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Yoth M, Maupetit-Méhouas S, Akkouche A, Gueguen N, Bertin B, Jensen S, Brasset E. Reactivation of a somatic errantivirus and germline invasion in Drosophila ovaries. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6096. [PMID: 37773253 PMCID: PMC10541861 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41733-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Most Drosophila transposable elements are LTR retrotransposons, some of which belong to the genus Errantivirus and share structural and functional characteristics with vertebrate endogenous retroviruses. Like endogenous retroviruses, it is unclear whether errantiviruses retain some infectivity and transposition capacity. We created conditions where control of the Drosophila ZAM errantivirus through the piRNA pathway was abolished leading to its de novo reactivation in somatic gonadal cells. After reactivation, ZAM invaded the oocytes and severe fertility defects were observed. While ZAM expression persists in the somatic gonadal cells, the germline then set up its own adaptive genomic immune response by producing piRNAs against the constantly invading errantivirus, restricting invasion. Our results suggest that although errantiviruses are continuously repressed by the piRNA pathway, they may retain their ability to infect the germline and transpose, thus allowing them to efficiently invade the germline if they are expressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianne Yoth
- iGReD, Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, INSERM, Faculté de Médecine, 63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | | | - Abdou Akkouche
- iGReD, Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, INSERM, Faculté de Médecine, 63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Nathalie Gueguen
- iGReD, Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, INSERM, Faculté de Médecine, 63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Benjamin Bertin
- LIMAGRAIN EUROPE, Centre de recherche, 63720, Chappes, France
| | - Silke Jensen
- iGReD, Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, INSERM, Faculté de Médecine, 63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France.
| | - Emilie Brasset
- iGReD, Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, INSERM, Faculté de Médecine, 63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France.
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Proprotein convertases regulate trafficking and maturation of key proteins within the secretory pathway. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY AND STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2023; 133:1-54. [PMID: 36707198 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apcsb.2022.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Proprotein Convertases (PCs) are serine endoproteases that regulate the homeostasis of protein substrates in the cell. The PCs family counts 9 members-PC1/3, PC2, PC4, PACE4, PC5/6, PC7, Furin, SKI-1/S1P, and PCSK9. The first seven PCs are known as Basic Proprotein Convertases due to their propensity to cleave after polybasic clusters. SKI-1/S1P requires the additional presence of hydrophobic residues for processing, whereas PCSK9 is catalytically dead after autoactivation and exerts its functions using mechanisms alternative to direct cleavage. All PCs traffic through the canonical secretory pathway, reaching different compartments where the various substrates reside. Despite PCs members do not share the same subcellular localization, most of the cellular organelles count one or more Proprotein Convertases, including ER, Golgi stack, endosomes, secretory granules, and plasma membranes. The widespread expression of these enzymes at the systemic level speaks for their importance in the homeostasis of a large number of biological functions. Among others, PCs cleave precursors of hormones and growth factors and activate receptors and transcription factors. Notably, dysregulation of the enzymatic activity of Proprotein Convertases is associated to major human pathologies, such as cardiovascular diseases, cancer, diabetes, infections, inflammation, autoimmunity diseases, and Parkinson. In the current COVID-19 pandemic, Furin has further attracted the attention as a key player for conferring high pathogenicity to SARS-CoV-2. Here, we review the Proprotein Convertases family and their most important substrates along the secretory pathway. Knowledge about the complex functions of PCs is important to identify potential drug strategies targeting this class of enzymes.
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The antifungal activity of a serine protease and the enzyme production of characteristics of Bacillus licheniformis TG116. Arch Microbiol 2022; 204:601. [PMID: 36057891 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-022-03216-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The growth of Phytophthora capsica, Rhizoctonia solani, Fusarium graminearum, Fusarium oxysporum and Botrytis cinerea were all inhibited by the fermentation supernatant of Bacillus licheniformis TG116, a biocontrol strain isolated from Typhonium giganteum Engl. previously with broad-spectrum resistance to plant pathogens. The fermentation supernatant of the TG116 has a great stability on temperature and UV, and shows the biological activity of protease and cellulase. The antifungal protease produced by B. licheniformis TG116 was purified to homogeneity by ammonium sulfate precipitation, DEAE Sepharose Fast Flow column chromatography and Sephadex G-50 column chromatography. The inhibition of protease by the three surfactants increased with increasing concentration inhibition. Among these surfactants, EDTA showed the strongest inhibition, with only 25% protein activity at a concentration of 1.1 mmol·L-1. Gene amplification verified the presence of a gene fragment of serine protease in the strain TG116. The antimicrobial substance isolated from the fermentation broth of TG116 is a serine protease component.
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Muqaku B, Oeckl P. Peptidomic Approaches and Observations in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23137332. [PMID: 35806335 PMCID: PMC9266836 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23137332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Mass spectrometry (MS), with its immense technological developments over the last two decades, has emerged as an unavoidable technique in analyzing biomolecules such as proteins and peptides. Its multiplexing capability and explorative approach make it a valuable tool for analyzing complex clinical samples concerning biomarker research and investigating pathophysiological mechanisms. Peptides regulate various biological processes, and several of them play a critical role in many disease-related pathological conditions. One important example in neurodegenerative diseases is the accumulation of amyloid-beta peptides (Aβ) in the brain of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) patients. When investigating brain function and brain-related pathologies, such as neurodegenerative diseases, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) represents the most suitable sample because of its direct contact with the brain. In this review, we evaluate publications applying peptidomics analysis to CSF samples, focusing on neurodegenerative diseases. We describe the methodology of peptidomics analysis and give an overview of the achievements of CSF peptidomics over the years. Finally, publications reporting peptides regulated in AD are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Besnik Muqaku
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE e.V.), 89081 Ulm, Germany;
| | - Patrick Oeckl
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE e.V.), 89081 Ulm, Germany;
- Department of Neurology, Ulm University Hospital, 89081 Ulm, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-731-500-63143
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Testicular Germ Cell Tumours and Proprotein Convertases. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14071633. [PMID: 35406405 PMCID: PMC8996948 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14071633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Despite the high survival rate of the most common neoplasia in young Caucasian men: Testicular Germ Cell Tumors (TGCT), the quality of life of these patients is impaired by the multiple long-term side effects of their treatment. The study of molecules that can serve both as diagnostic biomarkers for tumor development and as therapeutic targets seems necessary. Proprotein convertases (PC) are a group of proteases responsible for the maturation of inactive proproteins with very diverse functions, whose alterations in expression have been associated with various diseases, such as other types of cancer and inflammation. The study of the immune tumor microenvironment and the substrates of PCs could contribute to the development of new and necessary immunotherapies to treat this pathology. Abstract Testicular Germ Cell Tumours (TGCT) are widely considered a “curable cancer” due to their exceptionally high survival rate, even if it is reduced by many years after the diagnosis due to metastases and relapses. The most common therapeutic approach to TGCTs has not changed in the last 50 years despite its multiple long-term side effects, and because it is the most common malignancy in young Caucasian men, much research is needed to better the quality of life of the many survivors. Proprotein Convertases (PC) are nine serine proteases responsible for the maturation of inactive proproteins with many diverse functions. Alterations in their expression have been associated with various diseases, including cancer and inflammation. Many of their substrates are adhesion molecules, metalloproteases and proinflammatory molecules, all of which are involved in tumour development. Inhibition of certain convertases has also been shown to slow tumour formation, demonstrating their involvement in this process. Considering the very established link between PCs and inflammation-related malignancies and the recent studies carried out into the immune microenvironment of TGCTs, the study of the involvement of PCs in testicular cancer may open up avenues for being both a biomarker for diagnosis and a therapeutic target.
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A transcriptome-based association study of growth, wood quality, and oleoresin traits in a slash pine breeding population. PLoS Genet 2022; 18:e1010017. [PMID: 35108269 PMCID: PMC8843129 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1010017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Slash pine (Pinus elliottii Engelm.) is an important timber and resin species in the United States, China, Brazil and other countries. Understanding the genetic basis of these traits will accelerate its breeding progress. We carried out a genome-wide association study (GWAS), transcriptome-wide association study (TWAS) and weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) for growth, wood quality, and oleoresin traits using 240 unrelated individuals from a Chinese slash pine breeding population. We developed high quality 53,229 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Our analysis reveals three main results: (1) the Chinese breeding population can be divided into three genetic groups with a mean inbreeding coefficient of 0.137; (2) 32 SNPs significantly were associated with growth and oleoresin traits, accounting for the phenotypic variance ranging from 12.3% to 21.8% and from 10.6% to 16.7%, respectively; and (3) six genes encoding PeTLP, PeAP2/ERF, PePUP9, PeSLP, PeHSP, and PeOCT1 proteins were identified and validated by quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction for their association with growth and oleoresin traits. These results could be useful for tree breeding and functional studies in advanced slash pine breeding program. Slash pine is an important source of original timber and resin production on commercial forest plantations. It is necessary to implement precise breeding strategies to improve timber quality and resin yield. However, little is known about the species’ molecular genetic basis. Using a transcriptome dataset with sequencing from 240 individuals in the slash pine population, we combined multiple approaches (based on gene variation, expression variation and co-expression network) to dissect the genetic structure for slash pine major breeding traits. We found that the research population could be divided into three genetic groups with a mean heterozygosity of 0.2246. We also found that six genes with important functions in slash pine resin synthesis and timber formation through association studies. Four new SNPs associatation with the average ring width were also discovered. Our results provide new insights into the molecular genetic basis of important traits in slash pine and provide a comprehensive method for association analyses of conifer tree species with large genome.
