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Niehrs C, Da Silva F, Seidl C. Cilia as Wnt signaling organelles. Trends Cell Biol 2024:S0962-8924(24)00071-0. [PMID: 38697898 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2024.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
Cilia and Wnt signaling have a complex relationship, wherein Wnt regulates cilia and, conversely, cilia may affect Wnt signaling. Recently, it was shown that Wnt receptors are present in flagella, primary cilia, and multicilia, where they transmit an intraciliary signal that is independent of β-catenin. Intraciliary Wnt signaling promotes ciliogenesis, affecting male fertility, adipogenesis, and mucociliary clearance. Wnt also stimulates the beating of motile cilia, highlighting that these nanomotors, too, are chemosensory. Intraciliary Wnt signaling employs a Wnt-protein phosphatase 1 (PP1) signaling axis, involving the canonical Wnt pathway's inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3) to repress PP1 activity. Collectively, these findings support that cilia are Wnt signaling organelles, with implications for ciliopathies and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christof Niehrs
- Division of Molecular Embryology, DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Institute of Molecular Biology (IMB), 55128 Mainz, Germany.
| | - Fabio Da Silva
- Division of Molecular Embryology, DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Carina Seidl
- Division of Molecular Embryology, DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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2
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Hong J, Kwon KY, Jang DG, Kwon T, Yoon H, Park TJ. Mebendazole preferentially inhibits cilia formation and exerts anticancer activity by synergistically augmenting DNA damage. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 174:116434. [PMID: 38513592 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.116434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
The cilium is a microtubule-based organelle that plays a pivotal role in embryonic development and maintenance of physiological functions in the human body. In addition to their function as sensors that transduce diverse extracellular signals, including growth factors, fluid flow, and physical forces, cilia are intricately involved in cell cycle regulation and preservation of DNA integrity, as their formation and resorption dynamics are tightly linked to cell cycle progression. Recently, several studies have linked defects in specific ciliary proteins to the DNA damage response. However, it remains unclear whether and how primary cilia contribute to cancer development. Mebendazole (MBZ) is an anthelmintic drug with anticancer properties in some cancer cells. MBZ is continuously being tested for clinical studies, but the precise mechanism of its anticancer activities remains unknown. Here, using Xenopus laevis embryos as a model system, we discovered that MBZ significantly hinders cilia formation and induces DNA damage. Remarkably, primary cilium-bearing cancer cells exhibited heightened vulnerability to combined treatment with MBZ and conventional anticancer drugs. Our findings shed light on the specific influence of MBZ on cilia, rather than cytosolic microtubules, in triggering DNA damage, elucidating a previously unidentified mechanism underlying potential MBZ-mediated cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juyeon Hong
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Information-Bio Convergence Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Keun Yeong Kwon
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Information-Bio Convergence Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Gil Jang
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Information-Bio Convergence Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Taejoon Kwon
- Department of Biological Medical Engineering, College of Information-Bio Convergence Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea; Center for Genomic Integrity, Institute for Basic Science, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Haejin Yoon
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Information-Bio Convergence Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Joo Park
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Information-Bio Convergence Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea; Center for Genomic Integrity, Institute for Basic Science, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea.
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3
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Coschiera A, Yoshihara M, Lauter G, Ezer S, Pucci M, Li H, Kavšek A, Riedel CG, Kere J, Swoboda P. Primary cilia promote the differentiation of human neurons through the WNT signaling pathway. BMC Biol 2024; 22:48. [PMID: 38413974 PMCID: PMC10900739 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-024-01845-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Primary cilia emanate from most human cell types, including neurons. Cilia are important for communicating with the cell's immediate environment: signal reception and transduction to/from the ciliated cell. Deregulation of ciliary signaling can lead to ciliopathies and certain neurodevelopmental disorders. In the developing brain cilia play well-documented roles for the expansion of the neural progenitor cell pool, while information about the roles of cilia during post-mitotic neuron differentiation and maturation is scarce. RESULTS We employed ciliated Lund Human Mesencephalic (LUHMES) cells in time course experiments to assess the impact of ciliary signaling on neuron differentiation. By comparing ciliated and non-ciliated neuronal precursor cells and neurons in wild type and in RFX2 -/- mutant neurons with altered cilia, we discovered an early-differentiation "ciliary time window" during which transient cilia promote axon outgrowth, branching and arborization. Experiments in neurons with IFT88 and IFT172 ciliary gene knockdowns, leading to shorter cilia, confirm these results. Cilia promote neuron differentiation by tipping WNT signaling toward the non-canonical pathway, in turn activating WNT pathway output genes implicated in cyto-architectural changes. CONCLUSIONS We provide a mechanistic entry point into when and how ciliary signaling coordinates, promotes and translates into anatomical changes. We hypothesize that ciliary alterations causing neuron differentiation defects may result in "mild" impairments of brain development, possibly underpinning certain aspects of neurodevelopmental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Coschiera
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institute, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Masahito Yoshihara
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institute, Huddinge, Sweden
- Department of Artificial Intelligence Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
- Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Gilbert Lauter
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institute, Huddinge, Sweden
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala, Sweden
- Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sini Ezer
- University of Helsinki, Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program, and Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mariangela Pucci
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institute, Huddinge, Sweden
- Department of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, Teramo, Italy
- University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy
| | - Haonan Li
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institute, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Alan Kavšek
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institute, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Christian G Riedel
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institute, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Juha Kere
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institute, Huddinge, Sweden
- University of Helsinki, Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program, and Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Peter Swoboda
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institute, Huddinge, Sweden.
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4
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Clearman KR, Haycraft CJ, Croyle MJ, Collawn JF, Yoder BK. Functions of the primary cilium in the kidney and its connection with renal diseases. Curr Top Dev Biol 2023; 155:39-94. [PMID: 38043952 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2023.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
The nonmotile primary cilium is a sensory structure found on most mammalian cell types that integrates multiple signaling pathways involved in tissue development and postnatal function. As such, mutations disrupting cilia activities cause a group of disorders referred to as ciliopathies. These disorders exhibit a wide spectrum of phenotypes impacting nearly every tissue. In the kidney, primary cilia dysfunction caused by mutations in polycystin 1 (Pkd1), polycystin 2 (Pkd2), or polycystic kidney and hepatic disease 1 (Pkhd1), result in polycystic kidney disease (PKD), a progressive disorder causing renal functional decline and end-stage renal disease. PKD affects nearly 1 in 1000 individuals and as there is no cure for PKD, patients frequently require dialysis or renal transplantation. Pkd1, Pkd2, and Pkhd1 encode membrane proteins that all localize in the cilium. Pkd1 and Pkd2 function as a nonselective cation channel complex while Pkhd1 protein function remains uncertain. Data indicate that the cilium may act as a mechanosensor to detect fluid movement through renal tubules. Other functions proposed for the cilium and PKD proteins in cyst development involve regulation of cell cycle and oriented division, regulation of renal inflammation and repair processes, maintenance of epithelial cell differentiation, and regulation of mitochondrial structure and metabolism. However, how loss of cilia or cilia function leads to cyst development remains elusive. Studies directed at understanding the roles of Pkd1, Pkd2, and Pkhd1 in the cilium and other locations within the cell will be important for developing therapeutic strategies to slow cyst progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey R Clearman
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Courtney J Haycraft
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Mandy J Croyle
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - James F Collawn
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Bradley K Yoder
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States.
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5
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Guan YT, Zhang C, Zhang HY, Wei WL, Yue W, Zhao W, Zhang DH. Primary cilia: Structure, dynamics, and roles in cancer cells and tumor microenvironment. J Cell Physiol 2023; 238:1788-1807. [PMID: 37565630 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.31092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 06/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
Despite the initiation of tumor arises from tumorigenic transformation signaling in cancer cells, cancer cell survival, invasion, and metastasis also require a dynamic and reciprocal association with extracellular signaling from tumor microenvironment (TME). Primary cilia are the antenna-like structure that mediate signaling sensation and transduction in different tissues and cells. Recent studies have started to uncover that the heterogeneous ciliation in cancer cells and cells from the TME in tumor growth impels asymmetric paracellular signaling in the TME, indicating the essential functions of primary cilia in homeostasis maintenance of both cancer cells and the TME. In this review, we discussed recent advances in the structure and assembly of primary cilia, and the role of primary cilia in tumor and TME formation, as well as the therapeutic potentials that target ciliary dynamics and signaling from the cells in different tumors and the TME.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ting Guan
- Zhanjiang Institute of Clinical Medicine, Central People's Hospital of Zhanjiang, Guangdong Medical University Zhanjiang Central Hospital, Zhanjiang, P. R. China
| | - Chong Zhang
- Zhanjiang Institute of Clinical Medicine, Central People's Hospital of Zhanjiang, Guangdong Medical University Zhanjiang Central Hospital, Zhanjiang, P. R. China
| | - Hong-Yong Zhang
- Zhanjiang Institute of Clinical Medicine, Central People's Hospital of Zhanjiang, Guangdong Medical University Zhanjiang Central Hospital, Zhanjiang, P. R. China
| | - Wen-Lu Wei
- Zhanjiang Institute of Clinical Medicine, Central People's Hospital of Zhanjiang, Guangdong Medical University Zhanjiang Central Hospital, Zhanjiang, P. R. China
| | - Wei Yue
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, P. R. China
- Department of Posthodontics, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, P. R. China
| | - Dong-Hui Zhang
- Zhanjiang Institute of Clinical Medicine, Central People's Hospital of Zhanjiang, Guangdong Medical University Zhanjiang Central Hospital, Zhanjiang, P. R. China
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Primary Cilia: A Cellular Regulator of Articular Cartilage Degeneration. Stem Cells Int 2022; 2022:2560441. [PMID: 36193252 PMCID: PMC9525753 DOI: 10.1155/2022/2560441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common joint disease that can cause pain and disability in adults. The main pathological characteristic of OA is cartilage degeneration, which is caused by chondrocyte apoptosis, cartilage matrix degradation, and inflammatory factor destruction. The current treatment for patients with OA focuses on delaying its progression, such as oral anti-inflammatory analgesics or injection of sodium gluconate into the joint cavity. Primary cilia are an important structure involved in cellular signal transduction. Thus, they are very sensitive to mechanical and physicochemical stimuli. It is reported that the primary cilia may play an important role in the development of OA. Here, we review the correlation between the morphology (location, length, incidence, and orientation) of chondrocyte primary cilia and OA and summarize the relevant signaling pathways in chondrocytes that could regulate the OA process through primary cilia, including Hedgehog, Wnt, and inflammation-related signaling pathways. These data provide new ideas for OA treatment.
