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Rioux AV, Nsimba-Batomene TR, Slimani S, Bergeron NAD, Gravel MAM, Schreiber SV, Fiola MJ, Haydock L, Garneau AP, Isenring P. Navigating the multifaceted intricacies of the Na +-Cl - cotransporter, a highly regulated key effector in the control of hydromineral homeostasis. Physiol Rev 2024; 104:1147-1204. [PMID: 38329422 PMCID: PMC11381001 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00027.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 01/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024] Open
Abstract
The Na+-Cl- cotransporter (NCC; SLC12A3) is a highly regulated integral membrane protein that is known to exist as three splice variants in primates. Its primary role in the kidney is to mediate the cosymport of Na+ and Cl- across the apical membrane of the distal convoluted tubule. Through this role and the involvement of other ion transport systems, NCC allows the systemic circulation to reclaim a fraction of the ultrafiltered Na+, K+, Cl-, and Mg+ loads in exchange for Ca2+ and [Formula: see text]. The physiological relevance of the Na+-Cl- cotransport mechanism in humans is illustrated by several abnormalities that result from NCC inactivation through the administration of thiazides or in the setting of hereditary disorders. The purpose of the present review is to discuss the molecular mechanisms and overall roles of Na+-Cl- cotransport as the main topics of interest. On reading the narrative proposed, one will realize that the knowledge gained in regard to these themes will continue to progress unrelentingly no matter how refined it has now become.
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Affiliation(s)
- A V Rioux
- Department of Medicine, Nephrology Research Group, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - T R Nsimba-Batomene
- Department of Medicine, Nephrology Research Group, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - S Slimani
- Department of Medicine, Nephrology Research Group, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - N A D Bergeron
- Department of Medicine, Nephrology Research Group, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - M A M Gravel
- Department of Medicine, Nephrology Research Group, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - S V Schreiber
- Department of Medicine, Nephrology Research Group, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - M J Fiola
- Department of Medicine, Nephrology Research Group, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - L Haydock
- Department of Medicine, Nephrology Research Group, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
- Service de Néphrologie-Transplantation Rénale Adultes, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, AP-HP, INSERM U1151, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - A P Garneau
- Department of Medicine, Nephrology Research Group, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
- Service de Néphrologie-Transplantation Rénale Adultes, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, AP-HP, INSERM U1151, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - P Isenring
- Department of Medicine, Nephrology Research Group, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
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Zuchowski Y, Carty JS, Trapani JB, Watts JA, Bock F, Zhang M, Terker AS, Zent R, Delpire E, Harris RC, Arroyo JP. Kidney collecting duct-derived vasopressin is not essential for appropriate concentration or dilution of urine. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2024; 326:F1091-F1100. [PMID: 38695074 PMCID: PMC11381022 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00057.2024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024] Open
Abstract
We have previously shown that kidney collecting ducts make vasopressin. However, the physiological role of collecting duct-derived vasopressin is uncertain. We hypothesized that collecting duct-derived vasopressin is required for the appropriate concentration of urine. We developed a vasopressin conditional knockout (KO) mouse model wherein Cre recombinase expression induces deletion of arginine vasopressin (Avp) exon 1 in the distal nephron. We then used age-matched 8- to 12-wk-old Avp fl/fl;Ksp-Cre(-) [wild type (WT)] and Avp fl/fl;Ksp-Cre(+) mice for all experiments. We collected urine, serum, and kidney lysates at baseline. We then challenged both WT and knockout (KO) mice with 24-h water restriction, water loading, and administration of the vasopressin type 2 receptor agonist desmopressin (1 µg/kg ip) followed by the vasopressin type 2 receptor antagonist OPC-31260 (10 mg/kg ip). We performed immunofluorescence and immunoblot analysis at baseline and confirmed vasopressin KO in the collecting duct. We found that urinary osmolality (UOsm), plasma Na+, K+, Cl-, blood urea nitrogen, and copeptin were similar in WT vs. KO mice at baseline. Immunoblots of the vasopressin-regulated proteins Na+-K+-2Cl- cotransporter, NaCl cotransporter, and water channel aquaporin-2 showed no difference in expression or phosphorylation at baseline. Following 24-h water restriction, WT and KO mice had no differences in UOsm, plasma Na+, K+, Cl-, blood urea nitrogen, or copeptin. In addition, there were no differences in the rate of urinary concentration or dilution as in WT and KO mice UOsm was nearly identical after desmopressin and OPC-31260 administration. We conclude that collecting duct-derived vasopressin is not essential to appropriately concentrate or dilute urine.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Hypothalamic vasopressin is required for appropriate urinary concentration. However, whether collecting duct-derived vasopressin is involved remains unknown. We developed a novel transgenic mouse model to induce tissue-specific deletion of vasopressin and showed that collecting duct-derived vasopressin is not required to concentrate or dilute urine.
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Grants
- K08 DK135931-01 HHS | NIH | National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK)
- DK51265 HHS | NIH | NIDDK | Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolic Diseases (DEM)
- DK95785 HHS | NIH | NIDDK | Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolic Diseases (DEM)
- DK62794 HHS | NIH | NIDDK | Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolic Diseases (DEM)
- DK7569 HHS | NIH | NIDDK | Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolic Diseases (DEM)
- P30DK114809 HHS | NIH | NIDDK | Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolic Diseases (DEM)
- DK069921 HHS | NIH | National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK)
- DK127589 HHS | NIH | National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK)
- RO1DK093501 HHS | NIH | National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK)
- DP5OD033412 HHS | NIH | OSC | Common Fund (NIH Common Fund)
- K08DK134879 HHS | NIH | National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK)
- VA Merit Award 00507969 U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (VA)
- I01-BX002196 U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (VA)
- NIEHS ES103361-01 HHS | NIH | National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS)
- ASN-Kidney Cure career development award ASN Foundation for Kidney Research (ASN Foundation)
- Harold Amos Medical Facutly Develoopment Program Robert Wood Johnson Foundation (RWJF)
- Ben J. Lipps fellowship ASN Foundation for Kidney Research (ASN Foundation)
- 5R38HL167237 HHS | NIH | National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI)
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne Zuchowski
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States
| | - Joshua S Carty
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States
| | - Jonathan B Trapani
- Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States
| | - Jason A Watts
- Epigenetics and Stem Cell Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States
| | - Fabian Bock
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States
- Vanderbilt Center for Kidney Disease, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States
| | - Mingzhi Zhang
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States
- Vanderbilt Center for Kidney Disease, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States
| | - Andrew S Terker
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States
- Vanderbilt Center for Kidney Disease, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States
| | - Roy Zent
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States
- Vanderbilt Center for Kidney Disease, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, Tennessee, United States
| | - Eric Delpire
- Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States
| | - Raymond C Harris
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States
- Vanderbilt Center for Kidney Disease, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, Tennessee, United States
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States
| | - Juan Pablo Arroyo
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States
- Vanderbilt Center for Kidney Disease, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States
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3
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Carbajal-Contreras H, Murillo-de-Ozores AR, Magaña-Avila G, Marquez-Salinas A, Bourqui L, Tellez-Sutterlin M, Bahena-Lopez JP, Cortes-Arroyo E, Behn-Eschenburg SG, Lopez-Saavedra A, Vazquez N, Ellison DH, Loffing J, Gamba G, Castañeda-Bueno M. Arginine vasopressin regulates the renal Na +-Cl - and Na +-K +-Cl - cotransporters through with-no-lysine kinase 4 and inhibitor 1 phosphorylation. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2024; 326:F285-F299. [PMID: 38096266 PMCID: PMC11207557 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00343.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Vasopressin regulates water homeostasis via the V2 receptor in the kidney at least in part through protein kinase A (PKA) activation. Vasopressin, through an unknown pathway, upregulates the activity and phosphorylation of Na+-Cl- cotransporter (NCC) and Na+-K+-2Cl- cotransporter 2 (NKCC2) by Ste20-related proline/alanine-rich kinase (SPAK) and oxidative stress-responsive kinase 1 (OSR1), which are regulated by the with-no-lysine kinase (WNK) family. Phosphorylation of WNK4 at PKA consensus motifs may be involved. Inhibitor 1 (I1), a protein phosphatase 1 (PP1) inhibitor, may also play a role. In human embryonic kidney (HEK)-293 cells, we assessed the phosphorylation of WNK4, SPAK, NCC, or NKCC2 in response to forskolin or desmopressin. WNK4 and cotransporter phosphorylation were studied in desmopressin-infused WNK4-/- mice and in tubule suspensions. In HEK-293 cells, only wild-type WNK4 but not WNK1, WNK3, or a WNK4 mutant lacking PKA phosphorylation motifs could upregulate SPAK or cotransporter phosphorylation in response to forskolin or desmopressin. I1 transfection maximized SPAK phosphorylation in response to forskolin in the presence of WNK4 but not of mutant WNK4 lacking PP1 regulation. We observed direct PP1 regulation of NKCC2 dephosphorylation but not of NCC or SPAK in the absence of WNK4. WNK4-/- mice with desmopressin treatment did not increase SPAK/OSR1, NCC, or NKCC2 phosphorylation. In stimulated tubule suspensions from WNK4-/- mice, upregulation of pNKCC2 was reduced, whereas upregulation of SPAK phosphorylation was absent. These findings suggest that WNK4 is a central node in which kinase and phosphatase signaling converge to connect cAMP signaling to the SPAK/OSR1-NCC/NKCC2 pathway.NEW & NOTEWORTHY With-no-lysine kinases regulate the phosphorylation and activity of the Na+-Cl- and Na+-K+-2Cl- cotransporters. This pathway is modulated by arginine vasopressin (AVP). However, the link between AVP and WNK signaling remains unknown. Here, we show that AVP activates WNK4 through increased phosphorylation at putative protein kinase A-regulated sites and decreases its dephosphorylation by protein phosphatase 1. This work increases our understanding of the signaling pathways mediating AVP actions in the kidney.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hector Carbajal-Contreras
- Department of Nephrology and Mineral Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
- PECEM, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Adrian Rafael Murillo-de-Ozores
- Department of Nephrology and Mineral Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - German Magaña-Avila
- Department of Nephrology and Mineral Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Alejandro Marquez-Salinas
- Department of Nephrology and Mineral Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
- PECEM, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Laurent Bourqui
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michelle Tellez-Sutterlin
- Department of Nephrology and Mineral Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
- Molecular Physiology Unit, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Jessica P Bahena-Lopez
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States
- Oregon Clinical and Translational Research Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States
| | - Eduardo Cortes-Arroyo
- Department of Nephrology and Mineral Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Sebastián González Behn-Eschenburg
- Department of Nephrology and Mineral Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
- Molecular Physiology Unit, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Alejandro Lopez-Saavedra
- Unidad de Aplicaciones Avanzadas en Microscopía del Instituto Nacional de Cancerología y la Red de Apoyo a la Investigación, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Norma Vazquez
- Molecular Physiology Unit, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - David H Ellison
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States
- Oregon Clinical and Translational Research Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States
- Veterans Affairs Portland Health Care System, Portland, Oregon, United States
| | | | - Gerardo Gamba
- Department of Nephrology and Mineral Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
- PECEM, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
- Molecular Physiology Unit, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Maria Castañeda-Bueno
- Department of Nephrology and Mineral Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
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4
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Maeoka Y, Nguyen LT, Sharma A, Cornelius RJ, Su XT, Gutierrez MR, Carbajal-Contreras H, Castañeda-Bueno M, Gamba G, McCormick JA. Dysregulation of the WNK4-SPAK/OSR1 pathway has a minor effect on baseline NKCC2 phosphorylation. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2024; 326:F39-F56. [PMID: 37881876 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00100.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The with-no-lysine kinase 4 (WNK4)-sterile 20/SPS-1-related proline/alanine-rich kinase (SPAK)/oxidative stress-responsive kinase 1 (OSR1) pathway mediates activating phosphorylation of the furosemide-sensitive Na+-K+-2Cl- cotransporter (NKCC2) and the thiazide-sensitive NaCl cotransporter (NCC). The commonly used pT96/pT101-pNKCC2 antibody cross-reacts with pT53-NCC in mice on the C57BL/6 background due to a five amino acid deletion. We generated a new C57BL/6-specific pNKCC2 antibody (anti-pT96-NKCC2) and tested the hypothesis that the WNK4-SPAK/OSR1 pathway strongly regulates the phosphorylation of NCC but not NKCC2. In C57BL/6 mice, anti-pT96-NKCC2 detected pNKCC2 and did not cross-react with NCC. Abundances of pT96-NKCC2 and pT53-NCC were evaluated in Wnk4-/-, Osr1-/-, Spak-/-, and Osr1-/-/Spak-/- mice and in several models of the disease familial hyperkalemic hypertension (FHHt) in which the CUL3-KLHL3 ubiquitin ligase complex that promotes WNK4 degradation is dysregulated (Cul3+/-/Δ9, Klhl3-/-, and Klhl3R528H/R528H). All mice were on the C57BL/6 background. In Wnk4-/- mice, pT53-NCC was almost absent but pT96-NKCC2 was only slightly lower. pT53-NCC was almost absent in Spak-/- and Osr1-/-/Spak-/- mice, but pT96-NKCC2 abundance did not differ from controls. pT96-NKCC2/total NKCC2 was slightly lower in Osr1-/- and Osr1-/-/Spak-/- mice. WNK4 expression colocalized not only with NCC but also with NKCC2 in Klhl3-/- mice, but pT96-NKCC2 abundance was unchanged. Consistent with this, furosemide-induced urinary Na+ excretion following thiazide treatment was similar between Klhl3-/- and controls. pT96-NKCC2 abundance was also unchanged in the other FHHt mouse models. Our data show that disruption of the WNK4-SPAK/OSR1 pathway only mildly affects NKCC2 phosphorylation, suggesting a role for other kinases in NKCC2 activation. In FHHt models NKCC2 phosphorylation is unchanged despite higher WNK4 abundance, explaining the thiazide sensitivity of FHHt.NEW & NOTEWORTHY The renal cation cotransporters NCC and NKCC2 are activated following phosphorylation mediated by the WNK4-SPAK/OSR1 pathway. While disruption of this pathway strongly affects NCC activity, effects on NKCC2 activity are unclear since the commonly used phospho-NKCC2 antibody was recently reported to cross-react with phospho-NCC in mice on the C57BL/6 background. Using a new phospho-NKCC2 antibody specific for C57BL/6, we show that inhibition or activation of the WNK4-SPAK/OSR1 pathway in mice only mildly affects NKCC2 phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujiro Maeoka
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States
| | - Luan T Nguyen
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States
| | - Avika Sharma
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States
