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Langlois GA, Rueckert S. In memoriam: Thomas Cavalier-Smith (1942-2021). J Eukaryot Microbiol 2024; 71:e13013. [PMID: 38059499 DOI: 10.1111/jeu.13013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2023] [Revised: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
Thomas Cavalier-Smith, born in London, U.K., on October 21, 1942, was a Professor of Evolutionary Biology in the Department of Zoology at the University of Oxford at the time of his death on March 19, 2021. Credited with at least 235 research works and over 20,000 citations, Cavalier-Smith was a well-known and widely respected scientist who took a bold and detailed approach to understanding major transitions in evolution, including the role of endosymbiosis. He was noted for his willingness to question theories and constantly accumulate and evaluate data, motivated by science for the sake of science. This paper reviews Thomas Cavalier-Smith's major accomplishments, examines his theoretical approaches, and provides highlights from the "Tree of Life Symposium" sponsored by the International Society of Protistologists (ISOP) and the International Society of Evolutionary Protistology (ISEP) on June 21, 2021, to celebrate Tom's life and work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaytha A Langlois
- Marine Microbial Research Laboratory, Bryant University, Smithfield, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Sonja Rueckert
- Department of Eukaryotic Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
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Nitsche F, Carduck S, von Ameln J, Mach N, Dorador C, Predel R, Rueckert S, Arndt H. Gregarines from darkling beetles of the Atacama Desert, Atacamagregarina paposa gen. et sp. nov. from Scotobius and Xiphocephalus ovatus sp. nov. from Psectrascelis (Coleoptera, Tenebrionidae). Eur J Protistol 2023; 90:126008. [PMID: 37536234 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejop.2023.126008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
Gregarine apicomplexans, a group of single celled organisms, inhabit the extracellular spaces of most invertebrate species. The nature of the gregarine-host interactions is not yet fully resolved, mutualistic, commensal and parasitic life forms have been recorded. In the extreme arid environment of the Atacama Desert, only a few groups of invertebrates hosting gregarines such as darkling beetles (Tenebrionidae) were able to adapt, providing an unparalleled opportunity to study co-evolutionary diversification. Here, we describe one novel gregarine genus comprising one species, Atacamagregarina paposa gen. et sp. nov., and a new species, Xiphocephalus ovatus sp. nov. (Apicomplexa: Eugregarinoridea, Stylocephalidae), found in the tenebrionid beetle genera Scotobius (Tenebrioninae, Scotobiini) and Psectrascelis intricaticollis ovata (Pimeliinae, Nycteliini), respectively. In the phylogenetic analysis based on SSU rDNA, Atacamgregarina paposa representing the new genus is basal, forming a separate clade with terrestrial gregarines specific for North American darkling beetles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Nitsche
- Institute of Zoology, Biocenter Cologne, University of Cologne, Zuelpicher Strasse 47b, 50674 Cologne, Germany.
| | - Sarah Carduck
- Institute of Zoology, Biocenter Cologne, University of Cologne, Zuelpicher Strasse 47b, 50674 Cologne, Germany
| | - Joshua von Ameln
- Institute of Zoology, Biocenter Cologne, University of Cologne, Zuelpicher Strasse 47b, 50674 Cologne, Germany
| | - Niclas Mach
- Institute of Zoology, Biocenter Cologne, University of Cologne, Zuelpicher Strasse 47b, 50674 Cologne, Germany
| | - Cristina Dorador
- Laboratorio de Complejidad Microbiana y Ecología Funcional, Universidad de Antofagasta, Avenida Angamos 601, Antofagasta, Chile
| | - Reinhard Predel
- Institute of Zoology, Biocenter Cologne, University of Cologne, Zuelpicher Strasse 47b, 50674 Cologne, Germany
| | - Sonja Rueckert
- School of Applied Sciences, Edinburgh Napier University, Sighthill Campus, Edinburgh EH11 4BN, Scotland, UK; Faculty of Biology, Eukaryotic Microbiology, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45141 Essen, Germany
| | - Hartmut Arndt
- Institute of Zoology, Biocenter Cologne, University of Cologne, Zuelpicher Strasse 47b, 50674 Cologne, Germany.
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Záhonová K, Low RS, Warren CJ, Cantoni D, Herman EK, Yiangou L, Ribeiro CA, Phanprasert Y, Brown IR, Rueckert S, Baker NL, Tachezy J, Betts EL, Gentekaki E, van der Giezen M, Clark CG, Jackson AP, Dacks JB, Tsaousis AD. Evolutionary analysis of cellular reduction and anaerobicity in the hyper-prevalent gut microbe Blastocystis. Curr Biol 2023:S0960-9822(23)00620-6. [PMID: 37267944 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Blastocystis is the most prevalent microbial eukaryote in the human and animal gut, yet its role as commensal or parasite is still under debate. Blastocystis has clearly undergone evolutionary adaptation to the gut environment and possesses minimal cellular compartmentalization, reduced anaerobic mitochondria, no flagella, and no reported peroxisomes. To address this poorly understood evolutionary transition, we have taken a multi-disciplinary approach to characterize Proteromonas lacertae, the closest canonical stramenopile relative of Blastocystis. Genomic data reveal an abundance of unique genes in P. lacertae but also reductive evolution of the genomic complement in Blastocystis. Comparative genomic analysis sheds light on flagellar evolution, including 37 new candidate components implicated with mastigonemes, the stramenopile morphological hallmark. The P. lacertae membrane-trafficking system (MTS) complement is only slightly more canonical than that of Blastocystis, but notably, we identified that both organisms encode the complete enigmatic endocytic TSET complex, a first for the entire stramenopile lineage. Investigation also details the modulation of mitochondrial composition and metabolism in both P. lacertae and Blastocystis. Unexpectedly, we identify in P. lacertae the most reduced peroxisome-derived organelle reported to date, which leads us to speculate on a mechanism of constraint guiding the dynamics of peroxisome-mitochondrion reductive evolution on the path to anaerobiosis. Overall, these analyses provide a launching point to investigate organellar evolution and reveal in detail the evolutionary path that Blastocystis has taken from a canonical flagellated protist to the hyper-divergent and hyper-prevalent animal and human gut microbe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristína Záhonová
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, 1-124 Clinical Sciences Building, 11350-83 Avenue, Edmonton T6G 2G3, Canada; Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, Branišovská 1160/31, České Budějovice (Budweis) 370 05, Czech Republic; Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, BIOCEV, Průmyslová 595, Vestec 252 50, Czech Republic; Life Science Research Centre, Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, Chittussiho 10, Ostrava 710 00, Czech Republic
| | - Ross S Low
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK; The Earlham Institute, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UZ, UK
| | - Christopher J Warren
- Laboratory of Molecular & Evolutionary Parasitology, RAPID Group, School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Giles Lane, Stacey Building, Canterbury, Kent CT2 7NJ, UK
| | - Diego Cantoni
- Laboratory of Molecular & Evolutionary Parasitology, RAPID Group, School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Giles Lane, Stacey Building, Canterbury, Kent CT2 7NJ, UK
| | - Emily K Herman
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, 1-124 Clinical Sciences Building, 11350-83 Avenue, Edmonton T6G 2G3, Canada; Department of Agricultural, Food, and Nutritional Science, Faculty of Agricultural, Life, and Environmental Sciences, University of Alberta, 2-31 General Services Building, Edmonton, AB T6G 2H1, Canada
| | - Lyto Yiangou
- Laboratory of Molecular & Evolutionary Parasitology, RAPID Group, School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Giles Lane, Stacey Building, Canterbury, Kent CT2 7NJ, UK
| | - Cláudia A Ribeiro
- Laboratory of Molecular & Evolutionary Parasitology, RAPID Group, School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Giles Lane, Stacey Building, Canterbury, Kent CT2 7NJ, UK
| | - Yasinee Phanprasert
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, 1-124 Clinical Sciences Building, 11350-83 Avenue, Edmonton T6G 2G3, Canada; School of Science, Mae Fah Luang Universit, 333 Moo 1, T. Tasud, Muang District, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand
| | - Ian R Brown
- Laboratory of Molecular & Evolutionary Parasitology, RAPID Group, School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Giles Lane, Stacey Building, Canterbury, Kent CT2 7NJ, UK
| | - Sonja Rueckert
- School of Applied Sciences, Sighthill Campus, Room 3.B.36, Edinburgh EH11 4BN, Scotland; Faculty of Biology, AG Eukaryotische Mikrobiologie, Universitätsstrasse 5, S05 R04 H83, Essen 45141, Germany
| | - Nicola L Baker
- Laboratory of Molecular & Evolutionary Parasitology, RAPID Group, School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Giles Lane, Stacey Building, Canterbury, Kent CT2 7NJ, UK
| | - Jan Tachezy
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, BIOCEV, Průmyslová 595, Vestec 252 50, Czech Republic
| | - Emma L Betts
- Laboratory of Molecular & Evolutionary Parasitology, RAPID Group, School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Giles Lane, Stacey Building, Canterbury, Kent CT2 7NJ, UK; School of Applied Sciences, Sighthill Campus, Room 3.B.36, Edinburgh EH11 4BN, Scotland
| | - Eleni Gentekaki
- School of Science, Mae Fah Luang Universit, 333 Moo 1, T. Tasud, Muang District, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand; Gut Microbiome Research Group, Mae Fah Luang University, 333 Moo 1, T. Tasud, Muang District, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand
| | - Mark van der Giezen
- Department of Chemistry, Bioscience and Environmental Engineering, University of Stavanger Richard Johnsens Gate 4, 4021 Stavanger, Norway; Biosciences, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK
| | - C Graham Clark
- Department of Infection Biology, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Andrew P Jackson
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Joel B Dacks
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, 1-124 Clinical Sciences Building, 11350-83 Avenue, Edmonton T6G 2G3, Canada; Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, Branišovská 1160/31, České Budějovice (Budweis) 370 05, Czech Republic; Centre for Life's Origin and Evolution, Division of Biosciences, University College London, Darwin Building, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK.
