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Werle SD, Ikonomi N, Lausser L, Kestler AMTU, Weidner FM, Schwab JD, Maier J, Buchholz M, Gress TM, Kestler AMR, Kestler HA. A systems biology approach to define mechanisms, phenotypes, and drivers in PanNETs with a personalized perspective. NPJ Syst Biol Appl 2023; 9:22. [PMID: 37270586 DOI: 10.1038/s41540-023-00283-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (PanNETs) are a rare tumor entity with largely unpredictable progression and increasing incidence in developed countries. Molecular pathways involved in PanNETs development are still not elucidated, and specific biomarkers are missing. Moreover, the heterogeneity of PanNETs makes their treatment challenging and most approved targeted therapeutic options for PanNETs lack objective responses. Here, we applied a systems biology approach integrating dynamic modeling strategies, foreign classifier tailored approaches, and patient expression profiles to predict PanNETs progression as well as resistance mechanisms to clinically approved treatments such as the mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) inhibitors. We set up a model able to represent frequently reported PanNETs drivers in patient cohorts, such as Menin-1 (MEN1), Death domain associated protein (DAXX), Tuberous Sclerosis (TSC), as well as wild-type tumors. Model-based simulations suggested drivers of cancer progression as both first and second hits after MEN1 loss. In addition, we could predict the benefit of mTORC1 inhibitors on differentially mutated cohorts and hypothesize resistance mechanisms. Our approach sheds light on a more personalized prediction and treatment of PanNET mutant phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silke D Werle
- Institute of Medical Systems Biology, Ulm University, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Nensi Ikonomi
- Institute of Medical Systems Biology, Ulm University, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Ludwig Lausser
- Institute of Medical Systems Biology, Ulm University, 89081, Ulm, Germany
- Faculty of Computer Science, Technische Hochschule Ingolstadt, 85049, Ingolstadt, Germany
| | | | - Felix M Weidner
- Institute of Medical Systems Biology, Ulm University, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Julian D Schwab
- Institute of Medical Systems Biology, Ulm University, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Julia Maier
- Institute of Medical Systems Biology, Ulm University, 89081, Ulm, Germany
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Ulm, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Malte Buchholz
- Department of Gastroenterology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Philipps-University Marburg, 35043, Marburg, Germany
| | - Thomas M Gress
- Department of Gastroenterology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Philipps-University Marburg, 35043, Marburg, Germany
| | | | - Hans A Kestler
- Institute of Medical Systems Biology, Ulm University, 89081, Ulm, Germany.
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Bi JT, Bai RJ, Zhan HL, Qian ZH, Gong LH, Liu YQ, Zheng ZX, Cai X. Excessive proliferation and apoptosis of parathyroid cells contribute to primary hyperparathyroidism in rabbit model. J Investig Med 2022; 70:1392-1398. [DOI: 10.1136/jim-2021-002184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
To explore the molecular pathogenesis of primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT), we investigated the proliferation and apoptosis of parathyroid cells in a rabbit model of diet-induced PHPT. A total of 120 adult Chinese rabbits were randomly divided into normal diet (Ca:P, 1:0.7) group (control group) or a high-phosphate diet (Ca:P, 1:7) group (experimental group). The thyroid and parathyroid complexes were harvested for 1-month interval from month 1 to month 6. The expression of proliferation markers, including proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and cyclin-D1, and B cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2), were evaluated by immunohistochemistry in thyroid and parathyroid tissues. Apoptosis was quantified by DNA-fragment terminal labeling. Our results demonstrated that parathyroid cells in the experimental group started proliferating from the end of the 2nd month, the expression of PCNA, Bcl-2, and cyclin-D1 were significantly higher in the PHPT group than those of the control group (p<0.05). Furthermore, the apoptosis index (AI) was positively correlated with the glandular cell count and expression of PCNA in the 6th month in the PHPT group. Overall, our results suggested that excessive proliferation and apoptosis of parathyroid cells may contribute to the pathogenesis of PHPT through PCNA-related, Bcl-2-related, and cyclin-D1-related pathways.