| | - Ryan J Cornelius
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States
| | - Xiao-Tong Su
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States
| | - Marissa R Gutierrez
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States
| | - Héctor Carbajal-Contreras
- Department of Nephrology and Mineral Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - María Castañeda-Bueno
- Department of Nephrology and Mineral Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Gerardo Gamba
- Department of Nephrology and Mineral Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
- Molecular Physiology Unit, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - James A McCormick
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States
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Latt KZ, Yoshida T, Shrivastav S, Abedini A, Reece JM, Sun Z, Lee H, Okamoto K, Dagur P, Heymann J, Zhao Y, Chung JY, Hewitt S, Jose PA, Lee K, He JC, Winkler CA, Knepper MA, Kino T, Rosenberg AZ, Susztak K, Kopp JB. HIV viral protein R induces loss of DCT1-type renal tubules. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.02.02.526686. [PMID: 36945458 PMCID: PMC10028744 DOI: 10.1101/2023.02.02.526686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Hyponatremia and salt wasting is a common occurance in patients with HIV/AIDS, however, the understanding of its contributing factors is limited. HIV viral protein R (Vpr) contributes to HIV-associated nephropathy. To investigate the effects of Vpr on the expression level of the Slc12a3 gene, encoding the Na-Cl cotransporter, which is responsible for sodium reabsorption in distal nephron segments, we performed single-nucleus RNA sequencing of kidney cortices from three wild-type (WT) and three Vpr-transgenic (Vpr Tg) mice. The results showed that the percentage of distal convoluted tubule (DCT) cells was significantly lower in Vpr Tg mice compared with WT mice (P < 0.05), and that in Vpr Tg mice, Slc12a3 expression was not different in DCT cell cluster. The Pvalb+ DCT1 subcluster had fewer cells in Vpr Tg mice compared with WT (P < 0.01). Immunohistochemistry demonstrated fewer Slc12a3+ Pvalb+ DCT1 segments in Vpr Tg mice. Differential gene expression analysis comparing Vpr Tg and WT in the DCT cluster showed Ier3, an inhibitor of apoptosis, to be the most downregulated gene. These observations demonstrate that the salt-wasting effect of Vpr in Vpr Tg mice is mediated by loss of Slc12a3+ Pvalb+ DCT1 segments via apoptosis dysregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khun Zaw Latt
- Kidney Disease Section, Kidney Diseases Branch, NIDDK, NIH, Bethesda MD
| | - Teruhiko Yoshida
- Kidney Disease Section, Kidney Diseases Branch, NIDDK, NIH, Bethesda MD
| | - Shashi Shrivastav
- Kidney Disease Section, Kidney Diseases Branch, NIDDK, NIH, Bethesda MD
| | - Amin Abedini
- Department of Medicine, Renal Electrolyte and Hypertension Division; Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism; Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Jeff M. Reece
- Advanced Light Microscopy & Image Analysis Core (ALMIAC), NIDDK, NIH, Bethesda, MD
| | - Zeguo Sun
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Hewang Lee
- Departments of Medicine, The George Washington University School of Medicine & Health Sciences, Washington, DC
| | - Koji Okamoto
- Kidney Disease Section, Kidney Diseases Branch, NIDDK, NIH, Bethesda MD
- Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology and Vascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Tohoku University Hospital, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Pradeep Dagur
- Flow Cytometry Core, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Jurgen Heymann
- Kidney Disease Section, Kidney Diseases Branch, NIDDK, NIH, Bethesda MD
| | - Yongmei Zhao
- Advanced Biomedical and Computational Sciences, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., NCI, Frederick, MD
| | - Joon-Yong Chung
- Experimental Pathology Laboratory, Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD
| | - Stephen Hewitt
- Experimental Pathology Laboratory, Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD
| | - Pedro A. Jose
- Departments of Medicine, The George Washington University School of Medicine & Health Sciences, Washington, DC
- Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology, The George Washington University School of Medicine & Health Sciences, Washington, DC
| | - Kyung Lee
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - John Cijiang He
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Cheryl A. Winkler
- Cancer Innovation Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute and Basic Research Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD
| | - Mark A. Knepper
- Epithelial Systems Biology Laboratory, Systems Biology Center, Division of Intramural Research, NHLBI, NIH, Bethesda, MD
| | - Tomoshige Kino
- Laboratory for Molecular and Genomic Endocrinology, Division of Translational Medicine, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar
| | - Avi Z. Rosenberg
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD
| | - Katalin Susztak
- Department of Medicine, Renal Electrolyte and Hypertension Division; Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism; Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Jeffrey B. Kopp
- Kidney Disease Section, Kidney Diseases Branch, NIDDK, NIH, Bethesda MD
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6
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Gamba G. Thirty years of the NaCl cotransporter: from cloning to physiology and structure. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2023; 325:F479-F490. [PMID: 37560773 PMCID: PMC10639029 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00114.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The primary structure of the thiazide-sensitive NaCl cotransporter (NCC) was resolved 30 years ago by the molecular identification of the cDNA encoding this cotransporter, from the winter's flounder urinary bladder, following a functional expression strategy. This review outlines some aspects of how the knowledge about thiazide diuretics and NCC evolved, the history of the cloning process, and the expansion of the SLC12 family of electroneutral cotransporters. The diseases associated with activation or inactivation of NCC are discussed, as well as the molecular model by which the activity of NCC is regulated. The controversies in the field are discussed as well as recent publication of the three-dimensional model of NCC obtained by cryo-electron microscopy, revealing not only the amino acid residues critical for Na+ and Cl- translocation but also the residues critical for polythiazide binding to the transporter, opening the possibility for a new era in thiazide diuretic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerardo Gamba
- Molecular Physiology Unit, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
- Department of Nephrology and Mineral Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
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7
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Kriuchkova N, Breiderhoff T, Müller D, Yilmaz DE, Demirci H, Drewell H, Günzel D, Himmerkus N, Bleich M, Persson PB, Mutig K. Furosemide rescues hypercalciuria in familial hypomagnesaemia with hypercalciuria and nephrocalcinosis model. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2023; 237:e13927. [PMID: 36606514 DOI: 10.1111/apha.13927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
AIM Perturbed calcium homeostasis limits life expectancy in familial hypomagnesaemia with hypercalciuria and nephrocalcinosis (FHHNC). This rare disease occurs by loss-of-function mutations in CLDN16 or CLDN19 genes, causing impaired paracellular reabsorption of divalent cations along the cortical thick ascending limb (cTAL). Only partial compensation takes place in the ensuing late distal convoluted tubule, connecting tubule, and collecting duct, where the luminal transient receptor potential channel V5 (TRPV5), as well as basolateral plasma membrane calcium ATPase (PMCA) and sodium-potassium exchanger (NCX1) mediate transcellular Ca2+ reabsorption. The loop diuretic furosemide induces compensatory activation in these distal segments. Normally, furosemide enhances urinary calcium excretion via inhibition of the aforementioned cTAL. As Ca2+ reabsorption in the cTAL is already severely impaired in FHHNC patients, furosemide may alleviate hypercalciuria in this disease by activation of the distal transcellular Ca2+ transport proteins. METHODS Cldn16-deficient mice (Cldn16-/- ) served as a FHHNC model. Wild-type (WT) and Cldn16-/- mice were treated with furosemide (7 days of 40 mg/kg bw) or vehicle. We assessed renal electrolyte handling (metabolic cages) and key divalent transport proteins. RESULTS Cldn16-/- mice show higher Ca2+ excretion than WT and compensatory stimulation of Cldn2, TRPV5, and NCX1 at baseline. Furosemide reduced hypercalciuria in Cldn16-/- mice and enhanced TRPV5 and PMCA levels in Cldn16-/- but not in WT mice. CONCLUSIONS Furosemide significantly reduces hypercalciuria, likely via upregulation of luminal and basolateral Ca2+ transport systems in the distal nephron and collecting duct in this model for FHHNC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Kriuchkova
- Department of Translational Physiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Tilman Breiderhoff
- Division of Gastroenterology, Nephrology and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Dominik Müller
- Division of Gastroenterology, Nephrology and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Duygu Elif Yilmaz
- Department of Functional Anatomy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hasan Demirci
- Department of Functional Anatomy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hoora Drewell
- Department of Translational Physiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Dorothee Günzel
- Clinical Physiology/Division of Nutritional Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Markus Bleich
- Institute of Physiology, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Pontus B Persson
- Department of Translational Physiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kerim Mutig
- Department of Translational Physiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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8
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Carbajal-Contreras H, Gamba G, Castañeda-Bueno M. The serine-threonine protein phosphatases that regulate the thiazide-sensitive NaCl cotransporter. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1100522. [PMID: 36875042 PMCID: PMC9974657 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1100522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The activity of the Na+-Cl- cotransporter (NCC) in the distal convoluted tubule (DCT) is finely tuned by phosphorylation networks involving serine/threonine kinases and phosphatases. While much attention has been paid to the With-No-lysine (K) kinase (WNK)- STE20-related Proline Alanine rich Kinase (SPAK)/Oxidative Stress Responsive kinase 1 (OSR1) signaling pathway, there remain many unanswered questions regarding phosphatase-mediated modulation of NCC and its interactors. The phosphatases shown to regulate NCC's activity, directly or indirectly, are protein phosphatase 1 (PP1), protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A), calcineurin (CN), and protein phosphatase 4 (PP4). PP1 has been suggested to directly dephosphorylate WNK4, SPAK, and NCC. This phosphatase increases its abundance and activity when extracellular K+ is increased, which leads to distinct inhibitory mechanisms towards NCC. Inhibitor-1 (I1), oppositely, inhibits PP1 when phosphorylated by protein kinase A (PKA). CN inhibitors, like tacrolimus and cyclosporin A, increase NCC phosphorylation, giving an explanation to the Familial Hyperkalemic Hypertension-like syndrome that affects some patients treated with these drugs. CN inhibitors can prevent high K+-induced dephosphorylation of NCC. CN can also dephosphorylate and activate Kelch-like protein 3 (KLHL3), thus decreasing WNK abundance. PP2A and PP4 have been shown in in vitro models to regulate NCC or its upstream activators. However, no studies in native kidneys or tubules have been performed to test their physiological role in NCC regulation. This review focuses on these dephosphorylation mediators and the transduction mechanisms possibly involved in physiological states that require of the modulation of the dephosphorylation rate of NCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Héctor Carbajal-Contreras
- Department of Nephrology and Mineral Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico.,PECEM (MD/PhD), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Gerardo Gamba
- Department of Nephrology and Mineral Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico.,PECEM (MD/PhD), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico.,Molecular Physiology Unit, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - María Castañeda-Bueno
- Department of Nephrology and Mineral Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
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9
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Stockand JD, Mironova EV, Xiang H, Soares AG, Contreras J, McCormick JA, Gurley SB, Pao AC. Chronic activation of vasopressin-2 receptors induces hypertension in Liddle mice by promoting Na + and water retention. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2022; 323:F468-F478. [PMID: 35900342 PMCID: PMC9485005 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00384.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone and arginine vasopressin-V2 receptor-aquaporin-2 (AQP2) systems converge on the epithelial Na+ channel (ENaC) to regulate blood pressure and plasma tonicity. Although it is established that V2 receptors initiate renal water reabsorption through AQP2, whether V2 receptors can also induce renal Na+ retention through ENaC and raise blood pressure remains an open question. We hypothesized that a specific increase in V2 receptor-mediated ENaC activity can lead to high blood pressure. Our approach was to test effects of chronic activation of V2 receptors in Liddle mice, a genetic mouse model of high ENaC activity, and compare differences in ENaC activity, urine Na+ excretion, and blood pressure with control mice. We found that ENaC activity was elevated in Liddle mice and could not be stimulated further by administration of desmopressin (dDAVP), a V2 receptor-specific agonist. In contrast, Liddle mice showed higher levels of expression of AQP2 and aquaporin-3, but they could still respond to dDAVP infusion by increasing phospho-AQP2 expression. With dDAVP infusion, Liddle mice excreted smaller urine volume and less urine Na+ and developed higher blood pressure compared with control mice; this hypertension was attenuated with administration of the ENaC inhibitor benzamil. We conclude that V2 receptors contribute to hypertension in the Liddle mouse model by promoting primary Na+ and concomitant water retention.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Liddle syndrome is a classic model for hypertension from high epithelial Na+ channel (ENaC) activity. In the Liddle mouse model, vasopressin-2 receptors stimulate both ENaC and aquaporin-2, which increases Na+ and water retention to such an extent that hypertension ensues. Liddle mice will preserve plasma tonicity at the expense of a higher blood pressure; these data highlight the inherent limitation in which the kidney must use ENaC as a pathway to regulate both plasma tonicity and blood pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- James D Stockand
- Department of Physiology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Elena V Mironova
- Department of Physiology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Hong Xiang
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California
| | - Antonio G Soares
- Department of Physiology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Jorge Contreras
- Department of Physiology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - James A McCormick
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Susan B Gurley
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Alan C Pao
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California
- Division of Nephrology, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California
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10
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The Post-Translational Modification Networking in WNK-Centric Hypertension Regulation and Electrolyte Homeostasis. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10092169. [PMID: 36140271 PMCID: PMC9496095 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10092169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The with-no-lysine (WNK) kinase family, comprising four serine-threonine protein kinases (WNK1-4), were first linked to hypertension due to their mutations in association with pseudohypoaldosteronism type II (PHAII). WNK kinases regulate crucial blood pressure regulators, SPAK/OSR1, to mediate the post-translational modifications (PTMs) of their downstream ion channel substrates, such as sodium chloride co-transporter (NCC), epithelial sodium chloride (ENaC), renal outer medullary potassium channel (ROMK), and Na/K/2Cl co-transporters (NKCCs). In this review, we summarize the molecular pathways dysregulating the WNKs and their downstream target renal ion transporters. We summarize each of the genetic variants of WNK kinases and the small molecule inhibitors that have been discovered to regulate blood pressure via WNK-triggered PTM cascades.