| | - Anastasios D Tsaousis
- Laboratory of Molecular & Evolutionary Parasitology, RAPID Group, School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Giles Lane, Stacey Building, Canterbury, Kent CT2 7NJ, UK.
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Peter N, Dörge DD, Cunze S, Schantz AV, Skaljic A, Rueckert S, Klimpel S. Raccoons contraband - The metazoan parasite fauna of free-ranging raccoons in central Europe. Int J Parasitol Parasites Wildl 2023; 20:79-88. [PMID: 36688078 PMCID: PMC9852791 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2023.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The invasive raccoon (Procyon lotor) is an abundant carnivore and considered as an important potential vector of infectious diseases and parasites in Europe. Raccoons show a broad, opportunistic, omnivorous food spectrum. Food supply and habitat quality in urban areas are very attractive for the generalist raccoon. This inevitably leads to increased interaction with humans, domestic animals and livestock, making the raccoon a potentially suitable zoonosis vector. In its autochthonous range, especially in the Eastern and Midwestern United States, the raccoon has been studied very intensively since the beginning of the 20th century. Whereas, basic field biology and parasitology studies in Germany and Europe are lacking and have only been conducted sporadically, regionally and on small sample sizes. In the presented study 234 raccoons from central Germany were comprehensively examined for their metazoan parasite fauna. The present study shows for the first time an extremely diverse parasite fauna in raccoons outside their native range and proves their essential role as intermediate hosts and hosts for ecto- and endoparasites. A total of 23 different parasite species were identified, five of which are human pathogens, 14 of which are new for the parasite fauna of raccoons in Europe. The human pathogenic raccoon roundworm Baylisascaris procyonis is the most common parasite species in this study, with a prevalence of up to 95%. The digenetic trematode Plagiorchis muris, another human pathogenic parasite species, was detected for the first time in raccoons. The ongoing spread of invasive carnivores and the associated spread and transmission of their parasites and other pathogens increases the potential health risk of wild and farmed animals as well as humans. An increase in parasitic diseases in humans (e.g. raccoon roundworm) is to be expected, especially in urban areas, where raccoons are becoming more and more abundant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norbert Peter
- Institute for Ecology, Evolution and Diversity, Goethe-University, Max-von-Laue-Str. 13, Frankfurt, Main, D-60438, Germany
| | - Dorian D. Dörge
- Institute for Ecology, Evolution and Diversity, Goethe-University, Max-von-Laue-Str. 13, Frankfurt, Main, D-60438, Germany
| | - Sarah Cunze
- Institute for Ecology, Evolution and Diversity, Goethe-University, Max-von-Laue-Str. 13, Frankfurt, Main, D-60438, Germany
| | - Anna V. Schantz
- Institute for Ecology, Evolution and Diversity, Goethe-University, Max-von-Laue-Str. 13, Frankfurt, Main, D-60438, Germany
| | - Ajdin Skaljic
- Institute for Ecology, Evolution and Diversity, Goethe-University, Max-von-Laue-Str. 13, Frankfurt, Main, D-60438, Germany
| | - Sonja Rueckert
- School of Applied Sciences and Center for Conservation and Restoration Science, Edinburgh Napier University, Sighthill Campus, Sighthill Court, Edinburgh, EH11 1HX, UK
| | - Sven Klimpel
- Institute for Ecology, Evolution and Diversity, Goethe-University, Max-von-Laue-Str. 13, Frankfurt, Main, D-60438, Germany,Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre, Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung, Senckenberganlage 25, Frankfurt, Main, D-60325, Germany,LOEWE Centre for Translational Biodiversity Genomics (LOEWE-TBG), Senckenberganlage 25, D-60325, Frankfurt, Main, Germany,Corresponding author. Institute for Ecology, Evolution and Diversity, Goethe-University, Max-von-Laue-Str. 13, Frankfurt, Main, D-60439, Germany.
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Hiillos AL, Rony I, Rueckert S, Knott KE. Coinfection patterns of two marine apicomplexans are not associated with genetic diversity of their polychaete host. J Eukaryot Microbiol 2023; 70:e12932. [PMID: 35711085 PMCID: PMC10084031 DOI: 10.1111/jeu.12932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Coinfections of two or more parasites within one host are more of a rule than an exception in nature. Interactions between coinfecting parasites can greatly affect their abundance and prevalence. Characteristics of the host, such as genetic diversity, can also affect the infection dynamics of coinfecting parasites. Here, we investigate for the first time the association of coinfection patterns of two marine apicomplexans, Rhytidocystis sp. and Selenidium pygospionis, with the genetic diversity of their host, the polychaete Pygospio elegans, from natural populations. Host genetic diversity was determined with seven microsatellite loci and summarized as allelic richness, inbreeding coefficient, and individual heterozygosity. We detected nonsignificant correlations between infection loads and both individual host heterozygosity and population genetic diversity. Prevalence and infection load of Rhytidocystis sp. were higher than those of S. pygospionis, and both varied spatially. Coinfections were common, and almost all hosts infected by S. pygospionis were also infected by Rhytidocystis sp. Rhytidocystis sp. infection load was significantly higher in dual infections. Our results suggest that factors other than host genetic diversity might be more important in marine apicomplexan infection patterns and experimental approaches would be needed to further determine how interactions between the apicomplexans and their host influence infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna-Lotta Hiillos
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Irin Rony
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Sonja Rueckert
- School of Applied Sciences, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh, UK.,Centre for Conservation and Restoration Science, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh, UK
| | - K Emily Knott
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
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Wolz M, Rueckert S, Müller C. Fluctuating Starvation Conditions Modify Host-Symbiont Relationship Between a Leaf Beetle and Its Newly Identified Gregarine Species. Front Ecol Evol 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2022.850161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Gregarines are ubiquitous endosymbionts in invertebrates, including terrestrial insects. However, the biodiversity of gregarines is probably vastly underestimated and the knowledge about their role in shaping fitness-related traits of their host in dependence of fluctuating environmental conditions is limited. Using morphological and molecular analyses, we identified a new gregarine species, Gregarina cochlearium sp. n., in the mustard leaf beetle, Phaedon cochleariae. Applying a full-factorial design, we investigated the effects of a gregarine infection in combination with fluctuating starvation conditions during the larval stage on the development time and fitness-related traits of adult beetles. Under benign environmental conditions, the relationship between gregarines and the host seemed neutral, as host development, body mass, reproduction and survival were not altered by a gregarine infection. However, when additionally exposed to starvation, the combination of gregarine infection and this stress resulted in the lowest reproduction and survival of the host, which points to a parasitic relationship. Furthermore, when the host experienced starvation, the development time was prolonged and the adult females were lighter compared to non-starved individuals, independent of the presence of gregarines. Counting of gregarines in the guts of larvae revealed a lower gregarine load with increasing host body mass under stable food conditions, which indicates a regulation of the gregarine burden in dependence of the host condition. Contrary, in starved individuals the number of gregarines was the highest, hence the already weakened host suffered additionally from a higher gregarine burden. This interactive effect between gregarine infection and fluctuating starvation conditions led to an overall reduced fitness of P. cochleariae. Our study emphasizes the need to study endosymbionts as important components of the natural environment and to investigate the role of host-symbiont relationships under fluctuating environmental conditions in an evolutionary and ecological context.