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Jarvela TS, Shakya M, Bachor T, White A, Low MJ, Lindberg I. Reduced Stability and pH-Dependent Activity of a Common Obesity-Linked PCSK1 Polymorphism, N221D. Endocrinology 2019; 160:2630-2645. [PMID: 31504391 PMCID: PMC6892424 DOI: 10.1210/en.2019-00418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Common mutations in the human prohormone convertase (PC)1/3 gene (PCKSI) are linked to increased risk of obesity. Previous work has shown that the rs6232 single-nucleotide polymorphism (N221D) results in slightly decreased activity, although whether this decrease underlies obesity risk is not clear. We observed significantly decreased activity of the N221D PC1/3 enzyme at the pH of the trans-Golgi network; at this pH, the mutant enzyme was less stable than wild-type enzyme. Recombinant N221D PC1/3 also showed enhanced susceptibility to heat stress. Enhanced susceptibility to tunicamycin-induced endoplasmic reticulum stress was observed in AtT-20/PC2 cell clones in which murine PC1/3 was replaced by human N221D PC1/3, as compared with wild-type human PC1/3. However, N221D PC1/3-expressing AtT-20/PC2 clones processed proopiomelanocortin to α-MSH similarly to wild-type PC1/3. We also generated a CRISPR-edited mouse line expressing the N221D mutation in the PCKSI gene. When homozygous N221D mice were fed either a standard or a high-fat diet, we found no increase in body weight compared with their wild-type sibling controls. Sexual dimorphism was observed in pituitary ACTH for both genotypes, with females exhibiting lower levels of pituitary ACTH. In contrast, hypothalamic α-MSH content for both genotypes was higher in females compared with males. Hypothalamic corticotropin-like intermediate peptide content was higher in wild-type females compared with wild-type, but not N221D, males. Taken together, these data suggest that the increased obesity risk linked to the N221D allele in humans may be due in part to PC1/3-induced loss of resilience to stressors rather than strictly to decreased enzymatic activity on peptide precursors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy S Jarvela
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Surbhi
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Manita Shakya
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Tomas Bachor
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Anne White
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Gastroenterology, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Malcolm J Low
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Iris Lindberg
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Correspondence: Iris Lindberg, PhD, Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 20 Penn Street, Room S267, Baltimore, Maryland 21210. E-mail:
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Dahril, Aulanni'am, Keumala V, Mustafa A. Human spermatozoa anti-proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 4 synthesis using New Zealand rabbit for novel immunocontraception in males. Investig Clin Urol 2019; 60:303-311. [PMID: 31294140 PMCID: PMC6607073 DOI: 10.4111/icu.2019.60.4.303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 4 (PCSK4, a 54-kDa protease) is expressed in the plasma membrane of the acrosome in human spermatozoa. It plays a critical role in penetrating the zona pellucida. Synthesis of human anti-PCSK4 might be important for novel male immunocontraception. Materials and Methods We used semen from adult males as the source of antigen (acrosomal PCSK4). Isolation and antigen characterization were done by immunohistochemistry followed by electrophoresis. Purification of PCSK4 was done by the electroelution method, followed by immunization with an animal model (Oryctolagus cuniculus). Antibody was collected, purified, and tested by using Western blot and dot blot. Antibody in vitro potential testing was performed on human spermatozoa by laser scanning microscopy with rhodamine stain under a light microscope and on rat spermatozoa. Results Human anti-PCSK4 bound with PCSK4 on the head of human spermatozoa and could interfere with rat spermatozoa activity to penetrate the oocyte. Conclusions The result of this study can be used as a basis to develop new immunocontraceptives targeted towards males. This study shows that antibodies from induction of PCSK4 from spermatozoa may hinder fertilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dahril
- Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Dr. Zainoel Abidin General Hospital, Banda Aceh, Indonesia
| | - Aulanni'am
- Department of Science, Universitas Brawijaya, Malang, Indonesia
| | - Vivi Keumala
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Dr. Zainoel Abidin General Hospital, Banda Aceh, Indonesia
| | - Akhmad Mustafa
- Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Hasan Sadikin Hospital, Bandung, Indonesia
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Harno E, Gali Ramamoorthy T, Coll AP, White A. POMC: The Physiological Power of Hormone Processing. Physiol Rev 2019; 98:2381-2430. [PMID: 30156493 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00024.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) is the archetypal polypeptide precursor of hormones and neuropeptides. In this review, we examine the variability in the individual peptides produced in different tissues and the impact of the simultaneous presence of their precursors or fragments. We also discuss the problems inherent in accurately measuring which of the precursors and their derived peptides are present in biological samples. We address how not being able to measure all the combinations of precursors and fragments quantitatively has affected our understanding of the pathophysiology associated with POMC processing. To understand how different ratios of peptides arise, we describe the role of the pro-hormone convertases (PCs) and their tissue specificities and consider the cellular processing pathways which enable regulated secretion of different peptides that play crucial roles in integrating a range of vital physiological functions. In the pituitary, correct processing of POMC peptides is essential to maintain the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, and this processing can be disrupted in POMC-expressing tumors. In hypothalamic neurons expressing POMC, abnormalities in processing critically impact on the regulation of appetite, energy homeostasis, and body composition. More work is needed to understand whether expression of the POMC gene in a tissue equates to release of bioactive peptides. We suggest that this comprehensive view of POMC processing, with a focus on gaining a better understanding of the combination of peptides produced and their relative bioactivity, is a necessity for all involved in studying this fascinating physiological regulatory phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Harno
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Gastrointestinal Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester , Manchester , United Kingdom ; and MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science , Cambridge , United Kingdom
| | - Thanuja Gali Ramamoorthy
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Gastrointestinal Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester , Manchester , United Kingdom ; and MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science , Cambridge , United Kingdom
| | - Anthony P Coll
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Gastrointestinal Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester , Manchester , United Kingdom ; and MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science , Cambridge , United Kingdom
| | - Anne White
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Gastrointestinal Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester , Manchester , United Kingdom ; and MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science , Cambridge , United Kingdom
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Novel Antimicrobial Peptides from the Arctic Polychaeta Nicomache minor Provide New Molecular Insight into Biological Role of the BRICHOS Domain. Mar Drugs 2018; 16:md16110401. [PMID: 30360541 PMCID: PMC6265681 DOI: 10.3390/md16110401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2018] [Revised: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Endogenous antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are among the earliest molecular factors in the evolution of animal innate immunity. In this study, novel AMPs named nicomicins were identified in the small marine polychaeta Nicomache minor in the Maldanidae family. Full-length mRNA sequences encoded 239-residue prepropeptides consisting of a putative signal sequence region, the BRICHOS domain within an acidic proregion, and 33-residue mature cationic peptides. Nicomicin-1 was expressed in the bacterial system, and its spatial structure was analyzed by circular dichroism and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Nicomicins are unique among polychaeta AMPs scaffolds, combining an amphipathic N-terminal α-helix and C-terminal extended part with a six-residue loop stabilized by a disulfide bridge. This structural arrangement resembles the Rana-box motif observed in the α-helical host-defense peptides isolated from frog skin. Nicomicin-1 exhibited strong in vitro antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive bacteria at submicromolar concentrations. The main mechanism of nicomicin-1 action is based on membrane damage but not on the inhibition of bacterial translation. The peptide possessed cytotoxicity against cancer and normal adherent cells as well as toward human erythrocytes.
