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Lametschwandtner A, Spornitz U, Minnich B. Microvascular anatomy of the non-lobulated liver of adult Xenopus laevis: A scanning electron microscopic study of vascular casts. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2021; 305:243-253. [PMID: 33943032 PMCID: PMC9292344 DOI: 10.1002/ar.24649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Revised: 03/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The microvascular anatomy of the non-lobulated liver of adult Xenopus laevis was studied by scanning electron microscopy of vascular corrosion casts. Hepatic portal veins and hepatic arteries entered hepatic lobes at the hiluses, hepatic veins left at these sites. Intraparenchymal, hepatic portal veins branched up to 10 times before terminal portal venules supplied liver sinusoids. Hepatic arteries closely followed portal vessels. Arteriolar side branches formed anastomoses with close by portal venules (arteriolar-portal anastomoses; APAs), liver sinusoids (arteriolar-sinusoidal anastomoses; ASAs), and peribiliary plexus vessels. Distally, hepatic arteries anastomosed with terminal portal venules having >100 μm in diameter. Liver sinusoids formed a dense three-dimensional network displaying signs of non-sprouting and sprouting angiogenesis evidenced by "holes" and blind ending tapering cast vascular structures (sprouts), respectively. Sinusoids drained via efferent hepatic veins. Right and left hepatic veins drained into the posterior caval vein. Locally, a dense honeycomb-like 3D-meshwork of resin structures was found around terminal portal venules and hepatic arteries. These networks were fed by hepatic arterioles and drained into adjacent terminal portal venules. As their morphologies differed significantly from sinusoids and they were found at sites where diffuse lymphoid tissue is described, we are convinced that they represent the vasculature of diffuse lymphoid tissue areas. Frequencies and diameter ratios of hepatic portal venules versus hepatic arterioles anastomosing with the former (APAs) implicate that the arterial supply contributes to the oxygenation of parenchymal and stromal cells rather than to a significant increase in blood flow towards hepatic sinusoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alois Lametschwandtner
- Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, Vascular and Exercise Biology Research Group, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Udo Spornitz
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Bernd Minnich
- Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, Vascular and Exercise Biology Research Group, Salzburg, Austria
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Biliary cytokeratin expression but not CD56 (N-CAM) expression aids in the differential diagnosis of non-neoplastic bile duct diseases. Pathol Res Pract 2010; 206:669-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2010.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2010] [Revised: 03/09/2010] [Accepted: 05/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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YOSHIDA K, YASUDA M, NASU T, MURAKAMI T. Scanning Electron Microscopic Study of Vascular and Biliary Casts in Chicken and Duck Liver. J Vet Med Sci 2010; 72:925-8. [DOI: 10.1292/jvms.09-0516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Keiko YOSHIDA
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki
| | - Masahiro YASUDA
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki
| | - Tetsuo NASU
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki
| | - Takayuki MURAKAMI
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki
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Abstract
The liver produces a large amount of lymph, which is estimated to be 25 to 50 % of lymph flowing through the thoracic duct. The hepatic lymphatic system falls into three categories depending on their locations: portal, sublobular, and superficial lymphatic vessels. It is suggested that 80 % or more of hepatic lymph drains into portal lymphatic vessels, while the remainder drains through sublobular and capsular lymphatic vessels. The hepatic lymph primarily comes from the hepatic sinusoids. Our tracer studies, together with electron microscopy, show many channels with collagen fibers traversing through the limiting plate and connecting the space of Disse with the interstitial space either in the portal tracts, or around the sublobular veins. Fluid filtered out of the sinusoids into the space of Disse flows through the channels traversing the limiting plate either independently of blood vessels or along blood vessels and enters the interstitial space of either portal tract or sublobular veins. Fluid in the space of Disse also flows through similar channels traversing the hepatocytes intervening between the space of Disse and the hepatic capsule and drains into the interstitial space of the capsule. Fluid and migrating cells in the interstitial space pass through prelymphatic vessels to finally enter the lymphatic vessels. The area of the portal lymphatic vessels increases in liver fibrosis and cirrhosis and in idiopathic portal hypertension. Lymphatic vessels are abundant in the immediate vicinity of the hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and liver metastasis. HCCs expressing vascular endothelial growth factor-C are more liable to metastasize, indicating that lymphangiogenesis is associated with their enhanced metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osamu Ohtani
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan.
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Abstract
The angioarchitecture of the proximal and distal segments of the hepatic duct in the dog was investigated by means of vascular corrosion casts under a scanning electron microscope. The results of observations indicated a change of the pattern of vascularization of the hepatic duct along with the increasing distance of the hepatic duct from the liver and increasing diameter of the duct. In the proximal hepatic duct, the main blood vessels run along the duct as a pair of supplying arteriole and voluminous collecting venule, while in the distal segments of the hepatic duct on the opposite margin of the duct two vascular triads were observed, composed of two venules and one medial arteriole. On the surface of both segments of the hepatic duct, there are well-anastomosed outer venous plexuses. In the distal segments of the hepatic duct, the outer venous plexus accompanies a fine outer arterial rete. Observations of the intramural network indicate the presence of single terminal arterioles running to mucosa and supplying a subepithelial capillary network. Differences were observed in the blood drainage from the mucosa, as in the proximal segment of the hepatic duct single post-capillary venules are found, while in the distal segment in the mucosa a well-developed mucosal venous plexus is formed. In the well-developed venous system of the hepatic duct no valves were observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Jackowiak
- Department of Animal Anatomy, Agricultural University of Poznań, PL 60-625, ul. Wojska Polskiego 71 C, Poznan, Poland.