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11
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Milano S, Carmosino M, Gerbino A, Saponara I, Lapi D, Dal Monte M, Bagnoli P, Svelto M, Procino G. Activation of the Thiazide-Sensitive Sodium-Chloride Cotransporter by Beta3-Adrenoreceptor in the Distal Convoluted Tubule. Front Physiol 2021; 12:695824. [PMID: 34483955 PMCID: PMC8414899 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.695824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously showed that the beta-3 adrenergic receptor (BAR3) is expressed in most segments of the nephron where its agonism promotes a potent antidiuretic effect. We localized BAR3 in distal convoluted tubule (DCT) cells expressing the thiazide-sensitive sodium-chloride cotransporter (NCC). Aim of this study is to investigate the possible functional role of BAR3 on NCC modulation in DCT cells. Here, we found that, in mice, the knockout of BAR3 was paralleled by a significant attenuation of NCC phosphorylation, paralleled by reduced expression and activation of STE-20/SPS1-related proline-alanine-rich kinase (SPAK) and WNKs the main kinases involved in NCC activation. Conversely, in BAR1/2 knockout mice, we found reduced NCC abundance with no changes in the phosphorylation state of NCC. Moreover, selective BAR3 agonism promotes both SPAK and NCC activation in wild-type mouse kidney slices. In conclusion, our findings suggest a novel role for BAR3 in the regulation of NCC in DCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Milano
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Monica Carmosino
- Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata, Potenza, Italy
| | - Andrea Gerbino
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Ilenia Saponara
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Dominga Lapi
- Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Paola Bagnoli
- Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Maria Svelto
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Procino
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
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12
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Moser S, Sugano Y, Wengi A, Fisi V, Lindtoft Rosenbaek L, Mariniello M, Loffing‐Cueni D, McCormick JA, Fenton RA, Loffing J. A five amino acids deletion in NKCC2 of C57BL/6 mice affects analysis of NKCC2 phosphorylation but does not impact kidney function. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2021; 233:e13705. [PMID: 34114742 PMCID: PMC8384713 DOI: 10.1111/apha.13705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Aim The phosphorylation level of the furosemide‐sensitive Na+‐K+‐2Cl− cotransporter (NKCC2) in the thick ascending limb (TAL) is used as a surrogate marker for NKCC2 activation and TAL function. However, in mice, analyses of NKCC2 phosphorylation with antibodies against phosphorylated threonines 96 and 101 (anti‐pT96/pT101) give inconsistent results. We aimed (a) to elucidate these inconsistencies and (b) to develop a phosphoform‐specific antibody that ensures reliable detection of NKCC2 phosphorylation in mice. Methods Genetic information, molecular biology, biochemical techniques and mouse phenotyping was used to study NKCC2 and kidney function in two commonly used mouse strains (ie 129Sv and in C57BL/6 mice). Moreover, a new phosphoform‐specific mouse NKCC2 antibody was developed and characterized. Results Amino acids sequence alignment revealed that C57BL/6 mice have a strain‐specific five amino acids deletion (ΔF97‐T101) in NKCC2 that diminishes the detection of NKCC2 phosphorylation with previously developed pT96/pT101 NKCC2 antibodies. Instead, the antibodies cross‐react with the phosphorylated thiazide‐sensitive NaCl cotransporter (NCC), which can obscure interpretation of results. Interestingly, the deletion in NKCC2 does not impact on kidney function and/or expression of renal ion transport proteins as indicated by the analysis of the F2 generation of crossbred 129Sv and C57BL/6 mice. A newly developed pT96 NKCC2 antibody detects pNKCC2 in both mouse strains and shows no cross‐reactivity with phosphorylated NCC. Conclusion Our work reveals a hitherto unappreciated, but essential, strain difference in the amino acids sequence of mouse NKCC2 that needs to be considered when analysing NKCC2 phosphorylation in mice. The new pNKCC2 antibody circumvents this technical caveat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Moser
- Institute of Anatomy University of Zurich Zurich Switzerland
| | - Yuya Sugano
- Institute of Anatomy University of Zurich Zurich Switzerland
| | - Agnieszka Wengi
- Institute of Anatomy University of Zurich Zurich Switzerland
| | - Viktoria Fisi
- Institute of Anatomy University of Zurich Zurich Switzerland
| | | | | | | | - James A. McCormick
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension Oregon Health & Science University Portland OR USA
| | | | - Johannes Loffing
- Institute of Anatomy University of Zurich Zurich Switzerland
- Swiss National Centre for Competence in Research “Kidney control of homeostasis” Zurich Switzerland
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13
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Garneau AP, Slimani S, Fiola MJ, Tremblay LE, Isenring P. Multiple Facets and Roles of Na+-K+-Cl−Cotransport: Mechanisms and Therapeutic Implications. Physiology (Bethesda) 2020; 35:415-429. [DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00012.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The Na+-K+-Cl−cotransporters play key physiological and pathophysiological roles by regulating the membrane potential of many cell types and the movement of fluid across a variety of epithelial or endothelial structures. As such, they should soon become invaluable targets for the treatment of various disorders including pain, epilepsy, brain edema, and hypertension. This review highlights the nature of these roles, the mechanisms at play, and the unresolved issues in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. P. Garneau
- Department of Medicine, Nephrology Research Group, Laval University, Québec, Canada; and
- Cardiometabolic Axis, School of Kinesiology and Physical Activity Sciences, University of Montréal, Montréal, Canada
| | - S. Slimani
- Department of Medicine, Nephrology Research Group, Laval University, Québec, Canada; and
| | - M. J. Fiola
- Department of Medicine, Nephrology Research Group, Laval University, Québec, Canada; and
| | - L. E. Tremblay
- Department of Medicine, Nephrology Research Group, Laval University, Québec, Canada; and
| | - P. Isenring
- Department of Medicine, Nephrology Research Group, Laval University, Québec, Canada; and
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14
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Bovée DM, Cuevas CA, Zietse R, Danser AHJ, Mirabito Colafella KM, Hoorn EJ. Salt-sensitive hypertension in chronic kidney disease: distal tubular mechanisms. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2020; 319:F729-F745. [DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00407.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) causes salt-sensitive hypertension that is often resistant to treatment and contributes to the progression of kidney injury and cardiovascular disease. A better understanding of the mechanisms contributing to salt-sensitive hypertension in CKD is essential to improve these outcomes. This review critically explores these mechanisms by focusing on how CKD affects distal nephron Na+ reabsorption. CKD causes glomerulotubular imbalance with reduced proximal Na+ reabsorption and increased distal Na+ delivery and reabsorption. Aldosterone secretion further contributes to distal Na+ reabsorption in CKD and is not only mediated by renin and K+ but also by metabolic acidosis, endothelin-1, and vasopressin. CKD also activates the intrarenal renin-angiotensin system, generating intratubular angiotensin II to promote distal Na+ reabsorption. High dietary Na+ intake in CKD contributes to Na+ retention by aldosterone-independent activation of the mineralocorticoid receptor mediated through Rac1. High dietary Na+ also produces an inflammatory response mediated by T helper 17 cells and cytokines increasing distal Na+ transport. CKD is often accompanied by proteinuria, which contains plasmin capable of activating the epithelial Na+ channel. Thus, CKD causes both local and systemic changes that together promote distal nephron Na+ reabsorption and salt-sensitive hypertension. Future studies should address remaining knowledge gaps, including the relative contribution of each mechanism, the influence of sex, differences between stages and etiologies of CKD, and the clinical relevance of experimentally identified mechanisms. Several pathways offer opportunities for intervention, including with dietary Na+ reduction, distal diuretics, renin-angiotensin system inhibitors, mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists, and K+ or H+ binders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominique M. Bovée
- Division of Nephrology and Transplantation, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Division of Vascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Catharina A. Cuevas
- Division of Nephrology and Transplantation, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Robert Zietse
- Division of Nephrology and Transplantation, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - A. H. Jan Danser
- Division of Vascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Katrina M. Mirabito Colafella
- Cardiovascular Disease Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Physiology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ewout J. Hoorn
- Division of Nephrology and Transplantation, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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15
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Calcium-Sensing Receptor and Regulation of WNK Kinases in the Kidney. Cells 2020; 9:cells9071644. [PMID: 32659887 PMCID: PMC7407487 DOI: 10.3390/cells9071644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The kidney is essential for systemic calcium homeostasis. Urinary calcium excretion can be viewed as an integrative renal response to endocrine and local stimuli. The extracellular calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) elicits a number of adaptive reactions to increased plasma Ca2+ levels including the control of parathyroid hormone release and regulation of the renal calcium handling. Calcium reabsorption in the distal nephron of the kidney is functionally coupled to sodium transport. Apart from Ca2+ transport systems, CaSR signaling affects relevant distal Na+-(K+)-2Cl- cotransporters, NKCC2 and NCC. NKCC2 and NCC are activated by a kinase cascade comprising with-no-lysine [K] kinases (WNKs) and two homologous Ste20-related kinases, SPAK and OSR1. Gain-of-function mutations within the WNK-SPAK/OSR1-NKCC2/NCC pathway lead to renal salt retention and hypertension, whereas loss-of-function mutations have been associated with salt-losing tubulopathies such as Bartter or Gitelman syndromes. A Bartter-like syndrome has been also described in patients carrying gain-of-function mutations in the CaSR gene. Recent work suggested that CaSR signals via the WNK-SPAK/OSR1 cascade to modulate salt reabsorption along the distal nephron. The review presented here summarizes the latest progress in understanding of functional interactions between CaSR and WNKs and their potential impact on the renal salt handling and blood pressure.
