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Krammer F. The role of vaccines in the COVID-19 pandemic: what have we learned? Semin Immunopathol 2024; 45:451-468. [PMID: 37436465 PMCID: PMC11136744 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-023-00996-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) emerged late in 2019 and caused the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic that has so far claimed approximately 20 million lives. Vaccines were developed quickly, became available in the end of 2020, and had a tremendous impact on protection from SARS-CoV-2 mortality but with emerging variants the impact on morbidity was diminished. Here I review what we learned from COVID-19 from a vaccinologist's perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Krammer
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
- Center for Vaccine Research and Pandemic Preparedness (C-VaRPP), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Pathology, Molecular and Cell Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
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2
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Shirafkan H, Sadeghi F, Halaji M, Rahmani R, Yahyapour Y. Demographics, clinical characteristics, and outcomes in hospitalized patients during six waves of COVID‑19 in Northern Iran: a large cohort study. Sci Rep 2023; 13:22527. [PMID: 38110656 PMCID: PMC10728067 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-50139-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the first report of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Iran, our country has experienced several waves of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. Northern Iran was one of the most affected regions of the country by COVID-19. In the current study, the demographic and clinical characteristics and outcomes of hospitalized patients were determined over a 2-year period (during six waves of SARS-CoV-2). This is a large cohort study investigating hospitalized patients with suspected and probable, and confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection in Babol district, northern Iran, during the two years of COVID-19. The study population included patients admitted to four hospitals affiliated with Babol University of Medical Sciences between March 7, 2020 (start of the first wave) and March 20, 2022 (end of the sixth wave). Epidemiological and demographic characteristics, real-time PCR, cycle thresholds, clinical data and outcomes of COVID-19 were analyzed in 24,287 hospitalized patients. A total of 24,287 hospitalized patients were included in the study: 13,250 (46.6%) patients were suspected of having COVID-19, 11037(45.4%) were confirmed COVID-19 cases. The mean age of confirmed COVID-19 patients was 54.5 ± 18.9 years and 5961 (54%) were female. The median length of hospitalization for COVID-19 survivors and non-survivors was 5 (interquartile range [IQR] 4-8) and 7 (IQR 3-15) days, respectively. Of the patients with confirmed COVID-19, 714 (6.5%) died during hospitalization. In addition, the mortality rate from the first to the sixth wave was 22.9%, 8.1%, 9.9%, 6.8%, 2.7% and 3.5% in confirmed COVID-19 patients. The patients in the fifth wave were significantly younger than the others (mean age and SD of 51.1 ± 17.4 versus 59.2 ± 16.9, 54.7 ± 19.9, 58.4 ± 17.9, 53.5 ± 16.8 and 58.5 ± 25.1 years; p<0.001). The highest in-hospital mortality rate was 22.9% (126/551) in the first wave and the lowest in the fifth wave was 2.7% (96/3573) of cases. In conclusion, in the present study, the in-hospital mortality rate was 6.5% and more than half of the deceased patients were ≥65 years old. Male gender, advanced age and comorbidities significantly increased the mortality rate. The patients in the fifth wave were significantly younger than those in the other waves, and the lowest mortality rate and intensive care unit admission were also observed in the fifth wave.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoda Shirafkan
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Science, Babol, Iran
| | - Farzin Sadeghi
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
- Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Mehrdad Halaji
- Biomedical and Microbial Advanced Technologies Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Medicine, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Rabeae Rahmani
- Cellular and Molecular Biology, Education of Amol Teacher, Amol, Iran
| | - Yousef Yahyapour
- Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran.
- Biomedical and Microbial Advanced Technologies Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran.
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3
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Ahmadi AS, Shafiei-Jandaghi NZ, Sadeghi K, Nejati A, Zadheidar S, Mokhtari-Azad T, Yavarian J. Comparison of Circulating Variants during the Beginning, Middle and the End of the 4th Wave of COVID-19 in Tehran Province, Iran in 2021. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 52:2621-2629. [PMID: 38435775 PMCID: PMC10903313 DOI: 10.18502/ijph.v52i12.14323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Background Whole viral genome sequencing with next generation sequencing (NGS) technique is useful tool for determining the diversity of variants and mutations of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). In this study we have attempted to characterize the mutations and circulating variants of the SARSCoV-2 genome during the 4th wave of COVID-19 pandemic in Tehran, Iran in 2021. Methods We performed complete genome sequencing of 15 SARS-CoV-2 detected from 15 COVID-19 patients during the 4th wave of COVID-19 pandemic with NGS. Three groups of the patients at the beginning, middle and the end of the 4th wave were compared together. Results We detected alpha and delta variants during the 4th wave of the pandemic. The results illustrated a dominance of amino acid substitution D614G in spike, and the most frequent mutants were N-R203K, G204R, S235F, nsp12-P323L, nsp6-G106del, G107del and F108del. Conclusion The detection of the virus mutations is a useful procedure for identifying the virus behavior and its genetic evolution in order to improve the efficacy of the monitoring strategies and therapeutic measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akram Sadat Ahmadi
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Kaveh Sadeghi
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ahmad Nejati
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sevrin Zadheidar
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Talat Mokhtari-Azad
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Jila Yavarian
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Research Center for Antibiotic Stewardship and Antimicrobial Resistance, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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4