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Capodanno Y, Chen Y, Schrader J, Tomosugi M, Sumi S, Yokoyama A, Hiraoka N, Ohki R. Cross-talk among MEN1, p53 and Notch regulates the proliferation of pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor cells by modulating INSM1 expression and subcellular localization. Neoplasia 2021; 23:979-992. [PMID: 34352404 PMCID: PMC8350333 DOI: 10.1016/j.neo.2021.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Genomic analysis of Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors (PanNETs) has revealed that these tumors often lack mutations in typical cancer-related genes such as the tumor suppressor gene p53. Instead, PanNET tumorigenesis usually involves mutations in specific PanNET-related genes, such as tumor suppressor gene MEN1. Using a PanNET mouse model, human tissues and human cell lines, we studied the cross-talk among MEN1, p53 and Notch signaling pathways and their role in PanNETs. Here, we show that reactivation of the early developmental program of islet cells underlies PanNET tumorigenesis by restoring the proliferative capacity of PanNET cells. We investigated the role of INSM1, a transcriptional regulator of islet cells' development, and revealed that its expression and subcellular localization is regulated by MEN1 and p53. Both human and mouse data show that loss of MEN1 in a p53 wild-type genetic background results in increased nuclear INSM1 expression and cell proliferation. Additionally, inhibition of Notch signaling in a p53 wild-type background reduces the proliferation of PanNET cells, due to repression of INSM1 transcription and nuclear localization. Our study elucidates the molecular mechanisms governing the interactions of INSM1 with MEN1, p53 and Notch and their roles in PanNET tumorigenesis, suggesting INSM1 as a key transcriptional regulator of PanNET cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ylenia Capodanno
- Laboratory of Fundamental Oncology, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yu Chen
- Laboratory of Fundamental Oncology, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Joerg Schrader
- I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Mitsuhiro Tomosugi
- Laboratory of Organ and Tissue Reconstruction, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shoiciro Sumi
- Laboratory of Organ and Tissue Reconstruction, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Akihiko Yokoyama
- Tsuruoka Metabolomics Laboratory, National Cancer Center, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Nobuyoshi Hiraoka
- Division of Molecular pathology, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Rieko Ohki
- Laboratory of Fundamental Oncology, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
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Buicko JL, Finnerty BM, Zhang T, Kim BJ, Fahey TJ, Nancy Du YC. Insights into the biology and treatment strategies of pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 2. [PMID: 31535089 DOI: 10.21037/apc.2019.06.02] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (PNETs) are the second most common primary pancreatic neoplasms after pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. PNETs present with widely various clinical manifestation and unfavorable survival rate. The recent advances in next generation sequencing have significantly increased our understanding of the molecular landscape of PNETs and help guide the development of targeted therapies. This review intends to outline a holistic picture of the tumors by discussing current understanding of clinical presentations, up-to-date treatment strategies, novel mouse models, and molecular biology of PNETs. Furthermore, we will provide insight into the future development of more effective targeted therapies that are necessary to manage PNETs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L Buicko
- Department of Surgery, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | | | - Tiantian Zhang
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Bu Jung Kim
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Thomas J Fahey
- Department of Surgery, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Yi-Chieh Nancy Du
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
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François RA, Maeng K, Nawab A, Kaye FJ, Hochwald SN, Zajac-Kaye M. Targeting Focal Adhesion Kinase and Resistance to mTOR Inhibition in Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors. J Natl Cancer Inst 2015; 107:djv123. [PMID: 25971297 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djv123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 04/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) mediates survival of normal pancreatic islets through activation of AKT. Upon malignant transformation of islet cells into pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (PanNETs), AKT is frequently overexpressed and mutations in the AKT/mTOR pathway are detected. Because mTOR inhibitors rarely induce PanNET tumor regression, partly because of feedback activation of AKT, novel combination strategies are needed to target FAK/AKT/mTOR signaling. METHODS We characterized the activation of FAK in PanNETs using immunohistochemistry and Western blot analysis and tested the FAK inhibitor PF-04554878 in human PanNET cells in vitro and in vivo (at least three mice per group). In addition, we evaluated the effect of combined FAK and mTOR inhibition on PanNET viability and apoptosis. All statistical tests were two-sided. RESULTS We found that FAK is overexpressed and hyperphosphorylated in human PanNETs and that PF-04554878 strongly inhibited FAK (Tyr397) autophosphorylation in a dose-dependent manner. We found that PF-04554878 inhibited cell proliferation and clonogenicity and induced apoptosis in PanNET cells. Moreover, oral administration of PF-04554878 statistically significantly reduced tumor growth in a patient-derived xenograft model of PanNET (P = .02) and in a human PanNET xenograft model of peritoneal carcinomatosis (P = .03). Importantly, PF-04554878 synergized with the mTOR inhibitor everolimus by preventing feedback AKT activation. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrate for the first time that FAK is overexpressed in PanNETs and that inhibition of FAK activity induces apoptosis and inhibits PanNET proliferation. We found that the novel FAK inhibitor PF-04554878 synergizes with everolimus, a US Food and Drug Administration-approved agent for PanNETs. Our findings warrant the clinical investigation of combined FAK and mTOR inhibition in PanNETs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rony A François
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL (RAF, KM, AN, MZK); Department of Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL (FJK); Department of Surgical Oncology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY (SNH)
| | - Kyungah Maeng
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL (RAF, KM, AN, MZK); Department of Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL (FJK); Department of Surgical Oncology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY (SNH)
| | - Akbar Nawab