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Djenoune L, Berg K, Brueckner M, Yuan S. A change of heart: new roles for cilia in cardiac development and disease. Nat Rev Cardiol 2022; 19:211-227. [PMID: 34862511 PMCID: PMC10161238 DOI: 10.1038/s41569-021-00635-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Although cardiac abnormalities have been observed in a growing class of human disorders caused by defective primary cilia, the function of cilia in the heart remains an underexplored area. The primary function of cilia in the heart was long thought to be restricted to left-right axis patterning during embryogenesis. However, new findings have revealed broad roles for cilia in congenital heart disease, valvulogenesis, myocardial fibrosis and regeneration, and mechanosensation. In this Review, we describe advances in our understanding of the mechanisms by which cilia function contributes to cardiac left-right axis development and discuss the latest findings that highlight a broader role for cilia in cardiac development. Specifically, we examine the growing line of evidence connecting cilia function to the pathogenesis of congenital heart disease. Furthermore, we also highlight research from the past 10 years demonstrating the role of cilia function in common cardiac valve disorders, including mitral valve prolapse and aortic valve disease, and describe findings that implicate cardiac cilia in mechanosensation potentially linking haemodynamic and contractile forces with genetic regulation of cardiac development and function. Finally, given the presence of cilia on cardiac fibroblasts, we also explore the potential role of cilia in fibrotic growth and summarize the evidence implicating cardiac cilia in heart regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydia Djenoune
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kathryn Berg
- Department of Paediatrics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Martina Brueckner
- Department of Paediatrics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
| | - Shiaulou Yuan
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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8
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Kanamaru T, Neuner A, Kurtulmus B, Pereira G. Balancing the length of the distal tip by septins is key for stability and signalling function of primary cilia. EMBO J 2022; 41:e108843. [PMID: 34981518 PMCID: PMC8724769 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2021108843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary cilia are antenna-like organelles required for signalling transduction. How cilia structure is mechanistically maintained at steady-state to promote signalling is largely unknown. Here, we define that mammalian primary cilia axonemes are formed by proximal segment (PS) and distal segment (DS) delineated by tubulin polyglutamylation-rich and -poor regions, respectively. The analysis of proximal/distal segmentation indicated that perturbations leading to cilia over-elongation influenced PS or DS length with a different impact on cilia behaviour. We identified septins as novel repressors of DS growth. We show that septins control the localisation of MKS3 and CEP290 required for a functional transition zone (TZ), and the cilia tip accumulation of the microtubule-capping kinesin KIF7, a cilia-growth inhibitor. Live-cell imaging and analysis of sonic-hedgehog (SHH) signalling activation established that DS over-extension increased cilia ectocytosis events and decreased SHH activation. Our data underlines the importance of understanding cilia segmentation for length control and cilia-dependent signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taishi Kanamaru
- Centre for Organismal Studies (COS)University of HeidelbergHeidelbergGermany
- German Cancer Research Centre (DKFZ)DKFZ‐ZMBH AllianceHeidelbergGermany
- Centre for Molecular Biology (ZMBH)University of HeidelbergHeidelbergGermany
| | - Annett Neuner
- Centre for Molecular Biology (ZMBH)University of HeidelbergHeidelbergGermany
| | - Bahtiyar Kurtulmus
- Centre for Organismal Studies (COS)University of HeidelbergHeidelbergGermany
- German Cancer Research Centre (DKFZ)DKFZ‐ZMBH AllianceHeidelbergGermany
- Centre for Molecular Biology (ZMBH)University of HeidelbergHeidelbergGermany
| | - Gislene Pereira
- Centre for Organismal Studies (COS)University of HeidelbergHeidelbergGermany
- German Cancer Research Centre (DKFZ)DKFZ‐ZMBH AllianceHeidelbergGermany
- Centre for Molecular Biology (ZMBH)University of HeidelbergHeidelbergGermany
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9
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Ma R, Kutchy NA, Chen L, Meigs DD, Hu G. Primary cilia and ciliary signaling pathways in aging and age-related brain disorders. Neurobiol Dis 2022; 163:105607. [PMID: 34979259 PMCID: PMC9280856 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2021.105607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain disorders are characterized by the progressive loss of structure and function of the brain as a consequence of progressive degeneration and/or death of nerve cells. Aging is a major risk factor for brain disorders such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Parkinson’s disease (PD), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), and stroke. Various cellular and molecular events have been shown to play a role in the progress of neurodegenerative diseases. Emerging studies suggest that primary cilia could be a key regulator in brain diseases. The primary cilium is a singular cellular organelle expressed on the surface of many cell types, such as astrocytes and neurons in the mature brain. Primary cilia detect extracellular cues, such as Sonic Hedgehog (SHH) protein, and transduce these signals into cells to regulate various signaling pathways. Abnormalities in ciliary length and frequency (ratio of ciliated cells) have been implicated in various human diseases, including brain disorders. This review summarizes current findings and thoughts on the role of primary cilia and ciliary signaling pathways in aging and age-related brain disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Ma
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5880, USA; Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Naseer A Kutchy
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5880, USA; Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Veterinary Medicine, St. George's University, Grenada
| | - Liang Chen
- Department of Computer Science, College of Engineering, Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong 515063, China; Key Laboratory of Intelligent Manufacturing Technology, Ministry of Education, Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong 515063, China
| | - Douglas D Meigs
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5880, USA
| | - Guoku Hu
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5880, USA.
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10
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Pablos M, Casanueva-Álvarez E, González-Casimiro CM, Merino B, Perdomo G, Cózar-Castellano I. Primary Cilia in Pancreatic β- and α-Cells: Time to Revisit the Role of Insulin-Degrading Enzyme. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:922825. [PMID: 35832432 PMCID: PMC9271624 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.922825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The primary cilium is a narrow organelle located at the surface of the cell in contact with the extracellular environment. Once underappreciated, now is thought to efficiently sense external environmental cues and mediate cell-to-cell communication, because many receptors, ion channels, and signaling molecules are highly or differentially expressed in primary cilium. Rare genetic disorders that affect cilia integrity and function, such as Bardet-Biedl syndrome and Alström syndrome, have awoken interest in studying the biology of cilium. In this review, we discuss recent evidence suggesting emerging roles of primary cilium and cilia-mediated signaling pathways in the regulation of pancreatic β- and α-cell functions, and its implications in regulating glucose homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Pablos
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
- *Correspondence: Marta Pablos,
| | - Elena Casanueva-Álvarez
- Unidad de Excelencia Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular, University of Valladolid Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Valladolid, Spain
| | - Carlos M. González-Casimiro
- Unidad de Excelencia Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular, University of Valladolid Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Valladolid, Spain
| | - Beatriz Merino
- Unidad de Excelencia Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular, University of Valladolid Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Valladolid, Spain
| | - Germán Perdomo
- Unidad de Excelencia Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular, University of Valladolid Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Valladolid, Spain
| | - Irene Cózar-Castellano
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
- Unidad de Excelencia Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular, University of Valladolid Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Valladolid, Spain
- Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Madrid, Spain
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11
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Gupta S, Ozimek-Kulik JE, Phillips JK. Nephronophthisis-Pathobiology and Molecular Pathogenesis of a Rare Kidney Genetic Disease. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12111762. [PMID: 34828368 PMCID: PMC8623546 DOI: 10.3390/genes12111762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The exponential rise in our understanding of the aetiology and pathophysiology of genetic cystic kidney diseases can be attributed to the identification of cystogenic genes over the last three decades. The foundation of this was laid by positional cloning strategies which gradually shifted towards next-generation sequencing (NGS) based screenings. This shift has enabled the discovery of novel cystogenic genes at an accelerated pace unlike ever before and, most notably, the past decade has seen the largest increase in identification of the genes which cause nephronophthisis (NPHP). NPHP is a monogenic autosomal recessive cystic kidney disease caused by mutations in a diverse clade of over 26 identified genes and is the most common genetic cause of renal failure in children. NPHP gene types present with some common pathophysiological features alongside a diverse range of extra-renal phenotypes associated with specific syndromic presentations. This review provides a timely update on our knowledge of this disease, including epidemiology, pathophysiology, anatomical and molecular features. We delve into the diversity of the NPHP causing genes and discuss known molecular mechanisms and biochemical pathways that may have possible points of intersection with polycystic kidney disease (the most studied renal cystic pathology). We delineate the pathologies arising from extra-renal complications and co-morbidities and their impact on quality of life. Finally, we discuss the current diagnostic and therapeutic modalities available for disease management, outlining possible avenues of research to improve the prognosis for NPHP patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shabarni Gupta
- Macquarie Medical School, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia; (J.E.O.-K.); (J.K.P.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Justyna E. Ozimek-Kulik
- Macquarie Medical School, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia; (J.E.O.-K.); (J.K.P.)
- School of Women’s and Children’s Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2031, Australia
- Department of Paediatric Nephrology, Sydney Children’s Hospital Network, Children’s Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Jacqueline Kathleen Phillips
- Macquarie Medical School, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia; (J.E.O.-K.); (J.K.P.)
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12
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Cyge B, Voronina V, Hoque M, Kim EN, Hall J, Bailey-Lundberg JM, Pazour GJ, Crawford HC, Moon RT, Li FQ, Takemaru KI. Loss of the ciliary protein Chibby1 in mice leads to exocrine pancreatic degeneration and pancreatitis. Sci Rep 2021; 11:17220. [PMID: 34446743 PMCID: PMC8390639 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-96597-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary cilia protrude from the apical surface of many cell types and act as a sensory organelle that regulates diverse biological processes ranging from chemo- and mechanosensation to signaling. Ciliary dysfunction is associated with a wide array of genetic disorders, known as ciliopathies. Polycystic lesions are commonly found in the kidney, liver, and pancreas of ciliopathy patients and mouse models. However, the pathogenesis of the pancreatic phenotype remains poorly understood. Chibby1 (Cby1), a small conserved coiled-coil protein, localizes to the ciliary base and plays a crucial role in ciliogenesis. Here, we report that Cby1-knockout (KO) mice develop severe exocrine pancreatic atrophy with dilated ducts during early postnatal development. A significant reduction in the number and length of cilia was observed in Cby1-KO pancreta. In the adult Cby1-KO pancreas, inflammatory cell infiltration and fibrosis were noticeable. Intriguingly, Cby1-KO acinar cells showed an accumulation of zymogen granules (ZGs) with altered polarity. Moreover, isolated acini from Cby1-KO pancreas exhibited defective ZG secretion in vitro. Collectively, our results suggest that, upon loss of Cby1, concomitant with ciliary defects, acinar cells accumulate ZGs due to defective exocytosis, leading to cell death and progressive exocrine pancreatic degeneration after birth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Cyge
- Graduate Program in Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA
| | - Vera Voronina
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Mohammed Hoque
- Graduate Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA
| | - Eunice N Kim
- Graduate Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA
| | - Jason Hall
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | - Jennifer M Bailey-Lundberg
- Department of Anesthesiology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Gregory J Pazour
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA
| | - Howard C Crawford
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
- Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
| | - Randall T Moon
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Feng-Qian Li
- Graduate Program in Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11974, USA
| | - Ken-Ichi Takemaru
- Graduate Program in Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA.
- Graduate Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA.
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11974, USA.
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University, BST 7-182, 101 Nicolls Rd., Stony Brook, NY, 11794-8651, USA.