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16
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Datta A, Yang CR, Limbutara K, Chou CL, Rinschen MM, Raghuram V, Knepper MA. PKA-independent vasopressin signaling in renal collecting duct. FASEB J 2020; 34:6129-6146. [PMID: 32219907 PMCID: PMC9200475 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201902982r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2019] [Revised: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Vasopressin regulates renal water excretion by binding to a Gα s-coupled receptor (V2R) in collecting duct cells, resulting in increased water permeability through regulation of the aquaporin-2 (AQP2) water channel. This action is widely accepted to be associated with cAMP-mediated activation of protein kinase A (PKA). Here, we use phosphoproteomics in collecting duct cells in which PKA has been deleted (CRISPR-Cas9) to identify PKA-independent responses to vasopressin. The results show that V2R-mediated vasopressin signaling is predominantly, but not entirely, PKA-dependent. Upregulated sites in PKA-null cells include Ser256 of AQP2, which is critical to regulation of AQP2 trafficking. In addition, phosphorylation changes in the protein kinases Stk39 (SPAK) and Prkci (an atypical PKC) are consistent with PKA-independent regulation of these protein kinases. Target motif analysis of the phosphopeptides increased in PKA-null cells indicates that vasopressin activates one or more members of the AMPK/SNF1-subfamily of basophilic protein kinases. In vitro phosphorylation assays using recombinant, purified SNF1-subfamily kinases confirmed postulated target specificities. Of interest, measured IBMX-dependent cAMP levels were an order of magnitude higher in PKA-null than in PKA-intact cells, indicative of a PKA-dependent feedback mechanism. Overall, the findings support the conclusion that V2-receptor mediated signaling in collecting duct cells is in part PKA-independent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnab Datta
- Epithelial Systems Biology Laboratory, Systems Biology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
- Yenepoya Research Center, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), University Road, Deralakatte, Mangalore 575018, Karnataka, India
| | - Chin-Rang Yang
- Epithelial Systems Biology Laboratory, Systems Biology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Kavee Limbutara
- Epithelial Systems Biology Laboratory, Systems Biology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Chung-Lin Chou
- Epithelial Systems Biology Laboratory, Systems Biology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Markus M. Rinschen
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Metabolomics and Mass Spectrometry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA
| | - Viswanathan Raghuram
- Epithelial Systems Biology Laboratory, Systems Biology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Mark A. Knepper
- Epithelial Systems Biology Laboratory, Systems Biology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
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17
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Furusho T, Sohara E, Mandai S, Kikuchi H, Takahashi N, Fujimaru T, Hashimoto H, Arai Y, Ando F, Zeniya M, Mori T, Susa K, Isobe K, Nomura N, Yamamoto K, Okado T, Rai T, Uchida S. Renal TNFα activates the WNK phosphorylation cascade and contributes to salt-sensitive hypertension in chronic kidney disease. Kidney Int 2020; 97:713-727. [PMID: 32059997 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2019.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Revised: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The inappropriate over-activation of the with-no-lysine kinase (WNK)-STE20/SPS1-related proline/alanine-rich kinase (SPAK)-sodium chloride cotransporter (NCC) phosphorylation cascade increases sodium reabsorption in distal kidney nephrons, resulting in salt-sensitive hypertension. Although chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a common cause of salt-sensitive hypertension, the involvement of the WNK phosphorylation cascade is unknown. Moreover, the effect of immune systems on WNK kinases has not been investigated despite the fact that immune systems are important for salt sensitivity. Here we demonstrate that the protein abundance of WNK1, but not of WNK4, was increased at the distal convoluted tubules in the aristolochic acid nephropathy mouse model of CKD. Accordingly, the phosphorylation of both SPAK and NCC was also increased. Moreover, a high-salt diet did not adequately suppress activation of the WNK1-SPAK-NCC phosphorylation cascade in this model, leading to salt-sensitive hypertension. WNK1 also was increased in adenine nephropathy, but not in subtotal nephrectomy, models of CKD. By comparing the transcripts of these three models focusing on immune systems, we hypothesized that tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α regulates WNK1 protein expression. In fact, TNF-α increased WNK1 protein expression in cultured renal tubular cells by reducing the transcription and protein levels of NEDD4-2 E3-ligase, which degrades WNK1 protein. Furthermore, the TNF-α inhibitor etanercept reversed the reduction of NEDD4-2 expression and upregulation of the WNK1-SPAK-NCC phosphorylation cascade in distal convoluted tubules in vivo in the aristolochic acid nephropathy model. Thus, salt-sensitive hypertension is induced in CKD via activation of the renal WNK1- SPAK-NCC phosphorylation cascade by TNF-α, reflecting a link with the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taisuke Furusho
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Eisei Sohara
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Shintaro Mandai
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Kikuchi
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naohiro Takahashi
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takuya Fujimaru
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroko Hashimoto
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yohei Arai
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Fumiaki Ando
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Moko Zeniya
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takayasu Mori
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koichiro Susa
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Isobe
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naohiro Nomura
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kohei Yamamoto
- Department of Comprehensive Pathology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomokazu Okado
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tatemitsu Rai
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinichi Uchida
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
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18
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Mercado CJ, Wang X, Grimm PR, Welling PA, Chang YC. Identification and characterization of alternative STK39 transcripts within human and mouse kidneys reveals species-specific regulation of blood pressure. Physiol Rep 2020; 8:e14379. [PMID: 32109341 PMCID: PMC7048380 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.14379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Revised: 01/26/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
STK39 encodes a serine threonine kinase, SPAK, which is part of a multi-kinase network that determines renal Na+ reabsorption and blood pressure (BP) through regulation of sodium-chloride co-transporters in the kidney. Variants within STK39 are associated with susceptibility to essential hypertension, and constitutively active SPAK mice are hypertensive and hyperkalemic, similar to familial hyperkalemic hyperkalemia in humans. SPAK null mice are hypotensive and mimic Gitelman syndrome, a rare monogenic salt wasting human disorder. Mice exhibit nephron segment-specific expression of full length SPAK and N-terminally truncated SPAK isoforms (SPAK2 and KS-SPAK) with impaired kinase function. SPAK2 and KS-SPAK function to inhibit phosphorylation of cation co-transporters by full length SPAK. However, the existence of orthologous SPAK2 or KS-SPAK within the human kidney, and the role of such SPAK isoforms in nephron segment-specific regulation of Na+ reabsorption, still have not been determined. In this study, we examined both human and mouse kidney transcriptomes to uncover novel transcriptional regulation of STK39. We established that humans also express STK39 transcript isoforms similar to those found in mice but differ in abundance and are transcribed from human-specific promoters. In summary, STK39 undergoes species-specific transcriptional regulation, resulting in differentially expressed alternative transcripts that have implications for the design and testing of novel SPAK-targeting antihypertensive medications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo J. Mercado
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and NutritionUniversity of Maryland School of MedicineBaltimoreMDUSA
| | - Xiaochun Wang
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and NutritionUniversity of Maryland School of MedicineBaltimoreMDUSA
| | - Paul R. Grimm
- Departments of Physiology and MedicineJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMDUSA
| | - Paul A. Welling
- Departments of Physiology and MedicineJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMDUSA
| | - Yen‐Pei C. Chang
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and NutritionUniversity of Maryland School of MedicineBaltimoreMDUSA
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19
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Hoorn EJ, Gritter M, Cuevas CA, Fenton RA. Regulation of the Renal NaCl Cotransporter and Its Role in Potassium Homeostasis. Physiol Rev 2020; 100:321-356. [DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00044.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Daily dietary potassium (K+) intake may be as large as the extracellular K+ pool. To avoid acute hyperkalemia, rapid removal of K+ from the extracellular space is essential. This is achieved by translocating K+ into cells and increasing urinary K+ excretion. Emerging data now indicate that the renal thiazide-sensitive NaCl cotransporter (NCC) is critically involved in this homeostatic kaliuretic response. This suggests that the early distal convoluted tubule (DCT) is a K+ sensor that can modify sodium (Na+) delivery to downstream segments to promote or limit K+ secretion. K+ sensing is mediated by the basolateral K+ channels Kir4.1/5.1, a capacity that the DCT likely shares with other nephron segments. Thus, next to K+-induced aldosterone secretion, K+ sensing by renal epithelial cells represents a second feedback mechanism to control K+ balance. NCC’s role in K+ homeostasis has both physiological and pathophysiological implications. During hypovolemia, NCC activation by the renin-angiotensin system stimulates Na+ reabsorption while preventing K+ secretion. Conversely, NCC inactivation by high dietary K+ intake maximizes kaliuresis and limits Na+ retention, despite high aldosterone levels. NCC activation by a low-K+ diet contributes to salt-sensitive hypertension. K+-induced natriuresis through NCC offers a novel explanation for the antihypertensive effects of a high-K+ diet. A possible role for K+ in chronic kidney disease is also emerging, as epidemiological data reveal associations between higher urinary K+ excretion and improved renal outcomes. This comprehensive review will embed these novel insights on NCC regulation into existing concepts of K+ homeostasis in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewout J. Hoorn
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Transplantation, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; and Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Martin Gritter
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Transplantation, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; and Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Catherina A. Cuevas
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Transplantation, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; and Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Robert A. Fenton
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Transplantation, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; and Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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20
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Mutig K, Bachmann S. Hyperkalemia and blood pressure regulation. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2019; 34:iii26-iii35. [PMID: 31800077 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfz218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypertension is common in the general population. Management of hypertensive patients at risk of hyperkalemia is challenging due to potential life-threatening complications such as cardiac arrest. Chronic hyperkalemia is often associated with impaired renal ability to excrete excessive potassium ions (K+). This may refer to chronic kidney disease or certain pharmacological interventions, including broadly used renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and calcineurin inhibitors. Understanding the intrinsic mechanisms permitting kidney adaptations to hyperkalemia is critical for choosing therapeutic strategies. Valuable insights were obtained from the analysis of familial hyperkalemic hypertension (FHHt) syndrome, which became a classic model for coincidence of high blood pressure and hyperkalemia. FHHt can be caused by mutations in several genes, all of them resulting in excessive activity of with-no-lysine kinases (WNKs) in the distal nephron of the kidney. WNKs have been increasingly recognized as key signalling enzymes in the regulation of renal sodium ions (Na+) and K+ handling, enabling adaptive responses to systemic shifts of potassium homoeostasis consequent to variations in dietary potassium intake or disease. The WNK signalling pathway recruits a complex protein network mediating catalytic and non-catalytic effects of distinct WNK isoforms on relevant Na+- or K+-transporting proteins. In this review article, we summarize recent progress in understanding WNK signalling. An update of available models for renal adaptation to hyperkalemic conditions is presented. Consequences for blood pressure regulation are discussed. Pharmacological targeting of WNKs or their substrates offers promising options to manage hypertension while preventing hyperkalemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerim Mutig
- Institute of Vegetative Anatomy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Pharmacology, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation (Sechenovskiy University), Moscow, Russia
| | - Sebastian Bachmann
- Institute of Vegetative Anatomy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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21
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Desjardins P, Couture C, Germain L, Guérin SL. Contribution of the WNK1 kinase to corneal wound healing using the tissue-engineered human cornea as an in vitro model. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2019; 13:1595-1608. [PMID: 31207112 DOI: 10.1002/term.2912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Revised: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Damage to the corneal epithelium triggers important changes in the extracellular matrix (ECM) to which basal human corneal epithelial cells (hCECs) attach. These changes are perceived by integrin receptors that activate different intracellular signalling pathways, ultimately leading to re-epithelialization of the injured epithelium. In this study, we investigated the impact of pharmacological inhibition of specific signal transduction mediators on corneal wound healing using both monolayers of hCECs and the human tissue-engineered cornea (hTEC) as an in vitro 3D model. RNA and proteins were isolated from the wounded and unwounded hTECs to conduct gene profiling analyses and protein kinase arrays. The impact of WNK1 inhibition was evaluated on the wounded hTECs as well as on hCECs monolayers using a scratch wound assay. Gene profiling and protein kinase arrays revealed that expression and activity of several mediators from the integrin-dependent signaling pathways were altered in response to the ECM changes occurring during corneal wound healing. Phosphorylation of the WNK1 kinase turned out to be the most striking activation event going on during this process. The inhibition of WNK1 by WNK463 reduced the rate of corneal wound closure in both the hTEC and hCECs grown in monolayer compared with their respective negative controls. WNK463 also reduced phosphorylation of the WNK1 downstream targets SPAK/OSR1 in wounded hTECs. These in vitro results allowed for a better understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in corneal wound healing and identified WNK1 as a kinase important to ensure proper wound healing of the cornea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascale Desjardins
- CUO-Recherche, Médecine Régénératrice, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec and Centre de Recherche en Organogénèse expérimentale de l'Université Laval/LOEX, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
- Département d'Ophtalmologie, Faculté de médecine, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
- Département de Chirurgie, Faculté de médecine, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Camille Couture
- CUO-Recherche, Médecine Régénératrice, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec and Centre de Recherche en Organogénèse expérimentale de l'Université Laval/LOEX, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
- Département d'Ophtalmologie, Faculté de médecine, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
- Département de Chirurgie, Faculté de médecine, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Lucie Germain
- CUO-Recherche, Médecine Régénératrice, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec and Centre de Recherche en Organogénèse expérimentale de l'Université Laval/LOEX, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
- Département d'Ophtalmologie, Faculté de médecine, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
- Département de Chirurgie, Faculté de médecine, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Sylvain L Guérin
- CUO-Recherche, Médecine Régénératrice, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec and Centre de Recherche en Organogénèse expérimentale de l'Université Laval/LOEX, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
- Département d'Ophtalmologie, Faculté de médecine, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
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22
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Tyrosine phosphorylation modulates cell surface expression of chloride cotransporters NKCC2 and KCC3. Arch Biochem Biophys 2019; 669:61-70. [PMID: 31145900 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2019.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Revised: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cellular chloride transport has a fundamental role in cell volume regulation and renal salt handling. Cellular chloride entry or exit are mediated at the plasma membrane by cotransporter proteins of the solute carrier 12 family. For example, NKCC2 resorbs chloride with sodium and potassium ions at the apical membrane of epithelial cells in the kidney, whereas KCC3 releases chloride with potassium ions at the basolateral membrane. Their ion transport activity is regulated by protein phosphorylation in response to signaling pathways. An additional regulatory mechanism concerns the amount of cotransporter molecules inserted into the plasma membrane. Here we describe that tyrosine phosphorylation of NKCC2 and KCC3 regulates their plasma membrane expression levels. We identified that spleen tyrosine kinase (SYK) phosphorylates a specific N-terminal tyrosine residue in each cotransporter. Experimental depletion of endogenous SYK or pharmacological inhibition of its kinase activity increased the abundance of NKCC2 at the plasma membrane of human embryonic kidney cells. In contrast, overexpression of a constitutively active SYK mutant decreased NKCC2 membrane abundance. Intriguingly, the same experimental approaches revealed the opposite effect on KCC3 abundance at the plasma membrane, compatible with the known antagonistic roles of NKCC and KCC cotransporters in cell volume regulation. Thus, we identified a novel pathway modulating the cell surface expression of NKCC2 and KCC3 and show that this same pathway has opposite functional outcomes for these two cotransporters. The findings have several biomedical implications considering the role of these cotransporters in regulating blood pressure and cell volume.