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Figueiredo J, Sousa Silva M, Figueiredo A. Subtilisin-like proteases in plant defence: the past, the present and beyond. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2018; 19:1017-1028. [PMID: 28524452 PMCID: PMC6638164 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Revised: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 05/13/2017] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Subtilisin-like proteases (or subtilases) are a very diverse family of serine peptidases present in many organisms, but mostly in plants. With a broad spectrum of biological functions, ranging from protein turnover and plant development to interactions with the environment, subtilases have been gaining increasing attention with regard to their involvement in plant defence responses against the most diverse pathogens. Over the last 5 years, the number of published studies associating plant subtilases with pathogen resistance and plant immunity has increased tremendously. In addition, the observation of subtilases and serine protease inhibitors secreted by pathogens has also gained prominence. In this review, we focus on the active participation of subtilases in the interactions established by plants with the environment, highlighting their role in plant-pathogen communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Figueiredo
- Biosystems & Integrative Sciences Institute (BioISI)Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de LisboaLisbon 1749‐016Portugal
- Laboratório de FTICR e Espectrometria de Massa EstruturalFaculdade de Ciências da Universidade de LisboaLisbon 1749‐016Portugal
- Centro de Química e BioquímicaFaculdade de Ciências da Universidade de LisboaLisbon 1749‐016Portugal
| | - Marta Sousa Silva
- Laboratório de FTICR e Espectrometria de Massa EstruturalFaculdade de Ciências da Universidade de LisboaLisbon 1749‐016Portugal
- Centro de Química e BioquímicaFaculdade de Ciências da Universidade de LisboaLisbon 1749‐016Portugal
| | - Andreia Figueiredo
- Biosystems & Integrative Sciences Institute (BioISI)Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de LisboaLisbon 1749‐016Portugal
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Johnson TK, Henstridge MA, Warr CG. MACPF/CDC proteins in development: Insights from Drosophila torso-like. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2017; 72:163-170. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2017.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Revised: 05/01/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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13
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Małuch I, Levesque C, Kwiatkowska A, Couture F, Ly K, Desjardins R, Neugebauer WA, Prahl A, Day R. Positional Scanning Identifies the Molecular Determinants of a High Affinity Multi-Leucine Inhibitor for Furin and PACE4. J Med Chem 2017; 60:2732-2744. [PMID: 28287731 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b01499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The proprotein convertase family of enzymes includes seven endoproteases with significant redundancy in their cleavage activity. We previously described the peptide Ac-LLLLRVK-Amba that displays potent inhibitory effects on both PACE4 and prostate cancer cell lines proliferation. Herein, the molecular determinants for PACE4 and furin inhibition were investigated by positional scanning using peptide libraries that substituted its leucine core with each natural amino acid. We determined that the incorporation of basic amino acids led to analogues with improved inhibitory potency toward both enzymes, whereas negatively charged residues significantly reduced it. All the remaining amino acids were in general well tolerated, with the exemption of the P6 position. However, not all of the potent PACE4 inhibitors displayed antiproliferative activity. The best analogues were obtained by the incorporation of the Ile residue at the P5 and P6 positions. These substitutions led to inhibitors with increased PACE4 selectivity and potent antiproliferative effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izabela Małuch
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk , 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Christine Levesque
- Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke , 3001 12e Avenue Nord, Sherbrooke J1H 5N4, Canada.,Département de Chirurgie/Urologie, Centre Hospitalier Université de Sherbrooke , 3001 12e Avenue Nord, J1H 5N4 Sherbrooke, Canada
| | - Anna Kwiatkowska
- Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke , 3001 12e Avenue Nord, Sherbrooke J1H 5N4, Canada.,Département de Chirurgie/Urologie, Centre Hospitalier Université de Sherbrooke , 3001 12e Avenue Nord, J1H 5N4 Sherbrooke, Canada
| | - Frédéric Couture
- Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke , 3001 12e Avenue Nord, Sherbrooke J1H 5N4, Canada.,Département de Chirurgie/Urologie, Centre Hospitalier Université de Sherbrooke , 3001 12e Avenue Nord, J1H 5N4 Sherbrooke, Canada
| | - Kévin Ly
- Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke , 3001 12e Avenue Nord, Sherbrooke J1H 5N4, Canada.,Département de Chirurgie/Urologie, Centre Hospitalier Université de Sherbrooke , 3001 12e Avenue Nord, J1H 5N4 Sherbrooke, Canada
| | - Roxane Desjardins
- Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke , 3001 12e Avenue Nord, Sherbrooke J1H 5N4, Canada.,Département de Chirurgie/Urologie, Centre Hospitalier Université de Sherbrooke , 3001 12e Avenue Nord, J1H 5N4 Sherbrooke, Canada
| | - Witold A Neugebauer
- Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke , 3001 12e Avenue Nord, Sherbrooke J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Adam Prahl
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk , 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Robert Day
- Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke , 3001 12e Avenue Nord, Sherbrooke J1H 5N4, Canada.,Département de Chirurgie/Urologie, Centre Hospitalier Université de Sherbrooke , 3001 12e Avenue Nord, J1H 5N4 Sherbrooke, Canada
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López M, Gómez E, Faye C, Gerentes D, Paul W, Royo J, Hueros G, Muñiz LM. zmsbt1 and zmsbt2, two new subtilisin-like serine proteases genes expressed in early maize kernel development. PLANTA 2017; 245:409-424. [PMID: 27830397 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-016-2615-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Two subtilisin-like proteases show highly specific and complementary expression patterns in developing grains. These genes label the complete surface of the filial-maternal interface, suggesting a role in filial epithelial differentiation. The cereal endosperm is the most important source of nutrition and raw materials for mankind, as well as the storage compartment enabling initial growth of the germinating plantlets. The development of the different cell types in this tissue is regulated environmentally, genetically and epigenetically, resulting in the formation of top-bottom, adaxial-abaxial and surface-central axes. However, the mechanisms governing the interactions among the different inputs are mostly unknown. We have screened a kernel cDNA library for tissue-specific transcripts as initial step to identify genes relevant in cell differentiation. We report here on the isolation of two maize subtilisin-related genes that show grain-specific, surficial expression. zmsbt1 (Zea mays Subtilisin1) is expressed at the developing aleurone in a time-regulated manner, while zmsbt2 concentrates at the pedicel in front of the endosperm basal transfer layer. We have shown that their presence, early in the maize caryopsis development, is dependent on proper initial tissue determination, and have isolated their promoters to produce transgenic reporter lines that assist in the study of their regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maribel López
- Departamento Biomedicina and Biotecnología (Genética), Universidad de Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Spain
| | - Elisa Gómez
- Departamento Biomedicina and Biotecnología (Genética), Universidad de Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Spain
| | - Christian Faye
- GM Trait Discovery, Biogemma, Centre de Recherche de Chappes, Chappes, France
| | - Denise Gerentes
- GM Trait Discovery, Biogemma, Centre de Recherche de Chappes, Chappes, France
| | - Wyatt Paul
- GM Trait Discovery, Biogemma, Centre de Recherche de Chappes, Chappes, France
| | - Joaquín Royo
- Departamento Biomedicina and Biotecnología (Genética), Universidad de Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Spain
| | - Gregorio Hueros
- Departamento Biomedicina and Biotecnología (Genética), Universidad de Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Spain.