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL (RAF, KM, AN, MZK); Department of Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL (FJK); Department of Surgical Oncology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY (SNH)
| | - Frederic J Kaye
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL (RAF, KM, AN, MZK); Department of Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL (FJK); Department of Surgical Oncology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY (SNH)
| | - Steven N Hochwald
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL (RAF, KM, AN, MZK); Department of Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL (FJK); Department of Surgical Oncology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY (SNH)
| | - Maria Zajac-Kaye
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL (RAF, KM, AN, MZK); Department of Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL (FJK); Department of Surgical Oncology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY (SNH)
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Robbins HL, Hague A. The PI3K/Akt Pathway in Tumors of Endocrine Tissues. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2015; 6:188. [PMID: 26793165 PMCID: PMC4707207 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2015.00188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt pathway is a key driver in carcinogenesis. Defects in this pathway in human cancer syndromes such as Cowden's disease and Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia result in tumors of endocrine tissues, highlighting its importance in these cancer types. This review explores the growing evidence from multiple animal and in vitro models and from analysis of human tumors for the involvement of this pathway in the following: thyroid carcinoma subtypes, parathyroid carcinoma, pituitary tumors, adrenocortical carcinoma, phaeochromocytoma, neuroblastoma, and gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. While data are not always consistent, immunohistochemistry performed on human tumor tissue has been used alongside other techniques to demonstrate Akt overactivation. We review active Akt as a potential prognostic marker and the PI3K pathway as a therapeutic target in endocrine neoplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Louise Robbins
- Department of General Surgery, University Hospital Coventry and Warwickshire, Coventry, UK
| | - Angela Hague
- School of Oral and Dental Sciences, School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- *Correspondence: Angela Hague,
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Takaba K, Imada T, Katsumata S, Okumura H, Iwamoto S, Suzuki Y, Imaizumi M, Myojo K, Takada C, Kimoto N, Saeki K, Yamaguchi I. Spontaneous Adenosquamous Carcinoma with Rapid Growth and EMT-like Changes in the Mammary Gland of a Young Adult Female BALB/c Mouse. J Toxicol Pathol 2013; 25:265-71. [PMID: 23345929 PMCID: PMC3517922 DOI: 10.1293/tox.25.265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2011] [Accepted: 01/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This study histopathologically and immunohistochemically investigated a spontaneously occurring single mass subcutaneously located in the left lower abdomen of a female BALB/cAJcl-nu/+ mouse at 10 weeks of age. The mass was about 20 × 15 × 10 mm in size after formalin fixation; nevertheless, it was not detected by clinical observations at 9 weeks of age. H&E staining revealed the tumor origin was epithelial and probably arose from the mammary gland, and the tumor cells demonstrated a squamous, acinar or polyhedral/basal pattern. A cell kinetics analysis revealed that many of the tumor cells of the squamous, acinar or polyhedral/basal component were positive for PCNA and cyclin D1, although there were a few of TUNEL-positive tumor cells in all of the components. An epithelial/mesenchymal analysis demonstrated that most of the tumor cells of the squamous and acinar components contained keratin and E-cadherin; however, most of the tumor cells of the polyhedral/basal component were less or very weakly positive for these markers. The tumor cells of the squamous component were negative for vimentin and SMA; however, many of the tumor cells of the polyhedral/basal component exhibited vimentin. In addition, expression of SMA was confirmed in some tumor cells of the acinar and basal components. Based on the microscopic and immunohistochemical characterizations, the tumor was diagnosed to be adenosquamous carcinoma that originated from the mammary gland with rapid growth, and the tumor cells demonstrated epithelial-mesenchymal transition-like changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsumi Takaba
- Toxicological Research Laboratories, Kyowa Hakko Kirin Co., Ltd., 1188 Shimotogari, Nagaizumi-cho, Sunto-gun, Shizuoka 411-8731, Japan
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Rehfeld A, Plass M, Krogh A, Friis-Hansen L. Alterations in polyadenylation and its implications for endocrine disease. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2013; 4:53. [PMID: 23658553 PMCID: PMC3647115 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2013.00053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2013] [Accepted: 04/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Polyadenylation is the process in which the pre-mRNA is cleaved at the poly(A) site and a poly(A) tail is added - a process necessary for normal mRNA formation. Genes with multiple poly(A) sites can undergo alternative polyadenylation (APA), producing distinct mRNA isoforms with different 3' untranslated regions (3' UTRs) and in some cases different coding regions. Two thirds of all human genes undergo APA. The efficiency of the polyadenylation process regulates gene expression and APA plays an important part in post-transcriptional regulation, as the 3' UTR contains various cis-elements associated with post-transcriptional regulation, such as target sites for micro-RNAs and RNA-binding proteins. Implications of alterations in polyadenylation for endocrine disease: Alterations in polyadenylation have been found to be causative of neonatal diabetes and IPEX (immune dysfunction, polyendocrinopathy, enteropathy, X-linked) and to be associated with type I and II diabetes, pre-eclampsia, fragile X-associated premature ovarian insufficiency, ectopic Cushing syndrome, and many cancer diseases, including several types of endocrine tumor diseases. PERSPECTIVES Recent developments in high-throughput sequencing have made it possible to characterize polyadenylation genome-wide. Antisense elements inhibiting or enhancing specific poly(A) site usage can induce desired alterations in polyadenylation, and thus hold the promise of new therapeutic approaches. SUMMARY This review gives a detailed description of alterations in polyadenylation in endocrine disease, an overview of the current literature on polyadenylation and summarizes the clinical implications of the current state of research in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders Rehfeld
- Genomic Medicine, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University HospitalCopenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mireya Plass
- Department of Biology, The Bioinformatics Centre, University of CopenhagenCopenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anders Krogh