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23
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Marcoux AA, Slimani S, Tremblay LE, Frenette-Cotton R, Garneau AP, Isenring P. Regulation of Na +-K +-Cl - cotransporter type 2 by the with no lysine kinase-dependent signaling pathway. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2019; 317:C20-C30. [PMID: 30917032 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00041.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Na+-K+-Cl- cotransporter type 2 (NKCC2) is confined to the apical membrane of the thick ascending limb of Henle, where it reabsorbs a substantial fraction of the ultrafiltered NaCl load. It is expressed along this nephron segment as three main splice variants (called NKCC2A, NKCC2B, and NKCC2F) that differ in residue composition along their second transmembrane domain and first intracellular cytosolic connecting segment (CS2). NKCC2 is known to be activated by cell shrinkage and intracellular [Cl-] reduction. Although the with no lysine (WNK) kinases could play a role in this response, the mechanisms involved are ill defined, and the possibility of variant-specific responses has not been tested thus far. In this study, we have used the Xenopus laevis oocyte expression system to gain further insight in these regards. We have found for the first time that cell shrinkage could stimulate NKCC2A- and NKCC2B-mediated ion transport by increasing carrier abundance at the cell surface and that this response was achieved (at least in part) by the enzymatic function of a WNK kinase. Interestingly, we have also found that the activity and cell surface abundance of NKCC2F were less affected by cell shrinkage compared with the other variants and that ion transport by certain variants could be stimulated through WNK kinase expression in the absence of carrier redistribution. Taken together, these results suggest that the WNK kinase-dependent pathway can affect both the trafficking as well as intrinsic activity of NKCC2 and that CS2 plays an important role in carrier regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrée-Anne Marcoux
- Nephrology Research Group, L'Hôtel-Dieu de Québec Research Center, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University , Quebec City, Quebec , Canada
| | - Samira Slimani
- Nephrology Research Group, L'Hôtel-Dieu de Québec Research Center, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University , Quebec City, Quebec , Canada
| | - Laurence E Tremblay
- Nephrology Research Group, L'Hôtel-Dieu de Québec Research Center, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University , Quebec City, Quebec , Canada
| | - Rachelle Frenette-Cotton
- Nephrology Research Group, L'Hôtel-Dieu de Québec Research Center, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University , Quebec City, Quebec , Canada
| | - Alexandre P Garneau
- Nephrology Research Group, L'Hôtel-Dieu de Québec Research Center, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University , Quebec City, Quebec , Canada.,Cardiometabolic Research Group, Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal , Montreal, Quebec , Canada
| | - Paul Isenring
- Nephrology Research Group, L'Hôtel-Dieu de Québec Research Center, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University , Quebec City, Quebec , Canada
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24
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Penton D, Moser S, Wengi A, Czogalla J, Rosenbaek LL, Rigendinger F, Faresse N, Martins JR, Fenton RA, Loffing-Cueni D, Loffing J. Protein Phosphatase 1 Inhibitor-1 Mediates the cAMP-Dependent Stimulation of the Renal NaCl Cotransporter. J Am Soc Nephrol 2019; 30:737-750. [PMID: 30902838 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2018050540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A number of cAMP-elevating hormones stimulate phosphorylation (and hence activity) of the NaCl cotransporter (NCC) in the distal convoluted tubule (DCT). Evidence suggests that protein phosphatase 1 (PP1) and other protein phosphatases modulate NCC phosphorylation, but little is known about PP1's role and the mechanism regulating its function in the DCT. METHODS We used ex vivo mouse kidney preparations to test whether a DCT-enriched inhibitor of PP1, protein phosphatase 1 inhibitor-1 (I1), mediates cAMP's effects on NCC, and conducted yeast two-hybrid and coimmunoprecipitation experiments in NCC-expressing MDCK cells to explore protein interactions. RESULTS Treating isolated DCTs with forskolin and IBMX increased NCC phosphorylation via a protein kinase A (PKA)-dependent pathway. Ex vivo incubation of mouse kidney slices with isoproterenol, norepinephrine, and parathyroid hormone similarly increased NCC phosphorylation. The cAMP-induced stimulation of NCC phosphorylation strongly correlated with the phosphorylation of I1 at its PKA consensus phosphorylation site (a threonine residue in position 35). We also found an interaction between NCC and the I1-target PP1. Moreover, PP1 dephosphorylated NCC in vitro, and the PP1 inhibitor calyculin A increased NCC phosphorylation. Studies in kidney slices and isolated perfused kidneys of control and I1-KO mice demonstrated that I1 participates in the cAMP-induced stimulation of NCC. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest a complete signal transduction pathway by which cAMP increases NCC phosphorylation via a PKA-dependent phosphorylation of I1 and subsequent inhibition of PP1. This pathway might be relevant for the physiologic regulation of renal sodium handling by cAMP-elevating hormones, and may contribute to salt-sensitive hypertension in patients with endocrine disorders or sympathetic hyperactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Penton
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Swiss National Centre for Competence in Research "Kidney Control of Homeostasis," Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sandra Moser
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Agnieszka Wengi
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jan Czogalla
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Swiss National Centre for Competence in Research "Kidney Control of Homeostasis," Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Lena Lindtoft Rosenbaek
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; and.,Department of Neuroscience, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Nourdine Faresse
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Swiss National Centre for Competence in Research "Kidney Control of Homeostasis," Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Joana R Martins
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Swiss National Centre for Competence in Research "Kidney Control of Homeostasis," Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Robert A Fenton
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; and
| | | | - Johannes Loffing
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; .,Swiss National Centre for Competence in Research "Kidney Control of Homeostasis," Zurich, Switzerland
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25
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The interplay of renal potassium and sodium handling in blood pressure regulation: critical role of the WNK-SPAK-NCC pathway. J Hum Hypertens 2019; 33:508-523. [DOI: 10.1038/s41371-019-0170-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2018] [Revised: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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26
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Saritas T, Puelles VG, Su XT, McCormick JA, Welling PA, Ellison DH. Optical Clearing in the Kidney Reveals Potassium-Mediated Tubule Remodeling. Cell Rep 2018; 25:2668-2675.e3. [PMID: 30517856 PMCID: PMC6339512 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Revised: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Distal nephron remodeling contributes to the pathophysiology of many clinically relevant scenarios, including diuretic resistance and certain Mendelian disorders of blood pressure. However, constitutive genetic disruptions are likely to have substantial developmental effects in this segment, and whether tubule remodeling upon physiological stimuli is a normal homeostatic mechanism is not known. Since the distal nephron acts as a potassium sensor, we assessed proliferation and tubule length in three dimensions upon dietary or inducible genetic manipulation by using optical clearing of adult mouse kidneys, whole-mount immunolabeling, and advanced light microscopy. We show that dietary potassium restriction leads promptly to proliferation of various nephron segments, including the distal convoluted tubule, whereas disruption of the potassium sensor Kir4.1 causes atrophy, despite ambient hypokalemia. These results provide proof that kidney tubules adapt rapidly to diet and indicate the power of clearing approaches to assess cell number and tubule length in healthy and diseased kidney.
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Affiliation(s)
- Turgay Saritas
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA; Division of Nephrology and Clinical Immunology, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen 52074, Germany.
| | - Victor G Puelles
- Division of Nephrology and Clinical Immunology, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen 52074, Germany; III. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center, Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg 20246, Germany; Department of Nephrology, Monash Health, Melbourne, VIC 3168, Australia
| | - Xiao-Tong Su
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - James A McCormick
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Paul A Welling
- Department of Physiology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; Fondation LeDucq Transatlantic Networks of Excellence, Paris 75116, France
| | - David H Ellison
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA; Fondation LeDucq Transatlantic Networks of Excellence, Paris 75116, France; Renal Section, Veterans Affairs Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR 97239, USA
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27
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Cornelius RJ, Si J, Cuevas CA, Nelson JW, Gratreak BDK, Pardi R, Yang CL, Ellison DH. Renal COP9 Signalosome Deficiency Alters CUL3-KLHL3-WNK Signaling Pathway. J Am Soc Nephrol 2018; 29:2627-2640. [PMID: 30301860 PMCID: PMC6218864 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2018030333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The familial hyperkalemic hypertension (FHHt) cullin 3 (CUL3) mutant does not degrade WNK kinases normally, thereby leading to thiazide-sensitive Na-Cl cotransporter (NCC) activation. CUL3 mutant (CUL3Δ9) does not bind normally to the COP9 signalosome (CSN), a deneddylase involved in regulating cullin-RING ligases. CUL3Δ9 also caused increased degradation of the CUL3-WNK substrate adaptor kelch-like 3 (KLHL3). Here, we sought to determine how defective CSN action contributes to the CUL3Δ9 phenotype. METHODS The Pax8/LC1 mouse system was used to generate mice in which the catalytically active CSN subunit, Jab1, was deleted only along the nephron, after full development (KS-Jab1-/-). RESULTS Western blot analysis demonstrated that Jab1 deletion increased the abundance of neddylated CUL3. Moreover, total CUL3 expression was reduced, suggesting decreased CUL3 stability. KLHL3 was almost completely absent in KS-Jab1-/- mice. Conversely, the protein abundances of WNK1, WNK4, and SPAK kinases were substantially higher. Activation of WNK4, SPAK, and OSR1 was indicated by higher phosphorylated protein levels and translocation of the proteins into puncta, as observed by immunofluorescence. The ratio of phosphorylated NCC to total NCC was also higher. Surprisingly, NCC protein abundance was low, likely contributing to hypokalemia and Na+ and K+ wasting. Additionally, long-term Jab1 deletion resulted in kidney damage. CONCLUSIONS Together, the results indicate that deficient CSN binding contributes importantly to the FHHt phenotype. Although defective CUL3Δ9-faciliated WNK4 degradation likely contributes, dominant effects on KLHL3 may be a second factor that is necessary for the phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan J Cornelius
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Jinge Si
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Catherina A Cuevas
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Jonathan W Nelson
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Brittany D K Gratreak
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Ruggero Pardi
- School of Medicine and Scientific Institute, San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy; and
| | - Chao-Ling Yang
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - David H Ellison
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon;
- Renal Section, Veterans Affairs Portland Health Care System, Portland, Oregon
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28
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Wardak H, Tutakhel OAZ, Van Der Wijst J. Role of the alternative splice variant of NCC in blood pressure control. Channels (Austin) 2018; 12:346-355. [PMID: 30264650 PMCID: PMC6207291 DOI: 10.1080/19336950.2018.1528820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The renal thiazide-sensitive sodium-chloride cotransporter (NCC), located in the distal convoluted tubule (DCT) of the kidney, plays an important role in blood pressure regulation by fine-tuning sodium excretion. The human SLC12A3 gene, encoding NCC, gives rise to three isoforms, of which only the third isoform (NCC3) has been extensively investigated so far. However, recent studies unraveled the importance of the isoforms 1 and 2, collectively referred to as NCC splice variant (NCCSV), in several (patho)physiological conditions. In the human kidney, NCCSV localizes to the apical membrane of the DCT and could constitute a functional route for renal sodium-chloride reabsorption. Analysis of urinary extracellular vesicles (uEVs), a non-invasive method for measuring renal responses, demonstrated that NCCSV abundance changes in response to acute water loading and correlates with patients’ thiazide responsiveness. Furthermore, a novel phosphorylation site at serine 811 (S811), exclusively present in NCCSV, was shown to play an instrumental role in NCCSV as well as NCC3 function. This review aims to summarize these new insights of NCCSV function in humans that broadens the understanding on NCC regulation in blood pressure control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hila Wardak
- a Department of Physiology , Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud university medical center , Nijmegen , The Netherland
| | - Omar A Z Tutakhel
- a Department of Physiology , Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud university medical center , Nijmegen , The Netherland.,b Department of Translational Metabolic Laboratory , Radboud university medical center , Nijmegen , The Netherlands
| | - Jenny Van Der Wijst
- a Department of Physiology , Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud university medical center , Nijmegen , The Netherland
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Schragenheim J, Bellner L, Cao J, Singh SP, Bamshad D, McClung JA, Maayan O, Meissner A, Grant I, Stier CT, Abraham NG. EET enhances renal function in obese mice resulting in restoration of HO-1-Mfn1/2 signaling, and decrease in hypertension through inhibition of sodium chloride co-transporter. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2018; 137:30-39. [PMID: 29787809 DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2018.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Revised: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We have previously reported that epoxyeicosatrienoic acid (EET) has multiple beneficial effects on renal and adipose tissue function, in addition to its vasodilatory action; it increases insulin sensitivity and inhibits inflammation. In an examination of the signaling mechanisms by which EET reduces renal and peri-renal fat function, we hypothesized that EET ameliorates obesity-induced renal dysfunction by improving sodium excretion, reducing the sodium-chloride cotransporter NCC, lowering blood pressure, and enhancing mitochondrial and thermogenic gene levels in PGC-1α dependent mice. METHODS EET-agonist treatment normalized glucose metabolism, renal ENaC and NCC protein expression, urinary sodium excretion and blood pressure in obese (db/db) mice. A marked improvement in mitochondrial integrity, thermogenic genes, and PGC-1α-HO-1-adiponectin signaling occurred. Knockout of PGC-1α in EET-treated mice resulted in a reversal of these beneficial effects including a decrease in sodium excretion, elevation of blood pressure and an increase in the pro-inflammatory adipokine nephroblastoma overexpressed gene (NOV). In the elucidation of the effects of EET on peri-renal adipose tissue, EET increased adiponectin, mitochondrial integrity, thermogenic genes and decreased NOV, i.e. "Browning' peri-renal adipose phenotype that occurs under high fat diets. Taken together, these data demonstrate a critical role of an EET agonist in the restoration of healthy adipose tissue with reduced release of inflammatory molecules, such as AngII and NOV, thereby preventing their detrimental impact on sodium absorption and NCC levels and the development of obesity-induced renal dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Schragenheim
- Department of Pharmacology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, 10595, United States
| | - Lars Bellner
- Department of Pharmacology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, 10595, United States
| | - Jian Cao
- Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Shailendra P Singh
- Department of Pharmacology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, 10595, United States
| | - David Bamshad
- Department of Medicine, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, 10595, United States
| | - John A McClung
- Department of Medicine, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, 10595, United States
| | - Omri Maayan
- Department of Pharmacology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, 10595, United States
| | - Aliza Meissner
- Department of Medicine, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, 10595, United States
| | - Ilana Grant
- Department of Medicine, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, 10595, United States
| | - Charles T Stier
- Department of Pharmacology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, 10595, United States.
| | - Nader G Abraham
- Department of Pharmacology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, 10595, United States; Department of Medicine, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, 10595, United States; Department of Medicine, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, WV, 25701, United States.