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Bass D, Rueckert S, Stern R, Cleary AC, Taylor JD, Ward GM, Huys R. Parasites, pathogens, and other symbionts of copepods. Trends Parasitol 2021; 37:875-889. [PMID: 34158247 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2021.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
There is a large diversity of eukaryotic symbionts of copepods, dominated by epizootic protists such as ciliates, and metazoan parasites. Eukaryotic endoparasites, copepod-associated bacteria, and viruses are less well known, partly due to technical limitations. However, new molecular techniques, combined with a range of other approaches, provide a complementary toolkit for understanding the complete symbiome of copepods and how the symbiome relates to their ecological roles, relationships with other biota, and responses to environmental change. In this review we provide the most complete overview of the copepod symbiome to date, including microeukaryotes, metazoan parasites, bacteria, and viruses, and provide extensive literature databases to inform future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Bass
- International Centre of Excellence in Aquatic Animal Health, Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas), Barrack Road, The Nothe, Weymouth, Dorset DT4 8UB, UK; Department of Life Sciences, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UK; Sustainable Aquaculture Futures, Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK.
| | - Sonja Rueckert
- School of Applied Sciences, Edinburgh Napier University, Sighthill Court, Edinburgh EH11 4BN, UK
| | - Rowena Stern
- Marine Biological Association, Citadel Hill, Plymouth, PL1 2PB, UK
| | - Alison C Cleary
- Department of Natural Sciences, University of Agder, Universitetsveien 25, Kristiansand, 4630, Norway
| | - Joe D Taylor
- School of Chemistry and Bioscience, University of Bradford, Richmond Rd, Bradford BD7 1DP, UK
| | - Georgia M Ward
- International Centre of Excellence in Aquatic Animal Health, Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas), Barrack Road, The Nothe, Weymouth, Dorset DT4 8UB, UK; Department of Life Sciences, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UK
| | - Rony Huys
- Department of Life Sciences, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UK
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Salomaki ED, Terpis KX, Rueckert S, Kotyk M, Varadínová ZK, Čepička I, Lane CE, Kolisko M. Gregarine single-cell transcriptomics reveals differential mitochondrial remodeling and adaptation in apicomplexans. BMC Biol 2021; 19:77. [PMID: 33863338 PMCID: PMC8051059 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-021-01007-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Apicomplexa is a diverse phylum comprising unicellular endobiotic animal parasites and contains some of the most well-studied microbial eukaryotes including the devastating human pathogens Plasmodium falciparum and Cryptosporidium hominis. In contrast, data on the invertebrate-infecting gregarines remains sparse and their evolutionary relationship to other apicomplexans remains obscure. Most apicomplexans retain a highly modified plastid, while their mitochondria remain metabolically conserved. Cryptosporidium spp. inhabit an anaerobic host-gut environment and represent the known exception, having completely lost their plastid while retaining an extremely reduced mitochondrion that has lost its genome. Recent advances in single-cell sequencing have enabled the first broad genome-scale explorations of gregarines, providing evidence of differential plastid retention throughout the group. However, little is known about the retention and metabolic capacity of gregarine mitochondria. RESULTS Here, we sequenced transcriptomes from five species of gregarines isolated from cockroaches. We combined these data with those from other apicomplexans, performed detailed phylogenomic analyses, and characterized their mitochondrial metabolism. Our results support the placement of Cryptosporidium as the earliest diverging lineage of apicomplexans, which impacts our interpretation of evolutionary events within the phylum. By mapping in silico predictions of core mitochondrial pathways onto our phylogeny, we identified convergently reduced mitochondria. These data show that the electron transport chain has been independently lost three times across the phylum, twice within gregarines. CONCLUSIONS Apicomplexan lineages show variable functional restructuring of mitochondrial metabolism that appears to have been driven by adaptations to parasitism and anaerobiosis. Our findings indicate that apicomplexans are rife with convergent adaptations, with shared features including morphology, energy metabolism, and intracellularity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric D Salomaki
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Kristina X Terpis
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, USA
| | - Sonja Rueckert
- School of Applied Sciences, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
| | - Michael Kotyk
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | | | - Ivan Čepička
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Christopher E Lane
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, USA.
| | - Martin Kolisko
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czech Republic.
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic.
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Abstract
A new study presents the first comprehensive genome and transcriptome data for an enigmatic group of apicomplexan parasites, the gregarines. The findings provide insights into the early evolution of parasitism in the apicomplexans and illustrate the important contributions of convergent and parallel evolution in the rise of eukaryotic parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja Rueckert
- School of Applied Sciences, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh, EH11 4BN, UK
| | - Shweta V Pipaliya
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2G3, Canada
| | - Joel B Dacks
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2G3, Canada.