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Ahmadi AS, Shafiei‐Jandaghi NZ, Sadeghi K, Salimi V, Nejati A, Azad TM, Yavarian J. SARS-CoV-2 in patient with protein C deficiency: A case report. Clin Case Rep 2023; 11:e8030. [PMID: 37850062 PMCID: PMC10577157 DOI: 10.1002/ccr3.8030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023] Open
Abstract
In SARS-CoV-2 pandemic different disorders in coagulation pathways in COVID-19 patients were reported. We described a 44-year-old female with COVID-19 and protein C deficiency history. She did not show any coagulation disorder during her disease course. Complete genome sequencing of SARS-CoV-2 was performed and some mutations identified and compared with Wuhan strain. Besides hospitalized patients, in COVID-19 outpatients with low concentration of protein C, early prescription of an anticoagulant such as heparin could be helpful in prevention of venous thromboembolism or pulmonary embolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akram Sadat Ahmadi
- Department of Virology, School of Public HealthTehran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | | | - Kaveh Sadeghi
- Department of Virology, School of Public HealthTehran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Vahid Salimi
- Department of Virology, School of Public HealthTehran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Ahmad Nejati
- Department of Virology, School of Public HealthTehran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Talat Mokhtari Azad
- Department of Virology, School of Public HealthTehran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Jila Yavarian
- Department of Virology, School of Public HealthTehran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
- Research Center for Antibiotic Stewardship and Antimicrobial ResistanceTehran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
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heydarifard Z, Shafiei‐Jandaghi N, Safaei M, Tavakoli F, Shatizadeh Malekshahi S. Comparison of clinical outcomes, demographic, and laboratory characteristics of hospitalized COVID-19 patients during major three waves driven by Alpha, Delta, and Omicron variants in Tehran, Iran. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2023; 17:e13184. [PMID: 37565071 PMCID: PMC10410233 DOI: 10.1111/irv.13184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction This study is the first study in which demographic, laboratory data, and outcomes of coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) patients due to the circulating SARS-CoV-2 infections caused by different variants (Alpha, Delta, and Omicron) are compared in Iran. Methods We conducted a retrospective study of confirmed hospitalized COVID-19 cases from April 9, 2021, to May 22, 2022. Demographic data and laboratory findings were extracted from patients' electronic medical records on the first day of admission to the hospital. All patients were followed up for outcomes related to COVID-19 including intensive care unit (ICU) admission and mortality rate. Results Of 760 confirmed hospitalized COVID-19 cases, 362, 298, and 100 represented patients during waves 4-6, respectively. During the Omicron wave, hospitalized patients were older than the other two waves and had a lower median level of C-reactive protein (CRP), alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST), and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR). The median length of hospital stay during waves 4-6 was 5 days (interquartile range [IQR]: 4.0-8.0), 7 days (IQR: 6.0-11), and 6 days (IQR: 5.0-9.0), respectively (p < 0.001). The rate of ICU admission during waves 4-6 significantly increased. Conclusions Although the Omicron variant caused less severe disease, in older patients who were hospitalized due to Omicron infection, longer hospital and ICU stays were reported, which could be attributed to their old age. In particular, elderly patients are more vulnerable to severe COVID-19; otherwise, as expected, other laboratory parameters and clinical outcomes were in accordance with differences in pathogenicity and infectivity of these variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra heydarifard
- Hepatitis Research Center, Department of Virology, Faculty of MedicineLorestan University of Medical SciencesKhorramabadIran
| | | | - Moslem Safaei
- Department of Pharmacy, School of PharmacyShahid Sadoughi University of Medical ScienceYazdIran
| | - Forough Tavakoli
- Department of Bacteriology and Virology, School of MedicineIsfahan University of Medical SciencesIsfahanIran
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Sadeghi K, Zadheidar S, Zebardast A, Nejati A, Faraji M, Ghavami N, Kalantari S, Salimi V, Yavarian J, Abedi A, Jandaghi NZS, Mokhtari‐Azad T. Genomic surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 strains circulating in Iran during six waves of the pandemic. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2023; 17:e13135. [PMID: 37078070 PMCID: PMC10106497 DOI: 10.1111/irv.13135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 03/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background SARS-CoV-2 genomic surveillance is necessary for the detection, monitoring, and evaluation of virus variants, which can have increased transmissibility, disease severity, or other adverse effects. We sequenced 330 SARS-CoV-2 genomes during the sixth wave of the COVID pandemic in Iran and compared them with five previous waves, for identifying SARS-CoV-2 variants, the genomic behavior of the virus, and understanding its characteristics. Methods After viral RNA extraction from clinical samples collected during the COVID-19 pandemic, next generation sequencing was performed using the Nextseq and Nanopore platforms. The sequencing data were analyzed and compared with reference sequences. Results In Iran during the first wave, V and L clades were detected. The second wave was recognized by G, GH, and GR clades. Circulating clades during the third wave were GH and GR. In the fourth wave, GRY (alpha variant), GK (delta variant), and one GH clade (beta variant) were detected. All viruses in the fifth wave were in GK clade (delta variant). In the sixth wave, Omicron variant (GRA clade) was circulating. Conclusions Genome sequencing, a key strategy in genomic surveillance systems, helps to detect and monitor the prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 variants, monitor the viral evolution of SARS-CoV-2, identify new variants for disease prevention, control, and treatment, and also provide information for and conduct public health measures in this area. With this system, Iran could be ready for surveillance of other respiratory virus diseases besides influenza and SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaveh Sadeghi
- Virology Department, School of Public HealthTehran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Sevrin Zadheidar
- Virology Department, School of Public HealthTehran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Arghavan Zebardast
