japan.
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Affiliation(s)
- J-Y Song
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies (CMES), Ehime University, Matsuyama, Japan
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17
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Bjork SJ, Bartholomew JL. Effects of Ceratomyxa shasta dose on a susceptible strain of rainbow trout and comparatively resistant Chinook and coho salmon. Dis Aquat Organ 2009; 86:29-37. [PMID: 19899347 DOI: 10.3354/dao02092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Ceratomyxa shasta infects salmon and trout, causing ceratomyxosis, a disease characterized by parasite proliferation in the intestine and death. We used laboratory challenges to investigate the infective dose for 3 fish species: a susceptible strain of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss and comparatively resistant Chinook O. tshawytscha and coho salmon O. kisutch. For susceptible rainbow trout, we determined the outcome of infection under conditions of varying parasite dose, fish size, and parasite concentration. A single actinospore was sufficient to cause a lethal infection in susceptible rainbow trout. The mean days to death (MDD) did not significantly decrease among doses causing 100% prevalence, indicating a minimum time required for parasites to replicate to a fatal level. When dose was constant, but delivered in a higher parasite concentration, higher infection prevalence and mortality resulted. One actinospore fish(-1) caused 57% infection and mortality in fish challenged in 0.5 1 of water, whereas 10 spores fish(-1) resulted in an average of 49% infection and mortality in 1 l challenges. This effect is most likely due to a higher encounter rate in the smaller water volume. Neither infection prevalence nor MDD was significantly different between large trout (84.9 g) and small trout (6.3 g). Chinook salmon did not become infected even when challenged with 5000 actinospores. One fatal infection occurred in coho salmon challenged with 1000 actinospores. This study confirms that even low doses of C. shasta cause severe infection in highly susceptible fish, describes the dose response on MDD, and demonstrates that parasite concentration influences infection prevalence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J Bjork
- Department of Microbiology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, USA.
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18
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Chettri JK, Leibowitz MP, Ofir R, Zilberg D. Protective immunization against Tetrahymena sp. infection in guppies (Poecilia reticulata). Fish Shellfish Immunol 2009; 27:302-308. [PMID: 19490943 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2009.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2009] [Revised: 05/25/2009] [Accepted: 05/25/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Systemic tetrahymenosis constitutes a serious problem in guppy (Poecilia reticulata) production worldwide and no therapeutic solution is available for this disease. Three immunization trials were conducted, testing the effectiveness of different Tetrahymena preparations applied by intraperitoneal injection (IP) with or without Freund's complete adjuvant (FCA) and with or without booster dose. In trial 1, immunization with the pathogenic Tet-NI 6 lysate and live attenuated Tet-NI 1 did not provide significant protection from infection, although infection rates were significantly lower in the Tet-NI 6-immunized group than in controls. In trial 2, mortality in Tet-NI 6 + FCA-immunized fish was 10%, significantly lower than in all other treatment groups, including Tet-NI 6 lysate, live attenuated Tet-NI 1 and controls (77, 67 and 73%, respectively). In trial 3, the lowest mortality rates were obtained in the Tet-NI 6 + FCA + booster-immunized group (15%). These levels were lower but not significantly different from the non-boostered Tet-NI 6-immunized group (28%) and the groups immunized with Tet-NI 1, with and without booster (32 and 34%, respectively). Mortality in these four groups was significantly lower than in controls, including adjuvant- and PBS-injected groups (72 and 81%, respectively). Body homogenates of immunized fish immobilized Tetrahymena in-vitro, as compared to no or very little immobilization in controls. Lysozyme levels in the Tet-NI 6 + FCA + booster group were significantly higher than in all other treatments in trial 2 and controls in trial 3. There was no significant difference in anti-protease activity among the differently immunized fish. We conclude that immunization with Tetrahymena lysates in FCA confers a high degree of protection from infection, suggesting this preparation as a basis for vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Kumar Chettri
