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Alfjorden A, Onut-Brännström I, Wengström N, Kristmundsson A, Jamy M, Persson BD, Burki F. Identification of a new gregarine parasite associated with mass mortality events of freshwater pearl mussels (Margaritifera margaritifera) in Sweden. J Eukaryot Microbiol 2024; 71:e13021. [PMID: 38480471 DOI: 10.1111/jeu.13021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Freshwater bivalves play key ecological roles in lakes and rivers, largely contributing to healthy ecosystems. The freshwater pearl mussel, Margaritifera margaritifera, is found in Europe and on the East coast of North America. Once common in oxygenated streams, M. margaritifera is rapidly declining and consequently assessed as a threatened species worldwide. Deterioration of water quality has been considered the main factor for the mass mortality events affecting this species. Yet, the role of parasitic infections has not been investigated. Here, we report the discovery of three novel protist lineages found in Swedish populations of M. margaritifera belonging to one of the terrestrial groups of gregarines (Eugregarinorida, Apicomplexa). These lineages are closely related-but clearly separated-from the tadpole parasite Nematopsis temporariae. In one lineage, which is specifically associated with mortality events of M. margaritifera, we found cysts containing single vermiform zoites in the gills and other organs of diseased individuals using microscopy and in situ hybridization. This represents the first report of a parasitic infection in M. margaritifera that may be linked to the decline of this mussel species. We propose a tentative life cycle with the distribution of different developmental stages and potential exit from the host into the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders Alfjorden
- Department of Organismal Biology, Program in Systematic Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Animal Health and Antimicrobial Strategies, National Veterinary Institute (SVA), Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ioana Onut-Brännström
- Department of Ecology and Genetics, Evolutionary Biology Center, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Niklas Wengström
- Swedish Anglers Association, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Arni Kristmundsson
- Institute for Experimental Pathology at Keldur, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Mahwash Jamy
- Department of Organismal Biology, Program in Systematic Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - B David Persson
- Department of Animal Health and Antimicrobial Strategies, National Veterinary Institute (SVA), Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Fabien Burki
- Department of Organismal Biology, Program in Systematic Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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Park E, Leander B. Coinfection of slime feather duster worms (Annelida, Myxicola) by different gregarine apicomplexans ( Selenidium) and astome ciliates reflects spatial niche partitioning and host specificity. Parasitology 2024; 151:400-411. [PMID: 38465385 PMCID: PMC11044062 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182024000209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
Individual organisms can host multiple species of parasites (or symbionts), and one species of parasite can infect different host species, creating complex interactions among multiple hosts and parasites. When multiple parasite species coexist in a host, they may compete or use strategies, such as spatial niche partitioning, to reduce competition. Here, we present a host–symbiont system with two species of Selenidium (Apicomplexa, Gregarinida) and one species of astome ciliate co-infecting two different species of slime feather duster worms (Annelida, Sabellidae, Myxicola) living in neighbouring habitats. We examined the morphology of the endosymbionts with light and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and inferred their phylogenetic interrelationships using small subunit (SSU) rDNA sequences. In the host ‘Myxicola sp. Quadra’, we found two distinct species of Selenidium; S. cf. mesnili exclusively inhabited the foregut, and S. elongatum n. sp. inhabited the mid to hindgut, reflecting spatial niche partitioning. Selenidium elongatum n. sp. was also present in the host M. aesthetica, which harboured the astome ciliate Pennarella elegantia n. gen. et sp. Selenidium cf. mesnili and P. elegantia n. gen. et sp. were absent in the other host species, indicating host specificity. This system offers an intriguing opportunity to explore diverse aspects of host–endosymbiont interactions and competition among endosymbionts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunji Park
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- Hakai Institute, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Brian Leander
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- Hakai Institute, British Columbia, Canada
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Clopton RE, States C, Clopton DT. GREGARINA LUTESCENS N. SP. INFECTING THE HARLEQUIN LADYBIRD HARMONIA AXYRIDIS (COLEOPTERA: COCCINELLIDAE). J Parasitol 2024; 110:66-78. [PMID: 38381124 DOI: 10.1645/23-107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Gregarina lutescens n. sp. is described from the alimentary canal of the harlequin ladybird or multicolored Asian lady beetle, Harmonia axyridis (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) collected from prairie fleabane, Erigeron strigosus, at Peru State College, Peru, Nemaha Co., Nebraska. Our specimens differ from all 11 known species of Gregarina infecting coccinellid beetles worldwide by differences in size and relative shape, color, and association structure. Gregarina lutescens n. sp. is smaller than 7 known species infecting coccinellid beetles but larger than the other 4 known species based on confidence interval exclusion of means. Our specimens are unique among known species of interest in their quince-yellow cytoplasm and precocious but ephemeral serial associations of up to 5 satellites. Nucleotide sequence (18S) phylogenetic analyses place the new species basal to a member of an internal clade of Gregarina that comprises gregarines parasitizing chrysomelid beetles. Phylogenetically, the analysis recovered 3 major lineages within the gregarines, representing the superfamilies Gregarinoidea, Stenophoroidea, and Stylocephaloidea and indicating the propensity of gregarines to track host lineages and environments through evolutionary time. These findings confirm the polyphyletic nature of Gregarina, which currently comprises over 300 described species, only a handful of which have documented genetic sequences suitable for phylogenetic analysis. Recollection, redescription, and molecular clarification of gregarine species infecting coccinellids would likely result in identification of a unique clade that would be an excellent system for studying the effect of intraguild host competition on parasite diversification and community structure. Ecologically, patterns of prevalence in this study indicate that G. lutescens reproduces primarily in larval hosts but depends on infections in adult beetles to overwinter, reflecting the differential vagility and frost tolerance of larval and adult host life cycle stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard E Clopton
- Department of Natural Science, Peru State College, Peru, Nebraska 68421
| | - Callie States
- Department of Natural Science, Peru State College, Peru, Nebraska 68421
| | - Debra T Clopton
- Department of Natural Science, Peru State College, Peru, Nebraska 68421
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Schulz G, Camenzind T, Sánchez-Galindo LM, Schneider D, Scheu S, Krashevska V. Response of protists to nitrogen addition, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi manipulation, and mesofauna reduction in a tropical montane rainforest in southern Ecuador. J Eukaryot Microbiol 2023; 70:e12996. [PMID: 37577763 DOI: 10.1111/jeu.12996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
The tropical Andes are a species-rich and nitrogen-limited system, susceptible to increased nitrogen (N) inputs from the atmosphere. However, our understanding of the impacts of increased N input on belowground systems, in particular on protists and their role in nutrient cycling, remains limited. We explored how increased N affects protists in tropical montane rainforests in Ecuador using high-throughput sequencing (HTS) of environmental DNA from two litter layers. In addition, we manipulated the amount of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and mesofauna, both playing a significant role in N cycling and interacting in complex ways with protist communities. We found that N strongly affected protist community composition in both layers, while mesofauna reduction had a stronger effect on the lower layer. Changes in concentration of the AMF marker lipid had little effect on protists. In both layers, the addition of N increased phagotrophs and animal parasites and decreased plant parasites, while mixotrophs decreased in the upper layer but increased in the lower layer. In the upper layer with higher AMF concentration, mixotrophs decreased, while in the lower layer, photoautotrophs increased and plant parasites decreased. With reduced mesofauna, phagotrophs increased and animal parasites decreased in both layers, while plant parasites increased only in the upper layer. The findings indicate that to understand the intricate response of protist communities to environmental changes, it is critical to thoroughly analyze these communities across litter and soil layers, and to include HTS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garvin Schulz
- Johann Friedrich Blumenbach Institute of Zoology and Anthropology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Tessa Camenzind
- Institute of Biology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Laura M Sánchez-Galindo
- Johann Friedrich Blumenbach Institute of Zoology and Anthropology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Dominik Schneider
- Genomic and Applied Microbiology and Goettingen Genomics Laboratory, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Stefan Scheu
- Johann Friedrich Blumenbach Institute of Zoology and Anthropology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Centre of Biodiversity and Sustainable Land Use, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Valentyna Krashevska
- Johann Friedrich Blumenbach Institute of Zoology and Anthropology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
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Nitsche F, Carduck S, von Ameln J, Mach N, Dorador C, Predel R, Rueckert S, Arndt H. Gregarines from darkling beetles of the Atacama Desert, Atacamagregarina paposa gen. et sp. nov. from Scotobius and Xiphocephalus ovatus sp. nov. from Psectrascelis (Coleoptera, Tenebrionidae). Eur J Protistol 2023; 90:126008. [PMID: 37536234 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejop.2023.126008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
Gregarine apicomplexans, a group of single celled organisms, inhabit the extracellular spaces of most invertebrate species. The nature of the gregarine-host interactions is not yet fully resolved, mutualistic, commensal and parasitic life forms have been recorded. In the extreme arid environment of the Atacama Desert, only a few groups of invertebrates hosting gregarines such as darkling beetles (Tenebrionidae) were able to adapt, providing an unparalleled opportunity to study co-evolutionary diversification. Here, we describe one novel gregarine genus comprising one species, Atacamagregarina paposa gen. et sp. nov., and a new species, Xiphocephalus ovatus sp. nov. (Apicomplexa: Eugregarinoridea, Stylocephalidae), found in the tenebrionid beetle genera Scotobius (Tenebrioninae, Scotobiini) and Psectrascelis intricaticollis ovata (Pimeliinae, Nycteliini), respectively. In the phylogenetic analysis based on SSU rDNA, Atacamgregarina paposa representing the new genus is basal, forming a separate clade with terrestrial gregarines specific for North American darkling beetles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Nitsche
- Institute of Zoology, Biocenter Cologne, University of Cologne, Zuelpicher Strasse 47b, 50674 Cologne, Germany.