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13
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Ciliary Signalling and Mechanotransduction in the Pathophysiology of Craniosynostosis. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12071073. [PMID: 34356089 PMCID: PMC8306115 DOI: 10.3390/genes12071073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 07/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Craniosynostosis (CS) is the second most prevalent inborn craniofacial malformation; it results from the premature fusion of cranial sutures and leads to dimorphisms of variable severity. CS is clinically heterogeneous, as it can be either a sporadic isolated defect, more frequently, or part of a syndromic phenotype with mendelian inheritance. The genetic basis of CS is also extremely heterogeneous, with nearly a hundred genes associated so far, mostly mutated in syndromic forms. Several genes can be categorised within partially overlapping pathways, including those causing defects of the primary cilium. The primary cilium is a cellular antenna serving as a signalling hub implicated in mechanotransduction, housing key molecular signals expressed on the ciliary membrane and in the cilioplasm. This mechanical property mediated by the primary cilium may also represent a cue to understand the pathophysiology of non-syndromic CS. In this review, we aimed to highlight the implication of the primary cilium components and active signalling in CS pathophysiology, dissecting their biological functions in craniofacial development and in suture biomechanics. Through an in-depth revision of the literature and computational annotation of disease-associated genes we categorised 18 ciliary genes involved in CS aetiology. Interestingly, a prevalent implication of midline sutures is observed in CS ciliopathies, possibly explained by the specific neural crest origin of the frontal bone.
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14
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Wang L, Liu Y, Stratigopoulos G, Panigrahi S, Sui L, Zhang Y, Leduc CA, Glover HJ, De Rosa MC, Burnett LC, Williams DJ, Shang L, Goland R, Tsang SH, Wardlaw S, Egli D, Zheng D, Doege CA, Leibel RL. Bardet-Biedl syndrome proteins regulate intracellular signaling and neuronal function in patient-specific iPSC-derived neurons. J Clin Invest 2021; 131:146287. [PMID: 33630762 DOI: 10.1172/jci146287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Bardet-Biedl syndrome (BBS) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder caused by mutations in genes encoding components of the primary cilium and is characterized by hyperphagic obesity. To investigate the molecular basis of obesity in human BBS, we developed a cellular model of BBS using induced pluripotent stem cell-derived (iPSC-derived) hypothalamic arcuate-like neurons. BBS mutations BBS1M390R and BBS10C91fsX95 did not affect neuronal differentiation efficiency but caused morphological defects, including impaired neurite outgrowth and longer primary cilia. Single-cell RNA sequencing of BBS1M390R hypothalamic neurons identified several downregulated pathways, including insulin and cAMP signaling and axon guidance. Additional studies demonstrated that BBS1M390R and BBS10C91fsX95 mutations impaired insulin signaling in both human fibroblasts and iPSC-derived neurons. Overexpression of intact BBS10 fully restored insulin signaling by restoring insulin receptor tyrosine phosphorylation in BBS10C91fsX95 neurons. Moreover, mutations in BBS1 and BBS10 impaired leptin-mediated p-STAT3 activation in iPSC-derived hypothalamic neurons. Correction of the BBS mutation by CRISPR rescued leptin signaling. POMC expression and neuropeptide production were decreased in BBS1M390R and BBS10C91fsX95 iPSC-derived hypothalamic neurons. In the aggregate, these data provide insights into the anatomic and functional mechanisms by which components of the BBSome in CNS primary cilia mediate effects on energy homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liheng Wang
- Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center and.,Department of Medicine, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - George Stratigopoulos
- Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center and.,Division of Molecular Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York, USA
| | - Sunil Panigrahi
- Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center and.,Department of Medicine, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Lina Sui
- Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center and.,Division of Molecular Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York, USA
| | - Yiying Zhang
- Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center and.,Division of Molecular Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York, USA
| | - Charles A Leduc
- Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center and.,Division of Molecular Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York, USA
| | - Hannah J Glover
- Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center and.,Division of Molecular Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York, USA
| | - Maria Caterina De Rosa
- Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center and.,Division of Molecular Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York, USA
| | - Lisa C Burnett
- Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center and.,Levo Therapeutics, Skokie, Illinois, USA
| | - Damian J Williams
- Institute for Genomic Medicine, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Linshan Shang
- Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center and.,Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | | | - Stephen H Tsang
- Jonas Children's Vision Care, and Bernard and Shirlee Brown Glaucoma Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA.,Columbia Stem Cell Initiative and.,Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Sharon Wardlaw
- Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center and.,Department of Medicine, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Dieter Egli
- Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center and.,Division of Molecular Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York, USA.,New York Stem Cell Foundation Research Institute, New York, New York, USA
| | - Deyou Zheng
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA.,Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Claudia A Doege
- Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center and.,Columbia Stem Cell Initiative and.,Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Rudolph L Leibel
- Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center and.,Division of Molecular Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York, USA
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15
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Kyun ML, Kim SO, Lee HG, Hwang JA, Hwang J, Soung NK, Cha-Molstad H, Lee S, Kwon YT, Kim BY, Lee KH. Wnt3a Stimulation Promotes Primary Ciliogenesis through β-Catenin Phosphorylation-Induced Reorganization of Centriolar Satellites. Cell Rep 2021; 30:1447-1462.e5. [PMID: 32023461 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Revised: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary cilium is an antenna-like microtubule-based cellular sensing structure. Abnormal regulation of the dynamic assembly and disassembly cycle of primary cilia is closely related to ciliopathy and cancer. The Wnt signaling pathway plays a major role in embryonic development and tissue homeostasis, and defects in Wnt signaling are associated with a variety of human diseases, including cancer. In this study, we provide direct evidence of Wnt3a-induced primary ciliogenesis, which includes a continuous pathway showing that the stimulation of Wnt3a, a canonical Wnt ligand, promotes the generation of β-catenin p-S47 epitope by CK1δ, and these events lead to the reorganization of centriolar satellites resulting in primary ciliogenesis. We have also confirmed the application of our findings in MCF-7/ADR cells, a multidrug-resistant tumor cell model. Thus, our data provide a Wnt3a-induced primary ciliogenesis pathway and may provide a clue on how to overcome multidrug resistance in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi-Lang Kyun
- Anticancer Agent Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 30 Yeongudanji-ro, Ochang, Cheongwon, Chungbuk 28116, Republic of Korea; Department of Biomolecular Science, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Korea
| | - Sun-Ok Kim
- Anticancer Agent Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 30 Yeongudanji-ro, Ochang, Cheongwon, Chungbuk 28116, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Gu Lee
- Immunotherapy Convergence Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 34141, Korea; Department of Biomolecular Science, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Korea
| | - Jeong-Ah Hwang
- Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Joonsung Hwang
- Anticancer Agent Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 30 Yeongudanji-ro, Ochang, Cheongwon, Chungbuk 28116, Republic of Korea
| | - Nak-Kyun Soung
- Anticancer Agent Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 30 Yeongudanji-ro, Ochang, Cheongwon, Chungbuk 28116, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunjoo Cha-Molstad
- Anticancer Agent Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 30 Yeongudanji-ro, Ochang, Cheongwon, Chungbuk 28116, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangku Lee
- Anticancer Agent Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 30 Yeongudanji-ro, Ochang, Cheongwon, Chungbuk 28116, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Tae Kwon
- Protein Metabolism Medical Research Center and Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea.
| | - Bo Yeon Kim
- Anticancer Agent Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 30 Yeongudanji-ro, Ochang, Cheongwon, Chungbuk 28116, Republic of Korea; Department of Biomolecular Science, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Korea.
| | - Kyung Ho Lee
- Anticancer Agent Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 30 Yeongudanji-ro, Ochang, Cheongwon, Chungbuk 28116, Republic of Korea.
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16
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Xu J, Deng X, Wu X, Zhu H, Zhu Y, Liu J, Chen Q, Yuan C, Liu G, Wang C. Primary cilia regulate gastric cancer-induced bone loss via cilia/Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. Aging (Albany NY) 2021; 13:8989-9010. [PMID: 33690174 PMCID: PMC8034975 DOI: 10.18632/aging.202734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cancer-associated bone disease is a frequent occurrence in cancer patients and is associated with pain, bone fragility, loss, and fractures. However, whether primary or non-bone metastatic gastric cancer induces bone loss remains unclear. Here, we collected clinical evidence of bone loss by analyzing serum and X-rays of 25 non-bone metastatic gastric cancer patients. In addition, C57BL mice were injected with the human gastric cancer cell line HGC27 and its effect on bone mass was analyzed by Micro-CT, immunoblotting, and immunohistochemistry. Furthermore, the degree of the proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) co-cultured with HGC-27 or SGC-7901 cells was analyzed by colony-formation assay, alizarin red staining, immunofluorescence, qPCR, immunoblotting, and alkaline phosphatase activity assay. These indicated that gastric cancer could damage bone tissue before the occurrence of bone metastases. We also found that cilia formation of MSCs was increased in the presence of HGC27 cells, which was associated with abnormal activation of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. Expression of DKK1 inhibited the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway and partially rescued osteogenic differentiation of MSCs. In summary, our results suggest that gastric cancer cells might cause bone damage prior to the occurrence of bone metastasis via cilia-dependent activation of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Xu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Molecular Medicine and Cancer Research Center, College of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Xiaoyan Deng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Molecular Medicine and Cancer Research Center, College of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Xiangmei Wu
- Department of Physiology, Molecular Medicine and Cancer Research Center, College of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Huifang Zhu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Molecular Medicine and Cancer Research Center, College of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Yinghua Zhu
- Department of Pre-Hospital Emergency, Chongqing Emergency Medical Center, Central Hospital of Chongqing University, Chongqing 400014, China
| | - Jie Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Molecular Medicine and Cancer Research Center, College of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Qian Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Molecular Medicine and Cancer Research Center, College of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Chengfu Yuan
- College of Medical Science, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, Hubei, China
| | - Geli Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Molecular Medicine and Cancer Research Center, College of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Changdong Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Molecular Medicine and Cancer Research Center, College of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
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17
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Lee KH. Involvement of Wnt signaling in primary cilia assembly and disassembly. FEBS J 2020; 287:5027-5038. [PMID: 33015954 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The primary cilium is a nonmotile microtubule-based structure, which functions as an antenna-like cellular sensing organelle. The primary cilium is assembled from the basal body, a mother centriole-based structure, during interphase or a quiescent cell stage, and rapidly disassembles before entering mitosis in a dynamic cycle. Defects in this ciliogenesis dynamics are associated with human diseases such as ciliopathy and cancer, but the molecular mechanisms of the ciliogenesis dynamics are still largely unknown. To date, various cellular signaling pathways associated with primary cilia have been proposed, but the main signaling pathways regulating primary cilia assembly/disassembly remain enigmatic. This review describes recent findings in Wnt-induced primary cilia assembly/disassembly and potential future directions for the study of the cellular signaling related to the primary ciliogenesis dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung Ho Lee
- Anticancer Agent Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Ochang, Korea
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18
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Chen JL, Chang CH, Tsai JW. Gli2 Rescues Delays in Brain Development Induced by Kif3a Dysfunction. Cereb Cortex 2020; 29:751-764. [PMID: 29342244 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhx356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 12/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The primary cilium in neural stem cells plays distinct roles in different stages during cortical development. Ciliary dysfunctions in human (i.e., ciliopathy) cause developmental defects in multiple organs, including brain developmental delays, which lead to intellectual disabilities and cognitive deficits. However, effective treatment to this devastating developmental disorder is still lacking. Here, we first investigated the effects of ciliopathy on neural stem cells by knocking down Kif3a, a kinesin II motor required for ciliogenesis, in the neurogenic stage of cortical development by in utero electroporation of mouse embryos. Brains electroporated with Kif3a shRNA showed defects in neuronal migration and differentiation, delays in neural stem cell cycle progression, and failures in interkinetic nuclear migration. Interestingly, introduction of Gli1 and Gli2 both can restore the cell cycle progression by elevating cyclin D1 in neural stem cells. Remarkably, enforced Gli2 expression, but not Gli1, partially restored the ability of Kif3a-knockdown neurons to differentiate and move from the germinal ventricular zone to the cortical plate. Moreover, Cyclin D1 knockdown abolished Gli2's rescue effect. These findings suggest Gli2 may rescue neural stem cell proliferation, differentiation and migration through Cyclin D1 pathway and may serve as a potential therapeutic target for human ciliopathy syndromes through modulating the progression of neural stem cell cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Long Chen