- Department of Biology, The Bioinformatics Centre, University of CopenhagenCopenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lennart Friis-Hansen
- Genomic Medicine, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University HospitalCopenhagen, Denmark
- *Correspondence: Lennart Friis-Hansen, Genomic Medicine, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, 4113, Blegdamsvej 9, DK2100 Copenhagen, Denmark. e-mail:
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Capurso G, Festa S, Valente R, Piciucchi M, Panzuto F, Jensen RT, Delle Fave G. Molecular pathology and genetics of pancreatic endocrine tumours. J Mol Endocrinol 2012; 49:R37-50. [PMID: 22586144 DOI: 10.1530/jme-12-0069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumours (PETs) are the second most frequent pancreatic neoplasms. Their poor chemosensitivity, high rate of metastatic disease and relatively long survival make PETs an ideal field to be explored for novel therapies based on specific molecular changes. PETs are generally sporadic but can also arise within hereditary syndromes, such as multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1, von Hippel-Lindau, neurofibromatosis type 1 and tuberous sclerosis complex, which represent a model for sporadic cases too. Among allelic imbalances, main genomic changes involve gain of 17q, 7q and 20q and loss of 11q, 6q and 11p, which identify regions of putative candidate oncogenes or tumour suppressor genes (TSGs), respectively, sometime with potential prognostic significance. Overexpression of Src-like kinases and cyclin D1 (CCND1) oncogene has been described. As for TSGs, P53 (TP53), DPC4/SMAD4 and RB (RB1) are not implicated in PET tumorigenesis, while for p16INK4a (CDKN2A), TIMP3, RASSF1A and hMLH1, more data are available, suggesting a role for methylation as a silencing mechanism. In the last decade, gene expression profile studies, analysis of microRNAs and, more recently, large-scale mutational analysis have highlighted commonly altered molecular pathways in the pathology of PETs. The roles of the mammalian target of rapamycin pathway, and its connection with Src kinases, and the activity of a number of tyrosine kinase receptors seem to be pivotal, as confirmed by the results of recent clinical trials with targeted agents. Mutations of DAXX and ATRX are common and related to altered telomeres but not to prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Capurso
- Digestive and Liver Disease Unit, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, S. Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, Via di Grottarossa 1035, 00189 Rome, Italy
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Tang LH, Contractor T, Clausen R, Klimstra DS, Du YCN, Allen PJ, Brennan MF, Levine AJ, Harris CR. Attenuation of the retinoblastoma pathway in pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors due to increased cdk4/cdk6. Clin Cancer Res 2012; 18:4612-20. [PMID: 22761470 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-11-3264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE In mice, genetic changes that inactivate the retinoblastoma tumor suppressor pathway often result in pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (Pan-NETs). Conversely, in humans with this disease, mutations in genes of the retinoblastoma pathway have rarely been detected, even in genome-wide sequencing studies. In this study, we took a closer look at the role of the retinoblastoma pathway in human Pan-NETs. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Pan-NET tumors from 92 patients were subjected to immunohistochemical staining for markers of the retinoblastoma pathway. To search for amplifications of retinoblastoma pathway genes, genomic DNAs from 26 tumors were subjected to copy number analysis. Finally, a small-molecule activator of the retinoblastoma pathway was tested for effects on the growth of two Pan-NET cell lines. RESULTS A majority of tumors expressed high amounts of Cdk4 or its partner protein cyclin D1. High amounts of phosphorylated Rb1 were present in tumors that expressed high levels of Cdk4 or cyclin D1. The copy numbers of Cdk4 or the analogous kinase gene Cdk6 were increased in 19% of the tumors. Growth of the human Pan-NET cell line QGP1 was inhibited in a xenograft mouse model by the Cdk4/6 inhibitor, PD 0332991, which reactivates the retinoblastoma pathway. CONCLUSIONS Inactivation of the retinoblastoma pathway was indicated for most Pan-NETs. Gene amplification and overexpression of Cdk4 and Cdk6 suggests that patients with Pan-NETs may respond strongly to Cdk4/6 inhibitors that are entering clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura H Tang
- Departments of Pathology and Surgery, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA
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Mayer P, Harjung A, Breinig M, Fischer L, Ehemann V, Malz M, Scherübl H, Britsch S, Werner J, Kern MA, Bläker H, Schirmacher P, Bergmann F. Expression and therapeutic relevance of heat-shock protein 90 in pancreatic endocrine tumors. Endocr Relat Cancer 2012; 19:217-32. [PMID: 22194440 DOI: 10.1530/erc-11-0227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic endocrine tumors (PET) represent a heterogenous group of neoplasms. Although surgical resection is considered a safe and effective treatment for many PET, therapeutic options for inoperable and progressive PET are limited. The expression of heat-shock protein (HSP) 90 was investigated in 120 clinically and pathomorphologically well-characterized PET from 84 patients using immunohistochemistry. In addition, in 19 snap-frozen PET and in three healthy pancreatic tissues, we performed immunoblot analyses, and in 15 snap-frozen PET and in three healthy pancreatic tissues, we investigated the expression of HSP90 isoforms by means of semiquantitative RT-PCR. Functional tests were conducted using the human pancreas carcinoid cell line BON and the mouse insulinoma cell line β-TC-3. HSP90 was expressed in 95% of the PET patients. The transcript levels of the HSP90 isoforms HSP90α, HSP90β, glucose-related protein 94, and TNF receptor-associated protein 1 were significantly increased in PET compared with non-neoplastic pancreatic tissues. The treatment of the cell lines BON and β-TC-3 with the HSP90 inhibitors 17-allylamino-17-demethoxygeldanamycin and 17-dimethylaminoethylamino-17-demethoxy-geldanamycin resulted in significant, dose-dependent reduction of cell viability, cell cycle arrest, and increased apoptosis. Furthermore, HSP90 inhibition induced the degradation and inactivation of several oncogenetic HSP90 client proteins in a time- and dose-dependent manner. HSP90 inhibitors increased the therapeutic effects of doxorubicin and 5-fluorucacil in BON and β-TC-3 cells. HSP90 is expressed in the vast majority of PET and its inhibition reveals significant treatment effects in vitro. Thus, HSP90 qualifies as a promising new target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Mayer