| | - Sarah Carduck
- Institute of Zoology, Biocenter Cologne, University of Cologne, Zuelpicher Strasse 47b, 50674 Cologne, Germany
| | - Joshua von Ameln
- Institute of Zoology, Biocenter Cologne, University of Cologne, Zuelpicher Strasse 47b, 50674 Cologne, Germany
| | - Niclas Mach
- Institute of Zoology, Biocenter Cologne, University of Cologne, Zuelpicher Strasse 47b, 50674 Cologne, Germany
| | - Cristina Dorador
- Laboratorio de Complejidad Microbiana y Ecología Funcional, Universidad de Antofagasta, Avenida Angamos 601, Antofagasta, Chile
| | - Reinhard Predel
- Institute of Zoology, Biocenter Cologne, University of Cologne, Zuelpicher Strasse 47b, 50674 Cologne, Germany
| | - Sonja Rueckert
- School of Applied Sciences, Edinburgh Napier University, Sighthill Campus, Edinburgh EH11 4BN, Scotland, UK; Faculty of Biology, Eukaryotic Microbiology, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45141 Essen, Germany
| | - Hartmut Arndt
- Institute of Zoology, Biocenter Cologne, University of Cologne, Zuelpicher Strasse 47b, 50674 Cologne, Germany.
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Schall JJ, Nouri-Aiin M, Görres J. APOLOCYSTIS BOSANQUETI N. SP. (APICOMPLEXA: EUGREGARINORIDA) FROM THE INVASIVE EARTHWORM AMYNTHAS AGRESTIS (ANNELIDA: MEGASCOLECIDAE), WITH SIGNIFICANCE FOR THE MONOPHYLY OF THE FAMILY MONOCYSTIDAE. J Parasitol 2023; 109:56-64. [PMID: 36930698 DOI: 10.1645/22-66] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Apolocystis bosanqueti n. sp., a parasite of an important invasive earthworm in North America, Amynthas agrestis, is described from a site in northern Vermont. The earthworm host follows an annual life cycle in Vermont, so the entire life cycle of the parasite can be observed in 7 mo. In spring, the parasites were first seen in juvenile worms as paired gamonts (suggesting precocious association). These paired gamonts mature into gametocytes that form an opaque structure, with a thick gelatinous envelope (epicyst), that becomes full of zygotes. The resulting gametocyst becomes packed with ∼105 fusiform oocysts. The mature orbicular gametocysts are large (∼1 mm in diameter) and visible to the naked eye through the body wall of the host's anterior segments. The new species most resembles Apolocystis herculea described from many lumbricid earthworm species in Europe but differs from that parasite because Ap. herculea infects the intestinal wall in the posterior of the host rather than the anterior segments. A survey of 9 other earthworm species sympatric with Am. agrestis revealed that only Amynthas tokioensis, also an invasive species, was infected with Ap. bosanqueti, albeit much less commonly. Diagnosis for the family Monocystidae is problematic because cardinal characters are lacking, and the commonly cited character, a trophozoite with no anterior differentiation, is violated in most genera placed in the family. For the first time, a molecular phylogeny is presented that includes 3 genera of monocystids with diverse cell morphology (including the new species) and supports the monophyly of the family. The only morphological character that may be used to diagnose the Monocystidae is the morphology of oocysts, which are fusiform with extended terminal tips. A comparison of oocysts from 7 parasites recovered from local earthworms, including from 3 monocystid species in the phylogeny, confirms the utility of this diagnostic trait. The 2 hosts of the new species were most likely introduced from Japan, so the range of Apolocystis likely extends into East Asia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jos J Schall
- Department of Biology, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont 05405
| | - Maryam Nouri-Aiin
- Department of Plant and Soil Science, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont 05405
| | - Josef Görres
- Department of Plant and Soil Science, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont 05405
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Clopton RE, Clopton DT. Revision of Coronoepimeritus with Description of Coronoepimeritus otoensis n. sp. Infecting the Admirable Grasshopper Syrbula admirabilis (Orthoptera: Acrididae). J Parasitol 2022; 108:487-499. [DOI: 10.1645/22-49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Debra T. Clopton
- Department of Natural Science, Peru State College, Peru, Nebraska 68421
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Protists in the Insect Rearing Industry: Benign Passengers or Potential Risk? INSECTS 2022; 13:insects13050482. [PMID: 35621816 PMCID: PMC9144225 DOI: 10.3390/insects13050482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Simple Summary As human populations grow and the climate crisis deepens, humans will need to look to alternative sustainable sources of protein. The insect rearing industry is now rapidly growing to generate more sustainable sources of food and feed, and, as it does so, there will be an urgent need to better understand the role that microorganisms play in both maintaining insect health and generating disease. Protists are microbes that are neither viral, bacterial nor fungal and, therefore, are sometimes overlooked when considering microbial fauna. In this paper, we review the literature on protists that have been uncovered within insects that are being considered for rearing as food and feed. We discuss what is known about how they interact with hosts, how they may affect industrially reared insects in the future and which tools now need to be developed to better study them. Abstract As the insects for food and feed industry grows, a new understanding of the industrially reared insect microbiome is needed to better comprehend the role that it plays in both maintaining insect health and generating disease. While many microbiome projects focus on bacteria, fungi or viruses, protists (including microsporidia) can also make up an important part of these assemblages. Past experiences with intensive invertebrate rearing indicate that these parasites, whilst often benign, can rapidly sweep through populations, causing extensive damage. Here, we review the diversity of microsporidia and protist species that are found in reared insect hosts and describe the current understanding of their host spectra, life cycles and the nature of their interactions with hosts. Major entomopathogenic parasite groups with the potential to infect insects currently being reared for food and feed include the Amoebozoa, Apicomplexa, Ciliates, Chlorophyta, Euglenozoa, Ichtyosporea and Microsporidia. However, key gaps exist in the understanding of how many of these entomopathogens affect host biology. In addition, for many of them, there are very limited or even no molecular data, preventing the implementation of molecular detection methods. There is now a pressing need to develop and use novel molecular tools, coupled with standard molecular diagnostic methods, to help unlock their biology and predict the effects of these poorly studied protist parasites in intensive insect rearing systems.
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Oliveira CVB, Neves DH, de Souza Morais EE, de Oliveira TJS, da Silva MM, Barros LM, Duarte AE. Identification and Semi-quantification of Protozoa from the Digestive System Microbiota of the Lobster Cockroach Nauphoeta cinerea Oliver, 1789 (Insecta:Blattaria). Acta Parasitol 2022; 67:1186-1198. [PMID: 35587306 DOI: 10.1007/s11686-022-00570-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The lobster cockroach Nauphoeta cinerea (N. cinerea) is indicated as a promising non-mammalian model, because it presents behavioral and biochemical alterations also observed in conventional models. In this research, we identified and characterized the distribution of protozoa that inhabit the digestive system (DS) of N. cinerea cockroaches. METHODS The adult specimens of N. cinerea used in this study (n = 32) were obtained at the Federal University of Santa Maria, dissected and had their visceral contents observed in bright-field microscopy without staining and after application of lugol, Ziehl-Neelsen staining, EA36 trichrome and simulated dark-field microscopy with application of nankin ink. The presence of protozoa in different portions of the DS was semi-quantified by a system of crosses (+). RESULTS The main taxa observed were: amoebas (Archaemebae:Entamoebida), gregarins (Apicomplexa:Eugregarinide), coccidia (Apicomplexa:Eucoccidiorida), kinetoplastids (Kinetoplastea:Kinetoplastida) and oxymonads (Preaxostyla:Oxymonadida). The highest prevalence of amoebas and gregarines was observed in the medial portion of the DS, while for the other groups, this was seen in the final portion, and in the case of coccidia, such prevalence was specially evidenced by the alcohol-acid coloration. In the present work, the great biological diversity that exists in the microbiota of the digestive system of Nauphoeta cinerea was demonstrated, being possible to find several pathogenic species for humans such as Entamoeba histolytica/dispar/moshkovskii, Cryptosporidium sp. and Cyclospora cayetanensis. There is still a lot to know about the interactions between endocommensal protozoa and their respective invertebrate hosts, so the best way to clarify such relationships is through molecular and genetic test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Vinicius Barros Oliveira
- Laboratory of Biology and Toxicology (BIOTOX), Department of Biology, Center for Biological and Health Sciences, Regional University of Cariri-URCA, CNPJ-06.740.864/0001-26, CEL. Antônio Luiz Street, 1161-Pimenta, Crato, CE, CEP: 63105-000, Brazil.