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10
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McLeish J, Briers RA, Dodd JA, Rueckert S. First genetic evidence that invasive bullhead (Cottus L. 1758) in Scotland is of English origin and the difficulty of resolving the European Cottus species taxonomy. J Fish Biol 2020; 96:617-630. [PMID: 31893567 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.14247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The European bullhead (Cottus gobio) is widely distributed across Europe, and within the UK is native to England and Wales, where it is protected under the Habitats Directive. In Scotland, however, the species is considered invasive and thriving populations are recorded in the Forth and Clyde river catchments, and the Ale Water in the Scottish Borders. The genetic identity of the Scottish populations has not been established. There is also debate about the status of the European bullhead and its validity as single species, a species complex with several unresolved species, or distinct different species in its European distribution range. There is therefore a need to determine the taxonomy and likely source of the novel Scottish populations. Genetic analyses using cytochrome oxidase 1 (COI) mitochondrial DNA sequences were undertaken on specimens from the Forth and Clyde catchments, and combined with the results of morphological characteristics to provide a comprehensive assessment of the taxonomic classification for Scottish bullheads. There was considerable variation in morphological characteristics between populations within Scotland and a wider range of variability than previously recorded for English populations. Genetically the Scottish populations were very closely related to English specimens, supporting the hypothesis of introduction directly from England to Scotland. In terms of broader relationships, Scottish specimens are genetically more closely related to the ostensible species Chabot fluviatile Cottus perifretum, which has been suggested as one of a complex of species across Europe. Morphologically they exhibit characteristics on the spectrum between C. perifretum and C. gobio. There is an urgent need for the clarification of the taxonomy of Cottus sp(p). to avoid confusion in future publications, legislation and management practices relating to bullheads throughout the UK and Europe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny McLeish
- Edinburgh Napier University, School of Applied Sciences, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Rob A Briers
- Edinburgh Napier University, School of Applied Sciences, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Jennifer A Dodd
- Edinburgh Napier University, School of Applied Sciences, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Sonja Rueckert
- Edinburgh Napier University, School of Applied Sciences, Edinburgh, UK
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Kent AJ, Pert CC, Briers RA, Diele K, Rueckert S. Increasing intensities of Anisakis simplex third-stage larvae (L3) in Atlantic salmon of coastal waters of Scotland. Parasit Vectors 2020; 13:62. [PMID: 32051019 PMCID: PMC7017554 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-3942-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Red Vent Syndrome (RVS), a haemorrhagic inflammation of the vent region in Atlantic salmon, is associated with high abundance of Anisakis simplex (s.s.) third-stage larvae (L3) in the vent region. Despite evidence suggesting that increasing A. simplex (s.s.) intensity is a causative factor in RVS aetiology, the definitive cause remains unclear. Methods A total of 117 Atlantic salmon were sampled from commercial fisheries on the East, West, and North coasts of Scotland and examined for ascaridoid parasites. Genetic identification of a subsample of Anisakis larvae was performed using the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of ribosomal DNA. To assess the extent of differentiation of feeding grounds and dietary composition, stable isotope analysis of carbon and nitrogen was carried out on Atlantic salmon muscle tissue. Results In the present study, the obtained ITS rDNA sequences matched A. simplex (s.s.) sequences deposited in GenBank at 99–100%. Not all isolated larvae (n = 30,406) were genetically identified. Therefore, the morphotype found in this study is referred to as A. simplex (sensu lato). Anisakis simplex (s.l.) was the most prevalent (100%) nematode with the highest mean intensity (259.9 ± 197.3), in comparison to Hysterothylacium aduncum (66.7%, 6.4 ± 10.2) and Pseudoterranova decipiens (s.l.) (14.5%, 1.4 ± 0.6). The mean intensity of A. simplex (s.l.) represents a four-fold increase compared to published data (63.6 ± 31.9) from salmon captured in Scotland in 2009. Significant positive correlations between A. simplex (s.l.) larvae intensities from the body and the vent suggest that they play a role in the emergence of RVS. The lack of a significant variation in stable isotope ratios of Atlantic salmon indicates that diet or feeding ground are not driving regional differences in A. simplex (s.l.) intensities. Conclusions This paper presents the most recent survey for ascaridoid parasites of wild Atlantic salmon from three coastal regions in Scotland. A significant rise in A. simplex (s.l.) intensity could potentially increase both natural mortality rates of Atlantic salmon and possible risks for salmon consumers due to the known zoonotic role of A. simplex (s.s.) and A. pegreffii within the A. simplex (s.l.) species complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander J Kent
- School of Applied Sciences, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh, EH11 4BN, Scotland. .,Animal, Rural and Environmental Sciences, Nottingham Trent University, Southwell, NG25 0QF, UK.
| | - Campbell C Pert
- School of Applied Sciences, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh, EH11 4BN, Scotland
| | - Robert A Briers
- School of Applied Sciences, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh, EH11 4BN, Scotland
| | - Karen Diele
- School of Applied Sciences, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh, EH11 4BN, Scotland.,St Abbs Marine Station, The Harbour, St Abbs, Berwickshire, TD14 5PW, UK
| | - Sonja Rueckert
- School of Applied Sciences, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh, EH11 4BN, Scotland
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Rueckert S, Betts EL, Tsaousis AD. The Symbiotic Spectrum: Where Do the Gregarines Fit? Trends Parasitol 2019; 35:687-694. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2019.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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13
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Adl SM, Bass D, Lane CE, Lukeš J, Schoch CL, Smirnov A, Agatha S, Berney C, Brown MW, Burki F, Cárdenas P, Čepička I, Chistyakova L, del Campo J, Dunthorn M, Edvardsen B, Eglit Y, Guillou L, Hampl V, Heiss AA, Hoppenrath M, James TY, Karnkowska A, Karpov S, Kim E, Kolisko M, Kudryavtsev A, Lahr DJ, Lara E, Le Gall L, Lynn DH, Mann DG, Massana R, Mitchell EA, Morrow C, Park JS, Pawlowski JW, Powell MJ, Richter DJ, Rueckert S, Shadwick L, Shimano S, Spiegel FW, Torruella G, Youssef N, Zlatogursky V, Zhang Q. Revisions to the Classification, Nomenclature, and Diversity of Eukaryotes. J Eukaryot Microbiol 2019; 66:4-119. [PMID: 30257078 PMCID: PMC6492006 DOI: 10.1111/jeu.12691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 563] [Impact Index Per Article: 112.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
This revision of the classification of eukaryotes follows that of Adl et al., 2012 [J. Euk. Microbiol. 59(5)] and retains an emphasis on protists. Changes since have improved the resolution of many nodes in phylogenetic analyses. For some clades even families are being clearly resolved. As we had predicted, environmental sampling in the intervening years has massively increased the genetic information at hand. Consequently, we have discovered novel clades, exciting new genera and uncovered a massive species level diversity beyond the morphological species descriptions. Several clades known from environmental samples only have now found their home. Sampling soils, deeper marine waters and the deep sea will continue to fill us with surprises. The main changes in this revision are the confirmation that eukaryotes form at least two domains, the loss of monophyly in the Excavata, robust support for the Haptista and Cryptista. We provide suggested primer sets for DNA sequences from environmental samples that are effective for each clade. We have provided a guide to trophic functional guilds in an appendix, to facilitate the interpretation of environmental samples, and a standardized taxonomic guide for East Asian users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sina M. Adl
- Department of Soil SciencesCollege of Agriculture and Bioresources, University of SaskatchewanSaskatoonS7N 5A8SKCanada
| | - David Bass
- Department of Life SciencesThe Natural History MuseumCromwell RoadLondonSW7 5BDUnited Kingdom
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (CEFAS)Barrack Road, The NotheWeymouthDorsetDT4 8UBUnited Kingdom