- Institute of Brain Science, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Hsiang Chang
- Institute of Brain Science, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Taiwan International Graduate Program (TIGP) in Molecular Medicine, National Yang-Ming University and Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jin-Wu Tsai
- Institute of Brain Science, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Brain Research Center (BRC), Biophotonics and Molecular Imaging Research Center (BMIRC), National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
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19
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Choudhury A, Neumann NM, Raleigh DR, Lang UE. Clinical Implications of Primary Cilia in Skin Cancer. Dermatol Ther (Heidelb) 2020; 10:233-248. [PMID: 31997226 PMCID: PMC7090118 DOI: 10.1007/s13555-020-00355-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The primary cilium is a cell surface organelle that is an important component of cellular biology. While it was once believed to be a vestigial structure without biologic function, it is now known to have essential roles in critical cellular signaling pathways such as Hedgehog (HH) and Wnt. The HH and Wnt pathways are involved in pathogenesis of basal cell carcinoma and melanoma, respectively, and this knowledge is now beginning to inform therapeutic and diagnostic options for patients. The purpose of this review is to familiarize clinicians with primary cilia biology and how this complex cellular organelle has started to translate into clinical care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abrar Choudhury
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Neil M Neumann
- Department of Pathology, Dermatopathology Service, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - David R Raleigh
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Ursula E Lang
- Department of Pathology, Dermatopathology Service, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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20
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Long H, Huang K. Transport of Ciliary Membrane Proteins. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 7:381. [PMID: 31998723 PMCID: PMC6970386 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2019.00381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cilia and flagella are highly conserved organelles in eukaryotic cells that drive cell movement and act as cell antennae that receive and transmit signals. In addition to receiving and transducing external signals that activate signal cascades, cilia also secrete ciliary ectosomes that send signals to recipient cells, and thereby mediate cell–cell communication. Abnormal ciliary function leads to various ciliopathies, and the precise transport and localization of ciliary membrane proteins are essential for cilium function. This review summarizes current knowledge about the transport processes of ciliary membrane proteins after their synthesis at the endoplasmic reticulum: modification and sorting in the Golgi apparatus, transport through vesicles to the ciliary base, entrance into cilia through the diffusion barrier, and turnover by ectosome secretion. The molecular mechanisms and regulation involved in each step are also discussed. Transport of ciliary membrane proteins is a complex, precise cellular process coordinated among multiple organelles. By systematically analyzing the existing research, we identify topics that should be further investigated to promote progress in this field of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Long
- Key Laboratory of Algal Biology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Kaiyao Huang
- Key Laboratory of Algal Biology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
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21
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Abstract
Primary cilia project in a single copy from the surface of most vertebrate cell types; they detect and transmit extracellular cues to regulate diverse cellular processes during development and to maintain tissue homeostasis. The sensory capacity of primary cilia relies on the coordinated trafficking and temporal localization of specific receptors and associated signal transduction modules in the cilium. The canonical Hedgehog (HH) pathway, for example, is a bona fide ciliary signalling system that regulates cell fate and self-renewal in development and tissue homeostasis. Specific receptors and associated signal transduction proteins can also localize to primary cilia in a cell type-dependent manner; available evidence suggests that the ciliary constellation of these proteins can temporally change to allow the cell to adapt to specific developmental and homeostatic cues. Consistent with important roles for primary cilia in signalling, mutations that lead to their dysfunction underlie a pleiotropic group of diseases and syndromic disorders termed ciliopathies, which affect many different tissues and organs of the body. In this Review, we highlight central mechanisms by which primary cilia coordinate HH, G protein-coupled receptor, WNT, receptor tyrosine kinase and transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ)/bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signalling and illustrate how defects in the balanced output of ciliary signalling events are coupled to developmental disorders and disease progression.
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22
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Pruski M, Hu L, Yang C, Wang Y, Zhang JB, Zhang L, Huang Y, Rajnicek AM, St Clair D, McCaig CD, Lang B, Ding YQ. Roles for IFT172 and Primary Cilia in Cell Migration, Cell Division, and Neocortex Development. Front Cell Dev Biol 2019; 7:287. [PMID: 31850339 PMCID: PMC6890611 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2019.00287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The cilium of a cell translates varied extracellular cues into intracellular signals that control embryonic development and organ function. The dynamic maintenance of ciliary structure and function requires balanced bidirectional cargo transport involving intraflagellar transport (IFT) complexes. IFT172 is a member of the IFT complex B, and IFT172 mutation is associated with pathologies including short rib thoracic dysplasia, retinitis pigmentosa and Bardet-Biedl syndrome, but how it underpins these conditions is not clear. We used the WIM cell line, derived from embryonic fibroblasts of Wimple mice (carrying homozygous Leu1564Pro mutation in Ift172), to probe roles of Ift172 and primary cilia in cell behavior. WIM cells had ablated cilia and deficiencies in directed migration (electrotaxis), cell proliferation and intracellular signaling. Additionally, WIM cells displayed altered cell cycle progression, with increased numbers of chromatids, highlighting dysfunctional centrosome status. Exposure to a physiological electric field promoted a higher percentage of primary cilia in wild-type cells. Interestingly, in situ hybridization revealed an extensive and dynamic expression profile of Ift172 in both developing and adult mouse cortex. In vivo manipulation of Ift172 expression in germinal regions of embryonic mouse brains perturbed neural progenitor proliferation and radial migration of post-mitotic neurons, revealing a regulatory role of Ift172 in cerebral morphogenesis. Our data suggest that Ift172 regulates a range of fundamental biological processes, highlighting the pivotal roles of the primary cilium in cell physiology and brain development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Pruski
- Department of Psychiatry, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Changsha, China.,State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias, Ministry of Education, East Hospital, Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Collaborative Innovation Centre for Brain Science, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Ling Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Cuiping Yang
- Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias, Ministry of Education, East Hospital, Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Collaborative Innovation Centre for Brain Science, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yubing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias, Ministry of Education, East Hospital, Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Collaborative Innovation Centre for Brain Science, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jin-Bao Zhang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Institute of Neuroscience, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias, Ministry of Education, East Hospital, Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Collaborative Innovation Centre for Brain Science, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Ying Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias, Ministry of Education, East Hospital, Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Collaborative Innovation Centre for Brain Science, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Ann M Rajnicek
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - David St Clair
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Colin D McCaig
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Bing Lang
- Department of Psychiatry, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Changsha, China.,School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Yu-Qiang Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias, Ministry of Education, East Hospital, Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Collaborative Innovation Centre for Brain Science, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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23
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Park SM, Jang HJ, Lee JH. Roles of Primary Cilia in the Developing Brain. Front Cell Neurosci 2019; 13:218. [PMID: 31139054 PMCID: PMC6527876 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Essential to development, primary cilia are microtubule-based cellular organelles that protrude from the surface of cells. Acting as cellular antenna, primary cilia play central roles in transducing or regulating several signaling pathways, including Sonic hedgehog (Shh) and Wnt signaling. Defects in primary cilia contribute to a group of syndromic disorders known as “ciliopathies” and can adversely affect development of the brain and other essential organs, including the kidneys, eyes, and liver. The molecular mechanisms of how defective primary cilia contribute to neurological defects, however, remain poorly understood. In this mini review, we summarize recent advances in understanding of the interactions between primary cilia and signaling pathways essential to cellular homeostasis and brain development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Min Park
- Biomedical Science and Engineering Interdisciplinary Program, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Hee Jin Jang
- Biomedical Science and Engineering Interdisciplinary Program, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Jeong Ho Lee
- Biomedical Science and Engineering Interdisciplinary Program, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea.,Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea
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24
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Pruski M, Lang B. Primary Cilia-An Underexplored Topic in Major Mental Illness. Front Psychiatry 2019; 10:104. [PMID: 30886591 PMCID: PMC6409319 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Though much progress has been made in recent years towards understanding the function and physiology of primary cilia, they remain a somewhat elusive organelle. Some studies have explored the role of primary cilia in the developing nervous system, and their dysfunction has been linked with several neurosensory deficits. Yet, very little has been written on their potential role in psychiatric disorders. This article provides an overview of some of the functions of primary cilia in signalling pathways, and demonstrates that they are a worthy candidate in psychiatric research. The links between primary cilia and major mental illness have been demonstrated to exist at several levels, spanning genetics, signalling pathways, and pharmacology as well as cell division and migration. The primary focus of this review is on the sensory role of the primary cilium and the neurodevelopmental hypothesis of psychiatric disease. As such, the primary cilium is demonstrated to be a key link between the cellular environment and cell behaviour, and hence of key importance in the considerations of the nature and nurture debate in psychiatric research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Pruski
- Department of Psychiatry, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Critical Care Laboratory, Critical Care Directorate, Manchester Royal Infirmary, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom
- School of Healthcare Science, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Bing Lang
- Department of Psychiatry, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
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25
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Patnaik SR, Kretschmer V, Brücker L, Schneider S, Volz AK, Oancea-Castillo LDR, May-Simera HL. Bardet-Biedl Syndrome proteins regulate cilia disassembly during tissue maturation. Cell Mol Life Sci 2019; 76:757-775. [PMID: 30446775 PMCID: PMC11105770 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-018-2966-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Revised: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Primary cilia are conserved organelles that mediate cellular communication crucial for organogenesis and homeostasis in numerous tissues. The retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) is a ciliated monolayer in the eye that borders the retina and is vital for visual function. Maturation of the RPE is absolutely critical for visual function and the role of the primary cilium in this process has been largely ignored to date. We show that primary cilia are transiently present during RPE development and that as the RPE matures, primary cilia retract, and gene expression of ciliary disassembly components decline. We observe that ciliary-associated BBS proteins protect against HDAC6-mediated ciliary disassembly via their recruitment of Inversin to the base of the primary cilium. Inhibition of ciliary disassembly components was able to rescue ciliary length defects in BBS deficient cells. This consequently affects ciliary regulation of Wnt signaling. Our results shed light onto the mechanisms by which cilia-mediated signaling facilitates tissue maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarita Rani Patnaik
- Cilia Cell Biology, Institute of Molecular Physiology, Johannes-Gutenberg University, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Viola Kretschmer
- Cilia Cell Biology, Institute of Molecular Physiology, Johannes-Gutenberg University, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Lena Brücker
- Cilia Cell Biology, Institute of Molecular Physiology, Johannes-Gutenberg University, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Sandra Schneider
- Cilia Cell Biology, Institute of Molecular Physiology, Johannes-Gutenberg University, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Ann-Kathrin Volz
- Cilia Cell Biology, Institute of Molecular Physiology, Johannes-Gutenberg University, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | | | - Helen Louise May-Simera
- Cilia Cell Biology, Institute of Molecular Physiology, Johannes-Gutenberg University, 55128, Mainz, Germany.