- Virology Department, School of Public HealthTehran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Ahmad Nejati
- Virology Department, School of Public HealthTehran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Marziyeh Faraji
- Virology Department, School of Public HealthTehran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Nastaran Ghavami
- Virology Department, School of Public HealthTehran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Shirin Kalantari
- Virology Department, School of Public HealthTehran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Vahid Salimi
- Virology Department, School of Public HealthTehran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Jila Yavarian
- Virology Department, School of Public HealthTehran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
- Research Center for Antibiotic Stewardship & Antimicrobial ResistanceTehran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Adel Abedi
- Mathematics DepartmentShahid Beheshti UniversityTehranIran
| | | | - Talat Mokhtari‐Azad
- Virology Department, School of Public HealthTehran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
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7
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Karami H, Sadeghi K, Zadheidar S, Saadatmand F, Mirsalehi N, Ardestani NH, Kalantari S, Farahmand M, Yavarian J, Mokhtari‐Azad T. Surveillance of endemic coronaviruses during the COVID‐19 pandemic in Iran, 2021–2022. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2023; 17:e13128. [PMID: 36970571 PMCID: PMC10037967 DOI: 10.1111/irv.13128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Human coronaviruses (HCoVs) 229E, OC43, HKU1, and NL63 are common viruses that continuously circulate in the human population. Previous studies showed the circulation of HCoVs during the cold months in Iran. We studied the circulation of HCoVs during coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) pandemic to find the impact of pandemic on the circulation of these viruses. Methods As a cross‐sectional survey conducted during 2021 to 2022, of all throat swabs sent to Iran National Influenza Center from patients with severe acute respiratory infection, 590 samples were selected to test for HCoVs using one‐step real‐time RT‐PCR. Results Overall, 28 out of 590 (4.7%) tested samples were found to be positive for at least one HCoVs. HCoV‐OC43 was the most common (14/590 or 2.4%), followed by HCoV‐HKU1 (12/590 or 2%) and HCoV‐229E (4/590 or 0.6%), while HCoV‐NL63 was not detected. HCoVs were detected in patients of all ages and throughout the study period with peaks in the cold months of the year. Conclusions Our multicenter survey provides insight into the low circulation of HCoVs during the COVID‐19 pandemic in Iran in 2021/2022. Hygiene habits and social distancing measures might have important role in decreasing of HCoVs transmission. We believe that surveillance studies are needed to track the pattern of HCoVs distributions and detect changes in the epidemiology of such viruses to set out strategies in order to timely control the future outbreaks of HCoVs throughout the nation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Karami
- Department of Virology, School of Public HealthTehran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Kaveh Sadeghi
- Department of Virology, School of Public HealthTehran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Sevrin Zadheidar
- Department of Virology, School of Public HealthTehran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Fatemeh Saadatmand
- Department of Virology, School of Public HealthTehran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Negar Mirsalehi
- Department of Virology, School of Public HealthTehran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Nima Hoveidi Ardestani
- Department of Virology, School of Public HealthTehran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Shirin Kalantari
- Department of Virology, School of Public HealthTehran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Mohammad Farahmand
- Department of Virology, School of Public HealthTehran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Jila Yavarian
- Department of Virology, School of Public HealthTehran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
- Research Center for Antibiotic Stewardship & Antimicrobial ResistanceTehran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Talat Mokhtari‐Azad
- Department of Virology, School of Public HealthTehran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
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Reskati MH, Shafizad M, Aarabi M, Hedayatizadeh-Omran A, Khosravi S, Elyasi F. Mental health status and psychosocial issues during Nationwide COVID-19 quarantine in Iran in 2020: A cross-sectional study in Mazandaran Province. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2023; 42:2471-2487. [PMID: 34253946 PMCID: PMC8263010 DOI: 10.1007/s12144-021-02011-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is spreading rapidly, and its psychosocial impact remains a big challenge. In this respect, quarantine has been recommended, as a significant practice, to prevent the given condition. Therefore, the present study was to determine the prevalence rates of depression, anxiety, and stress and to reflect on the impact of COVID-19, as a traumatic stressor event, on individuals. This web-based survey was fulfilled via an online questionnaire, completed by respondents selected through the cluster sampling technique, from March 24 to April 10, 2020, living in Mazandaran Province, Northern Iran. Accordingly, the data regarding demographic characteristics, physical health status, quarantine compliance, contact with COVID-19, and additional information were collected. The psychosocial impact of the pandemic was then assessed by the Impact of Event Scale-Revised (IES-R), and the respondents' mental health status was evaluated using the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale-21 (DASS-21). Data analysis was further performed by linear regression. The study findings, from 1075 respondents, revealed that 22.5% of the cases had moderate-to-severe depression, 38.5% of the individuals were suffering from moderate-to-severe anxiety, and 47.2% of the participants were experiencing moderate-to-severe stress. In 14.5% of the respondents, the psychosocial impact of COVID-19 also varied from the possibility of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) to immunosuppression (p < 0.01). With the high prevalence rates of depression, anxiety, and stress, mental health professionals are suggested to develop psychosocial interventions and support plans for the general population to reduce the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on public mental health status.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Misagh Shafizad
- Orthopedic Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Science, Sari, Iran