| | - Christopher E. Lane
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of Rhode IslandKingstonRhode Island02881USA
| | - Julius Lukeš
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology CentreCzech Academy of SciencesČeské Budějovice37005Czechia
- Faculty of ScienceUniversity of South BohemiaČeské Budějovice37005Czechia
| | - Conrad L. Schoch
- National Institute for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaMaryland20892USA
| | - Alexey Smirnov
- Department of Invertebrate ZoologyFaculty of BiologySaint Petersburg State UniversitySaint Petersburg199034Russia
| | - Sabine Agatha
- Department of BiosciencesUniversity of SalzburgHellbrunnerstrasse 34SalzburgA‐5020Austria
| | - Cedric Berney
- CNRS, UMR 7144 (AD2M), Groupe Evolution des Protistes et Ecosystèmes PélagiquesStation Biologique de RoscoffPlace Georges TeissierRoscoff29680France
| | - Matthew W. Brown
- Department of Biological SciencesMississippi State UniversityStarkville39762MississippiUSA
- Institute for Genomics, Biocomputing & BiotechnologyMississippi State UniversityStarkville39762MississippiUSA
| | - Fabien Burki
- Department of Organismal BiologyProgram in Systematic BiologyScience for Life LaboratoryUppsala UniversityUppsala75236Sweden
| | - Paco Cárdenas
- Pharmacognosy, Department of Medicinal ChemistryUppsala UniversityBMC Box 574UppsalaSE‐75123Sweden
| | - Ivan Čepička
- Department of ZoologyFaculty of ScienceCharles UniversityVinicna 7Prague128 44Czechia
| | - Lyudmila Chistyakova
- Core Facility Centre for Culture Collection of MicroorganismsSaint Petersburg State UniversitySaint Petersburg198504Russia
| | - Javier del Campo
- Institut de Ciències del Mar, CSICPasseig Marítim de la Barceloneta, 37‐49Barcelona08003CataloniaSpain
| | - Micah Dunthorn
- Department of EcologyUniversity of KaiserslauternErwin‐Schroedinger StreetKaiserslauternD‐67663Germany
- Department of Eukaryotic MicrobiologyUniversity of Duisburg‐EssenUniversitätsstrasse 5EssenD‐45141Germany
| | - Bente Edvardsen
- Department of BiosciencesUniversity of OsloP.O. Box 1066 BlindernOslo0316Norway
| | - Yana Eglit
- Department of BiologyDalhousie UniversityHalifaxB3H 4R2NSCanada
| | - Laure Guillou
- Sorbonne Université, Université Pierre et Marie Curie ‐ Paris 6, CNRS, UMR 7144 (AD2M)Station Biologique de RoscoffPlace Georges Teissier, CS90074Roscoff29688France
| | - Vladimír Hampl
- Department of ParasitologyFaculty of ScienceCharles University, BIOCEVPrůmyslová 595Vestec252 42Czechia
| | - Aaron A. Heiss
- Department of Invertebrate ZoologyAmerican Museum of Natural HistoryNew York CityNew York10024USA
| | - Mona Hoppenrath
- Senckenberg am Meer, DZMB – German Centre for Marine Biodiversity ResearchWilhelmshaven26382Germany
| | - Timothy Y. James
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMichigan48109USA
| | - Anna Karnkowska
- Department of Molecular Phylogenetics and EvolutionUniversity of WarsawWarsaw02‐089Poland
| | - Sergey Karpov
- Department of Invertebrate ZoologyFaculty of BiologySaint Petersburg State UniversitySaint Petersburg199034Russia
- Department of Molecular Phylogenetics and EvolutionUniversity of WarsawWarsaw02‐089Poland
| | - Eunsoo Kim
- Department of Invertebrate ZoologyAmerican Museum of Natural HistoryNew York CityNew York10024USA
| | - Martin Kolisko
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology CentreCzech Academy of SciencesČeské Budějovice37005Czechia
| | - Alexander Kudryavtsev
- Department of Invertebrate ZoologyFaculty of BiologySaint Petersburg State UniversitySaint Petersburg199034Russia
- Laboratory of Parasitic Worms and ProtistologyZoological Institute RASSaint Petersburg199034Russia
| | - Daniel J.G. Lahr
- Department of ZoologyInstitute of BiosciencesUniversity of Sao PauloMatao Travessa 14 Cidade UniversitariaSao Paulo05508‐090Sao PauloBrazil
| | - Enrique Lara
- Laboratory of Soil BiodiversityUniversity of NeuchâtelRue Emile‐Argand 11Neuchâtel2000Switzerland
- Real Jardín Botánico, CSICPlaza de Murillo 2Madrid28014Spain
| | - Line Le Gall
- Institut de Systématique, Évolution, Biodiversité, Muséum National d'Histoire NaturelleSorbonne Universités57 rue Cuvier, CP 39Paris75005France
| | - Denis H. Lynn
- Department of Integrative BiologyUniversity of GuelphSummerlee Science ComplexGuelphONN1G 2W1Canada
- Department of ZoologyUniversity of British Columbia4200‐6270 University Blvd.VancouverBCV6T 1Z4Canada
| | - David G. Mann
- Royal Botanic GardenEdinburghEH3 5LRUnited Kingdom
- Institute for Agrifood Research and TechnologyC/Poble Nou km 5.5Sant Carles de La RàpitaE‐43540Spain
| | - Ramon Massana
- Institut de Ciències del Mar, CSICPasseig Marítim de la Barceloneta, 37‐49Barcelona08003CataloniaSpain
| | - Edward A.D. Mitchell
- Laboratory of Soil BiodiversityUniversity of NeuchâtelRue Emile‐Argand 11Neuchâtel2000Switzerland
- Jardin Botanique de NeuchâtelChemin du Perthuis‐du‐Sault 58Neuchâtel2000Switzerland
| | - Christine Morrow
- Department of Natural SciencesNational Museums Northern Ireland153 Bangor RoadHolywoodBT18 OEUUnited Kingdom
| | - Jong Soo Park
- Department of Oceanography and Kyungpook Institute of OceanographySchool of Earth System SciencesKyungpook National UniversityDaeguKorea
| | - Jan W. Pawlowski
- Department of Genetics and EvolutionUniversity of Geneva1211Geneva 4Switzerland
| | - Martha J. Powell
- Department of Biological SciencesThe University of AlabamaTuscaloosaAlabama35487USA
| | - Daniel J. Richter
- Institut de Biologia Evolutiva (CSIC‐Universitat Pompeu Fabra)Passeig Marítim de la Barceloneta 37‐49Barcelona08003CataloniaSpain
| | - Sonja Rueckert
- School of Applied SciencesEdinburgh Napier UniversityEdinburghEH11 4BNUnited Kingdom
| | - Lora Shadwick
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of ArkansasFayettevilleArkansasAR 72701USA
| | - Satoshi Shimano
- Science Research CentreHosei University2‐17‐1 FujimiChiyoda‐kuTokyo102‐8160Japan
| | - Frederick W. Spiegel
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of ArkansasFayettevilleArkansasAR 72701USA
| | - Guifré Torruella
- Laboratoire Evolution et Systématique, Université Paris‐XIOrsay91405France
| | - Noha Youssef
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular GeneticsOklahoma State UniversityStillwaterOklahoma74074USA
| | - Vasily Zlatogursky
- Department of Invertebrate ZoologyFaculty of BiologySaint Petersburg State UniversitySaint Petersburg199034Russia
- Department of Organismal BiologySystematic Biology ProgramUppsala UniversityUppsalaSE‐752 36Sweden
| | - Qianqian Zhang
- Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone ResearchChinese Academy of ScienceYantai264003China
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Rueckert S, Glasinovich N, Diez ME, Cremonte F, Vázquez N. Morphology and molecular systematic of marine gregarines (Apicomplexa) from Southwestern Atlantic spionid polychaetes. J Invertebr Pathol 2018; 159:49-60. [PMID: 30367870 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2018.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Revised: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Gregarines are a common group of parasites that infect the intestines of marine invertebrates, and particularly polychaetes. Here, we describe for the first time four gregarine species that inhabit the intestines of three spionid species: Dipolydora cf. flava, Spio quadrisetosa and Boccardia proboscidea from the Patagonian coast, Argentina, using light and scanning electron microscopy and molecular phylogenetic analyses of small subunit (SSU) rDNA sequences. Even though the spionid species thrive in the same environments, our results showed a high host specificity of the gregarine species. Selenidium cf. axiferens and Polyrhabdina aff. polydorae were both identified from the intestine of D. cf. flava. The new species, Polyrhabdina madrynense sp. n. and Selenidium patagonica sp. n., were described from the intestines of S. quadrisetosa and the invasive species B. proboscidea, respectively. All specimens of D. cf. flava and S. quadrisetosa were infected by gregarines (P = 100%), recording the highest mean intensity values of infection (MI = 80; 60 respectively), in contrast to B. proboscidea (P = 60%; MI = 38). We associated this finding with the recent invasion of this host. It is expected that in the future, an increase of its population density might favour a rising intensity of this gregarine infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Rueckert
- School of Applied Sciences, Edinburgh Napier University, Sighthill Campus, Sighthill Court, Edinburgh EH11 4BN, United Kingdom
| | - N Glasinovich
- Laboratorio de Parasitología (LAPA), Instituto de Biología de Organismos Marinos (IBIOMAR-CONICET), Blvd. Brown 2915, Puerto Madryn, Argentina
| | - M E Diez
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Informática (LINVI), Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia San Juan Bosco (UNPSJB), Blvd. Brown 3000, Puerto Madryn, Argentina
| | - F Cremonte
- Laboratorio de Parasitología (LAPA), Instituto de Biología de Organismos Marinos (IBIOMAR-CONICET), Blvd. Brown 2915, Puerto Madryn, Argentina
| | - N Vázquez
- Laboratorio de Parasitología (LAPA), Instituto de Biología de Organismos Marinos (IBIOMAR-CONICET), Blvd. Brown 2915, Puerto Madryn, Argentina.
