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Bioinformatics for Renal and Urinary Proteomics: Call for Aggrandization. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21030961. [PMID: 32024005 PMCID: PMC7038205 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21030961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The clinical sampling of urine is noninvasive and unrestricted, whereby huge volumes can be easily obtained. This makes urine a valuable resource for the diagnoses of diseases. Urinary and renal proteomics have resulted in considerable progress in kidney-based disease diagnosis through biomarker discovery and treatment. This review summarizes the bioinformatics tools available for this area of proteomics and the milestones reached using these tools in clinical research. The scant research publications and the even more limited bioinformatic tool options available for urinary and renal proteomics are highlighted in this review. The need for more attention and input from bioinformaticians is highlighted, so that progressive achievements and releases can be made. With just a handful of existing tools for renal and urinary proteomic research available, this review identifies a gap worth targeting by protein chemists and bioinformaticians. The probable causes for the lack of enthusiasm in this area are also speculated upon in this review. This is the first review that consolidates the bioinformatics applications specifically for renal and urinary proteomics.
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Aljaberi N, Bennett M, Brunner HI, Devarajan P. Proteomic profiling of urine: implications for lupus nephritis. Expert Rev Proteomics 2019; 16:303-313. [PMID: 30855196 DOI: 10.1080/14789450.2019.1592681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Lupus nephritis (LN) is a common and significant manifestation, affecting 60% of adults and 80% of children with systemic lupus erythematosus, with up to 30% of patients progressing to end stage renal disease. There remains an unmet need for non-invasive markers of disease activity, damage, and response to therapy. In addition, non-invasive biomarkers that predict therapeutic efficacy are needed to enable cost-effective clinical trials of novel agents. Areas covered: This review examines the methodological aspects of urinary proteomics, the role of proteome profiling in identifying promising urinary biomarkers in LN, and the translation of research findings into clinically useful tools in the management of LN. Expert opinion: Targeted and unbiased proteomics have identified several promising urinary biomarkers that predict LN activity, damage (chronicity), and response to therapy. In particular, a combination of biologically plausible urinary biomarkers termed as RAIL (Renal Activity Index for Lupus) has emerged as an excellent predictor of LN activity as well as response to therapy, being able to predict efficacy within 3 months of therapy. If validated in additional large prospective studies, the RAIL biomarkers will transform the care of patients with LN, allowing for a personalized and predictive approach and improved outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Najla Aljaberi
- a Divisions of Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics , University of Cincinnati College of Medicine , Cincinnati , OH , USA
| | - Michael Bennett
- b Division of Nephrology & Hypertension, Department of Pediatrics , University of Cincinnati College of Medicine , Cincinnati , OH , USA
| | - Hermine I Brunner
- a Divisions of Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics , University of Cincinnati College of Medicine , Cincinnati , OH , USA
| | - Prasad Devarajan
- b Division of Nephrology & Hypertension, Department of Pediatrics , University of Cincinnati College of Medicine , Cincinnati , OH , USA
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Human Urine Proteomics: Analytical Techniques and Clinical Applications in Renal Diseases. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PROTEOMICS 2015; 2015:782798. [PMID: 26693351 PMCID: PMC4677025 DOI: 10.1155/2015/782798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Urine has been in the center of attention among scientists of clinical proteomics in the past decade, because it is valuable source of proteins and peptides with a relative stable composition and easy to collect in large and repeated quantities with a noninvasive procedure. In this review, we discuss technical aspects of urinary proteomics in detail, including sample preparation, proteomic technologies, and their advantage and disadvantages. Several recent experiments are presented which applied urinary proteome for biomarker discovery in renal diseases including diabetic nephropathy, immunoglobulin A (IgA) nephropathy, focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, lupus nephritis, membranous nephropathy, and acute kidney injury. In addition, several available databases in urinary proteomics are also briefly introduced.