| | - Daniel Honorato Neves
- Laboratory of Biology and Toxicology (BIOTOX), Department of Biology, Center for Biological and Health Sciences, Regional University of Cariri-URCA, CNPJ-06.740.864/0001-26, CEL. Antônio Luiz Street, 1161-Pimenta, Crato, CE, CEP: 63105-000, Brazil
| | - Elayne Eally de Souza Morais
- Laboratory of Biology and Toxicology (BIOTOX), Department of Biology, Center for Biological and Health Sciences, Regional University of Cariri-URCA, CNPJ-06.740.864/0001-26, CEL. Antônio Luiz Street, 1161-Pimenta, Crato, CE, CEP: 63105-000, Brazil
| | - Thalyta Julyanne Silva de Oliveira
- Laboratory of Plant Ecophysiology (LECOV), Department of Biology, Center for Biological and Health Sciences, Regional University of Cariri-URCA, CNPJ-06.740.864/0001-26, CEL. Antônio Luiz Street, 1161-Pimenta, Crato, CE, CEP: 63105-000, Brazil
| | - Mayara Maria da Silva
- Semi-Arid Bioprospecting Laboratory and Alternative Methods (LABSEMA), Department of Biology, Center for Biological and Health Sciences, Regional University of Cariri-URCA, CNPJ-06.740.864/0001-26, CEL. Antônio Luiz Street, 1161-Pimenta, Crato, CE, CEP: 63105-000, Brazil
| | - Luiz Marivando Barros
- Laboratory of Plant Ecophysiology (LECOV), Department of Biology, Center for Biological and Health Sciences, Regional University of Cariri-URCA, CNPJ-06.740.864/0001-26, CEL. Antônio Luiz Street, 1161-Pimenta, Crato, CE, CEP: 63105-000, Brazil
| | - Antonia Eliene Duarte
- Laboratory of Biology and Toxicology (BIOTOX), Department of Biology, Center for Biological and Health Sciences, Regional University of Cariri-URCA, CNPJ-06.740.864/0001-26, CEL. Antônio Luiz Street, 1161-Pimenta, Crato, CE, CEP: 63105-000, Brazil
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Rovenolt FH, Tate AT. The Impact of Coinfection Dynamics on Host Competition and Coexistence. Am Nat 2022; 199:91-107. [DOI: 10.1086/717180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Paskerova GG, Miroliubova TS, Valigurová A, Janouškovec J, Kováčiková M, Diakin A, Sokolova YY, Mikhailov KV, Aleoshin VV, Simdyanov TG. Evidence from the resurrected family Polyrhabdinidae Kamm, 1922 (Apicomplexa: Gregarinomorpha) supports the epimerite, an attachment organelle, as a major eugregarine innovation. PeerJ 2021; 9:e11912. [PMID: 34616591 PMCID: PMC8450007 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.11912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Gregarines are a major group of apicomplexan parasites of invertebrates. The gregarine classification is largely incomplete because it relies primarily on light microscopy, while electron microscopy and molecular data in the group are fragmentary and often do not overlap. A key characteristic in gregarine taxonomy is the structure and function of their attachment organelles (AOs). AOs have been commonly classified as “mucrons” or “epimerites” based on their association with other cellular traits such as septation. An alternative proposal focused on the AOs structure, functional role, and developmental fate has recently restricted the terms “mucron” to archigregarines and “epimerite” to eugregarines. Methods Light microscopy and scanning and transmission electron microscopy, molecular phylogenetic analyses of ribosomal RNA genes. Results We obtained the first data on fine morphology of aseptate eugregarines Polyrhabdina pygospionis and Polyrhabdina cf. spionis, the type species. We demonstrate that their AOs differ from the mucron in archigregarines and represent an epimerite structurally resembling that in other eugregarines examined using electron microscopy. We then used the concatenated ribosomal operon DNA sequences (SSU, 5.8S, and LSU rDNA) of P. pygospionis to explore the phylogeny of eugregarines with a resolution superior to SSU rDNA alone. The obtained phylogenies show that the Polyrhabdina clade represents an independent, deep-branching family in the Ancoroidea clade within eugregarines. Combined, these results lend strong support to the hypothesis that the epimerite is a synapomorphic innovation of eugregarines. Based on these findings, we resurrect the family Polyrhabdinidae Kamm, 1922 and erect and diagnose the family Trollidiidae fam. n. within the superfamily Ancoroidea Simdyanov et al., 2017. Additionally, we re-describe the characteristics of P. pygospionis, emend the diagnoses of the genus Polyrhabdina, the family Polyrhabdinidae, and the superfamily Ancoroidea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gita G Paskerova
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Faculty of Biology, St Petersburg State University, St Petersburg, Russia
| | - Tatiana S Miroliubova
- Laboratory for Fauna and Systematics of Parasites, Center for Parasitology, Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Andrea Valigurová
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Janouškovec
- Centre Algatech, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Třeboň, Czech Republic
| | - Magdaléna Kováčiková
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Andrei Diakin
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Yuliya Ya Sokolova
- Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, St Petersburg, Russian Federation
| | - Kirill V Mikhailov
- Belozersky Institute for Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russian Federation.,Kharkevich Institute for Information Transmission Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Vladimir V Aleoshin
- Belozersky Institute for Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russian Federation.,Kharkevich Institute for Information Transmission Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Timur G Simdyanov
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russian Federation
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Schall JJ. Stomatocystis goerresi, a new species of gregarine parasite (Apicomplexa, Monocystidae) from the invasive Japanese earthworm Amynthas tokioensis (Megascolecidae), with a description of the parasite's life cycle. Folia Parasitol (Praha) 2021; 68. [PMID: 34642289 DOI: 10.14411/fp.2021.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Stomatocystis goerresi sp. n., a gregarine (phylum Apicomplexa, Monocystidae) parasite of an important invasive earthworm in North America, Amynthas tokioensis (Beddard), is described. This is the second species placed into the genus, and details of its morphology and life cycle support Stomatocystis Bandyopadhyay, Mitra et Göçmen, 2006 as a valid taxon. The new species is described using standard nomenclature, measurements, shape descriptors, and photographs of living cells. The parasite was found only in A. tokioensis, and absent in sympatric earthworm species, suggesting it arrived when the earthworms were introduced from their origin from Japan. The species is distinctive from the type species in the genus, S. indica Bandyopadhyay, Mitra et Göçmen, 2006, in being substantially larger in all stages, found in only the host's seminal vesicles, and found in a different host species from East Asia. The distinctive trophozoites/gamonts develop a large funnel structure ringed with a collar of pronounced ridges, and the funnel appears even in the smallest cells. This funnel varies greatly in relative size (to the cell body) and shape, sometimes forming a large fan. The life cycle of S. goerresi is described including distinctive syzygy in which the funnels fuse and then produce a large cell with local centres of isogamete production (thus sex without gender). Gametes are large ( ~5 μm) spheres with complex tips. Oocyst production is large, > 1,000 per mature gametocyst. The genus Stomatocystis is placed into the Monocystidae, but the life cycle of the new species differs from those of other monocystid taxa, which may mean the Monocystidae are not monophyletic or life cycles are variable within the family. Prevalence of S. goerresi at the type locality was high (~ 90%). The parasites destroy the earthworm's organ of sperm self-storage thus eliminating the male function in the hermaphroditic host which may influence the ability of the earthworm to invade and be successful at new sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph J Schall
- Department of Biology, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA
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Hrazdilová K, Červená B, Blanvillain C, Foronda P, Modrý D. Quest for the type species of the genus Hepatozoon – phylogenetic position of hemogregarines of rats and consequences for taxonomy. SYST BIODIVERS 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/14772000.2021.1903616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kristýna Hrazdilová
- CEITEC-VFU, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Palackého třída 1946/1 Brno 612 42, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Biomedical Center, Charles University, alej Svobody 1655/76, 32300, Plzeň, Czech Republic
| | - Barbora Červená
- Department of Pathological Morphology and Parasitology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Palackého třída 1946/1, Brno, 612 42, Czech Republic
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Květná 8, Brno, 603 65, Czech Republic
| | | | - Pilar Foronda
- Instituto Universitario de Enfermedades Tropicales y Salud Pública de Canarias, Universidad de La Laguna. Avda. Astrofísico F. Sánchez, s/n, 38203 La Laguna, Canary Islands, Spain
- Departament Obstetricia y Ginecología, Pediatría, Medicina Preventiva y Salud Pública, Toxicología, Medicina Legal y Forense y Parasitología, Universidad de La Laguna. Avda. Astrofísico F. Sánchez, s/n, 38203 La Laguna, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - David Modrý
- CEITEC-VFU, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Palackého třída 1946/1 Brno 612 42, Czech Republic