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Gaudio E, Franchitto A, Pannarale L, Carpino G, Alpini G, Francis H, Glaser S, Alvaro D, Onori P. Cholangiocytes and blood supply. World J Gastroenterol 2006; 12:3546-52. [PMID: 16773711 PMCID: PMC4087570 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v12.i22.3546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The microvascular supply of the biliary tree, the peribiliary plexus (PBP), stems from the hepatic artery branches and flows into the hepatic sinusoids. A detailed three-dimensional study of the PBP has been performed by using the Scanning Electron Microscopy vascular corrosion casts (SEMvcc) technique. Considering that the PBP plays a fundamental role in supporting the secretory and absorptive functions of the biliary epithelium, their organization in either normalcy and pathology is explored. The normal liver shows the PBP arranged around extra- and intrahepatic biliary tree. In the small portal tract PBP was characterized by a single layer of capillaries which progressively continued with the extrahepatic PBP where it showed a more complex vascular network. After common duct ligation (BDL), progressive modifications of bile duct and PBP proliferation are observed. The PBP presents a three-dimensional network arranged around many bile ducts and appears as bundles of vessels, composed by capillaries of homogeneous diameter with a typical round mesh structure. The PBP network is easily distinguishable from the sinusoidal network which appears normal. Considering the enormous extension of the PBP during BDL, the possible role played by the Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) is evaluated. VEGF-A, VEGF-C and their related receptors appeared highly immunopositive in proliferating cholangiocytes of BDL rats. The administration of anti-VEGF-A or anti-VEGF-C antibodies to BDL rats as well as hepatic artery ligation induced a reduced bile duct mass. The administration of rVEGF-A to BDL hepatic artery ligated rats prevented the decrease of cholangiocyte proliferation and VEGF-A expression as compared to BDL control rats. These data suggest the role of arterial blood supply of the biliary tree in conditions of cholangiocyte proliferation, such as it occurs during chronic cholestasis. On the other hand, the role played by VEGF as a tool of cross-talk between cholangiocytes and PBP endothelial cells suggests that manipulation of VEGF release and function could represent a therapeutic strategy for human pathological conditions characterized by damage of hepatic artery or the biliary tree.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenio Gaudio
- Department of Human Anatomy, University of Rome, La Sapienza, Rome, Italy.
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Kitade M, Yoshiji H, Yamao J, Fujimoto M, Kojima H, Mitoro A, Yoshida M, Namisaki T, Yamazaki M, Toyohara M, Uemura M, Fukui H. Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma associated with central calcification and arterio-portal shunt. Intern Med 2005; 44:825-8. [PMID: 16157980 DOI: 10.2169/internalmedicine.44.825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Although several diagnostic imaging modalities have been significantly improved in the recent years, the definitive diagnosis of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (IHC) is still sometimes difficult because of the versatile features of IHC with each imaging. A 68-year-old Japanese man with alcoholic liver cirrhosis developed an intrahepatic tumor. Several imaging modalities demonstrated various features, such as central calcification and arterio-portal (A-P) shunt. Since we could not reach a final diagnosis and the tumor size gradually increased, partial hepatectomy was done after obtaining written informed consent from the patient. The postoperative histopathological examination revealed a cholangiocarcinoma. Herein, we report this case of IHC that was very difficult to diagnose due to the simultaneous association with central calcification and A-P shunt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuteru Kitade
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Nara Medical University, Japan
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Jackowiak H, Lametschwandtner A. Angioarchitecture of the rabbit extrahepatic bile ducts and gallbladder. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 286:974-81. [PMID: 16142813 DOI: 10.1002/ar.a.20240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The angioarchitecture of extrahepatic bile ducts and gallbladder of the miniature rabbit was studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of vascular corrosion casts. Light microscopy of Masson-stained, paraffin-embedded transverse tissue sections served to attribute cast vascular structures to defined layers of bile ducts and gallbladder. In all segments of the bile tract, a mucosal and a subserosal vascular network was found. In glandular segments, the mucosal network was composed of a meshwork of subepithelial and circumglandular capillaries, which serve the mucosal functions. Differences in the angioarchitectonic patterns existed only in the subserosal networks as hepatic ducts own one supplying arteriole only, while the common bile duct owns a well-defined rete arteriosum subserosum. A well-developed dense subserosus venous plexus was present throughout the bile tract. Vascular patterns of the gallbladder body resembled those of the bile duct, whereby the dense subserous venous plexus was located close to the mucosal capillary network. The subserosal network in the neck of the gallbladder resembled that of the cystic duct. Spatial changes of the mucosal vascular network during volume changes of the gallbladder were documented. Measurements from tissue sections revealed bile tract diameters of 220-400 microm (extrahepatic ducts), 500-650 microm (cystic duct), and 4-6 mm (common bile duct). Data gained from high-powered SEM micrographs of vascular corrosion casts revealed vessel diameters of 200 microm (cystic artery), 90-110 microm (cystic vein), 30-40 microm (feeding arterioles), and 25-110 microm (subserosal venules). Crypt diameters in the filled gallbladder were 300-1,500 mum; those in the contracted organ were 100-600 microm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Jackowiak
- Department of Animal Anatomy, Agricultural University of Poznan, Poland.