| | - Luis M Muñiz
- Departamento Biomedicina and Biotecnología (Genética), Universidad de Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Spain
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15
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Nøhr AC, Shehata MA, Hauser AS, Isberg V, Mokrosinski J, Andersen KB, Farooqi IS, Pedersen DS, Gloriam DE, Bräuner-Osborne H. The orphan G protein-coupled receptor GPR139 is activated by the peptides: Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), α-, and β-melanocyte stimulating hormone (α-MSH, and β-MSH), and the conserved core motif HFRW. Neurochem Int 2016; 102:105-113. [PMID: 27916541 PMCID: PMC5218887 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2016.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Revised: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
GPR139 is an orphan G protein-coupled receptor that is expressed primarily in the brain. Not much is known regarding the function of GPR139. Recently we have shown that GPR139 is activated by the amino acids l-tryptophan and l-phenylalanine (EC50 values of 220 μM and 320 μM, respectively), as well as di-peptides comprised of aromatic amino acids. This led us to hypothesize that GPR139 may be activated by peptides. Sequence alignment of the binding cavities of all class A GPCRs, revealed that the binding pocket of the melanocortin 4 receptor is similar to that of GPR139. Based on the chemogenomics principle “similar targets bind similar ligands”, we tested three known endogenous melanocortin 4 receptor agonists; adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and α- and β-melanocyte stimulating hormone (α-MSH and β-MSH) on CHO-k1 cells stably expressing the human GPR139 in a Fluo-4 Ca2+-assay. All three peptides, as well as their conserved core motif HFRW, were found to activate GPR139 in the low micromolar range. Moreover, we found that peptides consisting of nine or ten N-terminal residues of α-MSH activate GPR139 in the submicromolar range. α-MSH1-9 was found to correspond to the product of a predicted cleavage site in the pre-pro-protein pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC). Our results demonstrate that GPR139 is a peptide receptor, activated by ACTH, α-MSH, β-MSH, the conserved core motif HFRW as well as a potential endogenous peptide α-MSH1-9. Further studies are needed to determine the functional relevance of GPR139 mediated signaling by these peptides. Using GPCRdb we found that the binding cavity of GPR139 is 49% similar to MC4R. ACTH, α-MSH and β-MSH activate GPR139 in the low μM-range. We predicted a novel possible cleavage site in POMC leading to the peptide α-MSH1-9. α-MSH1-9 activates GPR139 in the high nM range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Cathrine Nøhr
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mohamed A Shehata
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Alexander S Hauser
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Vignir Isberg
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jacek Mokrosinski
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Kirsten B Andersen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - I Sadaf Farooqi
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel Sejer Pedersen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - David E Gloriam
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Hans Bräuner-Osborne
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
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16
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Wang X, Zhang MM, Wang YJ, Gao YT, Li R, Wang GF, Li WQ, Liu WT, Chen KM. The plasma membrane NADPH oxidase OsRbohA plays a crucial role in developmental regulation and drought-stress response in rice. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2016; 156:421-43. [PMID: 26400148 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.12389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Revised: 07/19/2015] [Accepted: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Plasma membrane NADPH oxidases are major producers of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in plant cells under normal growth and stress conditions. In the present study the total activity of rice NADPH oxidases and the transcription of OsRbohA, which encodes an Oryza sativa plasma membrane NADPH oxidase, were stimulated by drought. OsRbohA was expressed in all tissues examined throughout development. Its mRNA was upregulated by a number of factors, including heat, drought, salt, oxidative stress and methyl jasmonate treatment. Compared with wild-type (WT), the OsRbohA-knockout mutant osrbohA exhibited upregulated expression of other respiratory burst oxidase homolog genes and multiple abnormal agronomic traits, including reduced biomass, low germination rate and decreased pollen viability and seed fertility. However, OsRbohA-overexpressing transgenic plants showed no differences in these traits compared with WT. Although osrbohA leaves and roots produced more ROS than WT, the mutant had lesser intracellular ROS. In contrast, OsRbohA-overexpressing transgenic plants exhibited higher ROS production at the intracellular level and in tissues. Ablation of OsRbohA impaired the tolerance of plants to various water stresses, whereas its overexpression enhanced the tolerance. In addition, a number of genes related to energy supply, substrate transport, stress response and transcriptional regulation were differentially expressed in osrbohA plants even under normal growth conditions, suggesting that OsRbohA has fundamental and broad functions in rice. These results indicate that OsRbohA-mediated processes are governed by complex signaling pathways that function during the developmental regulation and drought-stress response in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Area/College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Mao-Mao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Area/College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Ya-Jing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Area/College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yin-Tao Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Area/College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Ri Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Area/College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Gang-Feng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Area/College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Wen-Qiang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Area/College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Wen-Ting Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Area/College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Kun-Ming Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Area/College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
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17
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Cao J, Han X, Zhang T, Yang Y, Huang J, Hu X. Genome-wide and molecular evolution analysis of the subtilase gene family in Vitis vinifera. BMC Genomics 2014; 15:1116. [PMID: 25512249 PMCID: PMC4378017 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-15-1116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2014] [Accepted: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Vitis vinifera (grape) is one of the most economically significant fruit crops in the world. The availability of the recently released grape genome sequence offers an opportunity to identify and analyze some important gene families in this species. Subtilases are a group of subtilisin-like serine proteases that are involved in many biological processes in plants. However, no comprehensive study incorporating phylogeny, chromosomal location and gene duplication, gene organization, functional divergence, selective pressure and expression profiling has been reported so far for the grape. Results In the present study, a comprehensive analysis of the subtilase gene family in V. vinifera was performed. Eighty subtilase genes were identified. Phylogenetic analyses indicated that these subtilase genes comprised eight groups. The gene organization is considerably conserved among the groups. Distribution of the subtilase genes is non-random across the chromosomes. A high proportion of these genes are preferentially clustered, indicating that tandem duplications may have contributed significantly to the expansion of the subtilase gene family. Analyses of divergence and adaptive evolution show that while purifying selection may have been the main force driving the evolution of grape subtilases, some of the critical sites responsible for the divergence may have been under positive selection. Further analyses of real-time PCR data suggested that many subtilase genes might be important in the stress response and functional development of plants. Conclusions Tandem duplications as well as purifying and positive selections have contributed to the functional divergence of subtilase genes in V. vinifera. The data may contribute to a better understanding of the grape subtilase gene family. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/1471-2164-15-1116) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Jinling Huang
- Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China.
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18
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Bojnik E, Kleczkowska P, de Velasco EMF, Corbani M, Babos F, Lipkowski AW, Magyar A, Benyhe S. Bioactivity studies on atypical natural opioid hexapeptides processed from proenkephalin (PENK) precursor polypeptides. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2014; 174:29-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2014.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2014] [Revised: 06/02/2014] [Accepted: 06/06/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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19
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Van Roey K, Uyar B, Weatheritt RJ, Dinkel H, Seiler M, Budd A, Gibson TJ, Davey NE. Short Linear Motifs: Ubiquitous and Functionally Diverse Protein Interaction Modules Directing Cell Regulation. Chem Rev 2014; 114:6733-78. [DOI: 10.1021/cr400585q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 293] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kim Van Roey
- Structural
and Computational Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Bora Uyar
- Structural
and Computational Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Robert J. Weatheritt
- MRC
Laboratory of Molecular Biology (LMB), Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QH, United Kingdom
| | - Holger Dinkel
- Structural
and Computational Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Markus Seiler
- Structural
and Computational Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Aidan Budd
- Structural
and Computational Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Toby J. Gibson
- Structural
and Computational Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Norman E. Davey
- Structural
and Computational Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
- Department
of Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
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20
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Pelzer A, Polen T, Funken H, Rosenau F, Wilhelm S, Bott M, Jaeger KE. Subtilase SprP exerts pleiotropic effects in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Microbiologyopen 2013; 3:89-103. [PMID: 24376018 PMCID: PMC3937732 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2013] [Revised: 11/07/2013] [Accepted: 11/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The open reading frame PA1242 in the genome of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 encodes a putative protease belonging to the peptidase S8 family of subtilases. The respective enzyme termed SprP consists of an N-terminal signal peptide and a so-called S8 domain linked by a domain of unknown function (DUF). Presumably, this DUF domain defines a discrete class of Pseudomonas proteins as homologous domains can be identified almost exclusively in proteins of the genus Pseudomonas. The sprP gene was expressed in Escherichia coli and proteolytic activity was demonstrated. A P. aeruginosa ΔsprP mutant was constructed and its gene expression pattern compared to the wild-type strain by genome microarray analysis revealing altered expression levels of 218 genes. Apparently, SprP is involved in regulation of a variety of different cellular processes in P. aeruginosa including pyoverdine synthesis, denitrification, the formation of cell aggregates, and of biofilms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Pelzer
- Institute of Molecular Enzyme Technology, Research Centre Juelich, Heinrich-Heine-University Duesseldorf, D-52426, Juelich, Germany
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21
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Asano A, Nelson-Harrington JL, Travis AJ. Phospholipase B is activated in response to sterol removal and stimulates acrosome exocytosis in murine sperm. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:28104-15. [PMID: 23943622 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.450981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite a strict requirement for sterol removal for sperm to undergo acrosome exocytosis (AE), the mechanisms by which changes in membrane sterols are transduced into changes in sperm fertilization competence are poorly understood. We have previously shown in live murine sperm that the plasma membrane overlying the acrosome (APM) contains several types of microdomains known as membrane rafts. When characterizing the membrane raft-associated proteomes, we identified phospholipase B (PLB), a calcium-independent enzyme exhibiting multiple activities. Here, we show that sperm surface PLB is activated in response to sterol removal. Both biochemical activity assays and immunoblots of subcellular fractions of sperm incubated with the sterol acceptor 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (2-OHCD) confirmed the release of an active PLB fragment. Specific protease inhibitors prevented PLB activation, revealing a mechanistic requirement for proteolytic cleavage. Competitive inhibitors of PLB reduced the ability of sperm both to undergo AE and to fertilize oocytes in vitro, suggesting an important role in fertilization. This was reinforced by our finding that incubation either with protein concentrate released from 2-OHCD-treated sperm or with recombinant PLB peptide corresponding to the catalytic domain was able to induce AE in the absence of other stimuli. Together, these results lead us to propose a novel mechanism by which sterol removal promotes membrane fusogenicity and AE, helping confer fertilization competence. Importantly, this mechanism provides a basis for the newly emerging model of AE in which membrane fusions occur during capacitation/transit through the cumulus, prior to any physical contact between the sperm and the oocyte's zona pellucida.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Asano
- From the Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853
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22
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Non-peptide furin inhibitors based on amidinohydrazones of diarylaldehydes. UKRAINIAN BIOCHEMICAL JOURNAL 2013; 85:22-32. [DOI: 10.15407/ubj85.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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23
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The AprV5 subtilase is required for the optimal processing of all three extracellular serine proteases from Dichelobacter nodosus. PLoS One 2012; 7:e47932. [PMID: 23112874 PMCID: PMC3480457 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0047932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2012] [Accepted: 09/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Dichelobacter nodosus is the principal causative agent of ovine footrot and its extracellular proteases are major virulence factors. Virulent isolates of D. nodosus secrete three subtilisin-like serine proteases: AprV2, AprV5 and BprV. These enzymes are each synthesized as precursor molecules that include a signal (pre-) peptide, a pro-peptide and a C-terminal extension, which are processed to produce the mature active forms. The function of the C-terminal regions of these proteases and the mechanism of protease processing and secretion are unknown. AprV5 contributes to most of the protease activity secreted by D. nodosus. To understand the role of the C-terminal extension of AprV5, we constructed a series of C-terminal-deletion mutants in D. nodosus by allelic exchange. The proteases present in the resultant mutants and their complemented derivatives were examined by protease zymogram analysis, western blotting and mass spectrometry. The results showed that the C-terminal region of AprV5 is required for the normal expression of protease activity, deletion of this region led to a delay in the processing of these enzymes. D. nodosus is an unusual bacterium in that it produces three closely related extracellular serine proteases. We have now shown that one of these enzymes, AprV5, is responsible for its own maturation, and for the optimal cleavage of AprV2 and BprV, to their mature active forms. These studies have increased our understanding of how this important pathogen processes these virulence-associated extracellular proteases and secretes them into its external environment.