- Biology Centre, Institute of Parasitology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Branišovská 31, České Budějovice, 37005, Czech Republic
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, Brno, 611 37, Czech Republic
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14
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Florent I, Chapuis MP, Labat A, Boisard J, Leménager N, Michel B, Desportes-Livage I. Integrative taxonomy confirms that Gregarina garnhami and G. acridiorum (Apicomplexa, Gregarinidae), parasites of Schistocerca gregaria and Locusta migratoria (Insecta, Orthoptera), are distinct species. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 28:12. [PMID: 33620310 PMCID: PMC7901526 DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2021009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Orthoptera are infected by about 60 species of gregarines assigned to the genus Gregarina Dufour, 1828. Among these species, Gregarina garnhami Canning, 1956 from Schistocerca gregaria (Forsskål, 1775) was considered by Lipa et al. in 1996 to be synonymous with Gregarina acridiorum (Léger 1893), a parasite of several orthopteran species including Locusta migratoria (Linné, 1758). Here, a morphological study and molecular analyses of the SSU rDNA marker demonstrate that specimens of S. gregaria and specimens of L. migratoria are infected by two distinct Gregarina species, G. garnhami and G. acridiorum, respectively. Validation of the species confirms that molecular analyses provide useful taxonomical information. Phenotypic plasticity was clearly observed in the case of G. garnhami: the morphology of its trophozoites, gamonts and syzygies varied according to the geographical location of S. gregaria and the subspecies infected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Florent
- Molécules de Communication et Adaptation des Microorganismes (MCAM, UMR 7245 CNRS), Département Adaptations du vivant (AVIV), Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, CP 52, 57 rue Cuvier, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Marie Pierre Chapuis
- CBGP, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut Agro, IRD, 34060 Montpellier, France - CIRAD, UMR CBGP, 34398 Montpellier, France
| | - Amandine Labat
- Molécules de Communication et Adaptation des Microorganismes (MCAM, UMR 7245 CNRS), Département Adaptations du vivant (AVIV), Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, CP 52, 57 rue Cuvier, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Julie Boisard
- Molécules de Communication et Adaptation des Microorganismes (MCAM, UMR 7245 CNRS), Département Adaptations du vivant (AVIV), Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, CP 52, 57 rue Cuvier, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France - Structure et instabilité des génomes (STRING UMR 7196 CNRS/INSERM U1154), Département Adaptations du vivant (AVIV), Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, INSERM, CP 26, 57 rue Cuvier, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Nicolas Leménager
- CBGP, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut Agro, IRD, 34060 Montpellier, France - CIRAD, UMR CBGP, 34398 Montpellier, France
| | - Bruno Michel
- CBGP, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut Agro, IRD, 34060 Montpellier, France - CIRAD, UMR CBGP, 34398 Montpellier, France
| | - Isabelle Desportes-Livage
- Molécules de Communication et Adaptation des Microorganismes (MCAM, UMR 7245 CNRS), Département Adaptations du vivant (AVIV), Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, CP 52, 57 rue Cuvier, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
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15
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First record of gregarine protists (Apicomplexa: Sporozoa) in Asian fungus-growing termite Macrotermes barneyi (Blattaria: Termitidae). Sci Rep 2021; 11:989. [PMID: 33441676 PMCID: PMC7806973 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-79671-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrotermes barneyi, widely distributed in southern China, is the major fungus-growing termite in the subfamily Macrotermitinae. It has no flagellated protists in the guts. Here, we report occurrence of gregarine, a protozoan parasite in the digestive tract of M. barneyi. The general morphology and ultrastructure of the gregarine gamonts and syzygies by light micrograph and scanning electron micrograph are presented. SSU rDNA sequence analysis showed that the termite gregarine has the highest identity (90.10%) to that of Gregarina blattarum from cockroaches. Phylogenetic analysis based on the SSU rDNA sequences from diverse insect eugregarines indicated that the gregarine from M. barneyi is phylogenetically close to G. blattarus, L. erratica and G. tropica from Gregarinidae and Leidyanidae families, and may represent a novel species. This study expands our knowledge about the diversity of terrestrial eugregarines parasitizing in termites.
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Keller EL, Schall JJ. A New Species of Monocystis (Apicomplexa: Gregarina: Monocystidae) from the Asian Invasive Earthworm Amynthas agrestis (Megascolecidae), with an Improved Standard for Monocystis Species Descriptions. J Parasitol 2020; 106:735-741. [PMID: 33260209 DOI: 10.1645/20-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Monocystis perplexa n. sp., a parasite of an important invasive Japanese earthworm in North America, Amynthas agrestis, is described from a site in Vermont. An improved standard for Monocystis species descriptions is proposed including a standard nomenclature to reduce synonymies, a standard set of biometrics and shape descriptions for living cells, and a DNA genomic sequence for the 18S rRNA (∼1,700 base pairs). Comparing morphologies of Monocystis parasites in sympatric earthworm species indicates that M. perplexa is specific to A. agrestis in the study region. Also, polymerase chain reaction primers specific to M. perplexa amplified samples of A. agrestis earthworms taken from several sites in Japan. This suggests the parasite entered North America from Japan, the origin of the invasive Amynthas earthworm, and thus M. perplexa would be the first Monocystis described from the diverse Japanese Amynthas earthworms and the first from East Asia. Monocystis perplexa was found in every population of A. agrestis surveyed in Vermont, always reaching 100% prevalence by late summer (the host has an annual life cycle in Vermont). The 18S gene sequence differed from that of Monocystis agilis from the sympatric earthworm Lumbricus terrestris (the only other sequence available for Monocystis), and a genetic similarity tree places them closest among other gregarines. Many of the 95 described species of Monocystis are very similar in morphology (based on species descriptions), so the 18S gene can act as a barcode for Monocystis species and thus will help to eliminate both synonymies and reveal cryptic species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin L Keller
- Department of Biology, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont 05405.,Current address: School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99163
| | - Jos J Schall
- Department of Biology, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont 05405
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17
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Boisard J, Florent I. Why the -omic future of Apicomplexa should include gregarines. Biol Cell 2020; 112:173-185. [PMID: 32176937 DOI: 10.1111/boc.202000006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Gregarines, a polyphyletic group of apicomplexan parasites infecting mostly non-vertebrates hosts, remains poorly known at taxonomic, phylogenetic and genomic levels. However, it represents an essential group for understanding evolutionary history and adaptive capacities of apicomplexan parasites to the remarkable diversity of their hosts. Because they have a mostly extracellular lifestyle, gregarines have developed other cellular developmental forms and host-parasite interactions, compared with their much better studied apicomplexan cousins, intracellular parasites of vertebrates (Hemosporidia, Coccidia, Cryptosporidia). This review highlights the promises offered by the molecular exploration of gregarines, that have been until now left on the side of the road of the comparative -omic exploration of apicomplexan parasites. Elucidating molecular bases for both their ultrastructural, functional and behavioural similarities and differences, compared with those of the typical apicomplexan models, is expected to provide entirely novel clues on the adaptive capacities developed by Apicomplexa over evolution. A challenge remains to identify which gregarines should be explored in priority, as recent metadata from open and host-associated environments have confirmed how underestimated is our current view on true gregarine biodiversity. It is now time to turn to gregarines to widen the currently highly skewed view we have of adaptive mechanisms developed by Apicomplexa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Boisard
- Molécules de Communication et Adaptation des Microorganismes (MCAM, UMR 7245), Département Adaptations du Vivant (AVIV), Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, Paris, Cedex 05, France.,Structure et instabilité des génomes (STRING UMR 7196 CNRS / INSERM U1154), Département Adaptations du Vivant (AVIV), Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, Cedex 05, France
| | - Isabelle Florent
- Molécules de Communication et Adaptation des Microorganismes (MCAM, UMR 7245), Département Adaptations du Vivant (AVIV), Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, Paris, Cedex 05, France