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Gopal J, Muthu M, Chun SC, Wu HF. State-of-the-art nanoplatform-integrated MALDI-MS impacting resolutions in urinary proteomics. Proteomics Clin Appl 2015; 9:469-81. [PMID: 25736343 DOI: 10.1002/prca.201400182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Revised: 12/26/2014] [Accepted: 02/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Urine proteomics has become a subject of interest, since it has led to a number of breakthroughs in disease diagnostics. Urine contains information not only from the kidney and the urinary tract but also from other organs, thus urinary proteome analysis allows for identification of biomarkers for both urogenital and systemic diseases. The following review gives a brief overview of the analytical techniques that have been in practice for urinary proteomics. MALDI-MS technique and its current application status in this area of clinical research have been discussed. The review comments on the challenges facing the conventional MALDI-MS technique and the upgradation of this technique with the introduction of nanotechnology. This review projects nano-based techniques such as nano-MALDI-MS, surface-assisted laser desorption/ionization, and nanostructure-initiator MS as the platforms that have the potential in trafficking MALDI-MS from the lab to the bedside.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judy Gopal
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Manikandan Muthu
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Se-Chul Chun
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hui-Fen Wu
- Department of Chemistry, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Institute of Medical Science and Technology, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Doctoral Degree Program in Marine Biotechnology, National Sun Yat-Sen University and Academia Sinica, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Center for Nanosciences and Nanotechnology, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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Peres GB, Juliano MA, Simões MJ, Michelacci YM. Lysosomal enzymes are decreased in the kidney of diabetic rats. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2013; 1832:85-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2012.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2012] [Revised: 09/03/2012] [Accepted: 09/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Haraldsson B, Nyström J, Deen WM. Properties of the Glomerular Barrier and Mechanisms of Proteinuria. Physiol Rev 2008; 88:451-87. [DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00055.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 611] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
This review focuses on the intricate properties of the glomerular barrier. Other reviews have focused on podocyte biology, mesangial cells, and the glomerular basement membrane (GBM). However, since all components of the glomerular membrane are important for its function, proteinuria will occur regardless of which layer is affected by disease. We review the properties of endothelial cells and their surface layer, the GBM, and podocytes, discuss various methods of studying glomerular permeability, and analyze data concerning the restriction of solutes by size, charge, and shape. We also review the physical principles of transport across biological or artificial membranes and various theoretical models used to predict the fluxes of solutes and water. The glomerular barrier is highly size and charge selective, in qualitative agreement with the classical studies performed 30 years ago. The small amounts of albumin filtered will be reabsorbed by the megalin-cubulin complex and degraded by the proximal tubular cells. At present, there is no unequivocal evidence for reuptake of intact albumin from urine. The cellular components are the key players in restricting solute transport, while the GBM is responsible for most of the resistance to water flow across the glomerular barrier.