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26
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O’Toole SM, Watson DS, Novoselova TV, Romano LEL, King PJ, Bradshaw TY, Thompson CL, Knight MM, Sharp TV, Barnes MR, Srirangalingam U, Drake WM, Chapple JP. Oncometabolite induced primary cilia loss in pheochromocytoma. Endocr Relat Cancer 2019; 26:165-180. [PMID: 30345732 PMCID: PMC6215910 DOI: 10.1530/erc-18-0134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Primary cilia are sensory organelles involved in regulation of cellular signaling. Cilia loss is frequently observed in tumors; yet, the responsible mechanisms and consequences for tumorigenesis remain unclear. We demonstrate that cilia structure and function is disrupted in human pheochromocytomas - endocrine tumors of the adrenal medulla. This is concomitant with transcriptional changes within cilia-mediated signaling pathways that are associated with tumorigenesis generally and pheochromocytomas specifically. Importantly, cilia loss was most dramatic in patients with germline mutations in the pseudohypoxia-linked genes SDHx and VHL. Using a pheochromocytoma cell line derived from rat, we show that hypoxia and oncometabolite-induced pseudohypoxia are key drivers of cilia loss and identify that this is dependent on activation of an Aurora-A/HDAC6 cilia resorption pathway. We also show cilia loss drives dramatic transcriptional changes associated with proliferation and tumorigenesis. Our data provide evidence for primary cilia dysfunction contributing to pathogenesis of pheochromocytoma by a hypoxic/pseudohypoxic mechanism and implicates oncometabolites as ciliary regulators. This is important as pheochromocytomas can cause mortality by mechanisms including catecholamine production and malignant transformation, while hypoxia is a general feature of solid tumors. Moreover, pseudohypoxia-induced cilia resorption can be pharmacologically inhibited, suggesting potential for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel M O’Toole
- William Harvey Research InstituteBarts and the London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- Department of EndocrinologySt Bartholomew’s Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - David S Watson
- William Harvey Research InstituteBarts and the London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Tatiana V Novoselova
- William Harvey Research InstituteBarts and the London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Lisa E L Romano
- William Harvey Research InstituteBarts and the London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Peter J King
- William Harvey Research InstituteBarts and the London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Teisha Y Bradshaw
- William Harvey Research InstituteBarts and the London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Clare L Thompson
- Institute of Bioengineering and School of Engineering and Material SciencesQueen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Martin M Knight
- Institute of Bioengineering and School of Engineering and Material SciencesQueen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Tyson V Sharp
- Barts Cancer InstituteQueen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Michael R Barnes
- William Harvey Research InstituteBarts and the London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Umasuthan Srirangalingam
- William Harvey Research InstituteBarts and the London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- Department of EndocrinologySt Bartholomew’s Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK
- Department of Diabetes and EndocrinologyUniversity College London Hospital, London, UK
| | - William M Drake
- Department of EndocrinologySt Bartholomew’s Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - J Paul Chapple
- William Harvey Research InstituteBarts and the London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
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27
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Avolio R, Järvelin AI, Mohammed S, Agliarulo I, Condelli V, Zoppoli P, Calice G, Sarnataro D, Bechara E, Tartaglia GG, Landriscina M, Castello A, Esposito F, Matassa DS. Protein Syndesmos is a novel RNA-binding protein that regulates primary cilia formation. Nucleic Acids Res 2018; 46:12067-12086. [PMID: 30260431 PMCID: PMC6294507 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gky873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Revised: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Syndesmos (SDOS) is a functionally poorly characterized protein that directly interacts with p53 binding protein 1 (53BP1) and regulates its recruitment to chromatin. We show here that SDOS interacts with another important cancer-linked protein, the chaperone TRAP1, associates with actively translating polyribosomes and represses translation. Moreover, we demonstrate that SDOS directly binds RNA in living cells. Combining individual gene expression profiling, nucleotide crosslinking and immunoprecipitation (iCLIP), and ribosome profiling, we discover several crucial pathways regulated post-transcriptionally by SDOS. Among them, we identify a small subset of mRNAs responsible for the biogenesis of primary cilium that have been linked to developmental and degenerative diseases, known as ciliopathies, and cancer. We discover that SDOS binds and regulates the translation of several of these mRNAs, controlling cilia development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosario Avolio
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Aino I Järvelin
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Shabaz Mohammed
- Proteomics Technology Development and Application, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Ilenia Agliarulo
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Valentina Condelli
- Laboratory of Pre-clinical and Translational Research, IRCCS, Referral Cancer Center of Basilicata, 85028 Rionero in Vulture, Italy
| | - Pietro Zoppoli
- Laboratory of Pre-clinical and Translational Research, IRCCS, Referral Cancer Center of Basilicata, 85028 Rionero in Vulture, Italy
| | - Giovanni Calice
- Laboratory of Pre-clinical and Translational Research, IRCCS, Referral Cancer Center of Basilicata, 85028 Rionero in Vulture, Italy
| | - Daniela Sarnataro
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Napoli, Italy
- Ceinge-Biotecnologie avanzate, s.c.a r.l., Via G. Salvatore 486, 80145, Napoli, Italy
| | - Elias Bechara
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Dr. Aiguader St. 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gian G Tartaglia
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Dr. Aiguader St. 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Matteo Landriscina
- Laboratory of Pre-clinical and Translational Research, IRCCS, Referral Cancer Center of Basilicata, 85028 Rionero in Vulture, Italy
- Medical Oncology Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Viale Pinto 1, 7100 Foggia, Italy
| | - Alfredo Castello
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Franca Esposito
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Danilo S Matassa
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Napoli, Italy
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28
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Vuong LT, Iomini C, Balmer S, Esposito D, Aaronson SA, Mlodzik M. Kinesin-2 and IFT-A act as a complex promoting nuclear localization of β-catenin during Wnt signalling. Nat Commun 2018; 9:5304. [PMID: 30546012 PMCID: PMC6294004 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-07605-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Wnt/Wg-signalling is critical signalling in all metazoans. Recent studies suggest that IFT-A proteins and Kinesin-2 modulate canonical Wnt/Wg-signalling independently of their ciliary role. Whether they function together in Wnt-signalling and their mechanistic role in the pathway remained unresolved. Here we demonstrate that Kinesin-2 and IFT-A proteins act as a complex during Drosophila Wg-signalling, affecting pathway activity in the same manner, interacting genetically and physically, and co-localizing with β-catenin, the mediator of Wnt/Wg-signalling on microtubules. Following pathway activation, Kinesin-2/IFT-A mutant cells exhibit high cytoplasmic β-catenin levels, yet fail to activate Wg-targets. In mutant tissues in both, Drosophila and mouse/MEFs, nuclear localization of β-catenin is markedly reduced. We demonstrate a conserved, motor-domain dependent function of the Kinesin-2/IFT-A complex in promoting nuclear translocation of β-catenin. We show that this is mediated by protecting β-catenin from a conserved cytoplasmic retention process, thus identifying a mechanism for Kinesin-2/IFT-A in Wnt-signalling that is independent of their ciliary role. IFT-A proteins and Kinesin-2 modulate canonical Wnt/Wg-signalling independent of their ciliary role, but how is unclear. Here, the authors show that Kinesin-2 and IFT-A act as a complex to promote nuclear translocation of β-catenin in Drosophila and mouse MEF Wnt signalling independent of its ciliary role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linh T Vuong
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Carlo Iomini
- Department of Ophthalmology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY, 10029, USA. .,Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY, 10029, USA.
| | - Sophie Balmer
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY, 10029, USA.,Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Davide Esposito
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Stuart A Aaronson
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY, 10029, USA.,Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY, 10029, USA.,Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Marek Mlodzik
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY, 10029, USA. .,Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY, 10029, USA. .,Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY, 10029, USA.