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Roskams T, Cassiman D, De Vos R, Libbrecht L. Neuroregulation of the neuroendocrine compartment of the liver. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 280:910-23. [PMID: 15382010 DOI: 10.1002/ar.a.20096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Liver progenitor cells as well as hepatic stellate cells have neuroendocrine features. Progenitor cells express chromogranin-A and neural cell adhesion molecule, parathyroid hormone-related peptide, S-100 protein, neurotrophins, and neurotrophin receptors, while hepatic stellate cells express synaptophysin, glial fibrillary acidic protein, neural cell adhesion molecule, nestin, neurotrophins, and their receptors. This phenotype suggests that these cell types form a neuroendocrine compartment of the liver, which could be under the control of the central nervous system. We recently showed that the parasympathetic nervous system promotes progenitor cell expansion after liver injury, since selective vagotomy reduces the number of progenitor cells after chemical injury in the rat. Similarly, after transplantation, which surgically denervates the liver, human livers that develop hepatitis have fewer progenitor cells than native, fully innervated livers with similar degrees of liver injury. There is also accumulating experimental evidence linking the autonomic system, in particular the sympathetic nervous system (SNS), with the pathogenesis of cirrhosis and its complications. Recently, it has been shown that hepatic stellate cells themselves respond to neurotransmitters. Moreover, inhibition of the SNS reduced fibrosis in carbon tetrachloride-induced liver injury. In view of the denervated state of transplanted livers, it is very important to unravel the neural control mechanisms of regeneration and fibrogenesis. Moreover, since there is a shortage of donor organs, a better understanding of the mechanisms of regeneration could have therapeutic possibilities, which could even obviate the need for orthotopic liver transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania Roskams
- Department of Pathology, University of Leuven, Belgium.
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Poonkhum R, Pisetpaisan K, Wang BJ, Anupunpisit V, Ohtani Y, Ohtani O. Origins and pathways of fluid entering sublobular lymphatic vessels in cat livers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003; 66:317-26. [PMID: 14692687 DOI: 10.1679/aohc.66.317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The liver, which produces a large volume of lymph, has a lymphatic system which can be classified into three categories: portal, sublobular, and superficial lymphatic vessels. As little is known about the origin and pathways of sublobular lymph, this study demonstrates pathways of interstitial fluid flowing into sublobular lymphatic vessels. Livers from cats whose thoracic ducts were either ligated or non-ligated were examined by light-, transmission electron- and scanning electron-microscopy (SEM). Complete ligation of the thoracic duct caused significant dilation of the hepatic sinusoids, the space of Disse, and channels passing through the limiting plate. Sublobular interstitial space and sublobular lymphatic vessels were also expanded. The channels between hepatocytes forming the limiting plate contained collagen fibers, and connected the space of Disse with a sublobular interstitial space. The alkali-water maceration/SEM confirmed that collagen fibers traversing the layer of the limiting plate independently of blood vessels connected collagen fibers in the space of Disse with those in the sublobular space. Complete ligation of the thoracic duct also showed an accumulation of mast cells and plasma cells in the sublobular interstitial space. Our data suggest that fluid in the space of Disse flows along collagen fibers in channels traversing the limiting plate as well as those along the sinusoids and central veins that drain into sublobular veins, and enters the sublobular interstitial space to finally lead into sublobular lymphatic vessels. Our study has also shown that hepatic lymphostasis causes the accumulation of mast cells and plasma cells in the sublobular interstitial space, which may be involved in lymphangiogenesis and fibrogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raksawan Poonkhum
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Toyama Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Toyama, Japan
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11
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Ohtani Y, Wang BJ, Poonkhum R, Ohtani O. Pathways for movement of fluid and cells from hepatic sinusoids to the portal lymphatic vessels and subcapsular region in rat livers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003; 66:239-52. [PMID: 14527165 DOI: 10.1679/aohc.66.239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
It has long been a mystery how fluid and migrating cells in the hepatic sinusoids reach lymphatic vessels in the portal tract. Here we describe previously-unknown channels that connect the space of Disse with the portal tract in the rat liver. Transmission electron microscopy was performed on livers injected with either horseradish peroxidase (HRP) or lipopolysaccharide, and scanning electron microscopy was carried out on livers macerated with KOH. Transmission electron microscopy revealed the presence of channels with collagen fibers traversing the limiting plate. A tracer study showed that HRP was in the channels as well as along inlet venules. Dendritic cells in the hepatic sinusoids or between hepatocytes of the limiting plate were also observed extending their pseudopodia through the channels in the limiting plate to the interstitial space of the portal tract. Scanning electron microscopy further showed that many channels (1-3microm in diameter) penetrated through the limiting plate independently of blood vessels and connected the space of Disse with the interstitial space of the portal tract. In addition, the portal tract possessed prelymphatic vessels that were lined with fibroblast-like cells and frequently contained dendritic cells. The initial segment of the portal lymphatic vessels opened to the interstitial tissue space. These results indicate that fluid and dendritic cells in the hepatic sinusoids probably pass through both the space of Disse and the channels traversing the limiting plate, enter the interstitial space of the portal tracts, and finally move from the prelymphatic vessels to the portal lymphatic vessels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Ohtani
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Toyama Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Toyama, Japan