- French Associates Institutes for Agriculture and Biotechnology of Drylands, Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede Boqer Campus, Israel
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19
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Harasym CA. West Nile virus and hemoparasites in captive snowy owls (Bubo scandiacus)--management strategies to optimize survival. Can Vet J 2008; 49:1136-1138. [PMID: 19183740 PMCID: PMC2572104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
In August 2005, 2 members of a group of 6 captive snowy owls (Bubo scandiacus) in central Saskatchewan died of West Nile virus infection. One of these owls and 3 of the remaining owls had significant numbers of circulating hemoparasites. Management strategies are suggested to reduce morbidity and mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol A Harasym
- Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan
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20
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Joly P, Guesdon V, Fromont E, Plenet S, Grolet O, Guegan JF, Hurtrez-Bousses S, Thomas F, Renaud F. Heterozygosity and parasite intensity: lung parasites in the water frog hybridization complex. Parasitology 2007; 135:95-104. [PMID: 17908359 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182007003599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
In hybridogenetic systems, hybrid individuals are fully heterozygous because one of the parental genomes is discarded from the germinal line before meiosis. Such systems offer the opportunity to investigate the influence of heterozygosity on susceptibility to parasites. We studied the intensity of lung parasites (the roundworm Rhabdias bufomis and the fluke Haplometra cylindracea) in 3 populations of water frogs of the Rana lessonae-esculenta complex in eastern France. In these mixed populations, hybrid frogs (R. esculenta) outnumbered parental ones (R. lessonae). Despite variation in parasite intensity and demographic variability among populations, the relationship between host age and intensity of parasitism suggests a higher susceptibility in parentals than in hybrids. Mortality is probably enhanced by lung parasites in parental frogs. On the other hand, while parental frogs harboured higher numbers of H. cylindracea than hybrid frogs, the latter had higher numbers of R. bufonis. Despite such discrepancies, these results support the hybrid resistance hypothesis, although other factors, such as differences in body size, age-related immunity, differential exposure risks and hemiclonal selection, could also contribute to the observed patterns of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Joly
- UMR 5023 Ecology of Fluvial Hydrosystems, Université Claude Bernard Lyon1, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France.
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21
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Ihedioha JI, Ochiogu IS, Ihedioha TE. Co-administration of Na-EDTA and diminazene aceturate (DA) to mice infected with DA-resistant Trypanosoma brucei. J Comp Pathol 2007; 136:206-11. [PMID: 17367805 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2007.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2006] [Accepted: 01/07/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of co-administration of Na-EDTA and diminazene aceturate (DA) on the level of parasitaemia (LOP), parasite clearance, packed cell volume (PCV) and post-infection survival time (PIST) in mice infected with DA-resistant Trypanosoma brucei. Five groups of 10 mice were treated as follows: infected and treated with Na-EDTA+DA; infected and treated with DA alone; infected and treated with Na-EDTA alone; infected-untreated; and uninfected-untreated. The co-administration of Na-EDTA and DA led to reduced LOP and improvements in PCV (P<0.05), as compared with treatment with DA alone. Mice treated with Na-EDTA+DA had a marginally (P>0.05) higher PIST than did mice treated with DA alone. Comparison of the group given Na-EDTA alone with the infected-untreated group showed that the former group had a significantly lower (P<0.01) LOP, improved PCV (P<0.05) and higher (P<0.01) PIST. It was concluded that the co-administration of Na-EDTA and DA led to a slight potentiation of DA in the treatment of mice infected with DA-resistant T. brucei, and that the administration of Na-EDTA alone significantly enhanced the resistance of the infected mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- J I Ihedioha
- Departments of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nigeria Nsukka, PO Box 3236, Nsukka 410001, Nigeria.