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24
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Zhou AJ, Zhu Z, Clokie CML, Peel SAF. Mutation of a cleavage site adjacent to the mature domain leads to increase in secreted mature BMP-2 with reduced activity. Growth Factors 2012; 30:267-75. [PMID: 22583106 DOI: 10.3109/08977194.2012.686497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Proteolytic cleavage of precursor bone morphogenetic protein (proBMP) is an important step in generating the active mature BMP. ProBMP-2 contains two proprotein convertase (PC) recognition sites (S1 and S2) and is postulated to be cleaved by PCs at those sites. Cell lines expressing proBMP-2, with a silenced S1 site (mS1) that inhibited PC cleavage, secreted the 20-kDa form BMP-2, while cells expressing wild type (wt) BMP-2 secreted 18- and 20-kDa mature BMP-2 N-terminal isoforms. The mS1 cells secreted 15-fold more mature BMP-2 than the wt, despite their similar mRNA levels. Mutant-secreted BMP-2 demonstrated biological activity in vitro; however, its activity was reduced compared with wt. These data demonstrate that proBMP-2 can be cleaved at an alternative cleavage site without prior S1 site cleavage in cell lines overexpressing BMP-2 and more importantly suggest that the presence of the 2-kDa linker peptide can affect activity and secretion of the mature protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aileen J Zhou
- Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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25
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Kongsune P, Rungrotmongkol T, Nunthaboot N, Yotmanee P, Sompornpisut P, Poovorawan Y, Wolschann P, Hannongbua S. Molecular insights into the binding affinity and specificity of the hemagglutinin cleavage loop from four highly pathogenic H5N1 isolates towards the proprotein convertase furin. MONATSHEFTE FUR CHEMIE 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s00706-011-0690-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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26
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Dang S, Bu D, Hong T, Zhang W. A polyclonal antibody against active C-terminal ADAMTS-18 fragment. Hybridoma (Larchmt) 2012; 30:567-9. [PMID: 22149285 DOI: 10.1089/hyb.2011.0055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The human ADAMTS-18, a disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin type-1 modules 18, is a secreted Zn-metalloproteinase. The C-terminal 385-amino acid fragment of ADAMTS-18 (AD18C) is highly effective at promoting platelet thrombus dissolution in vivo. Therefore, polyclonal antibody (pAb) against AD18C fragment should be able to keep platelet thrombus stability, which has direct clinical relevance. In this report, pAb against AD18C fragment was generated from rabbit immunized with AD18C recombinant protein (rAD18C). The pAb showed specific binding with rAD18C and natural ADAMTS-18 protein by ELISA and Western blot assay. It shortens the mouse tail bleeding time in a dose-dependent manner. Thus, anti-AD18C pAb contributes to the regulation of platelet thrombus stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suying Dang
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, PR China
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27
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Singh H, Heng S, Nicholls PK, Li Y, Tai LT, Jobling T, Salamonsen LA, Nie G. Proprotein convertases in post-menopausal endometrial cancer: distinctive regulation and non-invasive diagnosis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2012; 419:809-14. [PMID: 22390935 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2012.02.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2012] [Accepted: 02/16/2012] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Proprotein convertases (PCs) play critical roles in cleaving precursor proteins (growth factors, hormones, receptors and adhesion molecules) for activation. PCs are implicated in a number of cellular functions, including oncogenesis. Endometrial cancer is the most common gynecological cancer in the developed world, but the involvement of PCs is unclear. To characterize the role of PCs in endometrial cancer, we assessed expression of seven PCs (PC1/3, PC2, PACE4, PC4, furin, PC5/6 and PC7) by RT-PCR in six well characterized endometrial cancer cell lines. Expression was variable in all lines, with furin being most consistently expressed in all cell lines tested. We next determined the cellular localization and expression levels of four ubiquitously expressed PCs (furin, PACE4, PC5/6 and PC7) in post-menopausal endometrial biopsies from control (n=7) and endometrial cancer patients (n=30) by immunohistochemistry. Furin increased in tumors, whereas PC5/6, PACE4 and PC7 expression was reduced with increasing cancer grades. Uterine lavage is a non-invasive source material for evaluating the endometrium. We thus assessed whether total PC activity was altered in uterine lavage of endometrial cancer patients (n=36) compared to controls (n=10). PC activity was detected in all uterine lavage samples, and significantly elevated in all grades of endometrial cancer. This study demonstrates a complex association between individual PCs and endometrial cancer. Importantly, we show that monitoring the total PC activity in uterine lavage may provide a rapid and non-invasive method for the diagnosis of endometrial cancer in postmenopausal women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harmeet Singh
- Prince Henry's Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
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28
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Tardif S, Guyonnet B, Cormier N, Cornwall GA. Alteration in the processing of the ACRBP/sp32 protein and sperm head/acrosome malformations in proprotein convertase 4 (PCSK4) null mice. Mol Hum Reprod 2012; 18:298-307. [PMID: 22357636 DOI: 10.1093/molehr/gas009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Proprotein convertase 4 (PCSK4) is a member of a family of proprotein convertases that convert inactive precursor proteins into their mature and active forms. PCSK4 is expressed by testicular germ cells and localizes to the sperm acrosome, suggesting roles in fertilization. Mice lacking PCSK4 exhibit a profound fertility defect; yet, to date, few substrates for PCSK4 are known. In this study, two-dimensional differential in-gel electrophoresis analysis was carried out in order to identify proteins that are altered in spermatozoa from PCSK4 null mice. Herein, we report that the sperm fertilization molecule acrosin-binding protein (ACRBP)/sp32, which normally undergoes processing from a 58.5 kDa precursor to a 27.5 kDa mature form, is not proteolytically processed in PCSK4 null mice and thus may be a substrate for PCSK4. However, analysis of the ACRBP sequence did not show a strong consensus site for convertase cleavage, suggesting that ACRBP processing may require the activity of a yet unknown enzyme that itself may be a PCSK4 substrate. Further analysis of spermatozoa from the PCSK4 null mice showed that proacrosin did not undergo autoactivation, supporting a role for the mature form of ACRBP in the regulation of proacrosin conversion into different acrosin isoforms. Finally, examination of ACRBP localization revealed a previously undetected morphological defect in the head/acrosomes of spermatozoa from PCSK4 null mice. Taken together, these results demonstrate that the fertility defect in the PCSK4 null mice may in part be due to altered ACRBP protein processing as well as abnormalities in the sperm head/acrosome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steve Tardif
- Department of Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA
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Fritsch C, Sawala A, Harris R, Maartens A, Sutcliffe C, Ashe HL, Ray RP. Different requirements for proteolytic processing of bone morphogenetic protein 5/6/7/8 ligands in Drosophila melanogaster. J Biol Chem 2011; 287:5942-53. [PMID: 22199351 PMCID: PMC3285362 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.316745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are synthesized as proproteins that undergo proteolytic processing by furin/subtilisin proprotein convertases to release the active ligand. Here we study processing of BMP5/6/7/8 proteins, including the Drosophila orthologs Glass Bottom Boat (Gbb) and Screw (Scw) and human BMP7. Gbb and Scw have three functional furin/subtilisin proprotein convertase cleavage sites; two between the prodomain and ligand domain, which we call the Main and Shadow sites, and one within the prodomain, which we call the Pro site. In Gbb each site can be cleaved independently, although efficient cleavage at the Shadow site requires cleavage at the Main site, and remarkably, none of the sites is essential for Gbb function. Rather, Gbb must be processed at either the Pro or Main site to produce a functional ligand. Like Gbb, the Pro and Main sites in Scw can be cleaved independently, but cleavage at the Shadow site is dependent on cleavage at the Main site. However, both Pro and Main sites are essential for Scw function. Thus, Gbb and Scw have different processing requirements. The BMP7 ligand rescues gbb mutants in Drosophila, but full-length BMP7 cannot, showing that functional differences in the prodomain limit the BMP7 activity in flies. Furthermore, unlike Gbb, cleavage-resistant BMP7, although non-functional in rescue assays, activates the downstream signaling cascade and thus retains some functionality. Our data show that cleavage requirements evolve rapidly, supporting the notion that changes in post-translational processing are used to create functional diversity between BMPs within and between species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelia Fritsch
- School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer Brighton BN1 9QG, United Kingdom
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30