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Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS We examined the three-dimensional structures of the hepatic artery. MATERIALS/METHODS A 39-year-old man who died of brain hemorrhage was autopsied. The liver was perfused with physiological saline and 20% formalin from the hepatic artery and portal vein. More than 700 serial sections were obtained from a paraffin-embedded block, and vascular reconstruction was performed under a light microscope. RESULTS The hepatic artery divides into the axial artery and the peribiliary branch given off from it. These two systems also connect to each other by a few anastomoses. The former systematically supplies arterial blood to all the parenchymal liver cells. The latter forms two layers of plexes around the bile duct. The inner capillary layer is afferent and the outer vascular layer is efferent to the bile duct. CONCLUSION To maintain constant sinusoidal blood flow, the terminal portions of the axial arteries may contract and thereby divert blood to peribiliary branches through bifurcations and anastomoses. The blood flow of the peribiliary capillary plexus may affect bile flow. The hepatic artery may act as a functional mediator between portal flow and bile excretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Takasaki
- Department of Pathology, Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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Yang W, Benjamin IS, Alexander B. Localisation of hepatic vascular resistance sites in the isolated dual-perfused rat liver. Eur J Pharmacol 1999; 364:13-21. [PMID: 9920180 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-2999(98)00813-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The locations of the vascular resistance sites which regulate vascular tone in the hepatic arterial and portal venous vasculatures of the rat liver were identified using a new, in vitro, dual-perfused liver preparation. Twelve livers of male Wistar rats were perfused via the hepatic artery and portal vein at fixed flow and at physiological pressure. Dose-related vasoconstriction to injections or infusions of noradrenaline was measured as transient or sustained increases in perfusion pressure, respectively, in the hepatic arterial and portal venous vasculatures. Direct injections/infusions of noradrenaline refer to those administered into the vasculature from which pressure was recorded, e.g., the effects of hepatic arterial (direct) injections/infusions of noradrenaline upon hepatic arterial perfusion pressure. Indirect injections/infusions of noradrenaline were those administered to the adjacent afferent vasculature, e.g., the effects of portal venous (indirect) injections of noradrenaline upon hepatic arterial perfusion pressure. The converse applies for recordings of portal venous perfusion pressure. The -log(M) ED50 values to direct (hepatic arterial) and indirect (portal venous) injections in the hepatic artery were 4.25+/-0.20 and 3.40+/-0.10, respectively, and were significantly different (P < 0.01, Student's unpaired t-test); the -log(M) ED50 values to direct (portal venous) and indirect (hepatic arterial) injections in the portal vein were 3.91+/-0.08 and 3.85+/-0.11, respectively, and were not significantly different (P > 0.05, Student's unpaired t-test). Similarly, the -log(M) ED50 values to direct (hepatic arterial) and indirect (portal venous) infusions in the hepatic artery were 5.28+/-0.11 and 3.75+/-0.12, respectively, and were significantly different (P < 0.01, Student's unpaired t-test); the -log(M) ED50 values to direct (portal venous) and indirect (hepatic arterial) infusions in the portal vein were 5.31+/-0.19 and 5.70+/-0.16, respectively, and were not significantly different (P > 0.05, Student's unpaired t-test). These results demonstrated that there is little transfer of noradrenaline from the portal venous to the hepatic arterial resistance sites, but significant transfer from the hepatic artery to the portal venous suggesting that; (a) the portal venous resistance sites are located at the sinusoidal or post-sinusoidal level; and (b) the hepatic arterial resistance sites are located at the pre-sinusoidal level.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Yang
- Department of Surgery, King's College School of Medicine and Dentistry, The Rayne Institute, London, UK
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Fukukura Y, Nakashima O, Kusaba A, Kage M, Kojiro M. Angioarchitecture and blood circulation in focal nodular hyperplasia of the liver. J Hepatol 1998; 29:470-5. [PMID: 9764996 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-8278(98)80067-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS We sought to clarify important unresolved points regarding angioarchitecture and blood circulation in focal nodular hyperplasia. METHODS Twenty-nine surgically resected focal nodular hyperplasia lesions were examined histologically, immunohistochemically, and radiologically. In three autopsy cases, red- and blue-colored gelatin was injected into the hepatic artery and the portal vein, respectively, to demonstrate the vasculature in focal nodular hyperplasia. RESULTS Histologically, no orientation with respect to portal tracts and central veins was evident in any lesion. Within lesions, vessels were classified as: (i) anomalous arteries in the fibrous septa, (ii) capillaries in the fibrous septa, or (iii) venous vessels located mainly in the parenchyma. Vessels and sinusoids adjacent to fibrous septa were stained for CD 34 and von Willebrand factor. The anomalous arteries were connected to the capillaries. Capillaries in the fibrous septa were connected to sinusoids adjacent to fibrous septa. Venous vessels were connected to central or hepatic veins surrounding the lesions. Intranodular sinusoids were connected to the sinusoids in the surrounding normal liver. Red-colored gelatin, injected at autopsy into the hepatic artery, appeared not only in the anomalous arteries but also in capillaries and in sinusoids adjacent to the fibrous septa of the lesion. Angiography clearly depicted hepatic veins located near the lesions in nine cases. Computed tomography during arterial portography disclosed no portal blood flow in the lesions. CONCLUSIONS In focal nodular hyperplasia, arterial blood flows from the anomalous arteries via the capillaries into sinusoids adjacent to fibrous septa. The blood in the sinusoids drained to the hepatic vein either directly or via perinodular sinusoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Fukukura
- The First Department of Pathology, Kurume University School of Medicine, Fukuoka, Japan