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18
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Critchlow JT, Norris A, Tate AT. The legacy of larval infection on immunological dynamics over metamorphosis. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2019; 374:20190066. [PMID: 31438817 PMCID: PMC6711287 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2019.0066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Insect metamorphosis promotes the exploration of different ecological niches, as well as exposure to different parasites, across life stages. Adaptation should favour immune responses that are tailored to specific microbial threats, with the potential for metamorphosis to decouple the underlying genetic or physiological basis of immune responses in each stage. However, we do not have a good understanding of how early-life exposure to parasites influences immune responses in subsequent life stages. Is there a developmental legacy of larval infection in holometabolous insect hosts? To address this question, we exposed flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum) larvae to a protozoan parasite that inhabits the midgut of larvae and adults despite clearance during metamorphosis. We quantified the expression of relevant immune genes in the gut and whole body of exposed and unexposed individuals during the larval, pupal and adult stages. Our results suggest that parasite exposure induces the differential expression of several immune genes in the larval stage that persist into subsequent stages. We also demonstrate that immune gene expression covariance is partially decoupled among tissues and life stages. These results suggest that larval infection can leave a lasting imprint on immune phenotypes, with implications for the evolution of metamorphosis and immune systems. This article is part of the theme issue ‘The evolution of complete metamorphosis'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin T Critchlow
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Adriana Norris
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Ann T Tate
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
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19
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Medina-Durán JH, Mayén-Estrada R, Mariño-Pérez R, Song H. Morphology and Phylogenetic Position of Two New Gregarine Species (Apicomplexa: Eugregarinorida) Parasitizing the Lubber Grasshopper Taeniopoda centurio (Drury, 1770) (Insecta: Orthoptera: Romaleidae) in Mexico. J Eukaryot Microbiol 2019; 67:4-17. [PMID: 31231936 DOI: 10.1111/jeu.12748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Revised: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Eugregarines are understudied apicomplexan parasites of invertebrates inhabiting marine, freshwater, and terrestrial environments. Most currently known terrestrial eugregarines have been described parasitizing the gut from less than 1% of total insect diversity, with a high likelihood that the remaining insect species are infected. Eugregarine diversity in orthopterans (grasshoppers, locusts, katydids, and crickets) is still little known. We carried out a survey of the eugregarines parasitizing the Mexican lubber grasshopper, Taeniopoda centurio, an endemic species to the northwest of Mexico. We described two new eugregarine species from the gut of the host: Amoebogregarina taeniopoda n. sp. and Quadruspinospora mexicana n. sp. Both species are morphologically dissimilar in their life-cycle stages. Our SSU rDNA phylogenetic analysis showed that both species are phylogenetically distant to each other, even though they parasitize the same host. Amoebogregarina taeniopoda n. sp. clustered within the clade Gregarinoidea, being closely related to Amoebogregarina nigra from the grasshopper Melanoplus differentialis. Quadruspinospora mexicana n. sp. clustered within the clade Actinocephaloidea and grouped with Prismatospora evansi, a parasite from dragonfly naiads. Amoebogregarina taeniopoda n. sp. and Q. mexicana n. sp. represent the first record of eugregarines found to infect a species of the family Romaleidae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Humberto Medina-Durán
- Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas, Edificio D, 1? piso, Circuito de Posgrados, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Z. C. 04510, Coyoacán, Ciudad de México, México.,Laboratorio de Protozoología, Departamento de Biología Comparada, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad 3000, Circuito Exterior S/N, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510, Coyoacán, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Rosaura Mayén-Estrada
- Laboratorio de Protozoología, Departamento de Biología Comparada, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad 3000, Circuito Exterior S/N, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510, Coyoacán, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Ricardo Mariño-Pérez
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, 2475 TAMU, 77843-2475, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Hojun Song
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, 2475 TAMU, 77843-2475, College Station, Texas, USA
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20
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Assessing the Efficiency of Molecular Markers for the Species Identification of Gregarines Isolated from the Mealworm and Super Worm Midgut. Microorganisms 2018; 6:microorganisms6040119. [PMID: 30486465 PMCID: PMC6313518 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms6040119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Revised: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Protozoa, of the taxon Gregarinasina, are a heterogeneous group of Apicomplexa that includes ~1600 species. They are parasites of a large variety of both marine and terrestrial invertebrates, mainly annelids, arthropods and mollusks. Unlike coccidians and heamosporidians, gregarines have not proven to have a negative effect on human welfare; thus, they have been poorly investigated. This study focuses on the molecular identification and phylogeny of the gregarine species found in the midgut of two insect species that are considered as an alternative source of animal proteins for the human diet: the mealworm Tenebrio molitor, and the super-worm Zophobas atratus (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae). Gregarine specimens were isolated from the gut of both larval and adult stages of T. molitor specimens, as well as from Z. atratus larvae. The morphological analyses were restricted to the identification of the different parasite morpho-types, likely corresponding either to different life-cycle stages or to alternative gregarine species. The samples were also used for the DNA extraction necessary for their genetic characterization. Finally, the efficiency of different molecular markers (i.e., 18S rDNA gene alone or combined with the Internal Transcribed Spacer 1) was assessed when applied either to gregarine species identification and to phylogenetic inference.
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21
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Rueckert S, Glasinovich N, Diez ME, Cremonte F, Vázquez N. Morphology and molecular systematic of marine gregarines (Apicomplexa) from Southwestern Atlantic spionid polychaetes. J Invertebr Pathol 2018; 159:49-60. [PMID: 30367870 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2018.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Revised: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Gregarines are a common group of parasites that infect the intestines of marine invertebrates, and particularly polychaetes. Here, we describe for the first time four gregarine species that inhabit the intestines of three spionid species: Dipolydora cf. flava, Spio quadrisetosa and Boccardia proboscidea from the Patagonian coast, Argentina, using light and scanning electron microscopy and molecular phylogenetic analyses of small subunit (SSU) rDNA sequences. Even though the spionid species thrive in the same environments, our results showed a high host specificity of the gregarine species. Selenidium cf. axiferens and Polyrhabdina aff. polydorae were both identified from the intestine of D. cf. flava. The new species, Polyrhabdina madrynense sp. n. and Selenidium patagonica sp. n., were described from the intestines of S. quadrisetosa and the invasive species B. proboscidea, respectively. All specimens of D. cf. flava and S. quadrisetosa were infected by gregarines (P = 100%), recording the highest mean intensity values of infection (MI = 80; 60 respectively), in contrast to B. proboscidea (P = 60%; MI = 38). We associated this finding with the recent invasion of this host. It is expected that in the future, an increase of its population density might favour a rising intensity of this gregarine infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Rueckert
- School of Applied Sciences, Edinburgh Napier University, Sighthill Campus, Sighthill Court, Edinburgh EH11 4BN, United Kingdom
| | - N Glasinovich
- Laboratorio de Parasitología (LAPA), Instituto de Biología de Organismos Marinos (IBIOMAR-CONICET), Blvd. Brown 2915, Puerto Madryn, Argentina
| | - M E Diez
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Informática (LINVI), Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia San Juan Bosco (UNPSJB), Blvd. Brown 3000, Puerto Madryn, Argentina
| | - F Cremonte
- Laboratorio de Parasitología (LAPA), Instituto de Biología de Organismos Marinos (IBIOMAR-CONICET), Blvd. Brown 2915, Puerto Madryn, Argentina
| | - N Vázquez
- Laboratorio de Parasitología (LAPA), Instituto de Biología de Organismos Marinos (IBIOMAR-CONICET), Blvd. Brown 2915, Puerto Madryn, Argentina.