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Heng S, Cervero A, Simon C, Stephens AN, Li Y, Zhang J, Paule S, Rainczuk A, Singh H, Quinonero A, Tapia A, Velasquez L, Salamonsen L, Rombauts LJF, Nie G. Proprotein convertase 5/6 is critical for embryo implantation in women: regulating receptivity by cleaving EBP50, modulating ezrin binding, and membrane-cytoskeletal interactions. Endocrinology 2011; 152:5041-52. [PMID: 21971156 DOI: 10.1210/en.2011-1273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Establishment of endometrial receptivity is vital for successful embryo implantation; its failure causes infertility. Epithelial receptivity acquisition involves dramatic structural changes in the plasma membrane and cytoskeleton. Proprotein convertase 5/6 (PC6), a serine protease of the proprotein convertase (PC) family, is up-regulated in the human endometrium specifically at the time of epithelial receptivity and stromal cell decidualization. PC6 is the only PC member tightly regulated in this manner. The current study addressed the importance and mechanisms of PC6 action in regulating receptivity in women. PC6 was dysregulated in the endometrial epithelium during the window of implantation in infertile women of three demographically different cohorts. Its critical role in receptivity was evidenced by a significant reduction in mouse blastocyst attachment of endometrial epithelial cells after PC6 knockdown by small interfering RNA. Using a proteomic approach, we discovered that PC6 cleaved the key scaffolding protein, ezrin-radixin-moesin binding phosphoprotein 50 (EBP50), thereby profoundly affecting its interaction with binding protein ezrin (a key protein bridging actin filaments and plasma membrane), EBP50/ezrin cellular localization, and cytoskeleton-membrane connections. We further validated this novel PC6 regulation of receptivity in human endometrium in vivo in fertile vs. infertile patients. These results strongly indicate that PC6 plays a key role in regulating fundamental cellular remodeling processes, such as plasma membrane transformation and membrane-cytoskeletal interface reorganization. PC6 cleavage of a crucial scaffolding protein EBP50, thereby profoundly regulating membrane-cytoskeletal reorganization, greatly extends the current knowledge of PC biology and provides substantial new mechanistic insight into the fields of reproduction, basic cellular biology, and PC biochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophea Heng
- Prince Henry's Institute of Medical Research, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
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Couture F, D'Anjou F, Day R. On the cutting edge of proprotein convertase pharmacology: from molecular concepts to clinical applications. Biomol Concepts 2011; 2:421-438. [PMID: 22308173 DOI: 10.1515/bmc.2011.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
There is increasing interest in the therapeutic targeting of proteases for the treatment of important diseases. Additionally new protein-based therapeutic strategies have the potential to widen the available treatments against these pathologies. In the last decade, accumulated evidence has confirmed that the family of proteases known as proprotein convertases (PCs) are potential targets for viral infections, osteoarthritis, cancer and cardiovascular disease, among others. Nevertheless, there are still many unanswered questions about the relevance of targeting PCs in a therapeutic context, especially regarding the anticipated secondary effects of treatment, considering the observed embryonic lethality of some PC knockout mice. In this review, the benefits of PCs as pharmacological targets will be discussed, with focus on concepts and strategies, as well as on the state of advancement of actual and future inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Couture
- Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke J1H 5N4, Québec, Canada
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32
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Iamsaard S, Vanichviriyakit R, Hommalai G, Saewu A, Srakaew N, Withyachumnarnkul B, Basak A, Tanphaichitr N. Enzymatic activity of sperm proprotein convertase is important for mammalian fertilization. J Cell Physiol 2011; 226:2817-26. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.22626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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33
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Kondratyuk KM, Golovchenko AV, Osadchuk TV, Brovarets VS. Synthesis of new 4-phosphorylated derivatives of 5-amino-1,3-oxazole. RUSS J GEN CHEM+ 2011. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070363211070115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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34
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Chumachenko SA, Shablykin OV, Kozachenko AP, Osadchuk TV, Brovarets VS. A new route for the synthesis of substituted 5-amino-4-cyanoimidazol-2-ones – precursors for the preparation of 3,6,7,9-tetrahydro-8H-purin-8-ones derivatives. Chem Heterocycl Compd (N Y) 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s10593-011-0762-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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35
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Bilodeau J, Désilets A, McDuff FO, St-Pierre C, Barbar E, Leduc R, Lavigne P. Influence of Ca2+ and pH on the folding of the prourotensin II precursor. FEBS Lett 2011; 585:1910-4. [PMID: 21605557 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2011.04.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2011] [Revised: 04/21/2011] [Accepted: 04/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Proper folding is a crucial step for the trafficking of proteins through the secretory pathway. We hypothesized that the secretory granules of endocrine cells provide optimal folding conditions of prohormone precursors for cleavage. Here, using circular dichroism and in vitro processing on purified prourotensin II (ProUII), we show that the precursor undergoes pH- and Ca(2+)-dependent conformational and stability changes. ProUII has a stable tertiary structure at pH 5.5 in presence of Ca(2+) and is correctly cleaved in these conditions by prohormone convertases. Taken together, our results support the notion that precursors may need to be optimally folded in the lumen of secretory granules for their processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josée Bilodeau
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
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36
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Shinde U, Thomas G. Insights from bacterial subtilases into the mechanisms of intramolecular chaperone-mediated activation of furin. Methods Mol Biol 2011; 768:59-106. [PMID: 21805238 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-61779-204-5_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Prokaryotic subtilisins and eukaryotic proprotein convertases (PCs) are two homologous protease subfamilies that belong to the larger ubiquitous super-family called subtilases. Members of the subtilase super-family are produced as zymogens wherein their propeptide domains function as dedicated intramolecular chaperones (IMCs) that facilitate correct folding and regulate precise activation of their cognate catalytic domains. The molecular and cellular determinants that modulate IMC-dependent folding and activation of PCs are poorly understood. In this chapter we review what we have learned from the folding and activation of prokaryotic subtilisin, discuss how this has molded our understanding of furin maturation, and foray into the concept of pH sensors, which may represent a paradigm that PCs (and possibly other IMC-dependent eukaryotic proteins) follow for regulating their biological functions using the pH gradient in the secretory pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ujwal Shinde
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97229, USA.
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37
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Gyamera-Acheampong C, Sirois F, Denis NJ, Mishra P, Figeys D, Basak A, Mbikay M. The precursor to the germ cell-specific PCSK4 proteinase is inefficiently activated in transfected somatic cells: evidence of interaction with the BiP chaperone. Mol Cell Biochem 2010; 348:43-52. [PMID: 21080038 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-010-0635-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2010] [Accepted: 10/28/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 4 (PCSK4), also known as proprotein convertase 4 (PC4), is a serine endoproteinase primarily expressed in testicular germ cells and in sperm. Inactivation of its gene in mouse causes male infertility. From studies of the biosynthesis of PCSK3/furin, its closest relative, it has been inferred that PCSK4 is synthesised in the endoplasmic reticulum as a zymogen; that it is rapidly matured by autocatalytic cleavage between the prodomain and the catalytic domain; that the cleaved prodomain remains attached to the mature enzyme; and that the enzyme is finally activated by the removal of the prodomain peptides following a secondary cleavage within the prodomain. In this study, we used human embryonic kidney 293 (HEK293) cells to study the biosynthesis of rat or human PCSK4. Our results show that the bulk of PCSK4 remains as an intracellular zymogen, presumably trapped in the endoplasmic reticulum, where it interacts with the general molecular chaperone glucose-regulated protein 78/Immunoglobulin heavy-chain binding protein (GRP78/BiP). These data suggest that, unlike other members of the convertase family, proPCSK4 cannot efficiently self-activate in somatic cells. These cells may lack the intracellular environment and the interacting molecules specific to testicular germ cells where this enzyme is normally expressed.