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Browse DJ, Benjamin IS, Alexander B. The transhepatic response to noradrenaline in the rabbit liver: the influence of arterioportal pressure gradient. J Pharm Pharmacol 1995; 47:317-23. [PMID: 7791030 DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-7158.1995.tb05802.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The dose-related responses of the hepatic arterial and portal venous vascular beds to bolus administration of noradrenaline (10(-10)-10(-4) mol), injected into the hepatic artery and portal vein, were studied in the isolated dual-perfused rabbit liver at both basal and raised tone. The transhepatic ratio, defined as the ratio between the intra-arterial molar ED50 dose and the intraportal dose required to give the same arterial response, was calculated for arterial and venous responses to noradrenaline. At basal tone, the transhepatic ratio for hepatic arterial vasoconstrictive responses was 500. Portal venous vasoconstrictive responses were similar in potency independent of injection site but differed significantly in analysis of dose-response slope and maximal response. At raised tone, the arterio-portal pressure gradient increased by 68.5 mmHg and there was a 10-fold increase in the transhepatic ratio for hepatic arterial responses, while the portal venous responses remained unchanged. These results demonstrate that arterio-portal pressure gradient has a powerful effect on transhepatic action of noradrenaline, and suggest a pre-sinusoidal site for the generation of both hepatic arterial and portal venous vascular resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Browse
- Department of Surgery, King's College School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rayne Institute, Denmark Hill, London, UK
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Yasoshima M, Nakanuma Y, Tsuneyama K, Van de Water J, Gershwin ME. Immunohistochemical analysis of adhesion molecules in the micro-environment of portal tracts in relation to aberrant expression of PDC-E2 and HLA-DR on the bile ducts in primary biliary cirrhosis. J Pathol 1995; 175:319-25. [PMID: 7538164 DOI: 10.1002/path.1711750310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
We have examined immunohistochemically the expression of adhesion molecules in the micro-environment of portal tracts and their relationship to the expression of the pyruvate dehydrogenase E2 complex (PDC-E2) and HLA-DR in liver biopsy specimens. Ten cases of primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) and 19 controls were examined, including four cases of extrahepatic biliary obstruction, six of chronic viral hepatitis, and nine normal livers. In PBC, the damaged small bile ducts demonstrated an increased expression of PDC-E2 and an aberrant expression of HLA-DR; about half of these damaged bile ducts also expressed intercellular adhesion molecules (ICAM)-1 and a few expressed vascular adhesion molecule (VCAM)-1. In addition, lymphocyte function-associated antigen (LFA)-1 and very late antigen (VLA)-4 were expressed on infiltrating lymphocytes around these bile ducts. In contrast, in control livers, these alterations in antigen expression on the bile ducts were either not observed or were only focal and weak, when present. These findings suggest that ICAM-1/LFA-1 and also VCAM-1/VLA-4 linkages between the damaged bile ducts and lymphocytes may facilitate antigen-specific reactions such as the presentation of antigens, possibly PDC-E2, to the periductal lymphocytes in PBC. ICAM-1, VCAM-1, and E-selectin were strongly expressed on the endothelial cells of some vessels in the portal tracts in PBC, suggesting the facilitation of the recruitment of lymphocytes around the bile ducts of PBC. VCAM-1, a member of the immunoglobulin superfamily, has not hitherto been reported on bile ducts.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Yasoshima
- Department of Pathology (II), Kanazawa University School of Medicine, Japan
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Demachi H, Matsui O, Kawamori Y, Ueda K, Takashima T. The protective effect of portoarterial shunts after experimental hepatic artery embolization in rats with liver cirrhosis. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol 1995; 18:97-101. [PMID: 7774003 DOI: 10.1007/bf02807230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The role of the portal system after hepatic artery embolization (HAE) was examined. METHODS Using a Wistar strain rat model of liver cirrhosis, the route and occurrence of portoarterial (PA) shunts before and after HAE by scanning electron microscopic (SEM) and histologic methods were evaluated. HAE was performed with iodized oil and gelatin sponge particles. RESULTS In the SEM study, PA shunts did not develop in normal rats regardless of whether they did (n = 10) or did not have HAE (n = 5). The cirrhotic rat model showed PA shunts in both HAE (n = 5) and non-HAE (n = 5) animals. PA shunts were established via the peribiliary plexus and direct arterioportal anastomosis. In the histologic study, the occurrence of PA shunts in liver cirrhosis was significantly increased by HAE (HAE = 6, non-HAE = 6, p < 0.01). CONCLUSION The development of PA shunts, which help perfuse liver parenchyma, may explain why HAE can be safely performed in patients with liver cirrhosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Demachi
- Department of Radiology, Kanazawa University School of Medicine, Ishikawa, Japan
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18
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Kobayashi S, Nakanuma Y, Matsui O. Intrahepatic peribiliary vascular plexus in various hepatobiliary diseases: a histological survey. Hum Pathol 1994; 25:940-6. [PMID: 8088771 DOI: 10.1016/0046-8177(94)90016-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The peribiliary vascular plexus (PVP) plays an important role in the pathophysiology of the biliary tree. We histologically examined vascular endothelial cells of the intrahepatic PVP in various hepatobiliary diseases by immunohistochemistry and lectin histochemistry with antibodies to factor VIII-related antigens (F-VIII-R-Ag) and Ulex europaeus agglutinin I (UEA-I). The PVP around the intrahepatic large bile ducts (LBDs) and septal bile ducts (SBDs) in normal livers consists of three layers: inner layer vessels immediately adjacent to the epithelium, intermediate layer vessels within the ductal wall, and outer layer vessels outside the ductal wall. In some bile ducts that show active inflammation in hepatolithiasis, primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC), primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC), and extrahepatic biliary obstruction (EBO), vessels in the intermediate layer and, to a lesser degree, in the inner layer, are increased in number. In sclerotic bile ducts of PSC, EBO, and hepatolithiasis, the number of inner and intermediate layer vessels are markedly and variably reduced, respectively. In liver cirrhosis or chronic advanced liver diseases, the vessels in all three layers, particularly those in the outer layer, are increased in number and dilated, probably reflecting intrahepatic microcirculatory disturbance. The PVP showed several types of numerical and luminal changes, each of which may be related to disease processes in the intrahepatic biliary tree as well as to intrahepatic microcirculatory disturbance.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kobayashi
- Department of Pathology (II), Kanazawa University School of Medicine, Japan
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19
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Affiliation(s)