| | - Mohsen Aarabi
- Department of Family Medicine, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | | | - Sahar Khosravi
- Hematology and Medical Oncology Fellowship, Hematology, HSCT and Cancer Shariatic Hospital Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Forouzan Elyasi
- Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Research Center, Sexual and Reproductive Health Research Center, Addiction Institute, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
- Consultation-Liaison Psychiatry Ward, Imam Khomeini General Hospital, Razi Ave., Sari, Mazandaran, IR 48157-33971 Iran
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
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9
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Senga M, Kouhestani M, Hosseini Boroujeni SM, Ghaderi E, Parchami P, Hussain SJ. Risk communication and community engagement as an emerging pillar of health emergency management in Iran: Achievements and the way forward. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1097932. [PMID: 36875388 PMCID: PMC9975547 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1097932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
This article is part of the Research Topic Health Systems Recovery in the Context of COVID-19 and Protracted Conflict. Risk communication and community engagement (RCCE) is an essential component of emergency preparedness and response. In Iran, RCCE is a relatively new area of public health. During the COVID-19 pandemic in Iran, the national task force relied on conventional methods, which is to utilize existing primary health care (PHC) structure to implement RCCE activities around the country. The PHC network and the community health volunteers embedded in it enabled the country to bridge the health system and communities from the very beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic. The RCCE strategy to respond to COVID-19 was adapted over time with the development of a national program, commonly known as the "Shahid Qassem Soleimani" project. This project consisted of six steps including case detection, laboratory testing through the establishment of sampling centers, scale up of clinical care to vulnerable groups, contact tracing, home care for vulnerable population, and COVID-19 vaccination roll out. Nearly 3 years into the pandemic, the importance of designing RCCE for all types of emergencies, allocating a dedicated team to RCCE, coordinating with different stakeholders, improving the capacity of RCCE focal points, practicing more efficient social listening, and using social insight for better planning were identified as some lessons learned. Further, Iran's RCCE experience during the COVID-19 pandemic underscores the importance of continuing to invest in the health system, particularly PHC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikiko Senga
- WHO Health Emergencies Programme, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.,WHO Health Emergencies Programme, World Health Organization, Tehran, Iran
| | - Marzieh Kouhestani
- WHO Health Emergencies Programme, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.,WHO Health Emergencies Programme, World Health Organization, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Communication Science, Faculty of Communication Science, Allameh Tabatabai University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sayed Mohsen Hosseini Boroujeni
- WHO Health Emergencies Programme, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.,WHO Health Emergencies Programme, World Health Organization, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ebrahim Ghaderi
- Health Policy Research Center, Institute of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Fars, Iran.,Center for Communicable Diseases Control, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran
| | - Peyman Parchami
- Center for Communicable Diseases Control, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran
| | - Syed Jaffar Hussain
- WHO Health Emergencies Programme, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.,WHO Health Emergencies Programme, World Health Organization, Tehran, Iran
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Asghar A, Imran HM, Bano N, Maalik S, Mushtaq S, Hussain A, Varjani S, Aleya L, Iqbal HMN, Bilal M. SARS-COV-2/COVID-19: scenario, epidemiology, adaptive mutations, and environmental factors. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:69117-69136. [PMID: 35947257 PMCID: PMC9363873 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-22333-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The coronavirus pandemic of 2019 has already exerted an enormous impact. For over a year, the worldwide pandemic has ravaged the whole globe, with approximately 250 million verified human infection cases and a mortality rate surpassing 4 million. While the genetic makeup of the related pathogen (SARS-CoV-2) was identified, many unknown facets remain a mystery, comprising the virus's origin and evolutionary trend. There were many rumors that SARS-CoV-2 was human-borne and its evolution was predicted many years ago, but scientific investigation proved them wrong and concluded that bats might be the origin of SARS-CoV-2 and pangolins act as intermediary species to transmit the virus from bats to humans. Airborne droplets were found to be the leading cause of human-to-human transmission of this virus, but later studies showed that contaminated surfaces and other environmental factors are also involved in its transmission. The evolution of different SARS-CoV-2 variants worsens the condition and has become a challenge to overcome this pandemic. The emergence of COVID-19 is still a mystery, and scientists are unable to explain the exact origin of SARS-CoV-2. This review sheds light on the possible origin of SARS-CoV-2, its transmission, and the key factors that worsen the situation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asma Asghar
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan
| | - Hafiz Muhammad Imran
- Department of Biochemistry, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan
| | - Naheed Bano
- Department of Fisheries & Aquaculture, MNS-University of Agriculture, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Sadia Maalik
- Department of Zoology, Government College Women University, Sialkot, Pakistan
| | - Sajida Mushtaq
- Department of Zoology, Government College Women University, Sialkot, Pakistan
| | - Asim Hussain
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan
| | - Sunita Varjani
- Gujarat Pollution Control Board, Gandhinagar, 382 010, Gujarat, India
| | - Lotfi Aleya
- Chrono-Environment Laboratory, UMR CNRS 6249, Bourgogne Franche-Comté University, Besançon, France
| | - Hafiz M N Iqbal
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, 64849, Monterrey, Mexico
| | - Muhammad Bilal
- School of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huai'an, 223003, China.