- Institute of Pathology, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 220, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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Chen Z, Forman LW, Miller KA, English B, Takashima A, Bohacek RA, Williams RM, Faller DV. Protein kinase Cδ inactivation inhibits cellular proliferation and decreases survival in human neuroendocrine tumors. Endocr Relat Cancer 2011; 18:759-71. [PMID: 21990324 PMCID: PMC3527126 DOI: 10.1530/erc-10-0224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The concept of targeting cancer therapeutics toward specific mutations or abnormalities in tumor cells, which are not found in normal tissues, has the potential advantages of high selectivity for the tumor and correspondingly low secondary toxicities. Many human malignancies display activating mutations in the Ras family of signal-transducing genes or over-activity of p21(Ras)-signaling pathways. Carcinoid and other neuroendocrine tumors have been similarly demonstrated to have activation of Ras signaling directly by mutations in Ras, indirectly by loss of Ras-regulatory proteins, or via constitutive activation of upstream or downstream effector pathways of Ras, such as growth factor receptors or PI(3)-kinase and Raf/mitogen-activated protein kinases. We previously reported that aberrant activation of Ras signaling sensitizes cells to apoptosis when the activity of the PKCδ isozyme is suppressed and that PKCδ suppression is not toxic to cells with normal levels of p21(Ras) signaling. We demonstrate here that inhibition of PKCδ by a number of independent means, including genetic mechanisms (shRNA) or small-molecule inhibitors, is able to efficiently and selectively repress the growth of human neuroendocrine cell lines derived from bronchopulmonary, foregut, or hindgut tumors. PKCδ inhibition in these tumors also efficiently induced apoptosis. Exposure to small-molecule inhibitors of PKCδ over a period of 24 h is sufficient to significantly suppress cell growth and clonogenic capacity of these tumor cell lines. Neuroendocrine tumors are typically refractory to conventional therapeutic approaches. This Ras-targeted therapeutic approach, mediated through PKCδ suppression, which selectively takes advantage of the very oncogenic mutations that contribute to the malignancy of the tumor, may hold potential as a novel therapeutic modality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihong Chen
- Cancer Center, 72 East Concord St., Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118
| | - Lora W. Forman
- Cancer Center, 72 East Concord St., Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118
| | - Kenneth A. Miller
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, 115 Centre St., Fort Collins, CO
| | - Brandon English
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, 115 Centre St., Fort Collins, CO
| | - Asami Takashima
- Cancer Center, 72 East Concord St., Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118
| | | | - Robert M. Williams
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, 115 Centre St., Fort Collins, CO
| | - Douglas V. Faller
- Cancer Center, 72 East Concord St., Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118
- Departments of Medicine, Pediatrics, Biochemistry, Microbiology, Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, 72 East Concord St., Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118
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Faivre S, Sablin MP, Dreyer C, Raymond E. Novel anticancer agents in clinical trials for well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumors. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 2010; 39:811-26. [PMID: 21095547 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecl.2010.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) are rare malignancies that arise from endocrine cells located in various anatomic locations, with a dramatic increase in incidence during the last 30 years. Limited therapeutic options are currently available for patients with advanced well-differentiated NETs, including carcinoids and pancreatic NETs. Streptozotocin-based chemotherapy and somatostatin analogues are drugs that are currently used for the treatment of progressive metastatic NETs. Recently, sunitinib demonstrating efficacy in pancreatic islet cell carcinomas has opened a new avenue for the treatment of NETs, and further trials shall be considered in NET types such as carcinoids, poorly differentiated neuroendocrine carcinomas, and several other endocrine tumors that depend on vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)/VEGF receptor for angiogenesis. In addition, drugs with distinct mechanisms of action, such as mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitors, currently investigated in phase 3 trials, may also supply novel options to control tumor growth and metastasis. Although acknowledged as rare tumors, recent data demonstrated the feasibility of large randomized trials in this disease. Furthermore, data from large trials also showed the importance of selecting an appropriate patient population when designing randomized studies. This review focuses on novel therapeutic approaches in the treatment of well-differentiated NETs. Based on recent data, novel strategies may now be designed using those anticancer agents to optimize the current treatment of patients with NETs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandrine Faivre
- Department of Medical Oncology, Beaujon University Hospital (AP-HP, Paris 7 Diderot), Clichy, France
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Missiaglia E, Dalai I, Barbi S, Beghelli S, Falconi M, della Peruta M, Piemonti L, Capurso G, Di Florio A, delle Fave G, Pederzoli P, Croce CM, Scarpa A. Pancreatic endocrine tumors: expression profiling evidences a role for AKT-mTOR pathway. J Clin Oncol 2009; 28:245-55. [PMID: 19917848 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2008.21.5988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 391] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE We investigated the global gene expression in a large panel of pancreatic endocrine tumors (PETs) aimed at identifying new potential targets for therapy and biomarkers to predict patient outcome. PATIENTS AND METHODS Using a custom microarray, we analyzed 72 primary PETs, seven matched metastases, and 10 normal pancreatic samples. Relevant differentially expressed genes were validated by either quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction or immunohistochemistry on tissue microarrays. RESULTS Our data showed that: tuberous sclerosis 2 (TSC2) and phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) were downregulated in most of the primary tumors, and their low expression was significantly associated with shorter disease-free and overall survival; somatostatin receptor 2 (SSTR2) was absent or very low in insulinomas compared with nonfunctioning tumors; and expression of fibroblast growth factor 13 (FGF13) gene was significantly associated with the occurrence of liver metastasis and shorter disease-free survival. TSC2 and PTEN are two key inhibitors of the Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway and the specific inhibition of mTOR with rapamycin or RAD001 inhibited cell proliferation of PET cell lines. CONCLUSION Our results strongly support a role for PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway in PET, which ties in with the fact that mTOR inhibitors have reached phase III trials in neuroendocrine tumors. The finding of differential SSTR expression raises the potential for SSTR expression to be evaluated as a marker of response to somatostatin analogs. Finally, we identified FGF13 as a new prognostic marker that predicted poorer outcome in patients who were clinically considered free from disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edoardo Missiaglia