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22
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Simdyanov TG, Guillou L, Diakin AY, Mikhailov KV, Schrével J, Aleoshin VV. A new view on the morphology and phylogeny of eugregarines suggested by the evidence from the gregarine Ancora sagittata (Leuckart, 1860) Labbé, 1899 (Apicomplexa: Eugregarinida). PeerJ 2017; 5:e3354. [PMID: 28584702 PMCID: PMC5452951 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.3354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gregarines are a group of early branching Apicomplexa parasitizing invertebrate animals. Despite their wide distribution and relevance to the understanding the phylogenesis of apicomplexans, gregarines remain understudied: light microscopy data are insufficient for classification, and electron microscopy and molecular data are fragmentary and overlap only partially. METHODS Scanning and transmission electron microscopy, PCR, DNA cloning and sequencing (Sanger and NGS), molecular phylogenetic analyses using ribosomal RNA genes (18S (SSU), 5.8S, and 28S (LSU) ribosomal DNAs (rDNAs)). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION We present the results of an ultrastructural and molecular phylogenetic study on the marine gregarine Ancora sagittata from the polychaete Capitella capitata followed by evolutionary and taxonomic synthesis of the morphological and molecular phylogenetic evidence on eugregarines. The ultrastructure of Ancora sagittata generally corresponds to that of other eugregarines, but reveals some differences in epicytic folds (crests) and attachment apparatus to gregarines in the family Lecudinidae, where Ancora sagittata has been classified. Molecular phylogenetic trees based on SSU (18S) rDNA reveal several robust clades (superfamilies) of eugregarines, including Ancoroidea superfam. nov., which comprises two families (Ancoridae fam. nov. and Polyplicariidae) and branches separately from the Lecudinidae; thus, all representatives of Ancoroidea are here officially removed from the Lecudinidae. Analysis of sequence data also points to possible cryptic species within Ancora sagittata and the inclusion of numerous environmental sequences from anoxic habitats within the Ancoroidea. LSU (28S) rDNA phylogenies, unlike the analysis of SSU rDNA alone, recover a well-supported monophyly of the gregarines involved (eugregarines), although this conclusion is currently limited by sparse taxon sampling and the presence of fast-evolving sequences in some species. Comparative morphological analyses of gregarine teguments and attachment organelles lead us to revise their terminology. The terms "longitudinal folds" and "mucron" are restricted to archigregarines, whereas the terms "epicystic crests" and "epimerite" are proposed to describe the candidate synapomorphies of eugregarines, which, consequently, are considered as a monophyletic group. Abolishing the suborders Aseptata and Septata, incorporating neogregarines into the Eugregarinida, and treating the major molecular phylogenetic lineages of eugregarines as superfamilies appear as the best way of reconciling recent morphological and molecular evidence. Accordingly, the diagnosis of the order Eugregarinida Léger, 1900 is updated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timur G. Simdyanov
- Faculty of Biology, Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Laure Guillou
- UMR 7144, Laboratoire Adaptation et Diversité en Milieu Marin, CNRS, Paris, Roscoff, France
- UMR 7144, Station Biologique de Roscoff, CNRS, Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6, Paris, Roscoff, France
| | - Andrei Y. Diakin
- Faculty of Science, Department of Botany and Zoology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Kirill V. Mikhailov
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russian Federation
- Institute for Information Transmission Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Joseph Schrével
- CNRS 7245, Molécules de Communication et Adaptation of Micro-organisms, Paris, France
- Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, UMR 7245, Sorbonne Universités, Paris, France
| | - Vladimir V. Aleoshin
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russian Federation
- Institute for Information Transmission Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation
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Grunberg RL, Sukhdeo MVK. Temporal Community Structure in Two Gregarines (Rotundula gammari and Heliospora longissima) Co-Infecting the Amphipod Gammarus fasciatus. J Parasitol 2016; 103:6-13. [PMID: 27723433 DOI: 10.1645/16-47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
This study surveyed gregarine parasites that infect the amphipod, Gammarus fasciatus , to investigate temporal dynamics in infracommunity structure. We sampled a population of hosts for 2 yr from the north branch of the Raritan River in New Jersey. These hosts were infected with 2 direct life cycle gregarine parasites, Rotundula gammari and Heliospora longissima. Infections were separated temporally, with the prevalence of R. gammari peaking within the amphipod population in the fall (prevalence = 78% year 1 and 97% year 2) and H. longissima peaking in early spring (prevalence = 41% year 1 and 52% year 2). Increases in host population density did not significantly correlate with the abundance of these 2 parasites. However, H. longissima abundance was positively correlated with host body weight while R. gammari showed no significant relationship. The mean body mass of amphipods infected with H. longissima was 20.7 ± 1. 2 mg, and with R. gammari 8.1 ± 0.2 mg, which suggests a sized-based infection pattern. Mixed species infections were infrequent with an overall prevalence of 4.6%. When both gregarine species co-infected the same host, the R. gammari but not the H. longissima infrapopulation size was significantly lower when compared to single-species infections, suggesting asymmetric interactions. We conclude that the observed temporal patterns of infection by the 2 parasites are driven by a seasonal change in host demographics and size-dependent infections. We argue that specificity for host developmental stages may have arisen as a mechanism to avoid overlap between these gregarine species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita L Grunberg
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Natural Resources, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901
| | - Michael V K Sukhdeo
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Natural Resources, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901
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Criado-Fornelio A, Verdú-Expósito C, Martin-Pérez T, Heredero-Bermejo I, Pérez-Serrano J, Guàrdia-Valle L, Panisello-Panisello M. A survey for gregarines (Protozoa: Apicomplexa) in arthropods in Spain. Parasitol Res 2016; 116:99-110. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-016-5266-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Diakin A, Wakeman KC, Valigurová A. Description ofGanymedes yuriisp. n. (Ganymedidae), a New Gregarine Species from the Antarctic AmphipodGondogeneiasp. (Crustacea). J Eukaryot Microbiol 2016; 64:56-66. [DOI: 10.1111/jeu.12336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Revised: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrei Diakin
- Department of Botany and Zoology; Faculty of Science; Masaryk University; Kotlářská 2 Brno 611 37 Czech Republic
| | - Kevin C. Wakeman
- Center for Global Communication Strategies; The University of Tokyo Meguro-ku; Komaba Campus Tokyo 153-8902 Japan
| | - Andrea Valigurová
- Department of Botany and Zoology; Faculty of Science; Masaryk University; Kotlářská 2 Brno 611 37 Czech Republic
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Morphology and Molecular Phylogeny of Coelomic Gregarines (Apicomplexa) with Different Types of Motility: Urospora ovalis and U. travisiae from the Polychaete Travisia forbesii. Protist 2016; 167:279-301. [DOI: 10.1016/j.protis.2016.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Revised: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Clopton RE, Steele SM, Clopton DT. Environmental Persistence and Infectivity of Oocysts of Two Species of Gregarines,Blabericola migratorandBlabericola cubensis(Apicomplexa: Eugregarinida: Blabericolidae), Parasitizing Blaberid Cockroaches (Dictyoptera: Blaberidae). J Parasitol 2016; 102:169-73. [DOI: 10.1645/15-934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Kolman JA, Clopton RE, Clopton DT. Effects of Developmental Temperature on Gametocysts and Oocysts of Two Species of GregarinesBlabericola migratorandBlabericola cubensis(Apicomplexa: Eugregarinida: Blabericolidae) Parasitizing Blaberid Cockroaches (Dictyoptera: Blaberidae). J Parasitol 2015; 101:651-7. [DOI: 10.1645/14-673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Mlynarek JJ. Testing the enemy release hypothesis in a native insect species with an expanding range. PeerJ 2015; 3:e1415. [PMID: 26618085 PMCID: PMC4655089 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.1415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The enemy release hypothesis (ERH) predicts that the spread of (invasive) species will be facilitated by release from their enemies as they occupy new areas. However, the ERH is rarely tested on native (non-invasive, long established) species with expanding or shifting ranges. I tested the ERH for a native damselfly (Enallagma clausum) whose range has recently expanded in western Canada, with respect to its water mite and gregarine parasites. Parasitism levels (prevalence and intensity) were also compared between E. clausum and a closely related species, Enallagma boreale, which has long been established in the study region and whose range is not shifting. A total of 1,150 damselflies were collected at three 'old' sites for E. clausum in Saskatchewan, and three 'new' sites in Alberta. A little more than a quarter of the damselflies collected were parasitized with, on average, 18 water mite individuals, and 20% were parasitized by, on average, 10 gregarine individuals. I assessed whether the differences between levels of infection (prevalence and intensity) were due to site type or host species. The ERH was not supported: Enallagma clausum has higher or the same levels of parasitism in new sites than old sites. However, E. boreale seems to be benefitting from the recent range expansion of a native, closely related species through ecological release from its parasites because the parasites may be choosing to infest the novel, potentially naïve, host instead of the well-established host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia J Mlynarek
- Biology Department, University of Biology , Fredericton, New Brunswick , Canada
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Reshetnyak DY. Сезонная динамика зараженности Harpalus rufipes (Coleoptera, Carabidae) грегаринами в агроэкосистеме. BIOSYSTEMS DIVERSITY 2015. [DOI: 10.15421/011521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Исследована зараженность грегаринами Harpalus rufipes (De Geer, 1774) – одного из важнейших вредителей зерновых культур, обитающих в агроэкосистеме кукурузы сахарной, расположенной в окрестностях г. Днепропетровск возле пос. Дослидное. Кишечник имаго данного вида жужелиц исследовали компрессорным методом. H. rufipes заражен семью видами грегарин: Gregarina ovata Dufour, 1828, G. steini Berndt, 1902, G. amarae (Hammerschmidt, 1839) Frantzius, 1848, Clitellocephalus ophoni (Tuzet and Ormieres, 1956) Clopton, 2002, Torogregarina sphinx Clopton, 1998, Gigaductus macrospora Filipponi, 1948 и G. elongatus (Moriggi, 1943) Filipponi, 1948. Одновременно в организме одного жука локализовались не более трех видов грегарин. В летние месяцы показатель экстенсивности инвазии минимален в июне (4,8%) и достигает максимального значения в конце августа (22,2%). Наибольшая суммарная численность грегарин (383 экз.) всех обнаруженных видов зафиксирована в конце августа, наименьшая – в начале сентября (33 экз.). В кишечнике одновременно находятся гамонты и сизигии всех обнаруженных видов грегарин. Наивысшая средняя интенсивность инвазии двумя массовыми видами грегарин для C. ophoni установлена в конце июля (146 экз.), наименьшая – в конце августа (2), для G. macrospora – в конце августа (70) и в начале сентября (4 экз.) соответственно. Большая средняя интенсивность инвазии в конце июля приводит к увеличению числа сизигиев C. ophoni с преобладанием их в 7 раз по сравнению с данными июня. Нахождение в кишечнике H. rufipes грегарин свидетельствует о способности жука быть дефинитивным хозяином данных видов споровиков.