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15
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Lentendu G, Mahé F, Bass D, Rueckert S, Stoeck T, Dunthorn M. Consistent patterns of high alpha and low beta diversity in tropical parasitic and free-living protists. Mol Ecol 2018; 27:2846-2857. [PMID: 29851187 DOI: 10.1111/mec.14731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Revised: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Tropical animals and plants are known to have high alpha diversity within forests, but low beta diversity between forests. By contrast, it is unknown whether microbes inhabiting the same ecosystems exhibit similar biogeographic patterns. To evaluate the biogeographies of tropical protists, we used metabarcoding data of species sampled in the soils of three lowland Neotropical rainforests. Taxa-area and distance-decay relationships for three of the dominant protist taxa and their subtaxa were estimated at both the OTU and phylogenetic levels, with presence-absence and abundance-based measures. These estimates were compared to null models. High local alpha and low regional beta diversity patterns were consistently found for both the parasitic Apicomplexa and the largely free-living Cercozoa and Ciliophora. Similar to animals and plants, the protists showed spatial structures between forests at the OTU and phylogenetic levels, and only at the phylogenetic level within forests. These results suggest that the biogeographies of macro- and micro-organismal eukaryotes in lowland Neotropical rainforests are partially structured by the same general processes. However, and unlike the animals and plants, the protist OTUs did not exhibit spatial structures within forests, which hinders our ability to estimate the local and regional diversity of protists in tropical forests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Lentendu
- Department of Ecology, University of Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Frédéric Mahé
- Department of Ecology, University of Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany.,CIRAD, UMR LSTM, Montpellier, France
| | - David Bass
- Department of Life Sciences, The Natural History Museum London, London, UK.,Centre for Environment, Fisheries & Aquaculture Science (Cefas), Weymouth, Dorset, UK
| | - Sonja Rueckert
- School of Applied Sciences, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Thorsten Stoeck
- Department of Ecology, University of Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Micah Dunthorn
- Department of Ecology, University of Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany
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Rueckert S, Tsaousis AD. Report of the 2017 Protistology-UK Spring Meeting. Eur J Protistol 2017; 61:307-310. [PMID: 29173840 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejop.2017.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sonja Rueckert
- School of Applied Sciences, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh, UK.
| | - Anastasios D Tsaousis
- Laboratory of Molecular and Evolutionary Parasitology, RAPID group, School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, UK
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Rueckert S, Wakeman KC, Jenke-Kodama H, Leander BS. Molecular systematics of marine gregarine apicomplexans from Pacific tunicates, with descriptions of five novel species of Lankesteria. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2015; 65:2598-2614. [PMID: 25985834 DOI: 10.1099/ijs.0.000300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The eugregarines are a group of apicomplexan parasites that mostly infect the intestines of invertebrates. The high level of morphological variation found within and among species of eugregarines makes it difficult to find consistent and reliable traits that unite even closely related lineages. Based mostly on traits observed with light microscopy, the majority of described eugregarines from marine invertebrates has been classified into a single group, the Lecudinidae. Our understanding of the overall diversity and phylogenetic relationships of lecudinids is very poor, mainly because only a modest amount of exploratory research has been done on the group and very few species of lecudinids have been characterized at the molecular phylogenetic level. In an attempt to understand the diversity of marine gregarines better, we surveyed lecudinids that infect the intestines of Pacific ascidians (i.e. sea squirts) using ultrastructural and molecular phylogenetic approaches; currently, these species fall within one genus, Lankesteria. We collected lecudinid gregarines from six ascidian host species, and our data demonstrated that each host was infected by a different species of Lankesteria: (i) Lankesteria hesperidiiformis sp. nov., isolated from Distaplia occidentalis, (ii) Lankesteria metandrocarpae sp. nov., isolated from Metandrocarpa taylori, (iii) Lankesteria halocynthiae sp. nov., isolated from Halocynthia aurantium, (iv) Lankesteria herdmaniae sp. nov., isolated from Herdmania momus, (v) Lankesteria cf. ritterellae, isolated from Ritterella rubra, and (vi) Lankesteria didemni sp. nov., isolated from Didemnum vexillum. Visualization of the trophozoites with scanning electron microscopy showed that four of these species were covered with epicytic folds, whereas two of the species were covered with a dense pattern of epicytic knobs. The molecular phylogenetic data suggested that species of Lankesteria with surface knobs form a clade that is nested within a paraphyletic assemblage species of Lankesteria with epicytic folds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja Rueckert
- School of Life, Sport and Social Sciences, Edinburgh Napier University, Sighthill Campus, Sighthill Court, Edinburgh EH11 4BN, UK.,Shimoda Marine Research Center, University of Tsukuba, 5-10-1 Shimoda, 415-0025 Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Kevin C Wakeman
- Departments of Zoology and Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada.,Microbiology and Biochemistry of Secondary Metabolites Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology, 1919-1 Tancha, Kunigami, 904-0412 Okinawa, Japan
| | - Holger Jenke-Kodama
- Microbiology and Biochemistry of Secondary Metabolites Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology, 1919-1 Tancha, Kunigami, 904-0412 Okinawa, Japan
| | - Brian S Leander
- Departments of Zoology and Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
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Emde S, Rueckert S, Kochmann J, Knopf K, Sures B, Klimpel S. Nematode eel parasite found inside acanthocephalan cysts--a "Trojan horse" strategy? Parasit Vectors 2014; 7:504. [PMID: 25403767 PMCID: PMC4237763 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-014-0504-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Accepted: 10/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The invasive eel parasite Anguillicoloides crassus (syn. Anguillicola crassus) is considered one of the major causes for the decline of the European eel (Anguilla anguilla) panmictic population. It impairs the swim bladder function and reduces swimming performance of its host. The life cycle of this parasite involves different intermediate and paratenic hosts. Despite an efficient immune system of the paratenic fish hosts acting against infections with A. crassus, levels of parasitized eels remain high in European river systems. Recently, the round goby Neogobius melanostomus (Gobiidae) has become dominant in many rivers in Europe and is still spreading at a rapid pace. This highly invasive species might potentially act as an important, so far neglected paratenic fish host for A. crassus. METHODS Based on own observations and earlier single sightings of A. crassus in N. melanostomus, 60 fresh individuals of N. melanostomus were caught in the Rhine River and examined to assess the infection levels with metazoan parasites, especially A. crassus. Glycerin preparations were used for parasite identification. RESULTS The parasite most frequently found in N. melanostomus was the acanthocephalan Pomphorhynchus sp. (subadult stage) which occurred mainly encysted in the mesenteries and liver. Every third gobiid (P = 31.7%) was infected by A. crassus larvae (L3) which exclusively occurred inside the acanthocephalan cysts. No intact or degenerated larvae of A. crassus were detected elsewhere in the goby, neither in the body cavity and mesenteries nor in other organs. Affected cysts contained the acanthocephalan larvae and 1-12 (mI =3) living A. crassus larvae. Additionally, encysted larvae of the nematode Raphidascaris acus were detected in the gobies, but only in the body cavity and not inside the acanthocephalan cysts. CONCLUSIONS Based on our observations, we suggest that A. crassus might actively bypass the immune response of N. melanostomus by invading the cysts of acanthocephalan parasites of the genus Pomphorhynchus using them as "Trojan horses". Providing that eels prey on the highly abundant round goby and that the latter transfers viable infective larvae of A. crassus, the new paratenic host might have a strong impact on the epidemiology of A. crassus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Emde
- Goethe-University (GU), Institute for Ecology, Evolution and Diversity; Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (BiK-F), Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung (SGN), Max-von-Laue-Str. 13, D-60438, Frankfurt/ M, Germany.