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Adachi J, Kumar C, Zhang Y, Olsen JV, Mann M. The human urinary proteome contains more than 1500 proteins, including a large proportion of membrane proteins. Genome Biol 2007; 7:R80. [PMID: 16948836 PMCID: PMC1794545 DOI: 10.1186/gb-2006-7-9-r80] [Citation(s) in RCA: 496] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2006] [Accepted: 09/01/2006] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
A high confidence set of proteins in urine from healthy donors is described as a reference urinary proteome. Background Urine is a desirable material for the diagnosis and classification of diseases because of the convenience of its collection in large amounts; however, all of the urinary proteome catalogs currently being generated have limitations in their depth and confidence of identification. Our laboratory has developed methods for the in-depth characterization of body fluids; these involve a linear ion trap-Fourier transform (LTQ-FT) and a linear ion trap-orbitrap (LTQ-Orbitrap) mass spectrometer. Here we applied these methods to the analysis of the human urinary proteome. Results We employed one-dimensional sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and reverse phase high-performance liquid chromatography for protein separation and fractionation. Fractionated proteins were digested in-gel or in-solution, and digests were analyzed with the LTQ-FT and LTQ-Orbitrap at parts per million accuracy and with two consecutive stages of mass spectrometric fragmentation. We identified 1543 proteins in urine obtained from ten healthy donors, while essentially eliminating false-positive identifications. Surprisingly, nearly half of the annotated proteins were membrane proteins according to Gene Ontology (GO) analysis. Furthermore, extracellular, lysosomal, and plasma membrane proteins were enriched in the urine compared with all GO entries. Plasma membrane proteins are probably present in urine by secretion in exosomes. Conclusion Our analysis provides a high-confidence set of proteins present in human urinary proteome and provides a useful reference for comparing datasets obtained using different methodologies. The urinary proteome is unexpectedly complex and may prove useful in biomarker discovery in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Adachi
- Department of Proteomics and Signal Transduction, Max-Planck Institute for Biochemistry, Am Klopferspitz, D-82152 Martinsried, Germany
- Center for Experimental Bioinformatics, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark
- Current address: Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Honmachi Sakyo-Ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Chanchal Kumar
- Department of Proteomics and Signal Transduction, Max-Planck Institute for Biochemistry, Am Klopferspitz, D-82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Yanling Zhang
- Department of Proteomics and Signal Transduction, Max-Planck Institute for Biochemistry, Am Klopferspitz, D-82152 Martinsried, Germany
- Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101300, China
| | - Jesper V Olsen
- Department of Proteomics and Signal Transduction, Max-Planck Institute for Biochemistry, Am Klopferspitz, D-82152 Martinsried, Germany
- Center for Experimental Bioinformatics, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Matthias Mann
- Department of Proteomics and Signal Transduction, Max-Planck Institute for Biochemistry, Am Klopferspitz, D-82152 Martinsried, Germany
- Center for Experimental Bioinformatics, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark
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Kamimura M, Orth SR. Altered tubular albumin degradation in the pathogenesis of albuminuria: additional experimental evidence challenging the paradigm of glomerular capillary leakage. J Hypertens 2003; 21:269-71. [PMID: 12569255 DOI: 10.1097/00004872-200302000-00016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Sekler I, Moran A, Hershfinkel M, Dori A, Margulis A, Birenzweig N, Nitzan Y, Silverman WF. Distribution of the zinc transporter ZnT-1 in comparison with chelatable zinc in the mouse brain. J Comp Neurol 2002; 447:201-9. [PMID: 11984815 DOI: 10.1002/cne.10224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Zinc maintains a diverse array of functions in the mammalian central nervous system as a key component of numerous enzymes, via its role in the activation of transcription factors, and as a neuroregulator, modulating neuronal receptors such as N-methyl-D-aspartate and gamma-aminobutyric acid. Zinc has a dark side, however, with massive influx of Zn(2+) to neurons considered to be a key factor in neuronal death secondary to ischemia and seizure. Several different putative zinc transporters, ZnT-1-4, have recently been identified and characterized. Among them, ZnT-1 has been suggested to play a key role in reducing cellular Zn(2+) toxicity. In the present study, we describe the regional and