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38
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Ohol YM, Goetz DH, Chan K, Shiloh MU, Craik CS, Cox JS. Mycobacterium tuberculosis MycP1 protease plays a dual role in regulation of ESX-1 secretion and virulence. Cell Host Microbe 2010; 7:210-20. [PMID: 20227664 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2010.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2009] [Revised: 12/05/2009] [Accepted: 02/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis uses the ESX-1 secretion system to deliver virulence proteins during infection of host cells. Here we report a mechanism of posttranscriptional control of ESX-1 mediated by MycP1, a M. tuberculosis serine protease. We show that MycP1 is required for ESX-1 secretion but that, unexpectedly, genetic inactivation of MycP1 protease activity increases secretion of ESX-1 substrates. We demonstrate that EspB, an ESX-1 substrate required for secretion, is a target of MycP1 in vitro and in vivo. During macrophage infection, an inactive MycP1 protease mutant causes hyperactivation of ESX-1-stimulated innate signaling pathways. MycP1 is required for growth in mice during acute infection, while loss of its protease activity leads to attenuated virulence during chronic infection. As the key ESX-1 substrates ESAT-6 and CFP-10 are highly immunogenic, fine-tuning of their secretion by MycP1 may balance virulence and immune detection and be essential for successful maintenance of long-term M. tuberculosis infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yamini M Ohol
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
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Furin targeted drug delivery for treatment of rhabdomyosarcoma in a mouse model. PLoS One 2010; 5:e10445. [PMID: 20454619 PMCID: PMC2862740 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0010445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2009] [Accepted: 04/01/2010] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) is the most common soft tissue sarcoma in children. Improvement of treatment efficacy and decreased side effects through tumor-targeted drug delivery would be desirable. By panning with a phage-displayed cyclic random peptide library we selected a peptide with strong affinity for RMS in vitro and in vivo. The peptide minimal binding motif Arg-X-(Arg/Lys)(Arg/Lys) identified by alanine-scan, suggested the target receptor to be a proprotein convertase (PC). Expression profiling of all PCs in RMS biopsies and cell lines revealed consistent high expression levels for the membrane-bound furin and PC7. Direct binding of RMS-P3 peptide to furin was demonstrated by affinity chromatography and supported by activity and colocalization studies. Treatment of RMS in mice with doxorubicin coupled to the targeting peptide resulted in a two-fold increase in therapeutic efficacy compared to doxorubicin treatment alone. Our findings indicate surface-furin binding as novel mechanism for therapeutic cell penetration which needs to be further investigated. Furthermore, this work demonstrates that specific targeting of membrane-bound furin in tumors is possible for and suggests that RMS and other tumors might benefit from proprotein convertases targeted drug delivery.
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40
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Turetzky JM, Chu DK, Hajagos BE, Bradley PJ. Processing and secretion of ROP13: A unique Toxoplasma effector protein. Int J Parasitol 2010; 40:1037-44. [PMID: 20359481 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2010.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2009] [Revised: 02/10/2010] [Accepted: 02/21/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Like most intracellular pathogens, Toxoplasma synthesizes and secretes an arsenal of proteins to successfully invade its host cell and hijack host functions for intracellular survival. The rhoptries are key secretory organelles that inject proteins into the host cell where they are positioned to co-opt host processes, although little is known regarding how these proteins exert their functions. We show here that the rhoptry protein ROP13 is synthesized as a pre-pro-protein that is processed in the parasite. Processing occurs at a conserved SphiXE cleavage site as mutagenesis of glutamic acid to alanine at the P1 position disrupts ROP13 maturation. We also demonstrate that processing of the prodomain is not necessary for rhoptry targeting and secretion. While gene disruption reveals that ROP13 is not essential for growth in fibroblasts in vitro or for virulence in vivo, we find that ROP13 is a soluble effector protein that can access the cytoplasm of host cells. Exogenously expressed ROP13 in human cells remains cytosolic but also appears toxic, suggesting that over-expression of this effector protein is disrupting some function within the host cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay M Turetzky
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1489, USA
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41
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McCulloch DR, Wylie JD, Longpre JM, Leduc R, Apte SS. 10mM glucosamine prevents activation of proADAMTS5 (aggrecanase-2) in transfected cells by interference with post-translational modification of furin. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2010; 18:455-63. [PMID: 19909832 PMCID: PMC2826559 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2009.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2008] [Revised: 10/19/2009] [Accepted: 10/26/2009] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Glucosamine has been previously shown to suppress cartilage aggrecan catabolism in explant cultures. We determined the effect of glucosamine on ADAMTS5 (a disintegrin-like and metalloprotease domain (reprolysin type) with thrombospondin type-1 motifs 5), a major aggrecanase in osteoarthritis, and investigated a potential mechanism underlying the observed effects. DESIGN HEK293F and CHO-K1 cells transiently transfected with ADAMTS5 cDNA were treated with glucosamine or the related hexosamine mannosamine. Glucosamine effects on FURIN transcription were determined by quantitative RT-PCR. Effects on furin-mediated processing of ADAMTS5 zymogen, and aggrecan processing by glucosamine-treated cells, were determined by western blotting. Post-translational modification of furin and N-glycan deficient furin mutants generated by site-directed mutagenesis was analyzed by western blotting, and the mutants were evaluated for their ADAMTS5 processing ability in furin-deficient CHO-RPE.40 cells. RESULTS Ten mM glucosamine and 5-10mM mannosamine reduced excision of the ADAMTS5 propeptide, indicating interference with the propeptide excision mechanism, although mannosamine compromised cell viability at these doses. Although glucosamine had no effect on furin mRNA levels, western blot of furin from glucosamine-treated cells suggested altered post-translational modification. Glucosamine treatment led to decreased glycosylation of cellular furin, with reduced furin autoactivation as the consequence. Recombinant furin treated with peptide N-glycanase F had reduced activity against a synthetic peptide substrate. Indeed, site-directed mutagenesis of two furin N-glycosylation sites, Asn(387) and Asn(440), abrogated furin activation and this mutant was unable to rescue ADAMTS5 processing in furin-deficient cells. CONCLUSIONS Ten mM glucosamine reduces excision of the ADAMTS5 propeptide via interference with post-translational modification of furin and leads to reduced aggrecanase activity of ADAMTS5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel R. McCulloch
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio USA, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria 3217 Australia
| | - James D. Wylie
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio USA
| | - Jean-Michel Longpre
- Department of Pharmacology, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Richard Leduc
- Department of Pharmacology, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Suneel S. Apte
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio USA,Corresponding Author:Suneel S. Apte, Department of Biomedical Engineering, ND20-Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA, Tel: 216 445 3278; Fax: 216 444 9198;
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Initiation of duck hepatitis B virus infection requires cleavage by a furin-like protease. J Virol 2010; 84:4569-78. [PMID: 20181690 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02281-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The entry mechanism of hepatitis B virus (HBV) has not been defined, and this impedes development of antiviral therapies aimed at an early step in the viral life cycle. HBV infection has both host and tissue specificities. For the related duck hepatitis B virus (DHBV), duck carboxypeptidase D (DCPD) has been proposed as the species-specific docking receptor, while glycine decarboxylase (DGD) may serve as a tissue-specific cofactor or secondary receptor. DGD binds to several truncated versions of the viral large envelope protein but not to the full-length protein, suggesting a need for proteolytic cleavage of the envelope protein by a furin-like proprotein convertase. In the present study, we found that transfected DCPD could confer DHBV binding to non-duck cell lines but that this was followed by rapid virus release from cells. Coexpression of furin led to DCPD cleavage and increased virus retention. Treatment of DHBV particles with endosome prepared from duck liver led to cleavage of the large envelope protein, and such viral preparation could generate a small amount of covalently closed circular DNA in LMH cells, a chicken hepatoma cell line resistant to DHBV infection. A furin inhibitor composed of decanoyl-RVKR-chloromethylketone blocked endosomal cleavage of the large envelope protein in vitro and suppressed DHBV infection of primary duck hepatocytes in vivo. These findings suggest that furin or a furin-like proprotein convertase facilitates DHBV infection by cleaving both the docking receptor and the viral large envelope protein.
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43
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Lin EA, Liu CJ. The role of ADAMTSs in arthritis. Protein Cell 2010; 1:33-47. [PMID: 21203996 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-010-0002-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2009] [Accepted: 10/21/2009] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The ADAMTS (a disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs) family consists of 19 proteases. These enzymes are known to play important roles in development, angiogenesis and coagulation; dysregulation and mutation of these enzymes have been implicated in many disease processes, such as inflammation, cancer, arthritis and atherosclerosis. This review briefly summarizes the structural organization and functional roles of ADAMTSs in normal and pathological conditions, focusing on members that are known to be involved in the degradation of extracellular matrix and loss of cartilage in arthritis, including the aggrecanases (ADAMTS-4 and ADAMTS-5), ADAMTS-7 and ADAMTS-12, the latter two are associated with cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP), a component of the cartilage extracellular matrix (ECM). We will discuss the expression pattern and the regulation of these metalloproteinases at multiple levels, including their interaction with substrates, induction by pro-inflammatory cytokines, protein processing, inhibition (e.g., TIMP-3, alpha-2-macroglobulin, GEP), and activation (e.g., syndecan-4, PACE-4).