- Departments of Pathology and Surgical and Gastroenterological Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
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Huang H, Hu YD, Li N, Zhu Y. Inhibition of tumor growth and metastasis by non-small cell lung cancer cells transfected with cyclin D1-targeted siRNA. Oligonucleotides 2009; 19:151-62. [PMID: 19355812 PMCID: PMC2948454 DOI: 10.1089/oli.2008.0174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2008] [Accepted: 02/22/2009] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
To observe whether cyclin D1 siRNA-mediated inhibition of cyclin D1 represents a promising antigrowth and antimetastatic strategy for cancer gene therapy, particularly for non-small cell lung cancers. To stably transfect the A549 cell line with a cyclin D1-targeted siRNA to downregulate cyclin D1 expression and observe the effects on protein expression, and tumor growth in vitro and in vivo. Expression of cyclin D1-targeted siRNA resulted in a decrease in cyclin D1, MMP-2, RhoA, and Rac1 protein levels, as detected by Western blot and immunofluorescence studies. Transfected cells also exhibited a marked decrease in the rate of cell growth, and decreased invasive capacity, compared to cells transduced with a scrambled siRNA plasmid and untransduced A549 cells. siRNA-mediated inhibition of cyclin D1 expression represents a promising antigrowth and antimetastatic strategy for cancer gene therapy, particularly for non-small cell lung cancers. It is the reason for inhibiting tumor growth so that cyclin D1 siRNA can inhibit the cell cycle progression. In addition, the mechanism of inhibiting tumor metastasis was related to the decrease in the expression of MMP-2, RhoA, and Rac1 after cyclin D1 was decreased by cyclin D1 siRNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hu Huang
- Third Department of Oncology, XinQiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, ChongQing, People's Republic of China
- Department of Pathology, 161 Hospital WuHan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi-de Hu
- Third Department of Oncology, XinQiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, ChongQing, People's Republic of China
| | - Na Li
- Department of Pathology, 161 Hospital WuHan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Zhu
- Third Department of Oncology, XinQiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, ChongQing, People's Republic of China
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16
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Theillaumas A, Blanc M, Couderc C, Poncet G, Bazzi W, Bernard C, Cordier-Bussat M, Scoazec JY, Roche C. Relation between menin expression and NF-kappaB activity in an intestinal cell line. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2008; 291:109-15. [PMID: 18590796 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2008.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2008] [Revised: 04/28/2008] [Accepted: 05/27/2008] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In a previous study, we demonstrated that the Men1 gene is mainly expressed in the proliferative crypt compartment of the small intestine and that a reduction of menin expression in the crypt-like IEC-17 cell line induces an increase in proliferation rate concomitant with an increase in cyclin D1 expression. The aim of the present study was to test the hypothesis that the NF-kappaB pathway may be involved in cyclin D1 overexpression. Transcriptional activity of the cyclin D1 gene promoter was increased upon reduction of menin expression. Blockade of the NF-kappaB pathway restored proliferation, cell cycle, cyclin D1 gene transcription and cyclin D1 expression levels to those observed in the presence of menin. These data support a correlation between cyclin D1 expression, NF-kappaB activity and menin expression in this epithelial cell line and are relevant to the physiological function of menin in regulating proliferation in the intestinal epithelium.
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17
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Reduced or absent cyclin H expression is an independent prognostic marker for poor outcome in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Hum Pathol 2008; 39:885-94. [PMID: 18400256 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2007.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2007] [Revised: 10/16/2007] [Accepted: 10/17/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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18
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Tiemann K, Heitling U, Kosmahl M, Klöppel G. Solid pseudopapillary neoplasms of the pancreas show an interruption of the Wnt-signaling pathway and express gene products of 11q. Mod Pathol 2007; 20:955-60. [PMID: 17632456 DOI: 10.1038/modpathol.3800902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Solid pseudopapillary neoplasms of the pancreas almost consistently show a beta-catenin mutation activating the Wnt-signaling pathway, resulting in overexpression of cyclin D1, but not in overt malignancy of this tumor. Besides cyclin D1, a set of markers (ie FLI-1, CD56 and progesterone receptor), whose genes map to chromosome 11q, are frequently expressed in solid pseudopapillary neoplasms. Chromosome 11q is a region that is also often affected in pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. This immunohistochemical study was undertaken to gain insights into the downstream regulation of the Wnt-signaling pathway and the significance of overexpressed gene products belonging to chromosome 11q for the tumorigenesis in solid pseudopapillary neoplasms. Fourteen solid pseudopapillary neoplasms were analyzed for the expression of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors p21, p27, p16 and hyperphosphorylated retinoblastoma (pRb) proteins. In an extended series of 93 solid pseudopapillary neoplasms, beta-catenin, cyclin D1, FLI-1 and CD56 expression was examined and compared with that in 22 pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. Solid pseudopapillary neoplasms (98%) showed aberrant expression of beta-catenin with a concomitant cyclin D1 expression in 69% of the cases, but no expression of pRb (0%) was found. p27 and p21 were expressed in 100% (14/14) and 86% (12/14) of the cases, but only 2/14 (14%) were positive for p16. FLI-1 was expressed in 63% of solid pseudopapillary neoplasms, but only in 1/22 pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (5%), cyclin D1 expression was present in 14% of the latter. We conclude that in solid pseudopapillary neoplasms the activated Wnt-signaling pathway is disrupted, and that p21 and p27 are contributing to this fact by blocking of the hyperphosphorylation of the Rb protein, thus causing the very low proliferation rate characterizing the solid pseudopapillary neoplasms. The accumulation of high expression of proteins whose genes are located on chromosome 11q is characteristic of solid pseudopapillary neoplasms, but not of pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors.