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Smith-Herron AJ. Hoplorhynchus aster n. sp. (Apicomplexa: Actinocephalidae: Menosporinae) and Anguilloforma marcelyni gen. et n. sp. (Apicomplexa: Actinocephalidae: Acanthosporinae) Infecting Ischnura ramburii and Enallagma civile (Zygoptera: Coenagrionidae) from Texas, U.S.A. COMP PARASITOL 2015. [DOI: 10.1654/4763.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Geisen S, Laros I, Vizcaíno A, Bonkowski M, de Groot GA. Not all are free-living: high-throughput DNA metabarcoding reveals a diverse community of protists parasitizing soil metazoa. Mol Ecol 2015; 24:4556-69. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.13238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Revised: 04/28/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Geisen
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology; Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW); PO Box 50 6700 AB Wageningen, the Netherlands
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology; Institute of Zoology; University of Cologne; Zülpicher Str 47b, 50674 Cologne Germany
| | - I. Laros
- ALTERRA - Wageningen UR; P.O. Box 47 6700 AA Wageningen The Netherlands
| | - A. Vizcaíno
- AllGenetics, Ed. de Servicios Centrales de Investigación; Campus de Elviña s/n E-15071 A Coruña Spain
| | - M. Bonkowski
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology; Institute of Zoology; University of Cologne; Zülpicher Str 47b, 50674 Cologne Germany
| | - G. A. de Groot
- ALTERRA - Wageningen UR; P.O. Box 47 6700 AA Wageningen The Netherlands
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Tate AT, Graham AL. Trans‐generational priming of resistance in wild flour beetles reflects the primed phenotypes of laboratory populations and is inhibited by co‐infection with a common parasite. Funct Ecol 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.12411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ann T. Tate
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Princeton University 106A Guyot Hall Princeton NJ 08544 USA
| | - Andrea L. Graham
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Princeton University 106A Guyot Hall Princeton NJ 08544 USA
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Cavalier-Smith T. Gregarine site-heterogeneous 18S rDNA trees, revision of gregarine higher classification, and the evolutionary diversification of Sporozoa. Eur J Protistol 2014; 50:472-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejop.2014.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2014] [Revised: 07/19/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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35
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Clopton RE. Tomaculocystis corpulenta n. gen., n. sp. (Apicomplexa: Eugregarinorida) parasitizing the little yellow cockroach, Cariblatta lutea (Blattodea: Ectobiidae), in Alabama and Florida with recognition of Tomaculocystis cylindrosa n. comb. and Tomaculocystis mukundai n. comb. parasitizing ectobiid cockroaches in India. J Parasitol 2014; 101:64-73. [PMID: 25153145 DOI: 10.1645/14-557.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Tomaculocystis corpulenta n. gen., n. sp. (Apicomplexa: Eugregarinorida: Septatorina: Gregarinidae) is described from populations of the little yellow cockroach, Cariblatta lutea (Blattodea: Ectobiidae), established in laboratory culture from samples collected in Alabama and Florida. Tomaculocystis n. gen. are differentiated from other members of Gregarina by a markedly elliptoid gametocyst inside a persistent, lomentiform hyaline epicyst; developmental organization and growth of the spore tubes from gametocyst surface tumidi; and dehiscence by extrusion of non-chain forming oocysts through spore tubes that barely extend beyond the epicyst wall. Gregarina cylindrosa, Gregarina discocephala, and Gregarina mukundai are recognized as members of Tomaculocystis, and G. cylindrosa is recognized as the senior synonym of G. discocephala. Thus, Tomaculocystis cylindrosa n. comb. and Tomaculocystis mukundai n. comb. are formed. Species of Tomaculocystis are distinguished based on gamont deutomerite and oocyst shape and size. The oocysts of T. corpulenta are broadly dolioform, lack 4 polar knobs, and possess distinct, unique polar plates. Oocysts of all other known species in the genus are more oblong in shape, possess 4 polar knobs, and lack the distinct polar plates observed in the oocysts of T. corpulenta. Host utilization and geographic distribution among gregarine genera parasitizing the cockroach family Ectobiidae reveal a pattern of host-parasite specificity linking gregarine genera with ectobiidid subfamilies. Overall patterns suggest a hypothesis of European endemicy for Gamocystis, but hypotheses for the origin and radiation of Tomaculocystis or species of Gregarina infecting cockroaches are confounded by the cosmopolitan spread of pest cockroach species among humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard E Clopton
- Department of Natural Science, Peru State College, Peru, Nebraska 68421
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36
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Kolman JA, Clopton RE, Clopton DT. Protomagalhaensia viperan. sp. (Apicomplexa: Eugregarinida: Blabericolidae), a new Gregarine Parasitizing the Orange-Headed Cockroach,Eublaberus posticus(Dictyoptera: Blaberidae). COMP PARASITOL 2014. [DOI: 10.1654/4695.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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37
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Wakeman KC, Reimer JD, Jenke-Kodama H, Leander BS. Molecular Phylogeny and Ultrastructure of Caliculium glossobalani
n. gen. et sp. (Apicomplexa) from a Pacific Glossobalanus minutus
(Hemichordata) Confounds the Relationships Between Marine and Terrestrial Gregarines. J Eukaryot Microbiol 2014; 61:343-53. [DOI: 10.1111/jeu.12114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2013] [Revised: 02/04/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin C. Wakeman
- Canadian Institute for Advanced Research; Program in Integrated Microbial Biodiversity; Departments of Botany and Zoology; University of British Columbia; #3529 - 6270 University Blvd Vancouver British Columbia V6T 1Z4 Canada
| | - James D. Reimer
- Molecular Invertebrate Systematics and Ecology Laboratory; Faculty of Science; University of the Ryukyus; Senbaru 1, Nishihara Okinawa 903-0213 Japan
| | - Holger Jenke-Kodama
- Microbiology and Biochemistry of Secondary Metabolites Unit; Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology; 1919-1 Tancha Onna-son, Kunigami Okinawa 904-0412 Japan
| | - Brian S. Leander
- Canadian Institute for Advanced Research; Program in Integrated Microbial Biodiversity; Departments of Botany and Zoology; University of British Columbia; #3529 - 6270 University Blvd Vancouver British Columbia V6T 1Z4 Canada
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Clopton RE. Blabericola rhyparobiaen. comb. (Apicomplexa: Eugregarinida: Blabericolidae), Parasitizing the Madeira Cockroach, Rhyparobia maderae(Dictyoptera: Blaberidae). J Parasitol 2014; 100:93-8. [DOI: 10.1645/13-262.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Smith-Herron AJ, Cook JL, Cook TJ. Brevispina tasii(Brevispinidae) n. fam., n. gen., n. sp. (Apicomplexa: Eugregarinida: Stenophoroidea) Parasitizing the Crane FlyTipula umbrosa(Diptera: Tipulidae: Tipulinae) from East Texas Leaf Litter. COMP PARASITOL 2014. [DOI: 10.1654/4656.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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40
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Hussain KJ, Krishnan SM, Johny S, Whitman DW. Phenotypic Plasticity in a Gregarine Parasite (Apicomplexa: Eugregarinordia) Infecting Grasshoppers. COMP PARASITOL 2013. [DOI: 10.1654/4602.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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41
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Bunker BE, Janovy J, Tracey E, Barnes A, Duba A, Shuman M, Logan JD. Macroparasite Population Dynamics Among Geographical Localities and Host Life Cycle Stages: Eugregarines inIschnura verticalis. J Parasitol 2013; 99:403-9. [DOI: 10.1645/ge-3137.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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42
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Fauver JR, Clopton RE, Clopton DT. Protomagalhaensia richardsoni n. sp. (Apicomplexa: Eugregarinida: Blabericolidae): a new gregarine parasitizing the giant lobster cockroach, Henschoutedenia flexivitta (Dictyoptera: Blaberidae). J Parasitol 2013; 99:794-802. [PMID: 23659501 DOI: 10.1645/13-202.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Protomagalhaensia richardsoni n. sp. (Apicomplexa: Eugregarinida: Blabericolidae) is described from the giant lobster cockroach, Henschoutedenia flexivitta (Dictyoptera: Blattaria: Blaberidae: Oxyhaloinae: Nauphoetini). Oocysts within the genus are dolioform with polar plates. Those of Protomagalhaensia granulosae, Protomagalhaensia wolfi, and Protomagalhaensia blaberae possess distinct apical spines and a sagittal depression that are absent or reduced in P. richardsoni and Protomagalhaensia cerastes. Oocysts of P. richardsoni are significantly longer with larger sporozoite-bearing cavities than those of P. blaberae, P. cerastes, P. granulosae, and P. wolfi (external oocyst length 8.07 μm vs. 7.42 μm, 7.50 μm, 6.87 μm, 7.56 μm, respectively; internal oocyst length 6.94 μm vs. 6.44 μm, 6.77 μm, 6.09 μm, 6.72 μm, respectively). All 5 species are also distinguished by unique oocyst length/width ratios. No unique morphological structure distinguishes among the gametocysts of Protomagalhaensia species, but gametocysts of P. richardsoni are significantly shorter than those of P. blaberae, P. cerastes, P. granulosae, and P. wolfi (gametocyst length 184.3 μm vs. 325.15 μm, 253.27 μm, 273.63 μm, 218.3 μm, respectively). No structurally unique morphological gamont feature distinguishes among species of Protomagalhaensia. Rather, species distinctions are morphometric in nature. In general, gamonts of P. richardsoni are readily distinguished from those of P. cerastes and P. wolfi based on size alone: the latter species being roughly half the size of P. richardsoni. Gamonts of P. richardsoni are most similar to those of P. granulosae and P. blaberae but with relatively smaller primites and more slender satellites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph R Fauver