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30
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Kunizawa K, Hoshino J, Mizuno H, Suwabe T, Sumida K, Kawada M, Yamanouchi M, Sekine A, Hayami N, Hiramatsu R, Hasegawa E, Sawa N, Takaichi K, Shibata S, Ubara Y. Tolvaptan for Primary Aldosteronism and Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease: A Case Report. Case Rep Nephrol Dial 2018; 8:62-69. [PMID: 29692992 PMCID: PMC5903093 DOI: 10.1159/000487921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
A 59-year-old Japanese woman was admitted for evaluation of muscle weakness. Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease had been diagnosed at the age of 47 years, followed by primary aldosteronism at 53 years. At the age of 58, tolvaptan was started (60 mg/day) to treat her renal disease. After 8 months of tolvaptan therapy, hypokalemia-related muscle weakness became prominent, and hypertension became refractory. Finally, treatment with low-dose tolvaptan (30 mg/day) and high-dose spironolactone (100 mg/day) normalized serum potassium and the blood pressure. Tolvaptan can induce urinary excretion of potassium in patients with primary aldosteronism, and possible mechanisms are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyohei Kunizawa
- Nephrology Center, Toranomon Hospital Kajigaya, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Junichi Hoshino
- Nephrology Center, Toranomon Hospital Kajigaya, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Hiroki Mizuno
- Nephrology Center, Toranomon Hospital Kajigaya, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Suwabe
- Nephrology Center, Toranomon Hospital Kajigaya, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Keiichi Sumida
- Nephrology Center, Toranomon Hospital Kajigaya, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Masahiro Kawada
- Nephrology Center, Toranomon Hospital Kajigaya, Kawasaki, Japan
| | | | - Akinari Sekine
- Nephrology Center, Toranomon Hospital Kajigaya, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Noriko Hayami
- Nephrology Center, Toranomon Hospital Kajigaya, Kawasaki, Japan
| | | | - Eiko Hasegawa
- Nephrology Center, Toranomon Hospital Kajigaya, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Naoki Sawa
- Nephrology Center, Toranomon Hospital Kajigaya, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Kenmei Takaichi
- Nephrology Center, Toranomon Hospital Kajigaya, Kawasaki, Japan.,Okinaka Memorial Institute for Medical Research, Toranomon Hospital Kajigaya, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Shigeru Shibata
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshifumi Ubara
- Nephrology Center, Toranomon Hospital Kajigaya, Kawasaki, Japan.,Okinaka Memorial Institute for Medical Research, Toranomon Hospital Kajigaya, Kawasaki, Japan
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31
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Trafficking and regulation of the NKCC2 cotransporter in the thick ascending limb. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 2018; 26:392-397. [PMID: 28614115 DOI: 10.1097/mnh.0000000000000351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The kidney Na-K-2Cl cotransporter (NKCC2) is essential for urinary concentration and renal electrolyte handling. Loss of function mutations in the NKCC2 gene cause urinary salt and potassium wasting, whereas excessive NKCC2 function has been linked to high blood pressure. Loop diuretics, targeting the transporter, are instrumental for relieving edema or hypertension. This review focuses on intrinsic mechanisms regulating NKCC2 activity at the posttranslational level, namely its trafficking and phosphorylation. RECENT FINDINGS Protein networks mediating cellular turnover of NKCC2 have recently received major attention. Several key components of its apical trafficking were identified, including respective chaperones, SNARE protein family members and raft-associated proteins. NKCC2 internalization has been characterized qualitatively and quantitatively. Kinase and phosphatase pathways regulating NKCC2 activity have been clarified and links between NKCC2 phosphorylation and trafficking proposed. Constitutive and inducible NKCC2 trafficking and phosphorylation mechanisms have been specified with focus on endocrine control of thick ascending limb (TAL) function by vasopressin. SUMMARY Proper NKCC2 trafficking and phosphorylation are critical to the TAL function in the physiological context of urinary concentration and extracellular volume regulation. Clarification of the underlying mechanisms and respective protein networks may open new therapeutic perspectives for better management of renal electrolyte disorders and blood pressure control.
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32
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Tutakhel OAZ, Bianchi F, Smits DA, Bindels RJM, Hoenderop JGJ, van der Wijst J. Dominant functional role of the novel phosphorylation site S811 in the human renal NaCl cotransporter. FASEB J 2018; 32:4482-4493. [PMID: 29547703 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201701047r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The NaCl cotransporter (NCC) is essential for electrolyte homeostasis and control of blood pressure. The human SLC12A3 gene, which encodes NCC, gives rise to 3 isoforms, of which only the shortest isoform [NaCl cotransporter isoform 3 (NCC3)] has been studied extensively. All NCC isoforms share key phosphorylation sites at T55 and T60 that are essential mediators of NCC function. Recently, a novel phosphorylation site at S811 was identified in isoforms 1 and 2 [NaCl cotransporter splice variant (NCCSV)], which are only present in humans and higher primates. The aim of the current study, therefore, is to investigate the role of S811 phosphorylation in the regulation of NCC by a combination of biochemical and fluorescent microscopy analyses. We demonstrate that hypotonic low-chloride buffer increases S811 phosphorylation, whereas phosphorylation-deficient S811A mutant hinders phosphorylation at T55 and T60 in NCCSV and NCC3. NCCSV S811A impairs NCC3 activity in a dominant-negative fashion, although it does not affect plasma membrane abundance. This effect may be explained by the heterodimerization of NCCSV with NCC3. Taken together, our study highlights the dominant-negative effect of NCCSV on T55 and T60 phosphorylation and NCC activity. Here, we reveal a new function of NCCSV in humans that broadens the understanding on NCC regulation in blood pressure control.-Tutakhel, O. A. Z., Bianchi, F., Smits, D. A., Bindels, R. J. M., Hoenderop, J. G. J., van der Wijst, J. Dominant functional role of the novel phosphorylation site S811 in the human renal NaCl cotransporter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar A Z Tutakhel
- Department of Physiology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Frans Bianchi
- Department of Physiology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Daniël A Smits
- Department of Physiology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - René J M Bindels
- Department of Physiology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Joost G J Hoenderop
- Department of Physiology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jenny van der Wijst
- Department of Physiology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Abstract
Caveolin-1 (Cav1) is essential for the formation of caveolae. Little is known about their functional role in the kidney. We tested the hypothesis that caveolae modulate renal salt and water reabsorption. Wild-type (WT) and Cav1-deficient (Cav1−/−) mice were studied. Cav1 expression and caveolae formation were present in vascular cells, late distal convoluted tubule and principal connecting tubule and collecting duct cells of WT but not Cav1−/− kidneys. Urinary sodium excretion was increased by 94% and urine flow by 126% in Cav1−/− mice (p < 0.05). A decrease in activating phosphorylation of the Na-Cl cotransporter (NCC) of the distal convoluted tubule was recorded in Cav1−/− compared to WT kidneys (−40%; p < 0.05). Isolated intrarenal arteries from Cav1−/− mice revealed a fourfold reduction in sensitivity to phenylephrine (p < 0.05). A significantly diminished maximal contractile response (−13%; p < 0.05) was suggestive of enhanced nitric oxide (NO) availability. In line with this, the abundance of endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) was increased in Cav1−/− kidneys +213%; p < 0.05) and cultured caveolae-deprived cells showed intracellular accumulation of eNOS, compared to caveolae-intact controls. Our results suggest that renal caveolae help to conserve water and electrolytes via modulation of NCC function and regulation of vascular eNOS.
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34
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Wang YF, Lafont AG, Lee YC, Hwang PP. A novel function of calcitonin gene-related peptide in body fluid Cl- homeostasis. Proc Biol Sci 2017; 283:rspb.2016.0684. [PMID: 27306053 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2016.0684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Vertebrates need to maintain extracellular chloride (Cl(-)) concentrations to ensure the normal operation of physiological processes; the transition from aquatic to terrestrial environments necessitated the development of sophisticated mechanisms to ensure Cl(-) homeostasis in the face of fluctuating Cl(-) levels. Zebrafish calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), unlike its splice variant calcitonin, does not respond to environmental Ca(2+) levels. This study aimed to test the hypothesis that CGRP is involved in the control of body fluid Cl(-) homeostasis. Acclimation to high-Cl(-) artificial water stimulated the mRNA expression of cgrp and the receptor (crlr1) when compared with low-Cl(-) CGRP knockdown induced upregulation of the Na(+)-Cl(-) co-transporter (ncc2b), while overexpression of CGRP resulted in the downregulation of ncc2b mRNA synthesis and a simultaneous decrease in Cl(-) uptake in embryos. Consistent with these findings, knockdown of either cgrp or crlr1 was found to increase the density of NCC2b-expressing cells in embryos. This is the first demonstration that CGRP acts as a hypochloremic hormone through suppressing NCC2b expression and the differentiation of NCC-expressing ionocytes. Elucidation of this novel function of CGRP in fish body fluid Cl(-) homeostasis promises to enhance our understanding of the related physiology in vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Fang Wang
- Institute of Fishery Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Anne-Gaëlle Lafont
- Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Sorbonne Universités, Research Unit BOREA, Biology of Aquatic Organisms and Ecosystems, CNRS 7208, IRD207, UPMC, UCBN, Paris, France
| | - Yi-Chun Lee
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Pung-Pung Hwang
- Institute of Fishery Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
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35
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Zhang J, Karimy JK, Delpire E, Kahle KT. Pharmacological targeting of SPAK kinase in disorders of impaired epithelial transport. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2017; 21:795-804. [PMID: 28679296 PMCID: PMC6081737 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2017.1351949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The mammalian SPS1-related proline/alanine-rich serine-threonine kinase SPAK (STK39) modulates ion transport across and between epithelial cells in response to environmental stimuli such osmotic stress and inflammation. Research over the last decade has established a central role for SPAK in the regulation of ion and water transport in the distal nephron, colonic crypts, and pancreatic ducts, and has implicated deregulated SPAK signaling in NaCl-sensitive hypertension, ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease, and cystic fibrosis. Areas covered: We review recent advances in our understanding of the role of SPAK kinase in the regulation of epithelial transport. We highlight how SPAK signaling - including its upstream Cl- sensitive activators, the WNK kinases, and its downstream ion transport targets, the cation- Cl- cotransporters contribute to human disease. We discuss prospects for the pharmacotherapeutic targeting of SPAK kinase in specific human disorders that feature impaired epithelial homeostasis. Expert opinion: The development of novel drugs that antagonize the SPAK-WNK interaction, inhibit SPAK kinase activity, or disrupt SPAK kinase activation by interfering with its binding to MO25α/β could be useful adjuncts in essential hypertension, inflammatory colitis, and cystic fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinwei Zhang
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Exeter Medical School, Hatherly Laboratory, Exeter, EX4 4PS, UK
| | - Jason K. Karimy
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Eric Delpire
- Department of Anesthesiolgy, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Kristopher T. Kahle
- Departments of Neurosurgery, Pediatrics, and Cellular & Molecular Physiology; and Centers for Mendelian Genomics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
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36
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Bachmann S, Mutig K. Regulation of renal Na-(K)-Cl cotransporters by vasopressin. Pflugers Arch 2017; 469:889-897. [DOI: 10.1007/s00424-017-2002-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Revised: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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37
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Runggaldier D, Pradas LG, Neckel PH, Mack AF, Hirt B, Gleiser C. Claudin expression in the rat endolymphatic duct and sac - first insights into regulation of the paracellular barrier by vasopressin. Sci Rep 2017; 7:45482. [PMID: 28374851 PMCID: PMC5379655 DOI: 10.1038/srep45482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hearing and balance functions of the inner ear rely on the homeostasis of the endolymphatic fluid. When disturbed, pathologic endolymphatic hydrops evolves as observed in Menière’s disease. The molecular basis of inner ear fluid regulation across the endolymphatic epithelium is largely unknown. In this study we identified the specific expression of the tight junction (TJ) molecules Claudin 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 10, and 16 in epithelial preparations of the rat inner ear endolymphatic duct (ED) and endolymphatic sac (ES) by high-throughput qPCR and immunofluorescence confocal microscopy. Further we showed that Claudin 4 in the ES is a target of arginine-vasopressin (AVP), a hormone elevated in Menière’s disease. Moreover, our transmission-electron microscopy (TEM) analysis revealed that the TJs of the ED were shallow and shorter compared to the TJ of the ES indicating facilitation of a paracellular fluid transport across the ED epithelium. The significant differences in the subcellular localization of the barrier-forming protein Claudin 3 between the ED and ES epithelium further support the TEM observations. Our results indicate a high relevance of Claudin 3 and Claudin 4 as important paracellular barrier molecules in the ED and ES epithelium with potential involvement in the pathophysiology of Menière’s disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Runggaldier
- Institute of Clinical Anatomy and Cell Analysis, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Lidia Garcia Pradas
- Institute of Clinical Anatomy and Cell Analysis, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Peter H Neckel
- Institute of Clinical Anatomy and Cell Analysis, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Andreas F Mack
- Institute of Clinical Anatomy and Cell Analysis, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Bernhard Hirt
- Institute of Clinical Anatomy and Cell Analysis, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Corinna Gleiser
- Institute of Clinical Anatomy and Cell Analysis, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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38