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward A Lin
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10003, USA
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44
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Koo BH, Kim HH, Park MY, Jeon OH, Kim DS. Membrane type-1 matrix metalloprotease-independent activation of pro-matrix metalloprotease-2 by proprotein convertases. FEBS J 2009; 276:6271-84. [PMID: 19780834 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2009.07335.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Matrix metalloprotease-2 is implicated in many biological processes and degrades extracellular and non-extracellular matrix molecules. Matrix metalloprotease-2 maintains a latent state through a cysteine-zinc ion pairing which, when disrupted, results in full enzyme activation. This pairing can be disrupted by a conformational change or cleavage within the propeptide. The best known activation mechanism for pro-matrix metalloprotease-2 occurs via cleavage of the propeptide by membrane type-1 matrix metalloprotease. However, significant residual activation of pro-matrix metalloprotease-2 is seen in membrane type-1 matrix metalloprotease knockout mice and in fibroblasts treated with metalloprotease inhibitors. These findings indicate the presence of a membrane type-1 matrix metalloprotease-independent activation mechanism for pro-matrix metalloprotease-2 in vivo, which prompted us to explore an alternative activation mechanism for pro-matrix metalloprotese-2. In this study, we demonstrate membrane type-1 matrix metalloprotease-independent propeptide processing of matrix metalloprotease-2 in HEK293F and various tumor cell lines, and show that proprotein convertases can mediate the processing intracellularly as well as extracellularly. Furthermore, processed matrix metalloprotease-2 exhibits enzymatic activity that is enhanced by intermolecular autolytic cleavage. Thus, our experimental data, taken together with the broad expression of proprotein convertases, suggest that the proprotein convertase-mediated processing may be a general activation mechanism for pro-matrix metalloprotease-2 in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bon-Hun Koo
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, 134 Sinchon-Dong Seodaemun-Gu, Seoul 120-749, South Korea.
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45
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The proprotein convertase amontillado (amon) is required during Drosophila pupal development. Dev Biol 2009; 333:48-56. [PMID: 19559693 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2009.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2009] [Revised: 05/13/2009] [Accepted: 06/17/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Peptide hormones governing many developmental processes are generated via endoproteolysis of inactive precursor molecules by a family of subtilisin-like proprotein convertases (SPCs). We previously identified mutations in the Drosophila amontillado (amon) gene, a homolog of the vertebrate neuroendocrine-specific Prohormone Convertase 2 (PC2) gene, and showed that amon is required during embryogenesis, early larval development, and larval molting. Here, we define amon requirements during later developmental stages using a conditional rescue system and find that amon is required during pupal development for head eversion, leg and wing disc extension, and abdominal differentiation. Immuno-localization experiments show that amon protein is expressed in a subset of central nervous system cells but does not co-localize with peptide hormones known to elicit molting behavior, suggesting the involvement of novel regulatory peptides in this process. The amon protein is expressed in neuronal cells that innervate the corpus allatum and corpora cardiaca of the ring gland, an endocrine organ which is the release site for many key hormonal signals. Expression of amon in a subset of these cell types using the GAL4/UAS system in an amon mutant background partially rescues larval molting and growth. Our results show that amon is required for pupal development and identify a subset of neuronal cell types in which amon function is sufficient to rescue developmental progression and growth defects shown by amon mutants. The results are consistent with a model that the amon protein acts to proteolytically process a diverse suite of peptide hormones that coordinate larval and pupal growth and development.
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Gyamera-Acheampong C, Vasilescu J, Figeys D, Mbikay M. PCSK4-null sperm display enhanced protein tyrosine phosphorylation and ADAM2 proteolytic processing during in vitro capacitation. Fertil Steril 2009; 93:1112-23. [PMID: 19342015 DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2008.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2008] [Revised: 10/31/2008] [Accepted: 12/10/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the molecular basis for the accelerated capacitation rate in PCSK4-null sperm. DESIGN Comparative and controlled experimental research study. SETTING Academic medical institute. ANIMAL(S) Male mice C57BL/6J wild-type or null congenics for the Pcsk4 allele. INTERVENTION(S) Cauda and epididymal sperm were capacitated for varying times. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) Differences in sperm protein tyrosine phosphorylation and proteolytic processing of sperm-egg ligands ADAM2 and ADAM3. RESULT(S) The PCSK4-null sperm proteins are hyper-tyrosine phosphorylated during capacitation. This hyperphosphorylation is dependent on protein kinase A (PKA), albumin, and calcium. There is also more ADAM2 proteolytic processing from a 46-kDa form of ADAM2 to a 27-kDa form in PCSK4-null sperm than in wild-type sperm. This processing is dependent on cholesterol efflux. CONCLUSION(S) Lack of PCSK4 is associated with quantitative changes in the phosphorylation and proteolysis of sperm proteins during capacitation; therefore, alterations in signal transduction and proteolytic processing during capacitation may underlie the fertilization incompetence of PCSK4-null sperm. More investigation is needed to determine how and to what extent these changes might contribute to the loss of fertilizing ability of PCSK4-null sperm.
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C-terminal ADAMTS-18 fragment induces oxidative platelet fragmentation, dissolves platelet aggregates, and protects against carotid artery occlusion and cerebral stroke. Blood 2009; 113:6051-60. [PMID: 19218546 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2008-07-170571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Anti-platelet integrin GPIIIa49-66 antibody (Ab) induces complement-independent platelet oxidative fragmentation and death by generation of platelet peroxide following NADPH oxidase activation. A C-terminal 385-amino acid fragment of ADAMTS-18 (a disintegrin metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs produced in endothelial cells) induces oxidative platelet fragmentation in an identical kinetic fashion as anti-GPIIIa49-66 Ab. Endothelial cell ADAMTS-18 secretion is enhanced by thrombin and activated by thrombin cleavage to fragment platelets. Platelet aggregates produced ex vivo with ADP or collagen and fibrinogen are destroyed by the C-terminal ADAMTS-18 fragment. Anti-ADAMTS-18 Ab shortens the tail vein bleeding time. The C-terminal fragment protects against FeCI3-induced carotid artery thrombosis as well as cerebral infarction in a postischemic stroke model. Thus, a new mechanism is proposed for platelet thrombus clearance, via platelet oxidative fragmentation induced by thrombin cleavage of ADAMTS-18.
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Salamonsen LA, Nie G, Hannan NJ, Dimitriadis E. Society for Reproductive Biology Founders' Lecture 2009. Preparing fertile soil: the importance of endometrial receptivity. Reprod Fertil Dev 2009; 21:923-34. [DOI: 10.1071/rd09145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2009] [Accepted: 08/03/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The human endometrium is receptive for implantation of a blastocyst for only 4–5 days in each menstrual cycle. Failure of implantation is a major reason for infertility in women and the inability to achieve endometrial receptivity is responsible for much of the failure of reproductive technologies. Endometrial receptivity requires changes in the uterine luminal and glandular cells, particularly in terms of their secretory capacity and altered expression of adhesion molecules. In parallel with these changes, decidualisation (differentiation) of the endometrial stroma is initiated in women during the receptive phase, regardless of the presence of a blastocyst. Increased leucocyte numbers are also important. The microenvironments provided by the endometrium during the receptive phase and that support implantation are highly complex and constantly changing as implantation progresses. The present review provides a comprehensive overview of the cellular and molecular events of human implantation. It also summarises work from our laboratories emphasising the functional importance of proprotein convertase 6, along with key cytokines (interleukin-11, leukaemia inhibitory factor, activin A) and chemokines (including CX3CL1 and CCL14), during implantation. Of particular importance is how these mediators contribute to receptivity and how they are disturbed in infertile women. Factors that are critical for uterine receptivity may also be manipulated to provide new contraceptive strategies for women.
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Stevens A, White A. ACTH: cellular peptide hormone synthesis and secretory pathways. Results Probl Cell Differ 2009; 50:63-84. [PMID: 19888563 DOI: 10.1007/400_2009_30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) is derived from the prohormone, pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC). This precursor undergoes proteolytic cleavage to yield a number of different peptides which vary depending on the tissue. In the anterior pituitary, POMC is processed to ACTH by the prohormone convertase, PC1 and packaged in secretory granules ready for stimulated secretion. In response to stress, corticotrophin releasing hormone (CRH), stimulates release of ACTH from the pituitary cell which in turn causes release of glucocorticoids from the adrenal gland. In tissues, such as the hypothalamus and skin, ACTH is further processed intracellularly to alpha melanocyte stimulating hormone (alphaMSH) which has distinct roles in these tissues. The prohormone, POMC, is itself released from cells and found in the human circulation at concentrations greater than ACTH. While much is known about the tightly regulated synthesis of POMC, there is still a lot to learn about the mechanisms for differentiating secretion of POMC, and the POMC-derived peptides. Understanding what happens to the POMC released from cells will provide new insights into its function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Stevens
- Endocrine Sciences, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK.
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Gyamera-Acheampong C, Mbikay M. Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 4 in mammalian fertility: a review. Hum Reprod Update 2008; 15:237-47. [DOI: 10.1093/humupd/dmn060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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