- Department of Natural Science, Peru State College, Peru, Nebraska 68421
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Adl SM, Simpson AGB, Lane CE, Lukeš J, Bass D, Bowser SS, Brown MW, Burki F, Dunthorn M, Hampl V, Heiss A, Hoppenrath M, Lara E, Le Gall L, Lynn DH, McManus H, Mitchell EAD, Mozley-Stanridge SE, Parfrey LW, Pawlowski J, Rueckert S, Shadwick L, Shadwick L, Schoch CL, Smirnov A, Spiegel FW. The revised classification of eukaryotes. J Eukaryot Microbiol 2013; 59:429-93. [PMID: 23020233 DOI: 10.1111/j.1550-7408.2012.00644.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 901] [Impact Index Per Article: 81.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
This revision of the classification of eukaryotes, which updates that of Adl et al. [J. Eukaryot. Microbiol. 52 (2005) 399], retains an emphasis on the protists and incorporates changes since 2005 that have resolved nodes and branches in phylogenetic trees. Whereas the previous revision was successful in re-introducing name stability to the classification, this revision provides a classification for lineages that were then still unresolved. The supergroups have withstood phylogenetic hypothesis testing with some modifications, but despite some progress, problematic nodes at the base of the eukaryotic tree still remain to be statistically resolved. Looking forward, subsequent transformations to our understanding of the diversity of life will be from the discovery of novel lineages in previously under-sampled areas and from environmental genomic information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sina M Adl
- Department of Soil Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5A8, Canada.
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Clopton RE. Redescription of Protomagalhaensia blaberae Peregrine, 1970 (Apicomplexa: Eugregarinida: Blabericolidae) Parasitizing the Bolivian Cockroach, Blaberus boliviensis (Dictyoptera: Blaberidae). COMP PARASITOL 2012. [DOI: 10.1654/4581.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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45
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Clopton RE. Synoptic Revision of Blabericola (Apicomplexa: Eugregarinida: Blabericolidae) Parasitizing Blaberid Cockroaches (Dictyoptera: Blaberidae), with Comments On Delineating Gregarine Species Boundaries. J Parasitol 2012; 98:572-83. [DOI: 10.1645/ge-3000.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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46
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Rueckert S, Villette PMAH, Leander BS. Species boundaries in gregarine apicomplexan parasites: a case study-comparison of morphometric and molecular variability in Lecudina cf. tuzetae (Eugregarinorida, Lecudinidae). J Eukaryot Microbiol 2011; 58:275-83. [PMID: 21569160 DOI: 10.1111/j.1550-7408.2011.00553.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Trophozoites of gregarine apicomplexans are large feeding cells with diverse morphologies that have played a prominent role in gregarine systematics. The range of variability in trophozoite shapes and sizes can be very high even within a single species depending on developmental stages and host environmental conditions; this makes the delimitation of different species of gregarines based on morphological criteria alone very difficult. Accordingly, comparisons of morphological variability and molecular variability in gregarines are necessary to provide a pragmatic framework for establishing species boundaries within this diverse and poorly understood group of parasites. We investigated the morphological and molecular variability present in the gregarine Lecudina cf. tuzetae from the intestines of Nereis vexillosa (Polychaeta) collected in two different locations in Canada. Three distinct morphotypes of trophozoites were identified and the small subunit (SSU) rDNA was sequenced either from multicell isolates of the same morphotype or from single cells. The aim of this investigation was to determine whether the different morphotypes and localities reflected phylogenetic relatedness as inferred from the SSU rDNA sequence data. Phylogenetic analyses of the SSU rDNA demonstrated that the new sequences did not cluster according to morphotype or locality and instead were intermingled within a strongly supported clade. A comparison of 1,657 bp from 45 new sequences demonstrated divergences between 0% and 3.9%. These data suggest that it is necessary to acquire both morphological and molecular data in order to effectively delimit the "clouds" of variation associated with each gregarine species and to unambiguously reidentify these species in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja Rueckert
- Department of Botany, Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, Program in Integrated Microbial Biodiversity, University of British Columbia, #3529-6270 University Boulevard, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z4.
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Rueckert S, Simdyanov TG, Aleoshin VV, Leander BS. Identification of a divergent environmental DNA sequence clade using the phylogeny of gregarine parasites (Apicomplexa) from crustacean hosts. PLoS One 2011; 6:e18163. [PMID: 21483868 PMCID: PMC3069048 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0018163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2010] [Accepted: 02/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Environmental SSU rDNA surveys have significantly improved our understanding of microeukaryotic diversity. Many of the sequences acquired using this approach are closely related to lineages previously characterized at both morphological and molecular levels, making interpretation of these data relatively straightforward. Some sequences, by contrast, appear to be phylogenetic orphans and are sometimes inferred to represent "novel lineages" of unknown cellular identity. Consequently, interpretation of environmental DNA surveys of cellular diversity rely on an adequately comprehensive database of DNA sequences derived from identified species. Several major taxa of microeukaryotes, however, are still very poorly represented in these databases, and this is especially true for diverse groups of single-celled parasites, such as gregarine apicomplexans. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS This study attempts to address this paucity of dna sequence data by characterizing four different gregarine species, isolated from the intestines of crustaceans, at both morphological and molecular levels: Thiriotia pugettiae sp. n. from the graceful kelp crab (Pugettia gracilis), Cephaloidophora cf. communis from two different species of barnacles (Balanus glandula and B. balanus), Heliospora cf. longissima from two different species of freshwater amphipods (Eulimnogammarus verrucosus and E. vittatus), and Heliospora caprellae comb. n. from a skeleton shrimp (Caprella alaskana). SSU rDNA sequences were acquired from isolates of these gregarine species and added to a global apicomplexan alignment containing all major groups of gregarines characterized so far. Molecular phylogenetic analyses of these data demonstrated that all of the gregarines collected from crustacean hosts formed a very strongly supported clade with 48 previously unidentified environmental DNA sequences. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE This expanded molecular phylogenetic context enabled us to establish a major clade of intestinal gregarine parasites and infer the cellular identities of several previously unidentified environmental SSU rDNA sequences, including several sequences that have formerly been discussed broadly in the literature as a suspected "novel" lineage of eukaryotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja Rueckert
- Program in Integrated Microbial Biodiversity, Departments of Botany and Zoology, Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Shimoda Marine Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Shimoda, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Timur G. Simdyanov
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Biological Faculty, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Vladimir V. Aleoshin
- Department of Evolutionary Biochemistry, Belozersky Institute for Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Brian S. Leander
- Program in Integrated Microbial Biodiversity, Departments of Botany and Zoology, Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- * E-mail:
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Cielocha JJ, Cook TJ, Clopton RE. Host Utilization and Distribution of Nubenocephalid Gregarines (Eugregarinorida: Actinocephalidae) Parasitizing Argia spp. (Odonata: Zygoptera) in the Central United States. COMP PARASITOL 2011. [DOI: 10.1654/4459.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Clopton RE. Redescription of Protomagalhaensia granulosae Peregrine, 1970 (Apicomplexa: Eugregarinida: Blabericolidae) Parasitizing the Discoid Cockroach, Blaberus discoidalis (Dictyoptera: Blaberidae). COMP PARASITOL 2011. [DOI: 10.1654/4475.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Cook TJ, Clopton RE, Cook JL. Neoasterophora megasilvestrensis n. gen., n. sp. (Apicomplexa: Eugregarinida: Actinocephalidae: Pileocephalinae) Parasitizing Cheumatopsyche analis (Trichoptera: Hydropsychidae) in the Texas Big Thicket. COMP PARASITOL 2011. [DOI: 10.1654/4458.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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