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22
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Rajkumar M, Kumaraguru vasagam KP, Perumal P, Trilles JP. First record of Cymothoa indica (Crustacea, Isopoda, Cymothoidae) infecting the cultured catfish Mystus gulio in India. Dis Aquat Organ 2005; 65:269-72. [PMID: 16119896 DOI: 10.3354/dao065269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Cymothoa indica (Isopoda, Cymothoidae) is reported parasitizing the long-whiskered catfish Mystus gulio, cultured in an experimental cage in India. The specimens observed were adult males and females, which had mainly settled in the buccal cavity of juvenile catfish. The species was previously known from wild populations of Siganidae and Belonidae, but this is the first record of C. indica parasitizing the cultured long-whiskered catfish. Serious lesions, typical of a crustacean infection, were macroscopically visible inside the buccal cavity. The cumulative mortality, over a period of 10 d, was 100%. The parasitic problem was not successfully dealt with, due to an unexpected prevalence and very swift mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Rajkumar
- Centre of Advanced Study in Marine Biology, Annamalai University, Parangipettai--608 502, Tamil Nadu, India
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23
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Müller HA, Zahner H. Lethal LPS-independent side effects after microfilaricidal treatment in Acanthocheilonema viteae-infected rodents. Parasitol Res 2005; 97:201-8. [PMID: 15997410 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-005-1386-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2005] [Accepted: 04/05/2005] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Mastomys coucha and jirds infected with Acanthocheilonema viteae, a filarial species free of endosymbiontic bacteria of the genus Wolbachia, suffer lethal side effects after effective microfilaricidal therapy with diethylcarbamazine and levamisole, whereas, M. coucha infected with the Wolbachia-infested species Brugia malayi or Litomosoides carinii tolerate corresponding treatment. Mortality in A. viteae infected, treated animals varied with microfilariae density in the blood. It was up to 100% in highly microfilaraemic M. coucha and jirds, but low or absent in animals with low microfilariae counts. Deaths occurred in most cases 5-24 h after treatment. Characteristic symptoms in animals, which died subsequently were a rapid drop in body temperature by 4-7 degrees C, an increase in hematokrit values by up to 10% and a moderate blood acidosis. Lethal effects in A. viteae infections did not depend on a particular status of hypersensitivity of the animals since desensitization procedures, which protected infected M. coucha against an otherwise lethal intravenous challenge with A. viteae homogenate did not protect against adverse reactions to a subsequent microfilaricidal treatment. The animals were protected from treatment induced death by injection of N-LMMA. Thus the final morbific agent seems NO. The data show that adverse effects after effective microfilaricidal therapy may be caused by microfilariae derived components different from Wolbachia-released LPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- H A Müller
- Institute for Parasitology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Rudolf-Buchheim-Strasse 2, 35392 Giessen, Germany
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24
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Abstract
We examined 15 species of ornamental tropical fishes originating from Southeast Asia to determine the cause of losses among 8 fish farms in Korea. A total of 351 individuals belonging to 5 different families (1 species of Characidae, 6 of Cichlidae, 3 of Cyprinidae, 1 of Heleostomatidae, and 4 of Poecilidae) were collected for the purpose of detecting metazoan and protozoan parasites. Parasites were fixed and stained using routine methods, and identified. We found 3 ciliates, 2 monogeneans, 1 nematode, and 1 copepod from 7 host species. Of these, Ichthyophthirius multifiliis was the most common parasite in our study, and together with Trichodina sp., caused mass mortality of Sumatra barb Puntius tetrazona at 1 farm. We also found Camallanus cotti and Tetrahymena corlissi from guppies Poecilia reticulata, both for the first time in Korea. Farmers consider these 2 pathogens to be the most serious ones in Korea. Gussevia asota from oscar Astronotus ocellatus, and Gyrodactylus bullatarudis from platy Xiphophorus maculatus were also found in Korea for the first time. We believe that appropriate quarantine practices for tropical ornamental fishes should be introduced because the failure to require and implement quarantines has already resulted in the accidental introduction of exotic parasites to fish farms, and because these parasites can cause further economic losses if they become established in the wild.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong-Ho Kim
- Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheong-ju, 361-763, Korea.