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11
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Dowran R, Damavandi AR, Azad TM. Reinfection and reactivation of SARS-CoV-2. Future Virol 2022. [PMID: 36176508 PMCID: PMC9514089 DOI: 10.2217/fvl-2021-0212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
As the cases of SARS-CoV-2 infection escalates, the essence of in-depth knowledge around acquired immunity and emergence of reinfection and reactivation have to be captured. While being a rare phenomenon, reinfection occurs as the result of diminishing protection conferred by antibodies, especially IgG. Reactivation is more concerned with the role of various elements including shedding lingering viral RNA for a prolonged time and incomplete resolution of infection along with the insight of dormant viral exosomes’ role. The concept of testing positive after two consecutive negative results requires proper discrimination of reinfection from reactivation. In this review, we summarized the current evidence for possible mechanisms leading to viral reactivation or test re-positivity. We also pointed out risk factors associated with both reinfection and reactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Razieh Dowran
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Student Scientific Association of Virology, Student Scientific Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amirmasoud Rayati Damavandi
- Student Scientific Association of Virology, Student Scientific Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Talat Mokhtari Azad
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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12
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Yavarian J, Nejati A, Salimi V, Shafiei Jandaghi NZ, Sadeghi K, Abedi A, Sharifi Zarchi A, Gouya MM, Mokhtari-Azad T. Whole genome sequencing of SARS-CoV2 strains circulating in Iran during five waves of pandemic. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0267847. [PMID: 35499994 PMCID: PMC9060343 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0267847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Whole genome sequencing of SARS-CoV2 is important to find useful information about the viral lineages, variants of interests and variants of concern. As there are not enough data about the circulating SARS-CoV2 variants in Iran, we sequenced 54 SARS-CoV2 genomes during the 5 waves of pandemic in Iran. Methods After viral RNA extraction from clinical samples collected during the COVID-19 pandemic, next generation sequencing was performed using the Nextseq platform. The sequencing data were analyzed and compared with reference sequences. Results During the 1st wave, V and L clades were detected. The second wave was recognized by G, GH and GR clades. Circulating clades during the 3rd wave were GH and GR. In the fourth wave GRY (alpha variant), GK (delta variant) and one GH clade (beta variant) were detected. All viruses in the fifth wave were in clade GK (delta variant). There were different mutations in all parts of the genomes but Spike-D614G, NSP12-P323L, N-R203K and N-G204R were the most frequent mutants in these studied viruses. Conclusions These findings display the significance of SARS-CoV2 monitoring to help on time detection of possible variants for pandemic control and vaccination plans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jila Yavarian
- Virology Department, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ahmad Nejati
- Virology Department, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Vahid Salimi
- Virology Department, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Kaveh Sadeghi
- Virology Department, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Adel Abedi
- Mathematics Department, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Sharifi Zarchi
- Department of Computer Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Talat Mokhtari-Azad
- Virology Department, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- * E-mail:
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13
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Hesni E, Sayad B, Khosravi Shadmani F, Najafi F, Khodarahmi R, Rahimi Z, Bozorgomid A, Sayad N. Demographics, clinical characteristics, and outcomes of 27,256 hospitalized COVID-19 patients in Kermanshah Province, Iran: a retrospective one-year cohort study. BMC Infect Dis 2022; 22:319. [PMID: 35361161 PMCID: PMC8969401 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-022-07312-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Since the first official report of SARS-CoV-2 infection in Iran on 19 February 2020, our country has been one of the worst affected countries by the COVID-19 epidemic in the Middle East. In addition to demographic and clinical characteristics, the number of hospitalized cases and deaths is an important factor for evidence-based decision-making and disease control and preparing the healthcare system to face the future challenges of COVID-19. Therefore, this cohort study was conducted to determine the demographics, clinical characteristics, and outcomes of hospitalized COVID-19 patients in Kermanshah Province, west of Iran. METHODS This multicenter retrospective cohort study included all suspected, probable, and confirmed cases of COVID-19 hospitalized in Kermanshah Province, Iran during the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic. Demographics, clinical characteristics, outcomes and other additional information of hospitalized patients were collected from the COVID-19 database of the Medical Care Monitoring Center (MCMC) of Kermanshah Province. RESULTS Kermanshah Province experienced three waves of COVID-19 infection considering the hospitalization and mortality rates between February 20, 2020 and February 19, 2021. A total of 27,256 patients were included in the study: 5203 (19.09%) subjects were suspected, 9136(33.52%) were probable, and 12,917 (47.39%) were confirmed COVID-19 cases. The mean age of the patients was 53.34 ± 22.74 years and 14,648 (53.74%) were male. The median length of hospital stay among COVID-19 survivors and non-survivors patients were 4 (interquartile range [IQR] 1-6) and 4 (IQR 1-8) days, respectively. Among patients with COVID-19, 2646 (9.71%) died during hospitalization. A multivariable logistic regression revealed that odds of death among patients ≥ 85 years was significantly greater than among patients < 15 years (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 4.79, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 3.43-6.71, p≤ 0.001). Patients with one (aOR 1.38, 95% CI 1.21-1.59, p = 0.04), two (aOR 1.56, 95% CI 1.27-1.92, p = 0.001) or more (aOR 1.50, 95% CI 1.04-2.17, p = 0.03) comorbidities had higher odds of in-hospital death compared to those without comorbidities. The male sex (aOR 1.20, 95% CI 1.07- 1.35, p = 0.002), ICU admission (aOR 4.35, 95% CI 3.80-4.97, p < 0.001), intubation (aOR 11.09, 95% CI 9.58-12.84, p < 0.001), respiratory distress (aOR 1.40, 95% CI 1.22-1.61, p < 0.001), loss of consciousness (aOR 1.81, 95% CI 1.45-2.25, p < 0.001), anorexia (aOR 1.36, 95% CI 1.09-1.70, p = 0.006) and peripheral oxygen saturation (SpO2) < 93(aOR 2.72, 95% CI 2.34-3.16, p < 0.001) on admission were associated with increased risk of death in patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection. Having cough (aOR 0.82, 95% CI 0.72-0.93, p = 0.003) and headache (aOR 0.70, 95% CI 0.50-0.97, p = 0.03) decreased the odds of death. CONCLUSION The mortality rate of the patients admitted to the general wards and ICU can be a guide for allocating resources and making appropriate plans to provide better medical interventions during the COVID-19 pandemic. Several risk factors are associated with the in-hospital mortality of COVID-19, including advanced age, male sex, ICU admission, intubation, having comorbidity, SpO2 < 93, respiratory distress, loss of consciousness, headache, anorexia, and cough. These risk factors could help clinicians identify patients at high risk for death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ezat Hesni
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Babak Sayad
- Infectious Diseases Research Center, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Khosravi Shadmani
- Research Center for Environmental Determinants of Health, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Farid Najafi
- Research Center for Environmental Determinants of Health, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Reza Khodarahmi
- Medical Biology Research Center, Health Technology Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Zohreh Rahimi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Medical School, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Arezoo Bozorgomid
- Infectious Diseases Research Center, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.
| | - Nazanin Sayad
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran.