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Al-Qusairi L, Basquin D, Roy A, Rajaram RD, Maillard MP, Subramanya AR, Staub O. Renal Tubular Ubiquitin-Protein Ligase NEDD4-2 Is Required for Renal Adaptation during Long-Term Potassium Depletion. J Am Soc Nephrol 2017; 28:2431-2442. [PMID: 28289184 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2016070732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Adaptation of the organism to potassium (K+) deficiency requires precise coordination among organs involved in K+ homeostasis, including muscle, liver, and kidney. How the latter performs functional and molecular changes to ensure K+ retention is not well understood. Here, we investigated the role of ubiquitin-protein ligase NEDD4-2, which negatively regulates the epithelial sodium channel (ENaC), Na+/Cl- cotransporter (NCC), and with no-lysine-kinase 1 (WNK1). After dietary K+ restriction for 2 weeks, compared with control littermates, inducible renal tubular NEDD4-2 knockout (Nedd4LPax8/LC1 ) mice exhibited severe hypokalemia and urinary K+ wasting. Notably, expression of the ROMK K+ channel did not change in the distal convoluted tubule and decreased slightly in the cortical/medullary collecting duct, whereas BK channel abundance increased in principal cells of the connecting tubule/collecting ducts. However, K+ restriction also enhanced ENaC expression in Nedd4LPax8/LC1 mice, and treatment with the ENaC inhibitor, benzamil, reversed excessive K+ wasting. Moreover, K+ restriction increased WNK1 and WNK4 expression and enhanced SPAK-mediated NCC phosphorylation in Nedd4LPax8/LC1 mice, with no change in total NCC. We propose a mechanism in which NEDD4-2 deficiency exacerbates hypokalemia during dietary K+ restriction primarily through direct upregulation of ENaC, whereas increased BK channel expression has a less significant role. These changes outweigh the compensatory antikaliuretic effects of diminished ROMK expression, increased NCC phosphorylation, and enhanced WNK pathway activity in the distal convoluted tubule. Thus, NEDD4-2 has a crucial role in K+ conservation through direct and indirect effects on ENaC, distal nephron K+ channels, and WNK signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lama Al-Qusairi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,National Centre of Competence in Research "Kidney.ch", Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Denis Basquin
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,National Centre of Competence in Research "Kidney.ch", Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ankita Roy
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; and
| | - Renuga Devi Rajaram
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,National Centre of Competence in Research "Kidney.ch", Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Marc P Maillard
- Service of Nephrology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Arohan R Subramanya
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; and
| | - Olivier Staub
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland; .,National Centre of Competence in Research "Kidney.ch", Zurich, Switzerland
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39
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Phosphorylation by PKC and PKA regulate the kinase activity and downstream signaling of WNK4. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:E879-E886. [PMID: 28096417 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1620315114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
With-no-lysine kinase 4 (WNK4) regulates electrolyte homeostasis and blood pressure. WNK4 phosphorylates the kinases SPAK (Ste20-related proline alanine-rich kinase) and OSR1 (oxidative stress responsive kinase), which then phosphorylate and activate the renal Na-Cl cotransporter (NCC). WNK4 levels are regulated by binding to Kelch-like 3, targeting WNK4 for ubiquitylation and degradation. Phosphorylation of Kelch-like 3 by PKC or PKA downstream of AngII or vasopressin signaling, respectively, abrogates binding. We tested whether these pathways also affect WNK4 phosphorylation and activity. By tandem mass spectrometry and use of phosphosite-specific antibodies, we identified five WNK4 sites (S47, S64, S1169, S1180, S1196) that are phosphorylated downstream of AngII signaling in cultured cells and in vitro by PKC and PKA. Phosphorylation at S64 and S1196 promoted phosphorylation of the WNK4 kinase T-loop at S332, which is required for kinase activation, and increased phosphorylation of SPAK. Volume depletion induced phosphorylation of these sites in vivo, predominantly in the distal convoluted tubule. Thus, AngII, in addition to increasing WNK4 levels, also modulates WNK4 kinase activity via phosphorylation of sites outside the kinase domain.
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40
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Blankenstein KI, Borschewski A, Labes R, Paliege A, Boldt C, McCormick JA, Ellison DH, Bader M, Bachmann S, Mutig K. Calcineurin inhibitor cyclosporine A activates renal Na-K-Cl cotransporters via local and systemic mechanisms. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2016; 312:F489-F501. [PMID: 28003191 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00575.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Revised: 12/05/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Calcineurin dephosphorylates nuclear factor of activated T cells transcription factors, thereby facilitating T cell-mediated immune responses. Calcineurin inhibitors are instrumental for immunosuppression after organ transplantation but may cause side effects, including hypertension and electrolyte disorders. Kidneys were recently shown to display activation of the furosemide-sensitive Na-K-2Cl cotransporter (NKCC2) of the thick ascending limb and the thiazide-sensitive Na-Cl cotransporter (NCC) of the distal convoluted tubule upon calcineurin inhibition using cyclosporin A (CsA). An involvement of major hormones like angiotensin II or arginine vasopressin (AVP) has been proposed. To resolve this issue, the effects of CsA treatment in normal Wistar rats, AVP-deficient Brattleboro rats, and cultured renal epithelial cells endogenously expressing either NKCC2 or NCC were studied. Acute administration of CsA to Wistar rats rapidly augmented phosphorylation levels of NKCC2, NCC, and their activating kinases suggesting intraepithelial activating effects. Chronic CsA administration caused salt retention and hypertension, along with stimulation of renin and suppression of renal cyclooxygenase 2, pointing to a contribution of endocrine and paracrine mechanisms at long term. In Brattleboro rats, CsA induced activation of NCC, but not NKCC2, and parallel effects were obtained in cultured cells in the absence of AVP. Stimulation of cultured thick ascending limb cells with AVP agonist restored their responsiveness to CsA. Our results suggest that the direct epithelial action of calcineurin inhibition is sufficient for the activation of NCC, whereas its effect on NKCC2 is more complex and requires concomitant stimulation by AVP.
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Affiliation(s)
- K I Blankenstein
- Department of Anatomy, Charité University Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - A Borschewski
- Department of Anatomy, Charité University Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - R Labes
- Department of Anatomy, Charité University Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - A Paliege
- Department of Anatomy, Charité University Medicine, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - C Boldt
- Department of Anatomy, Charité University Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - J A McCormick
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Oregon Health & Science University and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Portland, Oregon; and
| | - D H Ellison
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Oregon Health & Science University and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Portland, Oregon; and
| | - M Bader
- Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - S Bachmann
- Department of Anatomy, Charité University Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - K Mutig
- Department of Anatomy, Charité University Medicine, Berlin, Germany;
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41
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Hadchouel J, Ellison DH, Gamba G. Regulation of Renal Electrolyte Transport by WNK and SPAK-OSR1 Kinases. Annu Rev Physiol 2016; 78:367-89. [PMID: 26863326 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-physiol-021115-105431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of four genes responsible for pseudohypoaldosteronism type II, or familial hyperkalemic hypertension, which features arterial hypertension with hyperkalemia and metabolic acidosis, unmasked a complex multiprotein system that regulates electrolyte transport in the distal nephron. Two of these genes encode the serine-threonine kinases WNK1 and WNK4. The other two genes [kelch-like 3 (KLHL3) and cullin 3 (CUL3)] form a RING-type E3-ubiquitin ligase complex that modulates WNK1 and WNK4 abundance. WNKs regulate the activity of the Na(+):Cl(-) cotransporter (NCC), the epithelial sodium channel (ENaC), the renal outer medullary potassium channel (ROMK), and other transport pathways. Interestingly, the modulation of NCC occurs via the phosphorylation by WNKs of other serine-threonine kinases known as SPAK-OSR1. In contrast, the process of regulating the channels is independent of SPAK-OSR1. We present a review of the remarkable advances in this area in the past 10 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliette Hadchouel
- INSERM UMR970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center, 75015 Paris, France.,Faculty of Medicine, Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75006 Paris, France
| | - David H Ellison
- Oregon Clinical and Translational Research Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239
| | - Gerardo Gamba
- Molecular Physiology Unit, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, and Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Tlalpan, Mexico City 14080, Mexico;
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42
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Murthy M, Kurz T, O'Shaughnessy KM. WNK signalling pathways in blood pressure regulation. Cell Mol Life Sci 2016; 74:1261-1280. [PMID: 27815594 PMCID: PMC5346417 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-016-2402-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Revised: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Hypertension (high blood pressure) is a major public health problem affecting more than a billion people worldwide with complications, including stroke, heart failure and kidney failure. The regulation of blood pressure is multifactorial reflecting genetic susceptibility, in utero environment and external factors such as obesity and salt intake. In keeping with Arthur Guyton's hypothesis, the kidney plays a key role in blood pressure control and data from clinical studies; physiology and genetics have shown that hypertension is driven a failure of the kidney to excrete excess salt at normal levels of blood pressure. There is a number of rare Mendelian blood pressure syndromes, which have shed light on the molecular mechanisms involved in dysregulated ion transport in the distal kidney. One in particular is Familial hyperkalemic hypertension (FHHt), an autosomal dominant monogenic form of hypertension characterised by high blood pressure, hyperkalemia, hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis, and hypercalciuria. The clinical signs of FHHt are treated by low doses of thiazide diuretic, and it mirrors Gitelman syndrome which features the inverse phenotype of hypotension, hypokalemic metabolic alkalosis, and hypocalciuria. Gitelman syndrome is caused by loss of function mutations in the thiazide-sensitive Na/Cl cotransporter (NCC); however, FHHt patients do not have mutations in the SCL12A3 locus encoding NCC. Instead, mutations have been identified in genes that have revealed a key signalling pathway that regulates NCC and several other key transporters and ion channels in the kidney that are critical for BP regulation. This is the WNK kinase signalling pathway that is the subject of this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meena Murthy
- Division of Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 2QQ, UK
| | - Thimo Kurz
- Institute of Molecular Cell and Systems Biology, University of Glasgow, Davidson Building, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, Scotland, UK
| | - Kevin M O'Shaughnessy
- Division of Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 2QQ, UK.
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Walter C, Tanfous MB, Igoudjil K, Salhi A, Escher G, Crambert G. H,K-ATPase type 2 contributes to salt-sensitive hypertension induced by K(+) restriction. Pflugers Arch 2016; 468:1673-83. [PMID: 27562425 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-016-1872-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Revised: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
In industrialized countries, a large part of the population is daily exposed to low K(+) intake, a situation correlated with the development of salt-sensitive hypertension. Among many processes, adaptation to K(+)-restriction involves the stimulation of H,K-ATPase type 2 (HKA2) in the kidney and colon and, in this study, we have investigated whether HKA2 also contributes to the determination of blood pressure (BP). By using wild-type (WT) and HKA2-null mice (HKA2 KO), we showed that after 4 days of K(+) restriction, WT remain normokalemic and normotensive (112 ± 3 mmHg) whereas HKA2 KO mice exhibit hypokalemia and hypotension (104 ± 2 mmHg). The decrease of BP in HKA2 KO is due to the absence of NaCl-cotransporter (NCC) stimulation, leading to renal loss of salt and decreased extracellular volume (by 20 %). These effects are likely related to the renal resistance to vasopressin observed in HKA2 KO that may be explained, in part by the increased production of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). In WT, the stimulation of NCC induced by K(+)-restriction is responsible for the elevation in BP when salt intake increases, an effect blunted in HKA2-null mice. The presence of an activated HKA2 is therefore required to limit the decrease in plasma [K(+)] but also contributes to the development of salt-sensitive hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Walter
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMR_S 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Université Paris Descartes, F-75006, Paris, France.,CNRS ERL 8228 - Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers - Laboratoire de Métabolisme et Physiologie Rénale, F-75006, Paris, France
| | - Mariem Ben Tanfous
- Faculté des Sciences de Tunis El Manar, Campus Universitaire 2092, El Manar Tunis, Tunisie
| | - Katia Igoudjil
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMR_S 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Université Paris Descartes, F-75006, Paris, France.,CNRS ERL 8228 - Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers - Laboratoire de Métabolisme et Physiologie Rénale, F-75006, Paris, France
| | - Amel Salhi
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMR_S 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Université Paris Descartes, F-75006, Paris, France.,CNRS ERL 8228 - Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers - Laboratoire de Métabolisme et Physiologie Rénale, F-75006, Paris, France
| | - Geneviève Escher
- Departement für Nephrologie, Hypertonie und klinische Pharmakologie, Universitätsspital Bern - Inselspital, CH-3010, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Gilles Crambert
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMR_S 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Université Paris Descartes, F-75006, Paris, France. .,CNRS ERL 8228 - Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers - Laboratoire de Métabolisme et Physiologie Rénale, F-75006, Paris, France.