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Perren A, Anlauf M, Komminoth P. Molecular profiles of gastroenteropancreatic endocrine tumors. Virchows Arch 2007; 451 Suppl 1:S39-46. [PMID: 17684763 DOI: 10.1007/s00428-007-0449-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2007] [Accepted: 06/11/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Neuroendocrine tumors of the gastroenteropancreatic system are defined by their endocrine phenotype and share many histopathological and clinical features. However, the fact that the hormone production of tumors depends on their site of origin, that the tumors differ in their biology, and that the association with familial syndromes is nonrandom suggests heterogeneity. It is therefore conceivable that the gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors also differ in their molecular profile. This review summarizes and discusses the available data in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurel Perren
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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20
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Hou P, Liu D, Xing M. The T1790A BRAF mutation (L597Q) in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia is a functional oncogene. Leukemia 2007; 21:2216-8. [PMID: 17525723 DOI: 10.1038/sj.leu.2404761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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21
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Chang MC, Xiao S, Nosé V. Clinicopathologic and immunohistochemical correlation in sporadic pancreatic endocrine tumors: possible roles of utrophin and cyclin D1 in malignant progression. Hum Pathol 2007; 38:732-40. [PMID: 17306326 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2006.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2006] [Revised: 10/27/2006] [Accepted: 10/31/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic endocrine tumors (PETs), both functioning and nonfunctioning, are usually well differentiated and progress slowly. The 2004 World Health Organization (WHO) criteria classify PETs according to clinicopathologic features and Ki-67 proliferative index. A tumor associated with poorer prognostic features may be considered "uncertain" in behavior, but the malignant classifications are reserved for tumors showing clear signs of aggressive behavior. It remains difficult to predict malignant progression in any individual PET. The cytoskeletal protein utrophin is encoded on chromosome 6q, a region frequently lost in malignant PETs. Cyclin D1 is a highly regulated mediator of the cell cycle and is frequently overexpressed in sporadic PETs. Sporadic PETs resected or biopsied from 40 patients were identified and classified using WHO criteria (19 benign/uncertain, 21 malignant). Distinctive patterns of biologic activity in unequivocally malignant PETs were demonstrated by immunohistochemistry for utrophin and cyclin D1. Utrophin localized to cell membranes (76% in malignant versus 21% in benign/uncertain PETs, P < .0006) and cyclin D1 staining showed nuclear positivity (67% in malignant versus 17% in benign/uncertain PETs, P < .003). Membranous utrophin localization was associated with significantly reduced patient survival (P = .045). Both membranous utrophin and nuclear cyclin D1 staining were also associated with higher Ki-67 proliferative indices. In our series, neither utrophin nor cyclin D1 was predictive of malignant progression in uncertain (WHO 1.2) PETs. Further studies are warranted to elucidate the role of utrophin and cyclin D1 in the malignant progression of PETs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin C Chang
- Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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22
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Abstract
Neuroendocrine tumors can develop either sporadically or in association with familial syndromes such as multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1), multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2 (MEN2) or von Hippel-Lindau (VHL). A variety of genetic approaches has been utilized to dissect the underlying molecular pathogenesis of these distinctive tumors, including genome-wide screens such as comparative genomic hybridization, loss of heterozygosity and DNA microarray analysis as well as targeted investigations into specific tumor suppressor gene and oncogene candidates. The identification of the MEN1 tumor suppressor gene that underlies the MEN1 syndrome has provided important new insights into tumor pathogenesis. In addition, a number of independent approaches has converged on a pivotal role for regulators of the cell cycle. However, our understanding of the molecular biology of these tumors remains far from complete. In this review we highlight some of the key approaches, findings and implications of these genetic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva-Maria Duerr
- Gastrointestinal Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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23
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Lindberg D, Hessman O, Akerström G, Westin G. Cyclin-dependent kinase 4 (CDK4) expression in pancreatic endocrine tumors. Neuroendocrinology 2007; 86:112-8. [PMID: 17664862 DOI: 10.1159/000106762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2007] [Accepted: 06/26/2007] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Pancreatic endocrine tumors (PETs) occur sporadically, in association with the multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1) and the von Hippel-Lindau syndromes. CDK4 is central to the cell cycle control in pancreatic beta cells, and we have assessed whether CDK4 expression is deregulated in 18 human sporadic or familial PETs. METHODS Real-time quantitative PCR, immunohistochemistry, DNA sequencing, and Western blot analysis were used. RESULTS CDK4 mRNA was expressed in all PETs within the range of the arbitrary control. CDK4 protein was absent in normal pancreatic islets but distinctly expressed in all PETs as determined by immunohistochemistry. CDK4 expression was confirmed by Western blot analysis. No significant differences of CDK4 expression were observed between the groups of benign and malignant PETs or between tumors with or without MEN1 gene mutations. CDK4 expression was not due to gene amplification, and no mutations were identified in coding exons and RNA splice sites. c-Myc is known to be overexpressed in PETs and directly augments CDK4 expression in other cell types. Analysis of consecutive tissue sections for CDK4 and c-Myc showed overlapping homo- or heterogeneous immunostaining in all 18 PETs. CONCLUSION We conclude that CDK4 and c-Myc is generally expressed in benign and malignant PETs, and regardless of MEN1 mutational status. Targeting of CDK4 may present an alternative to traditional chemotherapy of PETs in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Lindberg
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Endocrine Unit, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden
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24
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Zikusoka MN, Kidd M, Eick G, Latich I, Modlin IM. The molecular genetics of gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. Cancer 2006; 104:2292-309. [PMID: 16258976 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.21451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The pathobiology of neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) is hampered by the lack of scientific tools that define their mechanisms of secretion, proliferation, and metastasis; and, currently, there are no accurate means to assess tumor behavior and disease prognosis. Molecular biologic techniques and genetic analysis may facilitate the delineation of the molecular pathology of NETs and provide novel insights into their cellular mechanisms. The current status and recent advances in assessment of the molecular basis of tumorigenesis of gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (GEP-NETs) were reviewed (1981-2004). The objectives of this retrospective study were to provide a cohesive overview of the current state of knowledge and to develop a molecular understanding of these rare tumor entities to facilitate the establishment of therapeutic targets and rational management strategies. Multiple differences in chromosomal aberration patterns were noted between gastrointestinal (GI) neuroendocrine and pancreatic endocrine tumors (PETs). Divergence in gene expression patterns in the development of GI carcinoids and PETs was identified, whereas examination of the PET and GI carcinoid data demonstrated only few areas of overlap in the accumulation of genetic aberrations. These data suggest that the recent World Health Organization classification of GEP-NETs may require updating. In addition, previous assumptions of tumor similarity (pancreatic vs. GI) may be unfounded when they are examined at a molecular level. On the basis of the evolution of genetic information, enteric neuroendocrine lesions (carcinoids) and PETs may need to be classified as two distinct entities rather than grouped together as the single entity "GEP-NETs."