- V J Desmet
- Universitair Ziekenhuis Sint Rafaël, Laboratorium voor Histochemie en Cytochemie, Leuven, Belgium
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20
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Kono N, Nakanuma Y. Ultrastructural and immunohistochemical studies of the intrahepatic peribiliary capillary plexus in normal livers and extrahepatic biliary obstruction in human beings. Hepatology 1992; 15:411-8. [PMID: 1544621 DOI: 10.1002/hep.1840150310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Ultrastructural and immunohistochemical study was conducted on the intrahepatic peribiliary capillary plexus in normal livers and in those with extrahepatic biliary obstruction. In both conditions, capillaries positive for Ulex europaeus agglutinin I and type IV collagen were always present in the vicinity of the bile ducts. Immunoelectron microscopy showed the presence of type IV collagen on the basal lamina of these capillaries; Ulex europaeus agglutinin I was also positive on their cytoplasms. Under electron microscope, a considerable number of these capillaries were seen as being composed of fenestrated endothelium with a diaphragm and with extreme cytoplasmic attenuations that were dense at the sides facing the bile duct in comparison with the opposite sides in normal livers. In extrahepatic biliary obstruction, plasmalemmal pinocytic vesicles, multivesicular bodies and other cellular organellae such as rough endoplasmic reticulum and Weibel-Palade bodies increased in number in these capillaries, relative to normal livers, probably reflecting increased permeability and functional activities. These characteristic ultrastructural features of the peribiliary capillary plexus might be arranged to transport substances effectively by way of intrahepatic biliary epithelial cells in normal livers and also might be altered to meet the increased functional demands of extrahepatic biliary obstruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Kono
- Second Department of Pathology, Kanazawa University School of Medicine, Japan
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21
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Abstract
To examine the degree of influence of the hepatic artery on microcirculation in the liver, microscopic observation of blood flow in the hepatic minute blood vessels and the sinusoids and pressure measurements at key points in hepatic vascular pathways in vivo were performed before and after hepatic artery ligation in normal and cirrhotic rats. In normal rats, portal vein pressure (109 mmH2O) fell 10 mmH2O after hepatic artery ligation, but the pressures of the terminal portal venule, the terminal hepatic venule and the inferior vena cava did not change. In cirrhotic rats, portal vein pressure (206 mmH2O) and terminal portal venule pressure (106 mmH2O) fell 23 and 10 mmH2O after hepatic artery ligation respectively: the pressures in the terminal hepatic venule and the inferior vena cava did not change. These results suggests that the pressure transmitted from the hepatic artery was mostly supplied to the intrahepatic portal vein in normal rats and both to the intrahepatic portal vein and to the sinusoids in cirrhotic rats. In both normal and cirrhotic rats, however, the pressure transmitted from the hepatic artery was about 10 per cent of the initial portal vein pressure, and the blood flow in minute vessels and sinusoids did not change after hepatic artery ligation. Accordingly, it is believed that the hepatic artery plays only a small role in the haemodynamics of the liver in both normal and cirrhotic rats, irrespective of the distribution and manner of the hepatic arterial termination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Shibayama
- Department of Pathology, Osaka Medical College, Japan
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22
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Audhya T, King R, Goldstein G. Bovine probursin tetradecapeptide contains amino acid sequence from somatostatin, tuftsin and bursin. Life Sci 1991; 48:773-80. [PMID: 1671611 DOI: 10.1016/0024-3205(91)90092-p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The B cell differentiating tripeptide bursin (lysyl-histidyl-glycyl-amide) is found in avian and mammalian bone marrow and in epithelial cells of the avian bursa of Fabricius and mammalian intrahepatic bile ducts. We now report the structure of probursin (Phe-Phe-Trp-Lys-Thr-Lys-Pro-Arg-Lys-His-Gly-Gly-Arg-Arg) isolated from bovine bone marrow and liver. Amino acids 1-5 correspond to the active site of somatostatin, 5-8 to tuftsin and 9-11 to bursin. Intact probursin has the biological activity of both somatostatin and bursin, and known enzyme cleavages could release free tuftsin, although intact probursin has low tuftsin activity. Probursin and its component peptides could regulate other bone marrow functions in addition to B cell differentiation, and, in mammals, could also regulate the function of hepatocytes and Kupffer cells after transport to the hepatic sinusoids via a local portal system involving the peribiliary capillary plexus.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Audhya
- Immunobiology Research Institute, Annandale, New Jersey 08801-0999
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23
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Sasaki M, Nakanuma Y, Terada T, Hoso M, Saito K, Hayashi M, Kurumaya H. Amyloid deposition in intrahepatic large bile ducts and peribiliary glands in systemic amyloidosis. Hepatology 1990; 12:743-6. [PMID: 2210677 DOI: 10.1002/hep.1840120420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Amyloid deposition in the hepatic parenchyma and portal tracts in the liver is well known in systemic amyloidosis. We recently experienced an autopsy case of systemic amyloidosis presenting the amyloid deposits in the intrahepatic biliary tree. This experience prompted us to survey 19 autopsy cases of systemic amyloidosis. Amyloid deposition was found just under the lining epithelium of the intrahepatic large bile duct in 10 of 19 cases and around the peribiliary glandular acini in 7 of the 19 cases, respectively. Amyloid deposition in the intrahepatic large bile duct and peribiliary glands was positively correlated with the degree of amyloid deposition in the liver but not with type of amyloid protein. Double-staining of amyloid and vascular endothelium disclosed that amyloid deposition was more closely related to the inner part of the peribiliary vascular plexus and to the vascular plexus encircling the peribiliary glands than the lining biliary epithelium and peribiliary glandular acinar cells themselves. The exact pathogenesis of amyloid deposition in these anatomical components, however, remains unclear. Although our cases failed to show any overt clinical symptomatologies related to amyloid deposition in these biliary components, it seems conceivable that more massive amyloid deposition in these anatomical components could give rise to some clinical symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Sasaki