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Abstract
The objective of this study is to describe morbidity and mortality in calves <1-year-old and to associate the impact of gastrointestinal and haemoparasitoses on morbidity and mortality by comparing these parameters in ill and well calves in the cotton zone of Burkina Faso. Fifty-nine herds selected in two villages were involved. Calves born between February 1997 and February 1999 were monitored up to 1 year of age or until the end of the study in April 1999. Blood and faecal samples were taken from ill calves and matched with samples taken from well calves (as control) for analysis of haemoparasites and gastrointestinal worms. Infected ill calves were treated with a trypanocidal drug and/or an anthelmintic. Dead calves were necropsied; adult-worm burdens were determined and brain smears taken to detect the presence of Cowdria ruminantium. Diarrhoea was the main clinical observation and most calves shed worm eggs. The EPG for gastrointestinal parasites was higher neither in ill calves nor in diarrhoeal calves. Infections by trypanosome species were observed in ill calves only (prevalences of 8% and 15% in Daboura and Kourouma, respectively). Average PCV in infected calves (28%) was lower than that in non-infected calves (37%). Most ill calves (86%) recovered 2 weeks after the treatment with anthelmintic and/or trypanocide. The post-mortem worm counting in 12 calves revealed that half of necropsied calves had a burden ranging from 2040 to 20,072 helminths. Infection by Babesia bigemina was found in the blood smear of one ill calf and the presence of C. ruminantium was noted in the brain smear of one calf.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Ganaba
- Centre International de Recherche-Développement sur l'Elevage en Zone Subhumide 01 BP 454 01, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso.
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Jauniaux T, Petitjean D, Brenez C, Borrens M, Brosens L, Haelters J, Tavernier T, Coignoul F. Post-mortem findings and causes of death of harbour porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) stranded from 1990 to 2000 along the coastlines of Belgium and Northern France. J Comp Pathol 2002; 126:243-53. [PMID: 12056772 DOI: 10.1053/jcpa.2001.0547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Between the years 1990 and 2000, an attempt was made to determine the causes of death of 55 harbour porpoises stranded along the Belgian and northern French coasts. From 1990 to 1996, only five carcasses were collected as against seven in 1997, eight in 1998, 27 in 1999 and eight in 2000. The sex ratio was normal and most of the animals were juvenile. The most common findings were emaciation, severe parasitosis and pneumonia. A few cases of fishing net entanglement were observed. The main microscopical lesions were acute pneumonia, massive lung oedema, enteritis, hepatitis and gastritis. Encephalitis was observed in six cases. No evidence of morbillivirus infection was detected. Pneumonia was associated with bacteria or parasites, or both. The causes of death and the lesions were similar to those previously reported in other countries bordering the North Sea. The cause of the increased numbers of carcasses in 1999 was unclear but did not include viral epizootics or net entanglement. A temporary increase in the porpoise population in the southern North Sea may have been responsible.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Jauniaux
- Department of Pathology, Veterinary College, Liège, B43, 4000, Belgium
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27
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Abstract
Aggregation is generally recognized as an important factor in the dynamics of host-macroparasite interactions and it has been found relevant in stabilizing the dynamics toward an equilibrium coexistence. In this paper we review the models of Anderson and May (1978, J. Anim. Ecol. 47, 219-247, 249-267) and compare them with some more recently developed models, which incorporate explicit mechanisms (multiple infections or host heterogeneity) for generating aggregation and different degrees of mathematical accuracy. We found that the stabilization yielded by aggregation depends strongly on the mechanism producing the aggregation: multiple infections are much less stabilizing than when aggregation is assumed to be fixed from the outside, while the opposite holds for host heterogeneity. We also give analytical estimates of the period of oscillations occurring when the equilibrium is unstable. Finally, we explore in these models the role of aggregation in host regulation and in determining a threshold value for parasite establishment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Rosà
- Centre for Alpine Ecology, Viote del Monte Bondone, 38040 Trento, Italy
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28
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Abstract