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14
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Yavarian J, Javaherian M, Malekshahi SS, Ahmadinejad Z, Ghiasvand F, Ahmadi E, Abbasian L, Malihe Hasannezhad MH, Dabaghipour N, Shafiei-Jandaghi NZ, Mokhtari-Azad T, Hajiabdolbaghi M. The Persistence Time of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in hospitalized COVID-19 Patients: A prospective Study. Infect Disord Drug Targets 2022; 22:56-61. [PMID: 35209824 DOI: 10.2174/1871526522666220223162445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 11/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the late December 2019, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV2), the causative agent of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), spreads to almost all countries worldwide. The outbreak of this virus has also been confirmed since 19 February 2020 in Iran. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to investigate the time of viral RNA clearance in swab and serum samples of COVID-19 patients who received different medications. We also evaluated different factors that may be affected viral RNA persistence in patients infected by SARS-CoV-2. METHODS In March 2020, twenty-one hospitalized COVID-19 patients were participated in this prospective study. All patients received antiviral agents in their routine care. Throat swabs and blood samples were obtained from all patients in different intervals including day 3 or 5, day 7, day 10 and finally 14 days after the first positive real time RT-PCR (rRT-PCT) test Results: The median time from the SO to first negative rRT-PCR results for throat swabs and serum samples of COVID-19 patients were 18 and 14 days, respectively. These times were more significant in patients with lymphopenia, oxygen saturation ≤ 90% and comorbidity. CONCLUSION This preliminary study highlights that SASR-CoV-2 RNA was not detectable in the upper respiratory tract longer than three weeks. In addition, SARS-CoV may persist for a long period of time in the respiratory than the serum samples. This study support the idea that in the settings of limited resources the patients should cease to be tested earlier than three weeks for discharge management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jila Yavarian
- Virology department Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iran
| | - Mohammad Javaherian
- Liver Transplantation Research Center Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iran
| | | | - Zahra Ahmadinejad
- Department of infectious diseases, Tehran University of Medical Sciences iran
| | - Fatemeh Ghiasvand
- Department of infectious diseases, Tehran University of Medical Sciences iran
| | | | - Ladan Abbasian
- Department of infectious diseases, Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iran
| | | | - Narges Dabaghipour
- Tehran University of Medical Sciences Liver Transplantation Research Center Iran
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15
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Simultaneous Detection of Multiple Respiratory Viruses Among SARS-CoV-2-positive and negative Patients by Multiplex TaqMan One-step Real-time PCR. Jundishapur J Microbiol 2022. [DOI: 10.5812/jjm.122090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has clinical manifestations similar to other common respiratory viral infections. There are limited data on the frequency of viral respiratory coinfection among patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 in Iran. Objectives: This cross-sectional study investigated the prevalence of multiple respiratory viruses among SARS-CoV-2-positive and negative patients during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic in Iran. Methods: We included oropharyngeal/nasopharyngeal swab specimens of patients suspected of COVID-19 from December 2020 to March 2021. A reliable multiplex TaqMan one-step real-time PCR method was employed to detect 17 viral respiratory pathogens simultaneously. Descriptive analyses were performed to characterize the specimens concerning age, gender, clinical manifestations, and underlying disease. Results: Multiple respiratory viruses with a frequency of 18.78% were detected in 197 studied patients. Human metapneumovirus was the most prevalent pathogen detected in both SARS-CoV-2-positive (n = 7, 7.7%) and negative (n = 7, 6.6%) patients. Moreover, the frequency rate of viral infection was almost the same in both SARS-CoV-2-positive (18.68%) and negative (18.86%) patients. Altogether, there were no differences in baseline demographic characteristics such as age, sex, clinical symptoms, and comorbidities between the two groups (P > 0.05). Conclusions: The data presented here expand our understanding of the epidemiology of multiple types of viral respiratory pathogens in suspected COVID-19 patients. Therefore, simultaneous screening of other viral respiratory pathogens will be helpful for clinicians and researchers interested in the control of viral respiratory tract infections.