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle N Zikusoka
- Department of Surgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8062, USA
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Lin L, Hicks D, Xu B, Sigel JE, Bergfeld WF, Montgomery E, Fisher C, Hartke M, Tubbs R, Goldblum JR. Expression profile and molecular genetic regulation of cyclin D1 expression in epithelioid sarcoma. Mod Pathol 2005; 18:705-9. [PMID: 15578074 DOI: 10.1038/modpathol.3800349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Epithelioid sarcoma is a distinctive, aggressive soft tissue tumor typically presenting as a subcutaneous or deep dermal mass in the distal extremities of young adults. Molecular genetic data of well-characterized cases of epithelioid sarcoma are sparse. A recent cytogenetic study of epithelioid sarcoma by conventional metaphase comparative genomic hybridization reported recurrent gains at chromosome 11q13, a region containing many genes, including the cyclin D1 gene. Cyclin D1 is a positive cell cycle regulator that is overexpressed in a variety of neoplasms, including mantle cell lymphoma and breast carcinoma. The objective of this study was to examine cyclin D1 expression in epithelioid sarcoma. Of 24 cases evaluated, 23 (96%) displayed cyclin D1 nuclear expression using immunohistochemical evaluation. Eight cases, which expressed cyclin D1 by immunohistochemistry, were evaluated by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and RNA in situ hybridization (RISH) for amplification of the cyclin D1 gene and messenger RNA (mRNA) expression, respectively. Seven of eight cases showed a typical eusomic state. One case showed pseudoamplification due to aneusomy/polysomy. There was no evidence of cyclin D1 gene amplification or messenger RNA overexpression detected by FISH or RNA in situ hybridization analyses, respectively. Our data clearly demonstrate that cyclin D1 protein is upregulated in epithelioid sarcoma, suggesting a role for this cell cycle regulator in the pathogenesis of epithelioid sarcoma. The high level of cyclin D1 protein expression in epithelioid sarcoma appears to be regulated by translational and/or post-translational mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Lin
- Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
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26
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Kouvaraki MA, Solorzano CC, Shapiro SE, Yao JC, Perrier ND, Lee JE, Evans DB. Surgical treatment of non-functioning pancreatic islet cell tumors. J Surg Oncol 2005; 89:170-85. [PMID: 15719379 DOI: 10.1002/jso.20178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic endocrine tumors (PETs) are rare neoplasms originating from the amine precursor uptake and decarboxylation (APUD) stem cells. Although the majority of PETs are sporadic, they frequently occur in familial syndromes. PETs may cause a variety of functional syndromes or symptoms of local progression if they are non-functional. General neuroendocrine tumor markers are highly sensitive in the diagnostic assessment of a PET. Imaging studies for tumor localization and staging include computer tomography (CT) scan, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), In(111)-octreotide scan, MIBG, and endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS). Treatment of PETs often requires a multi-modality approach; however, surgical resection remains the only curative therapy for localized (non-metastatic) disease. Treatment of metastatic disease includes biologic agents, cytotoxic chemotherapy, and liver-directed therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria A Kouvaraki
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
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Mamane Y, Petroulakis E, Rong L, Yoshida K, Ler LW, Sonenberg N. eIF4E--from translation to transformation. Oncogene 2004; 23:3172-9. [PMID: 15094766 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1207549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 352] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Over the years, studies have focused on the transcriptional regulation of oncogenesis. More recently, a growing emphasis has been placed on translational control. The Ras and Akt signal transduction pathways play a critical role in regulating mRNA translation and cellular transformation. The question arises: How might the Ras and Akt signaling pathways affect translation and mediate transformation? These pathways converge on a crucial effector of translation, the initiation factor eIF4E, which binds the 5'cap of mRNAs. This review focuses on the role of eIF4E in oncogenesis. eIF4E controls the translation of various malignancy-associated mRNAs which are involved in polyamine synthesis, cell cycle progression, activation of proto-oncogenes, angiogenesis, autocrine growth stimulation, cell survival, invasion and communication with the extracellular environment. eIF4E-mediated translational modulation of these mRNAs plays a pivotal role in both tumor formation and metastasis. Interestingly, eIF4E activity is implicated in mitosis, embryogenesis and in apoptosis. Finally, the finding that eIF4E is overexpressed in several human cancers makes it a prime target for anticancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaël Mamane
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill Cancer Centre, McGill University, 3655 Promenade Sir-William-Osler, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, H3G 1Y6
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