A total of 147 ewes, 4 rams and 188 lambs of their progeny of the Djallonké breed of sheep were used to study the factors affecting reproductive and growth traits and the causes of lamb mortality. Data on ewes were collected during a 12-month period, while those on the lambs born to 123 of the ewes were collected until they were 12 months of age. The average fertility and abortion rates were 0.84 and 0.09. The fertility rate increased and the abortion rate decreased with increasing age of the ewes (p<0.05). The number of lambs born per ewe joined, litter weight at birth per ewe joined and litter weight at weaning per ewe joined were 1.28, 3.5 kg and 17 kg, respectively. The average numbers of lambs born per ewe, lambs born alive per ewe, lambs born dead per ewe and lambs per ewe that died between birth and weaning were 1.53, 1.43, 0.03 and 0.3, respectively. The age of the ewes significantly (p<0.05) affected all these traits except the number of dead lambs and the index of fertility (94%). The age of the ewes significantly (p<0.05) affected the birth weight and the weight at 6 and 12 months of age, whereas the lambing season significantly (p<0.05) affected all the growth traits studied. The type of birth was the most important source of variation in body weights of lambs. Sex had no significant (p>0.05) effect on the growth traits studied. The complex 'starvation-bad management-light body weight at birth' caused 48% of the lamb mortality between birth and weaning, while diarrhoea, pneumonia and internal and external parasites caused approximately 52% of the lamb mortality over the same period. The seasonal raw mortality rate of the lambs before weaning was highest in the humid season.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Mourad
- Institute of Agricultural Research of Guinea, Conakry
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29
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Pampoulie C, Marques A, Rosecchi E, Bouchereau JL, Crivelli AJ. Long-term monitoring on the occurrence of a myxosporean parasite Kudoa camarguensis (Myxosporean) on the common goby (Teleostei, pisces) Pomatoschistus microps. Dis Aquat Organ 2001; 45:69-71. [PMID: 11411646 DOI: 10.3354/dao045069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The evolution of a host-parasite system composed of Pomatoschistus microps-Kudoa camarguensis was investigated in the Vaccarès lagoon (Rhĵne river Delta, France) from 1993 to 1997. During this long-term monitoring, centennial flooding of the Rhĵne river occurred, leading to an inrush of about 110 million m3 of freshwater in the Vaccarès lagoon. The salinity drastically dropped from 14 to 5 g l(-1) in 1 wk. We observed that the annual prevalence and abundance of the myxosporean parasite decreased from 12.18 in 1993 to 3.7% in 1997 and from 1.10 in 1993 to 0.27 in 1997, respectively. Here, we discuss the possible reasons for the rapid decline of this host-parasite system following the flood.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Pampoulie
- Station biologique de la Tour du Valat, Le Sambuc, Arles, France.
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Kanyari PW, Kagira J. The role of parasitic diseases as causes of mortality in cattle in a high potential area of central Kenya: a quantitative analysis. Onderstepoort J Vet Res 2000; 67:157-61. [PMID: 11131115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Postmortem records of cattle brought to the Veterinary School in Kabete near Nairobi were examined for a period of 15 years (1984-1998, inclusive) in order to establish the role that parasitic diseases played as causes of death. The cattle were mainly of exotic breeds but a few were crosses or of indigenous breeds. There was a total of 1413 cases of deaths from various diseases of which 177 (13%) were due to parasites. The tick-borne diseases were in high proportions and accounted for 84,7% among the parasitic causes, which represented 10,6% of all the deaths recorded. The main tick-borne disease was East Coast fever (ECF) (65%) followed by heartwater (10,2%), babesiosis (5,1%) and anaplasmosis (4,5%). Hydatidosis was responsible for 7,3% of deaths from parasitic causes. Deaths from ECF were recorded in all the 15 years and in high proportions compared to those due to heartwater (8/15), babesiosis (7/15) and anaplasmosis 5/15). Over the period under consideration, no decline was noted among various disease conditions despite advances made in controlling tick vectors and in the treatment of various parasitic conditions. The area covered by this study has the advantage of having several veterinary-related institutions close by. Hence knowledge and awareness about livestock diseases is relatively high compared to other parts of the country. It is therefore challenging to the Veterinary Department to examine the service delivery systems and other factors that may contribute to the persistent presence of these fatal parasitic conditions of cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- P W Kanyari
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nairobi, Kenya
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Prange H, Jonas K, Gottschalk C, Discher U, Ribbeck E, Mewes W. [Peracute mortality in common cranes (Grus grus)]. Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr 2000; 113:289-94. [PMID: 10994255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