- Second Department of Pathology, Kanazawa University School of Medicine, Japan
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24
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Audhya T, Viamontes G, Babu U, Goldstein G. Bursin localization in mammalian bone marrow and epithelial cells of intrahepatic bile ducts. Scand J Immunol 1990; 31:199-204. [PMID: 2408136 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.1990.tb02760.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Bursin is a tripeptide (lysyl-histidyl-glycyl-amide) found in follicular and dendritic reticular epithelial cells of the avian bursa of Fabricius that selectively induces the differentiation of committed B-lymphocyte precursor cells but not of committed T-lymphocyte precursor cells. We now show, in immunoassays with tissue extracts, that bursin is also present in avian and bovine bone marrow. There was, however, a categorical difference between avian liver (bursin-negative) and bovine liver (bursin-positive). Bursin was therefore isolated from bovine liver and bone marrow and the structure of mammalian bursin was determined; it was identical to avian bursin. Immunohistochemical examination of bovine liver showed the presence of bursin within epithelial cells of the intrahepatic bile ducts. These cells have previously been suspected of having an endocrine function because of the rich periductal capillary plexus, which coalesces to form a portal system draining into the liver sinusoids. These findings suggest that bone marrow is a site of bursin production and associated B-cell differentiation in both birds and mammals. The bursin-containing cells of the intrahepatic bile ducts are not associated with developing B cells and it would appear that mammals have evolved a local hepatic function for bursin.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Audhya
- Immunobiology Research Institute, Annandale, New Jersey 08801-0999
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25
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Jones AL, Burwen SJ. Pathways and Functions of Biliary Protein Secretion. Compr Physiol 1989. [DOI: 10.1002/cphy.cp060332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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26
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Davy CW, Fulleylove M, Edmunds J, Allsop D, Eichler DA, Rushton B, Walker JM. The histochemical location of three diagnostic enzymes in the marmoset liver. J Appl Toxicol 1989; 9:109-11. [PMID: 2565922 DOI: 10.1002/jat.2550090207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The histochemical locations of alkaline phosphate (ALP), leucine aminopeptidase (LAP) and gamma glutamyltransferase (GGT) were demonstrated in the liver of the marmoset (Callithrix jacchus). Although all three enzymes were located in cell membranes, the location of LAP was demonstrated by a chromogenic substrate, in the canalicular membrane. GGT was seen in a vascular network, provisionally identified as the peribiliary arterial plexus. Possible diagnostic applications in toxicology are discussed.
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27
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Terada T, Ishida F, Nakanuma Y. Vascular plexus around intrahepatic bile ducts in normal livers and portal hypertension. J Hepatol 1989; 8:139-49. [PMID: 2541196 DOI: 10.1016/0168-8278(89)90001-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Vessels around the intrahepatic large bile ducts (peribiliary vascular plexus) were examined by histologic, immunohistochemical and scanning electron microscopic observations. The vessels within duct walls were mainly capillaries, while those around the duct walls were composed of capillaries and venules. A majority of vessels was positive for factor VIII-related antigen and Ulex europaeus lectin I. Scanning electron microscopy of hepatic arterial and biliary casts revealed that bile ducts were surrounded by the vascular plexus derived from hepatic arterial branches, and serial section observations in addition disclosed the vessels connecting the peribiliary plexus with portal venous branches ('internal roots'). The peribiliary vascular plexus was increased considerably in livers with portal hypertension, especially idiopathic portal hypertension, extrahepatic portal venous obstruction and hepatocellular carcinoma with portal venous tumor thrombi. Internal roots were also frequently found in the livers with portal hypertension. These results suggest that altered intrahepatic hemodynamics in portal hypertensive conditions involves the peribiliary vascular plexus, resulting in an increase of the number and frequent occurrence of 'internal roots', these vessels probably operating as intrahepatic collaterals.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Terada
- Second Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Kanazawa University, Japan
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28
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Terada T, Hoso M, Nakanuma Y. Microvasculature in the small portal tracts in idiopathic portal hypertension. A morphological comparison with other hepatic diseases. VIRCHOWS ARCHIV. A, PATHOLOGICAL ANATOMY AND HISTOPATHOLOGY 1989; 415:61-7. [PMID: 2499979 DOI: 10.1007/bf00718605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The morphology of the microvasculature in the small portal tracts was examined in normal livers, idiopathic portal hypertension (IPH) and other hepatic diseases. The microvasculature examined was arbitrary divided into two groups: that near the limiting plate and that within portal tracts, particularly around bile ducts. Based on comparisons of histology, immunohistochemistry and vascular casts, it is suggested that the former corresponded to inlet venules and the latter to distributing portal veins and peribiliary capillary plexus. Both of these microvasculatures were positive for Ulex europaeus lectin I, and (infrequently and weakly) for factor VIII-related antigen. Morphometry disclosed that inlet venules were reduced in number in IPH compared with normal livers and that distributing portal veins, peribiliary capillary plexus and inlet venules were increased in extrahepatic portal obstruction, chronic active hepatitis and extrahepatic obstructive cholestasis. We believe that the change in the microvasculature reflects abnormal microcirculation in the small portal tracts, and that the reduction of inlet venules plays an important role in the development of portal hypertension in IPH.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Terada
- Second Department of Pathology, Kanazawa University School of Medicine, Japan
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29