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29
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Zingg D, Debbache J, Peña-Hernández R, Antunes AT, Schaefer SM, Cheng PF, Zimmerli D, Haeusel J, Calçada RR, Tuncer E, Zhang Y, Bossart R, Wong KK, Basler K, Dummer R, Santoro R, Levesque MP, Sommer L. EZH2-Mediated Primary Cilium Deconstruction Drives Metastatic Melanoma Formation. Cancer Cell 2018; 34:69-84.e14. [PMID: 30008323 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2018.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Revised: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Human melanomas frequently harbor amplifications of EZH2. However, the contribution of EZH2 to melanoma formation has remained elusive. Taking advantage of murine melanoma models, we show that EZH2 drives tumorigenesis from benign BrafV600E- or NrasQ61K-expressing melanocytes by silencing of genes relevant for the integrity of the primary cilium, a signaling organelle projecting from the surface of vertebrate cells. Consequently, gain of EZH2 promotes loss of primary cilia in benign melanocytic lesions. In contrast, blockade of EZH2 activity evokes ciliogenesis and cilia-dependent growth inhibition in malignant melanoma. Finally, we demonstrate that loss of cilia enhances pro-tumorigenic WNT/β-catenin signaling, and is itself sufficient to drive metastatic melanoma in benign cells. Thus, primary cilia deconstruction is a key process in EZH2-driven melanomagenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Zingg
- Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Anatomy, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Julien Debbache
- Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Anatomy, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Rodrigo Peña-Hernández
- Department of Molecular Mechanisms of Disease, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland; Molecular Life Science PhD Program, Life Science Zurich Graduate School, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ana T Antunes
- Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Anatomy, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Simon M Schaefer
- Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Anatomy, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Phil F Cheng
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Gloriastrasse 31, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Dario Zimmerli
- Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jessica Haeusel
- Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Anatomy, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Raquel R Calçada
- Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Anatomy, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland; Cancer Biology PhD Program, Life Science Zurich Graduate School, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Eylul Tuncer
- Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Anatomy, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Yudong Zhang
- Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Anatomy, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland; Cancer Biology PhD Program, Life Science Zurich Graduate School, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Raphaël Bossart
- Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Anatomy, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Kwok-Kin Wong
- Division of Hematology & Medical Oncology, Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Langone Medical Center, 522 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Konrad Basler
- Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Reinhard Dummer
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Gloriastrasse 31, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Raffaella Santoro
- Department of Molecular Mechanisms of Disease, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Mitchell P Levesque
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Gloriastrasse 31, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Lukas Sommer
- Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Anatomy, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
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30
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Park KM. Can Tissue Cilia Lengths and Urine Cilia Proteins Be Markers of Kidney Diseases? Chonnam Med J 2018; 54:83-89. [PMID: 29854673 PMCID: PMC5972129 DOI: 10.4068/cmj.2018.54.2.83] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Revised: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The primary cilium is an organelle which consists of a microtubule in the core and a surrounding cilia membrane, and has long been recognized as a “vestigial organelle”. However, new evidence demonstrates that the primary cilium has a notable effect on signal transduction in the cell and is associated with some genetic and non-genetic diseases. In the kidney, the primary cilium protrudes into the Bowman's space and the tubular lumen from the apical side of epithelial cells. The length of primary cilia is dynamically altered during the normal cell cycle, being shortened by retraction into the cell body at the entry of cell division and elongated at differentiation. Furthermore, the length of primary cilia is also dynamically changed in the cells, as a result and/or cause, during the progression of various kidney diseases including acute kidney injury and chronic kidney disease. Notably, recent data has demonstrated that the shortening of the primary cilium in the cell is associated with fragmentation, apart from retraction into the cell body, in the progression of diseases and that the fragmented primary cilia are released into the urine. This data reveals that the alteration of primary cilia length could be related to the progression of diseases. This review will consider if primary cilia length alteration is associated with the progression of kidney diseases and if the length of tissue primary cilia and the presence or increase of cilia proteins in the urine is indicative of kidney diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwon Moo Park
- Department of Anatomy and BK21 Plus, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
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31
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Jeong AL, Ka HI, Han S, Lee S, Lee EW, Soh SJ, Joo HJ, Sumiyasuren B, Park JY, Lim JS, Park JH, Lee MS, Yang Y. Oncoprotein CIP2A promotes the disassembly of primary cilia and inhibits glycolytic metabolism. EMBO Rep 2018; 19:e45144. [PMID: 29491003 PMCID: PMC5934771 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201745144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Revised: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
In most mammalian cells, the primary cilium is a microtubule-enriched protrusion of the plasma membrane and acts as a key coordinator of signaling pathways during development and tissue homeostasis. The primary cilium is generated from the basal body, and cancerous inhibitor of protein phosphatase 2A (CIP2A), the overexpression of which stabilizes c-MYC to support the malignant growth of tumor cells, is localized in the centrosome. Here, we show that CIP2A overexpression induces primary cilia disassembly through the activation of Aurora A kinase, and CIP2A depletion increases ciliated cells and cilia length in retinal pigment epithelium (RPE1) cells. CIP2A depletion also shifts metabolism toward the glycolytic pathway by altering the expression of metabolic genes related to glycolysis. However, glycolytic activation in CIP2A-depleted cells does not depend on cilia assembly, even though enhanced cilia assembly alone activates glycolytic metabolism. Collectively, these data suggest that CIP2A promotes primary cilia disassembly and that CIP2A depletion induces metabolic reprogramming independent of primary cilia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ae Lee Jeong
- Division of Biological Sciences, Department of Life Systems, Research Center for Women's Disease, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, Korea
- New Drug Development Center, Osong Medical Innovation Foundation, Osong, Korea
| | - Hye In Ka
- Division of Biological Sciences, Department of Life Systems, Research Center for Women's Disease, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sora Han
- Division of Biological Sciences, Department of Life Systems, Research Center for Women's Disease, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sunyi Lee
- Division of Biological Sciences, Department of Life Systems, Research Center for Women's Disease, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, Korea
- Drug Evaluation Group, R&D Center CJ HealthCare, Icheon, Korea
| | - Eun-Woo Lee
- Metabolic Regulation Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, Korea
| | - Su Jung Soh
- Division of Biological Sciences, Department of Life Systems, Research Center for Women's Disease, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyun Jeong Joo
- Division of Biological Sciences, Department of Life Systems, Research Center for Women's Disease, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Buyanravjkh Sumiyasuren
- Division of Biological Sciences, Department of Life Systems, Research Center for Women's Disease, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ji Young Park
- Division of Biological Sciences, Department of Life Systems, Research Center for Women's Disease, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jong-Seok Lim
- Division of Biological Sciences, Department of Life Systems, Research Center for Women's Disease, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jong Hoon Park
- Division of Biological Sciences, Department of Life Systems, Research Center for Women's Disease, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Myung Sok Lee
- Division of Biological Sciences, Department of Life Systems, Research Center for Women's Disease, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young Yang
- Division of Biological Sciences, Department of Life Systems, Research Center for Women's Disease, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, Korea
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Gradilone SA, Pisarello MJL, LaRusso NF. Primary Cilia in Tumor Biology: The Primary Cilium as a Therapeutic Target in Cholangiocarcinoma. Curr Drug Targets 2018; 18:958-963. [PMID: 25706257 DOI: 10.2174/1389450116666150223162737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Revised: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Cilia are microtubule-based organelles, which are ubiquitously expressed in epithelial cells. Cholangiocytes, the epithelial cells lining the biliary tree, have primary cilia extending from their apical plasma membrane into the ductal lumen, where the cilia function as multisensory organelles transducing environmental cues into the cell interior. The decrease or loss of primary cilia has been described in several malignancies, including cholangiocarcinoma, suggesting that the loss of cilia is a common occurrence in neoplastic transformation. In this short review, we describe the expression of cilia in several cancers, explore the mechanisms and consequences of ciliary loss, and discuss the potential use of the primary cilia as therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio A Gradilone
- Cancer Cell Biology and Translational Research. The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota. 801 16th Avenue NE. Austin, MN 55912, United States
| | - Maria J Lorenzo Pisarello
- Center for Cell Signaling in Gastroenterology, Division of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Mayo Clinic Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Nicholas F LaRusso
- Center for Cell Signaling in Gastroenterology, Division of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Mayo Clinic Rochester, MN, United States
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Mansini AP, Peixoto E, Thelen KM, Gaspari C, Jin S, Gradilone SA. The cholangiocyte primary cilium in health and disease. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2018; 1864:1245-1253. [PMID: 28625917 PMCID: PMC5732091 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2017.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cholangiocytes, like most cells, express primary cilia extending from their membranes. These organelles function as antennae which detect stimuli from bile and transmit the information into cells regulating several signaling pathways involved in secretion, proliferation and apoptosis. The ability of primary cilia to detect different signals is provided by ciliary associated proteins which are expressed in its membrane. Defects in the structure and/or function of these organelles lead to cholangiociliopathies that result in cholangiocyte hyperproliferation, altered fluid secretion and absorption. Since primary cilia dysfunction has been observed in several epithelial tumors, including cholangiocarcinoma (CCA), primary cilia have been proposed as tumor suppressor organelles. In addition, the loss of cilia is associated with dysregulation of several molecular pathways resulting in CCA development and progression. Thus, restoration of the primary cilia may be a potential therapeutic approach for several ciliopathies and CCA.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Cesar Gaspari
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, MN, USA
| | - Sujeong Jin
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, MN, USA
| | - Sergio A Gradilone
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, MN, USA; Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
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34
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Primary Cilium-Dependent Signaling Mechanisms. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18112272. [PMID: 29143784 PMCID: PMC5713242 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18112272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Revised: 10/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary cilia are hair-like organelles and play crucial roles in vertebrate development, organogenesis, health, and many genetic disorders. A primary cilium is a mechano-sensory organelle that responds to mechanical stimuli in the micro-environment. A cilium is also a chemosensor that senses chemical signals surrounding a cell. The overall function of a cilium is therefore to act as a communication hub to transfer extracellular signals into intracellular responses. Although intracellular calcium has been one of the most studied signaling messengers that transmit extracellular signals into the cells, calcium signaling by various ion channels remains a topic of interest in the field. This may be due to a broad spectrum of cilia functions that are dependent on or independent of utilizing calcium as a second messenger. We therefore revisit and discuss the calcium-dependent and calcium-independent ciliary signaling pathways of Hedgehog, Wnt, PDGFR, Notch, TGF-β, mTOR, OFD1 autophagy, and other GPCR-associated signaling. All of these signaling pathways play crucial roles in various cellular processes, such as in organ and embryonic development, cardiac functioning, planar cell polarity, transactivation, differentiation, the cell cycle, apoptosis, tissue homeostasis, and the immune response.
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35
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Youn YH, Han YG. Primary Cilia in Brain Development and Diseases. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2017; 188:11-22. [PMID: 29030052 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2017.08.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2017] [Revised: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The primary cilium, a sensory appendage that is present in most mammalian cells, plays critical roles in signaling pathways and cell cycle progression. Mutations that affect the structure or function of primary cilia result in ciliopathies, a group of developmental and degenerative diseases that affect almost all organs and tissues. Our understanding of the constituents, development, and function of primary cilia has advanced considerably in recent years, revealing pathogenic mechanisms that potentially underlie ciliopathies. In the brain, the primary cilia are crucial for early patterning, neurogenesis, neuronal maturation and survival, and tumorigenesis, mostly through regulating cell cycle progression, Hedgehog signaling, and WNT signaling. We review these advances in our knowledge of primary cilia, focusing on brain development, and discuss the mechanisms that may underlie brain abnormalities in ciliopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Ha Youn
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, Neurobiology and Brain Tumor Program, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Young-Goo Han
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, Neurobiology and Brain Tumor Program, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee.
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36
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Schock EN, Brugmann SA. Discovery, Diagnosis, and Etiology of Craniofacial Ciliopathies. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2017; 9:cshperspect.a028258. [PMID: 28213462 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a028258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Seventy-five percent of congenital disorders present with some form of craniofacial malformation. The frequency and severity of these malformations makes understanding the etiological basis crucial for diagnosis and treatment. A significant link between craniofacial malformations and primary cilia arose several years ago with the determination that ∼30% of ciliopathies could be primarily defined by their craniofacial phenotype. The link between the cilium and the face has proven significant, as several new "craniofacial ciliopathies" have recently been diagnosed. Herein, we reevaluate public disease databases, report several new craniofacial ciliopathies, and propose several "predicted" craniofacial ciliopathies. Furthermore, we discuss why the craniofacial complex is so sensitive to ciliopathic dysfunction, addressing tissue-specific functions of the cilium as well as its role in signal transduction relevant to craniofacial development. As a whole, these analyses suggest a characteristic facial phenotype associated with craniofacial ciliopathies that can perhaps be used for rapid discovery and diagnosis of similar disorders in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth N Schock
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, and Division of Developmental Biology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229
| | - Samantha A Brugmann
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, and Division of Developmental Biology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229
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Klena NT, Gibbs BC, Lo CW. Cilia and Ciliopathies in Congenital Heart Disease. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2017; 9:cshperspect.a028266. [PMID: 28159874 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a028266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
A central role for cilia in congenital heart disease (CHD) was recently identified in a large-scale mouse mutagenesis screen. Although the screen was phenotype-driven, the majority of genes recovered were cilia-related, suggesting that cilia play a central role in CHD pathogenesis. This partly reflects the role of cilia as a hub for cell signaling pathways regulating cardiovascular development. Consistent with this, many cilia-transduced cell signaling genes were also recovered, and genes regulating vesicular trafficking, a pathway essential for ciliogenesis and cell signaling. Interestingly, among CHD-cilia genes recovered, some regulate left-right patterning, indicating cardiac left-right asymmetry disturbance may play significant roles in CHD pathogenesis. Clinically, CHD patients show a high prevalence of ciliary dysfunction and show enrichment for de novo mutations in cilia-related pathways. Combined with the mouse findings, this would suggest CHD may be a new class of ciliopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolai T Klena
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15201
| | - Brian C Gibbs
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15201
| | - Cecilia W Lo
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15201
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Walz G. Role of primary cilia in non-dividing and post-mitotic cells. Cell Tissue Res 2017; 369:11-25. [PMID: 28361305 PMCID: PMC5487853 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-017-2599-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Revised: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The essential role of primary (non-motile) cilia during the development of multi-cellular tissues and organs is well established and is underlined by severe disease manifestations caused by mutations in cilia-associated molecules that are collectively termed ciliopathies. However, the role of primary cilia in non-dividing and terminally differentiated, post-mitotic cells is less well understood. Although the prevention of cells from re-entering the cell cycle may represent a major chore, primary cilia have recently been linked to DNA damage responses, autophagy and mitochondria. Given this connectivity, primary cilia in non-dividing cells are well positioned to form a signaling hub outside of the nucleus. Such a center could integrate information to initiate responses and to maintain cellular homeostasis if cell survival is jeopardized. These more discrete functions may remain undetected until differentiated cells are confronted with emergencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerd Walz
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, University Freiburg Medical Center, Hugstetter Strasse 55, 79106, Freiburg, Germany.