| | - Sonja Rueckert
- School of Life, Sport and Social Sciences, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh, EH11 4BN, UK.
| | - Judith Kochmann
- Goethe-University (GU), Institute for Ecology, Evolution and Diversity; Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (BiK-F), Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung (SGN), Max-von-Laue-Str. 13, D-60438, Frankfurt/ M, Germany.
| | - Klaus Knopf
- Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Ecophysiology and Aquaculture, Müggelseedamm 310, D-132587, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Bernd Sures
- Faculty of Biology, Department of Aquatic Ecology, University Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstr. 5, D-45141, Essen, Germany.
| | - Sven Klimpel
- Goethe-University (GU), Institute for Ecology, Evolution and Diversity; Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (BiK-F), Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung (SGN), Max-von-Laue-Str. 13, D-60438, Frankfurt/ M, Germany.
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Emde S, Rueckert S, Kochmann J, Knopf K, Sures B, Klimpel S. Nematode eel parasite found inside acanthocephalan cysts ¿ a ¿Trojan horse¿ strategy? Parasit Vectors 2014. [DOI: 10.1186/preaccept-2046834240132835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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20
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Chantangsi C, Lynn DH, Rueckert S, Prokopowicz AJ, Panha S, Leander BS. Fusiforma themisticola n. gen., n. sp., a New Genus and Species of Apostome Ciliate Infecting the Hyperiid Amphipod Themisto libellula in the Canadian Beaufort Sea (Arctic Ocean), and Establishment of the Pseudocolliniidae (Ciliophora, Apostomatia). Protist 2013; 164:793-810. [DOI: 10.1016/j.protis.2013.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2013] [Revised: 08/08/2013] [Accepted: 09/16/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Adl SM, Simpson AGB, Lane CE, Lukeš J, Bass D, Bowser SS, Brown MW, Burki F, Dunthorn M, Hampl V, Heiss A, Hoppenrath M, Lara E, Le Gall L, Lynn DH, McManus H, Mitchell EAD, Mozley-Stanridge SE, Parfrey LW, Pawlowski J, Rueckert S, Shadwick L, Shadwick L, Schoch CL, Smirnov A, Spiegel FW. The revised classification of eukaryotes. J Eukaryot Microbiol 2013; 59:429-93. [PMID: 23020233 DOI: 10.1111/j.1550-7408.2012.00644.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 897] [Impact Index Per Article: 81.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
This revision of the classification of eukaryotes, which updates that of Adl et al. [J. Eukaryot. Microbiol. 52 (2005) 399], retains an emphasis on the protists and incorporates changes since 2005 that have resolved nodes and branches in phylogenetic trees. Whereas the previous revision was successful in re-introducing name stability to the classification, this revision provides a classification for lineages that were then still unresolved. The supergroups have withstood phylogenetic hypothesis testing with some modifications, but despite some progress, problematic nodes at the base of the eukaryotic tree still remain to be statistically resolved. Looking forward, subsequent transformations to our understanding of the diversity of life will be from the discovery of novel lineages in previously under-sampled areas and from environmental genomic information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sina M Adl
- Department of Soil Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5A8, Canada.
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Rueckert S, Wakeman KC, Leander BS. Discovery of a diverse clade of gregarine apicomplexans (Apicomplexa: Eugregarinorida) from Pacific eunicid and onuphid polychaetes, including descriptions of Paralecudina n. gen., Trichotokara japonica n. sp., and T. eunicae n. sp. J Eukaryot Microbiol 2013; 60:121-36. [PMID: 23347320 DOI: 10.1111/jeu.12015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2012] [Revised: 08/13/2012] [Accepted: 09/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Marine gregarines are poorly understood apicomplexan parasites with large trophozoites that inhabit the body cavities of marine invertebrates. Two novel species of gregarines were discovered in polychaete hosts collected in Canada and Japan. The trophozoites of Trichotokara japonica n. sp. were oval to rhomboidal shaped, and covered with longitudinal epicytic folds with a density of six to eight folds/micron. The nucleus was situated in the middle of the cell, and the mucron was elongated and covered with hair-like projections; antler-like projections also extended from the anterior tip of the mucron. The distinctively large trophozoites of Trichotokara eunicae n. sp. lacked an elongated mucron and had a tadpole-like cell shape consisting of a bulbous anterior region and a tapered tail-like posterior region. The cell surface was covered with longitudinal epicytic folds with a density of three to five folds/micron. Small subunit (SSU) rDNA sequences of both species were very divergent and formed a strongly supported clade with the recently described species Trichotokara nothriae and an environmental sequence (AB275074). This phylogenetic context combined with the morphological features of T. eunicae n. sp. required us to amend the description for Trichotokara. The sister clade to the Trichotokara clade consisted of environmental sequences and Lecudina polymorpha, which also possesses densely packed epicyctic folds (3-5 folds/micron) and a prominently elongated mucron. This improved morphological and molecular phylogenetic context justified the establishment of Paralecudina (ex. Lecudina) polymorpha n. gen. et comb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja Rueckert
- School of Life, Sport and Social Sciences, Edinburgh Napier University, Sighthill Campus, Sighthill Court, Edinburgh EH11 4BN, UK.
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Mita K, Kawai N, Rueckert S, Sasakura Y. Large-scale infection of the ascidian Ciona intestinalis by the gregarine Lankesteria ascidiae in an inland culture system. Dis Aquat Organ 2012; 101:185-195. [PMID: 23324415 DOI: 10.3354/dao02534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
An important way to keep transgenic and mutant lines of the ascidian Ciona intestinalis, a model system for e.g. genetic functions, in laboratories is via culturing systems. Here we report a disease of C. intestinalis observed in an inland culturing system. The disease, called 'long feces syndrome,' is expressed in affected animals by the following characteristic symptoms of the digestive system: (1) excretion of long and thin feces, (2) pale color of the stomach, and (3) congestion of the digestive tube by digested material. Severely diseased animals usually die within a week after the first symptoms occur, implying a high risk of this disease for ascidian culturing systems. The digestive tubes of the diseased animals are occupied by the gregarine apicomplexan parasite Lankesteria ascidiae, suggesting that large-scale infection by this parasite is the cause of long feces syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaoru Mita
- Shimoda Marine Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Shimoda, Shizuoka 415-0025, Japan
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Rueckert S, Villette PMAH, Leander BS. Species boundaries in gregarine apicomplexan parasites: a case study-comparison of morphometric and molecular variability in Lecudina cf. tuzetae (Eugregarinorida, Lecudinidae). J Eukaryot Microbiol 2011; 58:275-83. [PMID: 21569160 DOI: 10.1111/j.1550-7408.2011.00553.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Trophozoites of gregarine apicomplexans are large feeding cells with diverse morphologies that have played a prominent role in gregarine systematics. The range of variability in trophozoite shapes and sizes can be very high even within a single species depending on developmental stages and host environmental conditions; this makes the delimitation of different species of gregarines based on morphological criteria alone very difficult. Accordingly, comparisons of morphological variability and molecular variability in gregarines are necessary to provide a pragmatic framework for establishing species boundaries within this diverse and poorly understood group of parasites. We investigated the morphological and molecular variability present in the gregarine Lecudina cf. tuzetae from the intestines of Nereis vexillosa (Polychaeta) collected in two different locations in Canada. Three distinct morphotypes of trophozoites were identified and the small subunit (SSU) rDNA was sequenced either from multicell isolates of the same morphotype or from single cells. The aim of this investigation was to determine whether the different morphotypes and localities reflected phylogenetic relatedness as inferred from the SSU rDNA sequence data. Phylogenetic analyses of the SSU rDNA demonstrated that the new sequences did not cluster according to morphotype or locality and instead were intermingled within a strongly supported clade. A comparison of 1,657 bp from 45 new sequences demonstrated divergences between 0% and 3.9%. These data suggest that it is necessary to acquire both morphological and molecular data in order to effectively delimit the "clouds" of variation associated with each gregarine species and to unambiguously reidentify these species in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja Rueckert
- Department of Botany, Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, Program in Integrated Microbial Biodiversity, University of British Columbia, #3529-6270 University Boulevard, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z4.