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16
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Javadi A, Dabiri S, Meymandi MS, Hashemi Bahremani M, Soleimantabar H, Dabiri B, Vosough H, Gheidi Sharan M, Sedaghati F. Changes of Routine Hematological Parameters in COVID-19 Patients: Correlation with Imaging Findings, RT-PCR and Outcome. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2021; 17:37-47. [PMID: 35096087 PMCID: PMC8794564 DOI: 10.30699/ijp.2021.533645.2675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVE Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is progressively spreading, and many researchers have focused on the prognostic value of laboratory analyses. This study reviewed routine blood parameters, upper respiratory viral load, and chest imaging in recovered and expired COVID-19 patients and evaluated possible correlations. METHODS In this retrograde study, 138 COVID-19 cases were enrolled. Chest tomography scores of patients, routine hematologic and biochemical parameters, and respiratory viral loads were measured. Furthermore, their correlation with severity of disease and the outcome was investigated during a week of admission. RESULTS The mean age of participants was 58.6±16; 36.2% of whom were diagnosed as critical, 8.7% expired, and 46% showed less than 50% lung opacity. The expiring rate was only correlated to the severity of illness and viral load. During admission, hemoglobin concentration was decreased in critical patients (from 11.49±0.27 to 10.59±0.36, P=0.042) and also among CT-scan scoring groups (P=0.000), while neutrophils (P=0.04), WBC (P=0.03), and platelets (P=0.000) count were increased. In patients with more than 50% lung opacity, leukocyte counts were decreased, but neutrophil and platelets counts showed raise (all P<0.05), while other hematologic parameters did not change. CRP and LDH demonstrated no increase based on the severity of the illness, RT-PCR viral loads and/or outcome. However, both CRP and LDH were increased in patients with more than 50% lobal opacity (CRP: 69.3±9.9 to 1021.1±7.5 and LDH:589.5±93.2 to 1128.6±15.81, P<0.05). CONCLUSION We found that hemoglobin, white blood cells, neutrophil, lymphocytes, and platelets count together with chest tomography score might be beneficial for expedition the diagnosis, assessmen the severity of the disease, and outcome in the hospitalized cases, while CRP and LDH might be considered as the consequence of lung involvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdolreza Javadi
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Imam Hossein Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Imam Hossein Central Medical Laboratory, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shahriar Dabiri
- Department of Pathology, Afzalipour Medical School, Kerman, Iran
- Pathology and Stem Cells Research Center, Kerman Medical School, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Manzumeh Shamsi Meymandi
- Pathology and Stem Cells Research Center, Kerman Medical School, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hashemi Bahremani
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Imam Hossein Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hussein Soleimantabar
- Department of Radiology, Imam Hossein Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Bahram Dabiri
- Department of Pathology, Resident NYU Langone Health, Mineloa, NY, USA
| | - Houman Vosough
- Imam Hossein Central Medical Laboratory, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Gheidi Sharan
- Imam Hossein Central Medical Laboratory, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Hematology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farnoosh Sedaghati
- Imam Hossein Central Medical Laboratory, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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17
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Heydarifard Z, Zadheidar S, Yavarian J, Kalantari S, Nejati A, Mokhtari-Azad T, Shafiei-Jandaghi NZ. SARS-CoV-2 Seroprevalence in People Referred to Private Medical Laboratories in Different Districts of Tehran, Iran from May 2020 to April 2021. Virol Sin 2021; 36:1236-1240. [PMID: 34591252 PMCID: PMC8481754 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-021-00446-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Heydarifard
- Virology Department, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 1417613151, Iran
| | - Sevrin Zadheidar
- Virology Department, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 1417613151, Iran
| | - Jila Yavarian
- Virology Department, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 1417613151, Iran
| | - Shirin Kalantari
- Virology Department, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 1417613151, Iran
| | - Ahmad Nejati
- Virology Department, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 1417613151, Iran
| | - Talat Mokhtari-Azad
- Virology Department, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 1417613151, Iran
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18
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Keykhaei M, Koolaji S, Mohammadi E, Kalantar R, Saeedi Moghaddam S, Aminorroaya A, Zokaei S, Azadnajafabad S, Rezaei N, Ghasemi E, Rezaei N, Haghshenas R, Farzi Y, Rashedi S, Larijani B, Farzadfar F. Dissection of non-pharmaceutical interventions implemented by Iran, South Korea, and Turkey in the fight against COVID-19 pandemic. J Diabetes Metab Disord 2021; 20:1919-1931. [PMID: 34540760 PMCID: PMC8437736 DOI: 10.1007/s40200-021-00877-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Purpose The novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has imposed a great global burden on public health. As one of the most affected countries, Iran has tackled emerging challenges in the path to overcoming the epidemic, with three peaks of the disease propagation as of February 19, 2020. To flatten the curve of the COVID-19 pandemic, most countries have implemented bundles of intrusive, sometimes extremely stringent non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs). In this communication, we have dissected the effectiveness of NPIs and compared the strategies implemented by Iran, Turkey, and South Korea to mitigate the disease’s spread. Methods We searched online databases via PubMed, Web of Knowledge, and Scopus. Titles/abstracts and full-texts were screened by two reviewers and discrepancies were resolved upon discussion. Results Our results provide insights into five domains: prevention, screening, in-patient and out-patient facilities, governance, and management of diabetes mellitus. Analysis of previous efforts put in place illustrates that by fostering efficient social distancing measures, increasing the capability to perform prompt polymerase chain reaction tests, applying smart contact tracing, and supplying adequate personal protective equipment, Turkey and South Korea have brought the epidemic sub-optimally under control. Conclusion From the perspective of policymakers, these achievements are of utmost importance given that attaining the aspirational goals in the management of the COVID-19 necessities a suitable adjustment of previous successful strategies. Hence, policymakers should be noticed that a suitable combination of NPIs is necessary to stem the disease’s propagation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Keykhaei
- Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, No. 10, Al-e-Ahmad and Chamran Highway intersection, 1411713137 Tehran, Iran
| | - Sogol Koolaji
- Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, No. 10, Al-e-Ahmad and Chamran Highway intersection, 1411713137 Tehran, Iran
| | - Esmaeil Mohammadi
- Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, No. 10, Al-e-Ahmad and Chamran Highway intersection, 1411713137 Tehran, Iran
| | - Reyhaneh Kalantar
- Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, No. 10, Al-e-Ahmad and Chamran Highway intersection, 1411713137 Tehran, Iran
| | - Sahar Saeedi Moghaddam
- Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, No. 10, Al-e-Ahmad and Chamran Highway intersection, 1411713137 Tehran, Iran
| | - Arya Aminorroaya
- Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, No. 10, Al-e-Ahmad and Chamran Highway intersection, 1411713137 Tehran, Iran.,Tehran Heart Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shaghayegh Zokaei
- School of Advanced Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran Medical Branch, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sina Azadnajafabad
- Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, No. 10, Al-e-Ahmad and Chamran Highway intersection, 1411713137 Tehran, Iran
| | - Negar Rezaei
- Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, No. 10, Al-e-Ahmad and Chamran Highway intersection, 1411713137 Tehran, Iran.,Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Erfan Ghasemi
- Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, No. 10, Al-e-Ahmad and Chamran Highway intersection, 1411713137 Tehran, Iran
| | - Nazila Rezaei
- Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, No. 10, Al-e-Ahmad and Chamran Highway intersection, 1411713137 Tehran, Iran
| | - Rosa Haghshenas
- Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, No. 10, Al-e-Ahmad and Chamran Highway intersection, 1411713137 Tehran, Iran
| | - Yosef Farzi
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, No. 10, Al-e-Ahmad and Chamran Highway intersection, 1411713137 Tehran, Iran
| | - Sina Rashedi
- Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, No. 10, Al-e-Ahmad and Chamran Highway intersection, 1411713137 Tehran, Iran
| | - Bagher Larijani
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farshad Farzadfar
- Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, No. 10, Al-e-Ahmad and Chamran Highway intersection, 1411713137 Tehran, Iran.,Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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19
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Nojomi M, Moradi-Lakeh M, Pourmalek F. COVID-19 in Iran: What was done and what should be done. Med J Islam Repub Iran 2021; 35:97. [PMID: 34956943 PMCID: PMC8683782 DOI: 10.47176/mjiri.35.97] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The current COVID-19 pandemic started in Wuhan, China, in December 2019. The World health Organization (WHO) declared the COVID-19 as a public health emergency of international concern on January 30, 2020, and recognized the situation as a pandemic on March 11, 2020. Around 135 million confirmed cases and around 2.9 million deaths until the first week of April 2021 have been among its direct impacts on human health. All countries have been affected in different degrees, and each of them has used different strategies to protect themselves against health and nonhealth consequences of this epidemic. Although all approaches are full of mistakes with fatal and painful results, some of them were successful in limiting the epidemic. One of the astonishing improvements is development of several vaccines in a relatively short period of time, which has increased hopes for epidemic control. This review aims to critically appraise the strategies for COVID-19 epidemic control in Iran since the beginning of the disease until the fourth peak of disease in March 2021.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marzieh Nojomi
- Preventive Medicine & Public Health Research Center, Psychosocial Health Research Institute, Department of Community and Family Medicine, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maziar Moradi-Lakeh
- Preventive Medicine & Public Health Research Center, Psychosocial Health Research Institute, Department of Community and Family Medicine, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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20
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Increased production of illegal alcoholic beverages during the COVID-19 pandemic in Hamadan, Iran. Forensic Toxicol 2021; 39:518-521. [PMID: 34025810 PMCID: PMC8130790 DOI: 10.1007/s11419-021-00583-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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21
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Zavvar M, Kochak HE, Abdolmohammadi K, Rashidi N, Mokhtari M, Noorbakhsh F, Azadmanesh K, Gooshki ES, Fatahi Y, Azad TM, Jahangirifard A, Mousavi MJ, Masoumi E, Mirzaei HR, Gouya MM, Rezaei F, Nicknam MH. SARS-Cov-2 and COVID-19, Basic and Clinical Aspects of the Human Pandemic: A Review. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 50:665-675. [PMID: 34183916 PMCID: PMC8219633 DOI: 10.18502/ijph.v50i4.5991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
In the last two decades, we have witnessed three major epidemics of the coronavirus human disease namely, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), Middle Eastern respiratory syndrome, and more recently an ongoing global pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Iran, a country of nearly 84 million, in the Middle East, severely involved with the COVID-19 disease. A documented multidimensional approach to COVID-19 disease is therefore mandatory to provide a well-balanced platform for the concerned medical community in our county and beyond. In this review, we highlight the disease status in Iran and attempt to provide a multilateral view of the fundamental and clinical aspects of the disease including the clinical features of the confirmed cases, virology, pathogenesis, epidemiology, and laboratory methods needed for diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahdi Zavvar
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamid Emadi Kochak
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kamal Abdolmohammadi
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Sari Branch, Islamic Azad University, Sari, Iran
| | - Nesa Rashidi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Immunology Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Majid Mokhtari
- Department of Medicine, Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farshid Noorbakhsh
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Ehsan Shamsi Gooshki
- Medical Ethics and History of Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Yousef Fatahi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Nanotechnology Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Talat Mokhtari Azad
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Jahangirifard
- Lung Transplantation Research Center, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Javad Mousavi
- Department of Hematology, School of Allied Medicine, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Elham Masoumi
- Department of Medical Immunology, School of Medicine, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran.,Zoonotic Diseases Research Center, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
| | - Hamid Reza Mirzaei
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Mahdi Gouya
- Communicable Disease Control Centre, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farshid Rezaei
- Communicable Disease Control Centre, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hossein Nicknam
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Molecular Immunology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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