Out of a nonbreeding group of cranes, 10 birds died peracutely at the end of April 1998. The pathological investigation showed changes in the intestine, liver and kidneys caused probably by an intoxication; but corresponding analyses did not result in a specified poison. The proof of E. coli, Cl. perfringens and Campylobacter jejuni is to be interpreted as a subordinate result. 7 of 8 cranes had a low to high infestation with endoparasites (Porrocaeum spp., Eimeria pusilla, Echinostoma spp.). 5 of 8 birds showed leaness, possibly as a result of the migration exertion. Further on, the analysis results of a 9th crane found at another place are included in this paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Prange
- Institut für Tierzucht und Tierhaltung mit Tierklinik, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg
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Implications of infectious agents on results of animal experiments. Report of the Working Group on Hygiene of the Gesellschaft für Versuchstierkunde--Society for Laboratory Animal Science (GV-SOLAS). Lab Anim 1999; 33 Suppl 1:S39-87. [PMID: 10761184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
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Abstract
A retrospective epidemiologic study was conducted to examine causes of mortality of 985 wild roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) submitted to the National Veterinary Institute (SVA; Uppsala, Sweden) from January 1986 to December 1995. Age, sex, body condition, and geographic distribution as related to disease conditions are reported herein. The most common causes of mortality in roe deer were trauma (19%), winter starvation (18%), gastritis/enteritis (15%), bacterial infections (11%), parasitic infection (11%), systemic diseases (11%), neoplasia (2%), congenital disorders (1%), and miscellaneous causes (6%). Cause of death was not determined in 6% of the cases. The distribution of causes of death reported in this study differ from previous works in Sweden in that infectious and parasitic diseases were more common than winter starvation. The pathologic findings in studies like this do not necessarily represent what is occurring in the natural environment, but they do provide a good indication of distribution of diseases over time as well as age and sex structure in relation to disease conditions. Further research and more detailed studies are in progress to better understand specific mortality factors as well as etiologies of certain described diseases in roe deer in Sweden.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Aguirre
- Department of Wildlife, The National Veterinary Institute, Uppsala, Sweden.
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Kuiken T, Leighton FA, Wobeser G, Wagner B. Causes of morbidity and mortality and their effect on reproductive success in double-crested cormorants from Saskatchewan. J Wildl Dis 1999; 35:331-46. [PMID: 10231760 DOI: 10.7589/0090-3558-35.2.331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The objectives of this study were to describe causes of morbidity and mortality in a breeding colony of double-crested cormorants (Phalacrocorax auritus) on Doré Lake (Saskatchewan, Canada), and to determine cause-specific mortality rates of juvenile birds. Morbidity and mortality were monitored every third day during the breeding season from 1994 to 1996 from inside a tunnel-and-blind system. Affected eggs and birds were collected for examination and diagnosis. The cause of mortality was determined for 105 eggs, 178 nestlings (< or = 4-wk-old), 1393 post-nestling chicks (> 4-wk-old), and 10 adults. The main causes of mortality were infertility or embryonal death, avian predation, displacement of eggs and chicks from the nest, starvation from sibling competition, Newcastle disease, coyote predation, human-induced suffocation, and entrapment. In 49% of the cases, avian predation and displacement from the nest of eggs or nestlings was associated with human disturbance. Thirty-six nestlings, 40 post-nestling chicks, and three adults were examined for the presence of parasites. Contracaecum spiculigerum was found in the proventriculus; Amphimerus elongatus in the liver. Piagetiella incomposita in the gular pouch; Eidmanniella pellucida, Pectinopygus farallonii, and Ceratophyllus lari in the plumage; and Theromyzon sp. in the nasal and oral cavity. Contracaecum spiculigerum was associated with ulcerative gastritis, A. elongatus with multifocal hepatitis and bile duct hyperplasia, and P. incomposita with ulcerative stomatitis, but these lesions were not considered fatal. Other diseases included beak deformity, abnormal rotation of the carpal joint, hypopigmentation, and eye loss. Overall mortality of cormorant chicks between hatching and the end of the breeding season varied from 25 to 48%. The most important causes of mortality were Newcastle disease, which killed 21% of hatched chicks in 1995, sibling competition (maximum 12% in 1994), and coyote predation (2% in 1994).