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Terada T, Takegoshi T, Doishita K, Nakanuma Y. Histological study of intrahepatic cavernous transformation in a patient with primary myelofibrosis and portal venous thrombosis. VIRCHOWS ARCHIV. A, PATHOLOGICAL ANATOMY AND HISTOPATHOLOGY 1988; 412:339-45. [PMID: 3125672 DOI: 10.1007/bf00750260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Cavernous transformation in the liver was examined histologically by serial section observations, in an autopsy case of portal venous thrombosis and primary myelofibrosis. Cavernous transformation was present from the hepatic hilus to medium-sized portal tracts and was composed of dilated and thin-walled vessels. Serial sections disclosed that these vascular channels were anastomotic and occasionally communicated with occluded portal venous radicles. In places they entered directly into the hepatic parenchyma without accompanying biliary or arterial elements, and also drained into the patent portal venous branches beyond the occluded segment. The study demonstrated that cavernous transformation in the liver develops as hepatopetal collaterals secondary to the portal venous obstruction. Periportal and peribiliary capillary plexus may become cavernous in the presence of portal venous occlusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Terada
- Department of Pathology (II), School of Medicine, Kanazawa University, Japan
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30
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Yamamoto K, Sargent PA, Fisher MM, Youson JH. Convoluted bile ducts in the liver of the larval lamprey, Petromyzon marinus L. ANATOMY AND EMBRYOLOGY 1986; 173:355-9. [PMID: 3963414 DOI: 10.1007/bf00318919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The three-dimensional structure of the bile ducts and their relationship to the blood vessels were studied in the larval lamprey by scanning electron microscopy of the intact tissue and of biliary and vascular casts. The intrahepatic gall bladder is situated in the cephalic portion of the liver and a cystic duct is connected to a straight intrahepatic common bile duct, which extends to the extrahepatic bile duct at the caudal end of the liver. Several smaller intrahepatic common bile ducts are connected directly to the intrahepatic common bile duct, are convoluted or serpiginous and are surrounded intimately by sinusoids. This arrangement enables the bile ducts to have increased surface area exposed to blood vessels. The functional significance of this arrangement is discussed with respect to the modification of bile through the transport of solutes and the similarity of this bilio-vascular relationship to the peribiliary vascular plexus of the mammalian liver.
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31
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Yamamoto K, Sargent PA, Fisher MM, Youson JH. Periductal fibrosis and lipocytes (fat-storing cells or Ito cells) during biliary atresia in the lamprey. Hepatology 1986; 6:54-9. [PMID: 3943791 DOI: 10.1002/hep.1840060111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Transmission and scanning electron microscopy were utilized to follow the degeneration of bile ducts of lampreys (Petromyzon marinus L.) during metamorphosis. The convoluted bile ducts of larval lampreys are surrounded by rich sinusoids, but this intimate biliovascular relationship is lost during metamorphosis because the bile duct degeneration is accompanied by the development of thick periductal fibrosis. Lipocytes, which are present not only in the parenchyma but also in the interstitial tissue of the liver, increase in number in the periductal fibrous tissue, and their processes are directly opposed to collagen fibrils. Fibrillar materials in the dilated cisternae of the rough endoplasmic reticulum and the nuclear envelope of lipocytes are believed to be excreted by exocytosis in a manner similar to such excretion by fibroblasts. The findings suggest that lipocytes are responsible for the periductal fibrosis during biliary atresia in lampreys. This animal might prove to be an interesting model in which to study the biology and fibrogenic potential of lipocytes.
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32
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Yamamoto K, Sherman I, Phillips MJ, Fisher MM. Three-dimensional observations of the hepatic arterial terminations in rat, hamster and human liver by scanning electron microscopy of microvascular casts. Hepatology 1985; 5:452-6. [PMID: 3997074 DOI: 10.1002/hep.1840050318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The arterial terminations were studied by scanning electron microscopy of microvascular casts in rat, hamster and human livers. Important species differences were observed. In the rat, frequent anastomoses between the terminal hepatic arterioles and portal venules were observed, whereas a few arterioles terminated directly into sinusoids. On the contrary, no arterioportal venous anastomoses were demonstrated in the hamster and human livers. In these latter species, all arterioles terminated into sinusoids adjacent to the portal tracts. No intralobular arterioles were observed in any species.
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Stridbeck H, Lorelius LE, Pirtle TE. Development of collateral circulation following distal embolization of hepatic artery in pigs. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol 1984; 7:240-4. [PMID: 6498868 DOI: 10.1007/bf02553142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The distal hepatic artery was embolized with black polystyrene microspheres (diameters of 50 +/- 10 mu and 200 +/- 25 mu) in 12 pigs. The animals were reexamined from 1 h to 2 weeks after embolization via hepatic angiography and subsequent injection of Microfil, a silicone rubber compound, into the arterial and portal vascular systems of the liver. Dissection of dehydrated and cleared liver specimens under the stereomicroscope demonstrated the presence of arterial collaterals bypassing embolized vessels within 2-3 days after embolization. Collaterals were noted to develop around occlusions in arteries with inner diameters as small as 100 mu.
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Stridbeck H, Ekelund L, Jonsson N. Segmental hepatic arterial occlusion with absolute ethanol in domestic swine. ACTA RADIOLOGICA: DIAGNOSIS 1984; 25:331-5. [PMID: 6485864 DOI: 10.1177/028418518402500414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Four to five ml of absolute ethanol was injected into a segmental hepatic artery in eight pigs to study the occlusive effect on the hepatic arterial system. Liver cell damage was indicated by a transient moderate elevation of liver enzymes. Follow-up angiography at various time intervals showed persistent occlusion of intrahepatic arteries at different levels in all pigs and occlusion of the common hepatic artery in four. Reconstitution of the intrahepatic arterial circulation via abundant intrahepatic collaterals was, however, observed. Microscopic examinations demonstrated arterial thrombi and necroses in the vascular walls as well as a great variation in the extent of liver parenchymal damage.
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