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44
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Bazúa-Valenti S, Castañeda-Bueno M, Gamba G. Physiological role of SLC12 family members in the kidney. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2016; 311:F131-44. [DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00071.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The solute carrier family 12, as numbered according to Human Genome Organisation (HUGO) nomenclature, encodes the electroneutral cation-coupled chloride cotransporters that are expressed in many cells and tissues; they play key roles in important physiological events, such as cell volume regulation, modulation of the intracellular chloride concentration, and transepithelial ion transport. Most of these family members are expressed in specific regions of the nephron. The Na-K-2Cl cotransporter NKCC2, which is located in the thick ascending limb, and the Na-Cl cotransporter, which is located in the distal convoluted tubule, play important roles in salt reabsorption and serve as the receptors for loop and thiazide diuretics, respectively (Thiazide diuretics are among the most commonly prescribed drugs in the world.). The activity of these transporters correlates with blood pressure levels; thus, their regulation has been a subject of intense research for more than a decade. The K-Cl cotransporters KCC1, KCC3, and KCC4 are expressed in several nephron segments, and their role in renal physiology is less understood but nevertheless important. Evidence suggests that they are involved in modulating proximal tubule glucose reabsorption, thick ascending limb salt reabsorption and collecting duct proton secretion. In this work, we present an overview of the physiological roles of these transporters in the kidney, with particular emphasis on the knowledge gained in the past few years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvana Bazúa-Valenti
- Molecular Physiology Unit, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán and Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalpan, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - María Castañeda-Bueno
- Molecular Physiology Unit, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán and Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalpan, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Gerardo Gamba
- Molecular Physiology Unit, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán and Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalpan, Mexico City, Mexico
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45
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Gamba G. The evolving field of salt transport regulation in the Steve Hebert Lecture. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2016; 311:F68-70. [PMID: 27147671 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00229.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Gerardo Gamba
- Molecular Physiology Unit, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México and Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
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46
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Mutig K, Borowski T, Boldt C, Borschewski A, Paliege A, Popova E, Bader M, Bachmann S. Demonstration of the functional impact of vasopressin signaling in the thick ascending limb by a targeted transgenic rat approach. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2016; 311:F411-23. [PMID: 27306979 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00126.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The antidiuretic hormone vasopressin (AVP) regulates renal salt and water reabsorption along the distal nephron and collecting duct system. These effects are mediated by vasopressin 2 receptors (V2R) and release of intracellular Gs-mediated cAMP to activate epithelial transport proteins. Inactivating mutations in the V2R gene lead to the X-linked form of nephrogenic diabetes insipidus (NDI), which has chiefly been related with impaired aquaporin 2-mediated water reabsorption in the collecting ducts. Previous work also suggested the AVP-V2R-mediated activation of Na(+)-K(+)-2Cl(-)-cotransporters (NKCC2) along the thick ascending limb (TAL) in the context of urine concentration, but its individual contribution to NDI or, more generally, to overall renal function was unclear. We hypothesized that V2R-mediated effects in TAL essentially determine its reabsorptive function. To test this, we reevaluated V2R expression. Basolateral membranes of medullary and cortical TAL were clearly stained, whereas cells of the macula densa were unreactive. A dominant-negative, NDI-causing truncated V2R mutant (Ni3-Glu242stop) was then introduced into the rat genome under control of the Tamm-Horsfall protein promoter to cause a tissue-specific AVP-signaling defect exclusively in TAL. Resulting Ni3-V2R transgenic rats revealed decreased basolateral but increased intracellular V2R signal in TAL epithelia, suggesting impaired trafficking of the receptor. Rats displayed significant baseline polyuria, failure to concentrate the urine in response to water deprivation, and hypercalciuria. NKCC2 abundance, phosphorylation, and surface expression were markedly decreased. In summary, these data indicate that suppression of AVP-V2R signaling in TAL causes major impairment in renal fluid and electrolyte handling. Our results may have clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerim Mutig
- Department of Anatomy, Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany; and
| | - Tordis Borowski
- Department of Anatomy, Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany; and
| | - Christin Boldt
- Department of Anatomy, Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany; and
| | - Aljona Borschewski
- Department of Anatomy, Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany; and
| | - Alexander Paliege
- Department of Anatomy, Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany; and
| | - Elena Popova
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Bader
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sebastian Bachmann
- Department of Anatomy, Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany; and
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47
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Ferdaus MZ, Barber KW, López-Cayuqueo KI, Terker AS, Argaiz ER, Gassaway BM, Chambrey R, Gamba G, Rinehart J, McCormick JA. SPAK and OSR1 play essential roles in potassium homeostasis through actions on the distal convoluted tubule. J Physiol 2016; 594:4945-66. [PMID: 27068441 DOI: 10.1113/jp272311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS STE20 (Sterile 20)/SPS-1 related proline/alanine-rich kinase (SPAK) and oxidative stress-response kinase-1 (OSR1) phosphorylate and activate the renal Na(+) -K(+) -2Cl(-) cotransporter 2 (NKCC2) and Na(+) Cl(-) cotransporter (NCC). Mouse models suggest that OSR1 mainly activates NKCC2-mediated sodium transport along the thick ascending limb, while SPAK mainly activates NCC along the distal convoluted tubule, but the kinases may compensate for each other. We hypothesized that disruption of both kinases would lead to polyuria and severe salt-wasting, and generated SPAK/OSR1 double knockout mice to test this. Despite a lack of SPAK and OSR1, phosphorylated NKCC2 abundance was still high, suggesting the existence of an alternative activating kinase. Compensatory changes in SPAK/OSR1-independent phosphorylation sites on both NKCC2 and NCC and changes in sodium transport along the collecting duct were also observed. Potassium restriction revealed that SPAK and OSR1 play essential roles in the emerging model that NCC activation is central to sensing changes in plasma [K(+) ]. ABSTRACT STE20 (Sterile 20)/SPS-1 related proline/alanine-rich kinase (SPAK) and oxidative stress-response kinase-1 (OSR1) activate the renal cation cotransporters Na(+) -K(+) -2Cl(-) cotransporter (NKCC2) and Na(+) -Cl(-) cotransporter (NCC) via phosphorylation. Knockout mouse models suggest that OSR1 mainly activates NKCC2, while SPAK mainly activates NCC, with possible cross-compensation. We tested the hypothesis that disrupting both kinases causes severe polyuria and salt-wasting by generating SPAK/OSR1 double knockout (DKO) mice. DKO mice displayed lower systolic blood pressure compared with SPAK knockout (SPAK-KO) mice, but displayed no severe phenotype even after dietary salt restriction. Phosphorylation of NKCC2 at SPAK/OSR1-dependent sites was lower than in SPAK-KO mice, but still significantly greater than in wild type mice. In the renal medulla, there was significant phosphorylation of NKCC2 at SPAK/OSR1-dependent sites despite a complete absence of SPAK and OSR1, suggesting the existence of an alternative activating kinase. The distal convoluted tubule has been proposed to sense plasma [K(+) ], with NCC activation serving as the primary effector pathway that modulates K(+) secretion, by metering sodium delivery to the collecting duct. Abundance of phosphorylated NCC (pNCC) is dramatically lower in SPAK-KO mice than in wild type mice, and the additional disruption of OSR1 further reduced pNCC. SPAK-KO and kidney-specific OSR1 single knockout mice maintained plasma [K(+) ] following dietary potassium restriction, but DKO mice developed severe hypokalaemia. Unlike mice lacking SPAK or OSR1 alone, DKO mice displayed an inability to phosphorylate NCC under these conditions. These data suggest that SPAK and OSR1 are essential components of the effector pathway that maintains plasma [K(+) ].
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Z Ferdaus
- Division of Nephrology & Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Karl W Barber
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Physiology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA.,Systems Biology Institute, Yale University, Orange, CT, 06477, USA
| | - Karen I López-Cayuqueo
- INSERM U970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center, Université Paris-Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Andrew S Terker
- Division of Nephrology & Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Eduardo R Argaiz
- Molecular Physiology Unit, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México and Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Brandon M Gassaway
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Physiology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA.,Systems Biology Institute, Yale University, Orange, CT, 06477, USA
| | - Régine Chambrey
- INSERM U970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center, Université Paris-Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Gerardo Gamba
- Molecular Physiology Unit, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México and Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Jesse Rinehart
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Physiology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA.,Systems Biology Institute, Yale University, Orange, CT, 06477, USA
| | - James A McCormick
- Division of Nephrology & Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
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48
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Morla L, Edwards A, Crambert G. New insights into sodium transport regulation in the distal nephron: Role of G-protein coupled receptors. World J Biol Chem 2016; 7:44-63. [PMID: 26981195 PMCID: PMC4768124 DOI: 10.4331/wjbc.v7.i1.44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Revised: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The renal handling of Na+ balance is a major determinant of the blood pressure (BP) level. The inability of the kidney to excrete the daily load of Na+ represents the primary cause of chronic hypertension. Among the different segments that constitute the nephron, those present in the distal part (i.e., the cortical thick ascending limb, the distal convoluted tubule, the connecting and collecting tubules) play a central role in the fine-tuning of renal Na+ excretion and are the target of many different regulatory processes that modulate Na+ retention more or less efficiently. G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) are crucially involved in this regulation and could represent efficient pharmacological targets to control BP levels. In this review, we describe both classical and novel GPCR-dependent regulatory systems that have been shown to modulate renal Na+ absorption in the distal nephron. In addition to the multiplicity of the GPCR that regulate Na+ excretion, this review also highlights the complexity of these different pathways, and the connections between them.
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49
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Tutakhel OAZ, Jeleń S, Valdez-Flores M, Dimke H, Piersma SR, Jimenez CR, Deinum J, Lenders JW, Hoenderop JGJ, Bindels RJM. Alternative splice variant of the thiazide-sensitive NaCl cotransporter: a novel player in renal salt handling. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2016; 310:F204-16. [DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00429.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 10/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The thiazide-sensitive NaCl cotransporter (NCC) is an important pharmacological target in the treatment of hypertension. The human SLC12A3 gene, encoding NCC, gives rise to three isoforms. Only the third isoform has been extensively investigated. The aim of the present study was, therefore, to establish the abundance and localization of the almost identical isoforms 1 and 2 (NCC1/2) in the human kidney and to determine their functional properties and regulation in physiological conditions. Immunohistochemical analysis of NCC1/2 in the human kidney revealed that NCC1/2 localizes to the apical plasma membrane of the distal convoluted tubule. Importantly, NCC1/2 mRNA constitutes ∼44% of all NCC isoforms in the human kidney. Functional analysis performed in the Xenopus laevis oocyte revealed that thiazide-sensitive 22Na+ transport of NCC1 was significantly increased compared with NCC3. Mimicking a constitutively active phosphorylation site at residue 811 (S811D) in NCC1 further augmented Na+ transport, while a nonphosphorylatable variant (S811A) of NCC1 prevented this enhanced response. Analysis of human urinary exosomes demonstrated that water loading in human subjects significantly reduces the abundance of NCC1/2 in urinary exosomes. The present study highlights that previously underrepresented NCC1/2 is a fully functional thiazide-sensitive NaCl-transporting protein. Being significantly expressed in the kidney, it may constitute a unique route of renal NaCl reabsorption and could, therefore, play an important role in blood pressure regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar A. Z. Tutakhel
- Department of Physiology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Sabina Jeleń
- Department of Physiology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Marco Valdez-Flores
- Department of Physiology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Henrik Dimke
- Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Sander R. Piersma
- OncoProteomics Laboratory, Department of Medical Oncology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Connie R. Jimenez
- OncoProteomics Laboratory, Department of Medical Oncology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jaap Deinum
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jacques W. Lenders
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität, Dresden, Germany; and
| | - Joost G. J. Hoenderop
- Department of Physiology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - René J. M. Bindels
- Department of Physiology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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50
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Rojas-Vega L, Gamba G. Mini-review: regulation of the renal NaCl cotransporter by hormones. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2016; 310:F10-4. [DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00354.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The renal thiazide-sensitive NaCl cotransporter, NCC, is the major pathway for salt reabsorption in the distal convoluted tubule. The activity of this cotransporter is critical for regulation of several physiological variables such as blood pressure, serum potassium, acid base metabolism, and urinary calcium excretion. Therefore, it is not surprising that numerous hormone-signaling pathways regulate NCC activity to maintain homeostasis. In this review, we will provide an overview of the most recent evidence on NCC modulation by aldosterone, angiotensin II, vasopressin, glucocorticoids, insulin, norepinephrine, estradiol, progesterone, prolactin, and parathyroid hormone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Rojas-Vega
- Molecular Physiology Unit, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico; and
- Department of Nephrology and Mineral Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Gerardo Gamba
- Molecular Physiology Unit, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico; and
- Department of Nephrology and Mineral Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
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