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39
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Christensen ST, Morthorst SK, Mogensen JB, Pedersen LB. Primary Cilia and Coordination of Receptor Tyrosine Kinase (RTK) and Transforming Growth Factor β (TGF-β) Signaling. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2017; 9:cshperspect.a028167. [PMID: 27638178 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a028167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Since the beginning of the millennium, research in primary cilia has revolutionized our way of understanding how cells integrate and organize diverse signaling pathways during vertebrate development and in tissue homeostasis. Primary cilia are unique sensory organelles that detect changes in their extracellular environment and integrate and transmit signaling information to the cell to regulate various cellular, developmental, and physiological processes. Many different signaling pathways have now been shown to rely on primary cilia to function properly, and mutations that lead to ciliary dysfunction are at the root of a pleiotropic group of diseases and syndromic disorders called ciliopathies. In this review, we present an overview of primary cilia-mediated regulation of receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) and transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) signaling. Further, we discuss how defects in the coordination of these pathways may be linked to ciliopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Søren T Christensen
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen OE, Denmark
| | - Stine K Morthorst
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen OE, Denmark
| | - Johanne B Mogensen
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen OE, Denmark
| | - Lotte B Pedersen
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen OE, Denmark
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40
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Kane MS, Davids M, Bond MR, Adams CJ, Grout ME, Phelps IG, O'Day DR, Dempsey JC, Li X, Golas G, Vezina G, Gunay-Aygun M, Hanover JA, Doherty D, He M, Malicdan MCV, Gahl WA, Boerkoel CF. Abnormal glycosylation in Joubert syndrome type 10. Cilia 2017; 6:2. [PMID: 28344780 PMCID: PMC5364566 DOI: 10.1186/s13630-017-0048-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The discovery of disease pathogenesis requires systematic agnostic screening of multiple homeostatic processes that may become deregulated. We illustrate this principle in the evaluation and diagnosis of a 5-year-old boy with Joubert syndrome type 10 (JBTS10). He carried the OFD1 mutation p.Gln886Lysfs*2 (NM_003611.2: c.2656del) and manifested features of Joubert syndrome. METHODS We integrated exome sequencing, MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry analyses of plasma and cultured dermal fibroblasts glycomes, and full clinical evaluation of the proband. Analyses of cilia formation and lectin staining were performed by immunofluorescence. Measurement of cellular nucleotide sugar levels was performed with high-performance anion-exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection. Statistical analyses utilized the Student's and Fisher's exact t tests. RESULTS Glycome analyses of plasma and cultured dermal fibroblasts identified abnormal N- and O-linked glycosylation profiles. These findings replicated in two unrelated males with OFD1 mutations. Cultured fibroblasts from affected individuals had a defect in ciliogenesis. The proband's fibroblasts also had an abnormally elevated nuclear sialylation signature and increased total cellular levels of CMP-sialic acid. Ciliogenesis and each glycosylation anomaly were rescued by expression of wild-type OFD1. CONCLUSIONS The rescue of ciliogenesis and glycosylation upon reintroduction of WT OFD1 suggests that both contribute to the pathogenesis of JBTS10.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan S Kane
- NIH Undiagnosed Disease Program, Common Fund, Office of the Director, and National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD USA.,Inova Translational Medicine Institute, Inova Health System, Falls Church, VA USA
| | - Mariska Davids
- NIH Undiagnosed Disease Program, Common Fund, Office of the Director, and National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Michelle R Bond
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Christopher J Adams
- NIH Undiagnosed Disease Program, Common Fund, Office of the Director, and National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Megan E Grout
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA USA
| | - Ian G Phelps
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA USA
| | - Diana R O'Day
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA USA
| | | | - Xeuli Li
- The Michael J Palmieri Metabolic Laboratory, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Gretchen Golas
- NIH Undiagnosed Disease Program, Common Fund, Office of the Director, and National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD USA
| | | | - Meral Gunay-Aygun
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD USA.,Office of the Clinical Director, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD USA.,Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics and McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - John A Hanover
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Dan Doherty
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA USA
| | - Miao He
- The Michael J Palmieri Metabolic Laboratory, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - May Christine V Malicdan
- NIH Undiagnosed Disease Program, Common Fund, Office of the Director, and National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD USA
| | - William A Gahl
- NIH Undiagnosed Disease Program, Common Fund, Office of the Director, and National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Cornelius F Boerkoel
- NIH Undiagnosed Disease Program, Common Fund, Office of the Director, and National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD USA.,Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC Canada
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41
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Abstract
Primary cilia are small, antenna-like structures that detect mechanical and chemical cues and transduce extracellular signals. While mammalian primary cilia were first reported in the late 1800s, scientific interest in these sensory organelles has burgeoned since the beginning of the twenty-first century with recognition that primary cilia are essential to human health. Among the most common clinical manifestations of ciliary dysfunction are renal cysts. The molecular mechanisms underlying renal cystogenesis are complex, involving multiple aberrant cellular processes and signaling pathways, while initiating molecular events remain undefined. Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease is the most common renal cystic disease, caused by disruption of polycystin-1 and polycystin-2 transmembrane proteins, which evidence suggests must localize to primary cilia for proper function. To understand how the absence of these proteins in primary cilia may be remediated, we review intracellular trafficking of polycystins to the primary cilium. We also examine the controversial mechanisms by which primary cilia transduce flow-mediated mechanical stress into intracellular calcium. Further, to better understand ciliary function in the kidney, we highlight the LKB1/AMPK, Wnt, and Hedgehog developmental signaling pathways mediated by primary cilia and misregulated in renal cystic disease.
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42
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Gazea M, Tasouri E, Heigl T, Bosch V, Tucker KL, Blaess S. Definition of a critical spatiotemporal window within which primary cilia control midbrain dopaminergic neurogenesis. NEUROGENESIS 2016; 3:e1248206. [PMID: 28090543 DOI: 10.1080/23262133.2016.1248206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Revised: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 10/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Midbrain dopaminergic (mDA) neurons are generated in the ventral midbrain floor plate depending on Sonic Hedgehog (SHH) signaling for induction. Primary cilia transduce canonical SHH signals. Loss of intraflagellar transport protein IFT88, essential for ciliary function, disrupts SHH signaling in the ventral midbrain and results in the reduction in mDA progenitors and neurons. We investigate whether conditional inactivation of the kinesin motor protein KIF3A recapitulates phenotypes observed in conditional Ift88 mutants. Conditional Kif3a inactivation reduced the mDA progenitor domain size, but did not result in mDA neuron reduction, most likely because of a delayed loss of cilia and delayed inactivation of SHH signaling. We thereby define a precise spatiotemporal window within which primary cilia-dependent SHH signaling determines mDA fate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Gazea
- Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, University of Bonn , Bonn, Germany
| | - Evangelia Tasouri
- Interdisciplinary Center for Neurosciences, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Tobias Heigl
- Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, University of Bonn , Bonn, Germany
| | - Viktoria Bosch
- Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, University of Bonn , Bonn, Germany
| | - Kerry L Tucker
- Interdisciplinary Center for Neurosciences, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; University of New England, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Center for Excellence in the Neurosciences, Biddeford, ME, USA
| | - Sandra Blaess
- Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, University of Bonn , Bonn, Germany
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43
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Rab23 activities and human cancer—emerging connections and mechanisms. Tumour Biol 2016; 37:12959-12967. [DOI: 10.1007/s13277-016-5207-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
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44
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Gerhardt C, Leu T, Lier JM, Rüther U. The cilia-regulated proteasome and its role in the development of ciliopathies and cancer. Cilia 2016; 5:14. [PMID: 27293550 PMCID: PMC4901515 DOI: 10.1186/s13630-016-0035-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The primary cilium is an essential structure for the mediation of numerous signaling pathways involved in the coordination and regulation of cellular processes essential for the development and maintenance of health. Consequently, ciliary dysfunction results in severe human diseases called ciliopathies. Since many of the cilia-mediated signaling pathways are oncogenic pathways, cilia are linked to cancer. Recent studies demonstrate the existence of a cilia-regulated proteasome and that this proteasome is involved in cancer development via the progression of oncogenic, cilia-mediated signaling. This review article investigates the association between primary cilia and cancer with particular emphasis on the role of the cilia-regulated proteasome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Gerhardt
- Institute for Animal Developmental and Molecular Biology, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Tristan Leu
- Institute for Animal Developmental and Molecular Biology, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Johanna Maria Lier
- Institute for Animal Developmental and Molecular Biology, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Ulrich Rüther
- Institute for Animal Developmental and Molecular Biology, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
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45
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Jacobs DT, Silva LM, Allard BA, Schonfeld MP, Chatterjee A, Talbott GC, Beier DR, Tran PV. Dysfunction of intraflagellar transport-A causes hyperphagia-induced obesity and metabolic syndrome. Dis Model Mech 2016; 9:789-98. [PMID: 27482817 PMCID: PMC4958314 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.025791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary cilia extend from the plasma membrane of most vertebrate cells and mediate signaling pathways. Ciliary dysfunction underlies ciliopathies, which are genetic syndromes that manifest multiple clinical features, including renal cystic disease and obesity. THM1 (also termed TTC21B or IFT139) encodes a component of the intraflagellar transport-A complex and mutations in THM1 have been identified in 5% of individuals with ciliopathies. Consistent with this, deletion of murine Thm1 during late embryonic development results in cystic kidney disease. Here, we report that deletion of murine Thm1 during adulthood results in obesity, diabetes, hypertension and fatty liver disease, with gender differences in susceptibility to weight gain and metabolic dysfunction. Pair-feeding of Thm1 conditional knock-out mice relative to control littermates prevented the obesity and related disorders, indicating that hyperphagia caused the obese phenotype. Thm1 ablation resulted in increased localization of adenylyl cyclase III in primary cilia that were shortened, with bulbous distal tips on neurons of the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus, an integrative center for signals that regulate feeding and activity. In pre-obese Thm1 conditional knock-out mice, expression of anorexogenic pro-opiomelanocortin (Pomc) was decreased by 50% in the arcuate nucleus, which likely caused the hyperphagia. Fasting of Thm1 conditional knock-out mice did not alter Pomc nor orexogenic agouti-related neuropeptide (Agrp) expression, suggesting impaired sensing of changes in peripheral signals. Together, these data indicate that the Thm1-mutant ciliary defect diminishes sensitivity to feeding signals, which alters appetite regulation and leads to hyperphagia, obesity and metabolic disease. Summary: Disruption of the IFT-A complex gene, Thm1, in adult mice misregulates response to feeding signals, altering appetite regulation and resulting in obesity through hyperphagia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damon T Jacobs
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology and The Kidney Institute, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Luciane M Silva