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Rueckert S, Simdyanov TG, Aleoshin VV, Leander BS. Identification of a divergent environmental DNA sequence clade using the phylogeny of gregarine parasites (Apicomplexa) from crustacean hosts. PLoS One 2011; 6:e18163. [PMID: 21483868 PMCID: PMC3069048 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0018163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2010] [Accepted: 02/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Environmental SSU rDNA surveys have significantly improved our understanding of microeukaryotic diversity. Many of the sequences acquired using this approach are closely related to lineages previously characterized at both morphological and molecular levels, making interpretation of these data relatively straightforward. Some sequences, by contrast, appear to be phylogenetic orphans and are sometimes inferred to represent "novel lineages" of unknown cellular identity. Consequently, interpretation of environmental DNA surveys of cellular diversity rely on an adequately comprehensive database of DNA sequences derived from identified species. Several major taxa of microeukaryotes, however, are still very poorly represented in these databases, and this is especially true for diverse groups of single-celled parasites, such as gregarine apicomplexans. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS This study attempts to address this paucity of dna sequence data by characterizing four different gregarine species, isolated from the intestines of crustaceans, at both morphological and molecular levels: Thiriotia pugettiae sp. n. from the graceful kelp crab (Pugettia gracilis), Cephaloidophora cf. communis from two different species of barnacles (Balanus glandula and B. balanus), Heliospora cf. longissima from two different species of freshwater amphipods (Eulimnogammarus verrucosus and E. vittatus), and Heliospora caprellae comb. n. from a skeleton shrimp (Caprella alaskana). SSU rDNA sequences were acquired from isolates of these gregarine species and added to a global apicomplexan alignment containing all major groups of gregarines characterized so far. Molecular phylogenetic analyses of these data demonstrated that all of the gregarines collected from crustacean hosts formed a very strongly supported clade with 48 previously unidentified environmental DNA sequences. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE This expanded molecular phylogenetic context enabled us to establish a major clade of intestinal gregarine parasites and infer the cellular identities of several previously unidentified environmental SSU rDNA sequences, including several sequences that have formerly been discussed broadly in the literature as a suspected "novel" lineage of eukaryotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja Rueckert
- Program in Integrated Microbial Biodiversity, Departments of Botany and Zoology, Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Shimoda Marine Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Shimoda, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Timur G. Simdyanov
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Biological Faculty, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Vladimir V. Aleoshin
- Department of Evolutionary Biochemistry, Belozersky Institute for Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Brian S. Leander
- Program in Integrated Microbial Biodiversity, Departments of Botany and Zoology, Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- * E-mail:
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Prokopowicz AJ, Rueckert S, Leander BS, Michaud J, Fortier L. Parasitic infection of the hyperiid amphipod Themisto libellula in the Canadian Beaufort Sea (Arctic Ocean), with a description of Ganymedes themistos sp. n. (Apicomplexa, Eugregarinorida). Polar Biol 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s00300-010-0821-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Rueckert S, Leander BS. Molecular phylogeny and surface morphology of marine archigregarines (Apicomplexa), Selenidium spp., Filipodium phascolosomae n. sp., and Platyproteum n. g. and comb. from North-Eastern Pacific peanut worms (Sipuncula). J Eukaryot Microbiol 2009; 56:428-39. [PMID: 19737195 DOI: 10.1111/j.1550-7408.2009.00422.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The trophozoites of two novel archigregarines, Selenidium pisinnus n. sp. and Filipodium phascolosomae n. sp., were described from the sipunculid Phascolosoma agassizii. The trophozoites of S. pisinnus n. sp. were relatively small (64-100 microm long and 9-25 microm wide), had rounded ends, and had about 21 epicytic folds per side. The trophozoites of F. phascolosomae n. sp. were highly irregular in shape and possessed hair-like surface projections. The trophozoites of this species were 85-142 microm long and 40-72 microm wide and possessed a distinct longitudinal ridge that extended from the mucron to the posterior end of the cell. In addition to the small subunit (SSU) rDNA sequences of these two species, we also characterized the surface morphology and SSU rDNA sequence of Selenidium orientale, isolated from the sipunculid Themiste pyroides. Molecular phylogenetic analyses demonstrated that S. pisinnus n. sp. and S. orientale formed a strongly supported clade within other Selenidium and archigregarine-like environmental sequences. Filipodium phascolosomae n. sp. formed the nearest sister lineage to the dynamic, tape-like gregarine Selenidium vivax. Overall, these data enabled us to reassess the molecular systematics of archigregarines within sipunculid hosts and make the following revisions: (1) Filipodium was transferred from the Lecudinidae (eugregarines) to the Selenidiidae (archigregarines), and (2) Platyproteum n. g. was established for Platyproteum vivax n. comb. (ex. S. vivax) in order to account for the highly divergent morphological features and better resolved phylogenetic position of this lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja Rueckert
- Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, Departments of Botany and Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
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Rueckert S, Leander BS. Morphology and phylogenetic position of two novel marine gregarines (Apicomplexa, Eugregarinorida) from the intestines of North-eastern Pacific ascidians. ZOOL SCR 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1463-6409.2008.00346.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Rueckert S, Leander BS. Morphology and molecular phylogeny of Haplozoon praxillellae n. sp. (Dinoflagellata): A novel intestinal parasite of the maldanid polychaete Praxillella pacifica Berkeley. Eur J Protistol 2008; 44:299-307. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejop.2008.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2007] [Revised: 04/03/2008] [Accepted: 04/05/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Rueckert S, Wirtz R, Lenhard M, Hasmueller S, Ditsch N, Ruehl I, Kahlert S, Bauerfeind I, Fasching P, Untch M. Microtubule-associated protein tau is a marker of pathological complete response in Her-2/neu positive neoadjuvant treated breast cancer patients. EJC Suppl 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/s1359-6349(08)70793-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Abstract
Trastuzumab (Herceptin; Genentech, Inc., CA, USA) is a humanized monoclonal antibody developed to target the HER-2/neu receptor, which is overexpressed in 20 - 25% of breast carcinomas. Clinical studies showed that trastuzumab is effective as single-agent therapy and that it has greater antitumour activity in combination with chemotherapy than chemotherapy alone in metastatic breast cancer. The indication for trastuzumab monotherapy and the combination with various chemotherapy agents is country-specific and is largely based on trials of efficacy and safety. Patients with a HER-2/neu overexpression level of 3+, determined by immunohistochemical assay or amplification using fluorescence in situ hybridisation, derive most clinical benefit from trastuzumab. Trastuzumab is generally well-tolerated. Cardiotoxicity is the main concern; thus, monitoring of cardiac function is recommended. Ongoing trials investigate the role of trastuzumab in the adjuvant and neoadjuvant settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Rueckert
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Klinikum Grosshadern, Ludwig-Maximilians University of Munich, Marchioninistr. 15, 81377 Munich, Germany.
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