cellular distribution of ZnT-1 in the adult mouse brain using an antibody raised against the C-terminal domain of mouse ZnT-1. The distribution of ZnT-1 was compared to that of chelatable Zn(2+), visualized by means of neoTimm histochemistry or N-(6-methoxy-8-quinolyl)-p-toluene-sulfonamide (TSQ) histofluorescence. Extracts from various brain regions specifically stained a 60-kDa peptide corresponding to the expected molecular weight of ZnT-1. The expression of ZnT-1 was highest in the cerebral cortex and cerebellum, moderate in the hippocampus, hypothalamus, and olfactory bulb, and lowest in the striatum and septum. In brain sections, ZnT-1-immunoreactive neurons, in particular principle neurons, in the somatosensory cortex, hippocampus, and olfactory bulb, were closely related to synaptic Zn(2+). Robust ZnT-1 immunoreactivity was also observed in cerebellar Purkinje cells. Although the function of the protein in these cells is unclear, in the forebrain, ZnT-1 is strikingly present in cells and regions where significant Zn(2+) homeostasis is required. This finding suggests a protective role for neuronal ZnT-1 in the context of both normal and pathophysiological activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Israel Sekler
- Department of Physiology, Zlotowski Center for Neuroscience, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, 84 105 Israel
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Haraldson B. Are fractional clearances overestimated? Kidney Int 1999; 56:2309-10. [PMID: 10644204 DOI: 10.1046/j.1523-1755.1999.00801.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Jenq W, Cooper DR, Bittle P, Ramirez G. Aquaporin-1 expression in proximal tubule epithelial cells of human kidney is regulated by hyperosmolarity and contrast agents. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1999; 256:240-8. [PMID: 10066454 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.1999.0306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Primary cells of renal proximal tubule epithelium (S1 segment) of human kidney (HRPTE cells) up-regulate aquaporin-1 (AQP-1) expression in response to hyperosmolarity. NaCl and D(+)-raffinose increased (2-2.5 fold) AQP-1 expression when medium osmolarity was 400 and 500 mOsm/kg.H2O. Urea did not have this effect. Unlike our previous findings with mIMCD-3 cells, vasopressin (10(-8)M) did not affect AQP-1 expression in HRPTE cells in isosmolar or NaCl-enriched hyperosmolar conditions. Furthermore, HRPTE cells increased (3-4 fold) AQP-1 expression when exposed to hyperosmolar Reno-60 and Hypaque-76 (diatrizoates, ionic) contrast agents at 400 and 500 mOsm/kg.H2O. Isosmolar (290 mOsm/kg H2O) Visipaque (iodixanol, non-ionic) at 10% (v/v) concentrations also increased AQP-1 expression, and 25% v/v of Visipaque rendered morphological alterations of HRPTE cells and a 3-fold increase in AQP-1 expression after 24h exposure. Finally, semi-quantitative RT-PCR of HRPTE cells subjected to various isosmolar or hyperosmolar conditions demonstrated up-regulation of AQP-1 mRNA and protein levels. Our results suggest AQP-1 up-regulation in HRPTE cells exposed to environmental stresses such as hyperosmolarity and high doses of isosmolar contrast agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Jenq
- James A. Haley VA Medical Center, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, 33612, USA.
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Jenq W, Mathieson IM, Ihara W, Ramirez G. Aquaporin-1: an osmoinducible water channel in cultured mIMCD-3 cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1998; 245:804-9. [PMID: 9588195 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.1998.8518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The expressions of aquaporin-1 (AQP-1) in cultured mIMCD-3 cells were studied. There was no detectable AQP-1 in cells grown in serum-containing growth medium (SM, 297 +/- 2 mOsm/kg. H2O). When SM was supplemented with NaCl (406 +/- 2 mOsm/kg. H2O), cellular AQP-1 was induced. A further increase in medium osmolarity with NaCl (493 +/- 3 mOsm/kg. H2O) had conferred cells an 2.5 to 3-fold increase of AQP-1 expression over those grown in the 406 +/- 2 mOsm/kg. H2O medium. Moreover, AQP-1 was found to be translocated from cytosol to membrane. In addition, exposing the mIMCD-3 cells to vasopressin (AVP, 10(-8) M) and/or NaCl-supplemented serum-free media (496 +/- 3 mOsm/kg. H2O) for 6h did not render them to produce AQP-1. However, AQP-1 was induced after 24h of incubation, with an 1.5-fold additive effect by AVP. Our RT-PCR data had confirmed the NaCl inducibility and AVP synergism in AQP-1 expression at both mRNA and protein levels. This suggests a new role for cellular AQP-1 and AVP in overcoming osmotic stress in an in vitro system.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Jenq
- Department of Internal Medicine, James A. Haley V. A. Medical Center, Tampa, Florida 33612, USA.
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