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Affiliation(s)
- T Kuiken
- Canadian Cooperative Wildlife Health Centre, Department of Veterinary Pathology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Canada
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Gulland FM. The impact of parasites on wild animal populations. Parassitologia 1997; 39:287-91. [PMID: 9802081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Infectious agents can exert important effects on host population dynamics both when they are endemic or epidemic. For parasites to regulate host populations, they must have demonstrable density-dependent effects on either host reproduction or survival. In addition, both parasite and host distributions must be described to determine population level effects. Approaches and methodologies, and the limitations associated with them in investigating parasitism of free-living wild animals are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- F M Gulland
- Marine Mammal Center, Sausalito, CA 94965, USA
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Raga JA, Balbuena JA, Aznar J, Fernández M. The impact of parasites on marine mammals: a review. Parassitologia 1997; 39:293-6. [PMID: 9802082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
The design and implementation of conservation plans for marine mammals is a matter of public concern. However, very little is known about the role of parasites in the dynamics of marine mammal populations. This is probably due to methodological constraints concerning sampling biases, poor knowledge of the biology of the hosts and parasites and difficulty and costy of experimental studies. However, current evidence supports the theory that parasites may regulate marine mammal populations. Crassicauda species in cetaceans and Uncinaria lucasi in pinnipeds seem good candidates as regulating agents. In addition, parasite-induced mass mortalities may be important in marine mammal populations. Well documented cases are the PDV virus which decimated the European common seal (Phoca vitulina) populations in 1988 and the Mediterranean striped dolphin (Stenella coeruleoalba) morbillivirus infection of 1990-1992. Due to the social organisation patterns of marine mammals it is possible that such die-offs occur at very low densities, representing a potential threat to endangered species like the Mediterranean monk seal (Monachus monachus), the Hawaiian monk seal (M. schauinslandi) or the Finish Saimaa seal (Phoca hispida saimensis). It is concluded that parasites can play an important role in marine mammal populations not only at the ecological scale but at the evolutionary one too.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Raga
- Department of Animal Biology, University of Valencia, Burjasot, Spain
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Sugár L. Deer and their parasites: disease or coexistence? Parassitologia 1997; 39:297-301. [PMID: 9802083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence of different parasites in roe (Capreolus capreolus), and red deer (Cervus elaphus) were examined during the period 1972-1995. Deer shot at random or found dead were examined and parasitological status of a farmed red deer herd has been observed regularly. Age, carcass weight, physical condition and pathological features were checked or measured. Of the parasites, 38 species in roe and 18 in red deer were identified and at least 11 of them were shared by both hosts. None of them seems to be pathogenic for these hosts, not considerating local alterations. Disease or mortality together with excessive parasite burden were found only in specimens or herds living in captivity. Beside lungworms, protozoans as well as hair louse may occur in high intensity due to the stress-related diathesis of the host organism. Therefore the relation of deer and their native parasites can be considered as a coexistence rather than a harmful impact of the latter. Parasites of direct development can serve as bioindicators, monitoring the health status of the host individuals, herds or their habitat quality. Finally, the indigenous parasitofauna of roe and red deer and the large variety of their other intermediate and final hosts represent a colourful example of biodiversity.
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MESH Headings
- Adaptation, Physiological
- Animal Husbandry
- Animals
- Deer/parasitology
- Disease Outbreaks/veterinary
- Female
- Host-Parasite Interactions
- Hungary/epidemiology
- Intestinal Diseases, Parasitic/epidemiology
- Intestinal Diseases, Parasitic/parasitology
- Intestinal Diseases, Parasitic/veterinary
- Lung Diseases, Parasitic/epidemiology
- Lung Diseases, Parasitic/parasitology
- Lung Diseases, Parasitic/veterinary
- Male
- Parasitic Diseases, Animal/epidemiology
- Parasitic Diseases, Animal/mortality
- Parasitic Diseases, Animal/parasitology
- Prevalence
- Species Specificity
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Affiliation(s)
- L Sugár
- Faculty of Animal Science, Pannon Agricultural University, Kaposvar, Hungary
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