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology and The Kidney Institute, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Bailey A Allard
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology and The Kidney Institute, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Michael P Schonfeld
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology and The Kidney Institute, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Anindita Chatterjee
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology and The Kidney Institute, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - George C Talbott
- Genetics Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - David R Beier
- Genetics Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA Center for Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
| | - Pamela V Tran
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology and The Kidney Institute, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA Genetics Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Madan B, Patel MB, Zhang J, Bunte RM, Rudemiller NP, Griffiths R, Virshup DM, Crowley SD. Experimental inhibition of porcupine-mediated Wnt O-acylation attenuates kidney fibrosis. Kidney Int 2016; 89:1062-1074. [PMID: 27083283 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2016.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Revised: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Activated Wnt signaling is critical in the pathogenesis of renal fibrosis, a final common pathway for most forms of chronic kidney disease. Therapeutic intervention by inhibition of individual Wnts or downstream Wnt/β-catenin signaling has been proposed, but these approaches do not interrupt the functions of all Wnts nor block non-canonical Wnt signaling pathways. Alternatively, an orally bioavailable small molecule, Wnt-C59, blocks the catalytic activity of the Wnt-acyl transferase porcupine, and thereby prevents secretion of all Wnt isoforms. We found that inhibiting porcupine dramatically attenuates kidney fibrosis in the murine unilateral ureteral obstruction model. Wnt-C59 treatment similarly blunts collagen mRNA expression in the obstructed kidney. Consistent with its actions to broadly arrest Wnt signaling, porcupine inhibition reduces expression of Wnt target genes and bolsters nuclear exclusion of β-catenin in the kidney following ureteral obstruction. Importantly, prevention of Wnt secretion by Wnt-C59 blunts expression of inflammatory cytokines in the obstructed kidney that otherwise provoke a positive feedback loop of Wnt expression in collagen-producing fibroblasts and epithelial cells. Thus, therapeutic targeting of porcupine abrogates kidney fibrosis not only by overcoming the redundancy of individual Wnt isoforms but also by preventing upstream cytokine-induced Wnt generation. These findings reveal a novel therapeutic maneuver to protect the kidney from fibrosis by interrupting a pathogenic crosstalk loop between locally generated inflammatory cytokines and the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Babita Madan
- Program in Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore.
| | - Mehul B Patel
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Duke University and Durham VA Medical Centers, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jiandong Zhang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Duke University and Durham VA Medical Centers, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Ralph M Bunte
- Program in Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore
| | - Nathan P Rudemiller
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Duke University and Durham VA Medical Centers, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Robert Griffiths
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Duke University and Durham VA Medical Centers, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - David M Virshup
- Program in Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore; Department of Biochemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Department of Pediatrics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Steven D Crowley
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Duke University and Durham VA Medical Centers, Durham, North Carolina, USA.
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47
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Windley SP, Wilhelm D. Signaling Pathways Involved in Mammalian Sex Determination and Gonad Development. Sex Dev 2016; 9:297-315. [PMID: 26905731 DOI: 10.1159/000444065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of any organ system requires a complex interplay of cellular signals to initiate the differentiation and development of the heterogeneous cell and tissue types required to carry out the organs' functions. In this way, an extracellular stimulus is transmitted to an intracellular target through an array of interacting protein intermediaries, ultimately enabling the target cell to elicit a response. Surprisingly, only a small number of signaling pathways are implicated throughout embryogenesis and are used over and over again. Gonadogenesis is a unique process in that 2 morphologically distinct organs, the testes and ovaries, arise from a common precursor, the bipotential genital ridge. Accordingly, most of the signaling pathways observed throughout embryogenesis also have been shown to be important for mammalian sex determination and gonad development. Here, we review the mechanisms of signal transduction within these pathways and the importance of these pathways throughout mammalian gonad development, mainly concentrating on data obtained in mouse but including other species where appropriate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon P Windley
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic., Australia
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48
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Gazea M, Tasouri E, Tolve M, Bosch V, Kabanova A, Gojak C, Kurtulmus B, Novikov O, Spatz J, Pereira G, Hübner W, Brodski C, Tucker KL, Blaess S. Primary cilia are critical for Sonic hedgehog-mediated dopaminergic neurogenesis in the embryonic midbrain. Dev Biol 2015; 409:55-71. [PMID: 26542012 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2015.10.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2015] [Revised: 10/21/2015] [Accepted: 10/30/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Midbrain dopaminergic (mDA) neurons modulate various motor and cognitive functions, and their dysfunction or degeneration has been implicated in several psychiatric diseases. Both Sonic Hedgehog (Shh) and Wnt signaling pathways have been shown to be essential for normal development of mDA neurons. Primary cilia are critical for the development of a number of structures in the brain by serving as a hub for essential developmental signaling cascades, but their role in the generation of mDA neurons has not been examined. We analyzed mutant mouse lines deficient in the intraflagellar transport protein IFT88, which is critical for primary cilia function. Conditional inactivation of Ift88 in the midbrain after E9.0 results in progressive loss of primary cilia, a decreased size of the mDA progenitor domain, and a reduction in mDA neurons. We identified Shh signaling as the primary cause of these defects, since conditional inactivation of the Shh signaling pathway after E9.0, through genetic ablation of Gli2 and Gli3 in the midbrain, results in a phenotype basically identical to the one seen in Ift88 conditional mutants. Moreover, the expansion of the mDA progenitor domain observed when Shh signaling is constitutively activated does not occur in absence of Ift88. In contrast, clusters of Shh-responding progenitors are maintained in the ventral midbrain of the hypomorphic Ift88 mouse mutant, cobblestone. Despite the residual Shh signaling, the integrity of the mDA progenitor domain is severely disturbed, and consequently very few mDA neurons are generated in cobblestone mutants. Our results identify for the first time a crucial role of primary cilia in the induction of mDA progenitors, define a narrow time window in which Shh-mediated signaling is dependent upon normal primary cilia function for this purpose, and suggest that later Wnt signaling-dependent events act independently of primary cilia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Gazea
- Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Evangelia Tasouri
- Interdisciplinary Center for Neurosciences, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marianna Tolve
- Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Viktoria Bosch
- Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Anna Kabanova
- Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Christian Gojak
- Department of Biophysical Chemistry, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Department of New Materials and Biosystems, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Bahtiyar Kurtulmus
- Molecular Biology of Centrosomes and Cilia, German Cancer Research Center, DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Orna Novikov
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Zlotowski Center for Neuroscience, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Joachim Spatz
- Department of Biophysical Chemistry, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Department of New Materials and Biosystems, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Gislene Pereira
- Molecular Biology of Centrosomes and Cilia, German Cancer Research Center, DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Hübner
- Molecular Biophotonics, University of Bielefeld, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Claude Brodski
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Zlotowski Center for Neuroscience, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Kerry L Tucker
- Interdisciplinary Center for Neurosciences, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; University of New England, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Center for Excellence in the Neurosciences, Biddeford, ME 04005, USA.
| | - Sandra Blaess
- University of New England, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Center for Excellence in the Neurosciences, Biddeford, ME 04005, USA.
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49
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Kowal TJ, Falk MM. Primary cilia found on HeLa and other cancer cells. Cell Biol Int 2015; 39:1341-7. [PMID: 26074404 PMCID: PMC4609269 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.10500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2015] [Accepted: 05/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
For many years now, researchers have known of a sensory appendage on the surface of most differentiated cell types called primary cilium. Primary cilia are both chemo- and mechano-sensory in function and have an obvious role in cell cycle control. Because of this, it has been thought that primary cilia are not found on rapidly proliferating cells, for example, cancer cells. Here we report using immunofluorescent staining for the ciliary protein Arl13b that primary cilia are frequently found on HeLa (human epithelial adenocarcinoma) and other cancer cell lines such as MG63 (human osteosarcoma) commonly used for cell culture studies and that the ciliated population is significantly higher (ave. 28.6% and 46.5%, respectively in starved and 15.7-18.6% in un-starved cells) than previously anticipated. Our finding impacts the current perception of primary cilia formed in highly proliferative cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Matthias M Falk
- Department of Biological Sciences, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, 18015, Pennsylvania
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50
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Balmer S, Dussert A, Collu GM, Benitez E, Iomini C, Mlodzik M. Components of Intraflagellar Transport Complex A Function Independently of the Cilium to Regulate Canonical Wnt Signaling in Drosophila. Dev Cell 2015; 34:705-18. [PMID: 26364750 PMCID: PMC4610147 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2015.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2014] [Revised: 06/17/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The development of multicellular organisms requires the precisely coordinated regulation of an evolutionarily conserved group of signaling pathways. Temporal and spatial control of these signaling cascades is achieved through networks of regulatory proteins, segregation of pathway components in specific subcellular compartments, or both. In vertebrates, dysregulation of primary cilia function has been strongly linked to developmental signaling defects, yet it remains unclear whether cilia sequester pathway components to regulate their activation or cilia-associated proteins directly modulate developmental signaling events. To elucidate this question, we conducted an RNAi-based screen in Drosophila non-ciliated cells to test for cilium-independent loss-of-function phenotypes of ciliary proteins in developmental signaling pathways. Our results show no effect on Hedgehog signaling. In contrast, our screen identified several cilia-associated proteins as functioning in canonical Wnt signaling. Further characterization of specific components of Intraflagellar Transport complex A uncovered a cilia-independent function in potentiating Wnt signals by promoting β-catenin/Armadillo activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Balmer
- Department of Developmental & Regenerative Biology and Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Aurore Dussert
- Department of Developmental & Regenerative Biology and Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Giovanna M Collu
- Department of Developmental & Regenerative Biology and Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Elvira Benitez
- Department of Developmental & Regenerative Biology and Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Carlo Iomini
- Department of Developmental & Regenerative Biology and Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Marek Mlodzik
- Department of Developmental & Regenerative Biology and Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA.
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