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Paul B, Merta H, Ugrankar-Banerjee R, Hensley M, Tran S, Dias do Vale G, McDonald JG, Farber SA, Henne WM. Paraoxonase-like APMAP maintains endoplasmic reticulum-associated lipid and lipoprotein homeostasis. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.01.26.577049. [PMID: 38328083 PMCID: PMC10849633 DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.26.577049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Oxidative stress perturbs lipid homeostasis and contributes to metabolic diseases. Though ignored compared to mitochondrial oxidation, the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) generates reactive oxygen species requiring antioxidant quality control. Using multi-organismal profiling featuring Drosophila, zebrafish, and mammalian cells, here we characterize the paraoxonase-like APMAP as an ER-localized protein that promotes redox and lipid homeostasis and lipoprotein maturation. APMAP-depleted mammalian cells exhibit defective ER morphology, elevated ER and oxidative stress, lipid droplet accumulation, and perturbed ApoB-lipoprotein homeostasis. Critically, APMAP loss is rescued with chemical antioxidant NAC. Organismal APMAP depletion in Drosophila perturbs fat and lipoprotein homeostasis, and zebrafish display increased vascular ApoB-containing lipoproteins, particles that are atherogenic in mammals. Lipidomics reveals altered polyunsaturated phospholipids and increased ceramides upon APMAP loss, which perturbs ApoB-lipoprotein maturation. These ApoB-associated defects are rescued by inhibiting ceramide synthesis. Collectively, we propose APMAP is an ER-localized antioxidant that promotes lipid and lipoprotein homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blessy Paul
- Department of Cell Biology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Holly Merta
- Department of Cell Biology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | | | - Monica Hensley
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218
| | - Son Tran
- Department of Cell Biology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Goncalo Dias do Vale
- Department of Molecular Genetics, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Jeffrey G McDonald
- Department of Molecular Genetics, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Steven A Farber
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218
| | - W Mike Henne
- Department of Cell Biology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
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Na W, Lee IJ, Koh I, Kwon M, Song YS, Lee SH. Cancer-specific functional profiling in microsatellite-unstable (MSI) colon and endometrial cancers using combined differentially expressed genes and biclustering analysis. Medicine (Baltimore) 2023; 102:e33647. [PMID: 37171359 PMCID: PMC10174364 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000033647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Microsatellite-unstable (MSI) cancers have distinct genetic and clinical features from microsatellite-stable cancers, but the molecular functional differences between MSI cancers originating from different tissues or organs have not been well studied because the application of usual differentially expressed gene (DEG) analysis is error-prone, producing too many noncancer-specific normally functioning genes. To maximize therapeutic efficacy, biomarkers reflecting cancer-specific differences between MSI cancers of different tissue origins should be identified. To identify functional differences between MSI colon and endometrial cancers, we combined DEG analysis and biclustering instead of DEG analysis alone and refined functionally relevant biclusters reflecting genuine functional differences between the 2 tumors. Specifically, using The Cancer Genome Atlas and genome-tissue expression as data sources, gene ontology (GO) enrichment tests were performed after routinely identifying DEGs between the 2 tumors with the exclusion of DEGs identified in their normal counterparts. Cancer-specific biclusters and associated enriched GO terms were obtained by biclustering with enrichment tests for the preferences for cancer type (either colon or endometrium) and GO enrichment tests for each cancer-specific bicluster, respectively. A novel childness score was developed to select functionally relevant biclusters among cancer-specific biclusters based on the extent to which the enriched GO terms of the biclusters tended to be child terms of the enriched GO terms in DEGs. The selected biclusters were tested using survival analysis to validate their clinical significance. We performed multiple sequential analyses to produce functionally relevant biclusters from the RNA sequencing data of MSI colon and endometrial cancer samples and their normal counterparts. We identified 3066 cancer-specific DEGs. Biclustering analysis revealed 153 biclusters and 41 cancer-specific biclusters were selected using Fisher exact test. A mean childness score over 0.6 was applied as the threshold and yielded 8 functionally relevant biclusters from cancer-specific biclusters. Functional differences appear to include gland cavitation and the TGF-β receptor, G protein, and cytokine pathways. In the survival analysis, 6 of the 8 functionally relevant biclusters were statistically significant. By attenuating noise and applying a synergistic contribution of DEG results, we refined candidate biomarkers to complement tissue-specific features of MSI tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woong Na
- Department of Pathology, H Plus Yangji Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Il Ju Lee
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Graduate School of Biomedical Science & Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Insong Koh
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Graduate School of Biomedical Science & Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Mihye Kwon
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Young Soo Song
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Sung Hak Lee
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Catholic University, Seoul, South Korea
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Effects of Antioxidant Gene Overexpression on Stress Resistance and Malignization In Vitro and In Vivo: A Review. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11122316. [PMID: 36552527 PMCID: PMC9774954 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11122316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are normal products of a number of biochemical reactions and are important signaling molecules. However, at the same time, they are toxic to cells and have to be strictly regulated by their antioxidant systems. The etiology and pathogenesis of many diseases are associated with increased ROS levels, and many external stress factors directly or indirectly cause oxidative stress in cells. Within this context, the overexpression of genes encoding the proteins in antioxidant systems seems to have become a viable approach to decrease the oxidative stress caused by pathological conditions and to increase cellular stress resistance. However, such manipulations unavoidably lead to side effects, the most dangerous of which is an increased probability of healthy tissue malignization or increased tumor aggression. The aims of the present review were to collect and systematize the results of studies devoted to the effects resulting from the overexpression of antioxidant system genes on stress resistance and carcinogenesis in vitro and in vivo. In most cases, the overexpression of these genes was shown to increase cell and organism resistances to factors that induce oxidative and genotoxic stress but to also have different effects on cancer initiation and promotion. The last fact greatly limits perspectives of such manipulations in practice. The overexpression of GPX3 and SOD3 encoding secreted proteins seems to be the "safest" among the genes that can increase cell resistance to oxidative stress. High efficiency and safety potential can also be found for SOD2 overexpression in combinations with GPX1 or CAT and for similar combinations that lead to no significant changes in H2O2 levels. Accumulation, systematization, and the integral analysis of data on antioxidant gene overexpression effects can help to develop approaches for practical uses in biomedical and agricultural areas. Additionally, a number of factors such as genetic and functional context, cell and tissue type, differences in the function of transcripts of one and the same gene, regulatory interactions, and additional functions should be taken into account.
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Mohammed CJ, Lamichhane S, Connolly JA, Soehnlen SM, Khalaf FK, Malhotra D, Haller ST, Isailovic D, Kennedy DJ. A PON for All Seasons: Comparing Paraoxonase Enzyme Substrates, Activity and Action including the Role of PON3 in Health and Disease. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11030590. [PMID: 35326240 PMCID: PMC8945423 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11030590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Paraoxonases (PONs) are a family of hydrolytic enzymes consisting of three members, PON1, PON2, and PON3, located on human chromosome 7. Identifying the physiological substrates of these enzymes is necessary for the elucidation of their biological roles and to establish their applications in the biomedical field. PON substrates are classified as organophosphates, aryl esters, and lactones based on their structure. While the established native physiological activity of PONs is its lactonase activity, the enzymes’ exact physiological substrates continue to be elucidated. All three PONs have antioxidant potential and play an important anti-atherosclerotic role in several diseases including cardiovascular diseases. PON3 is the last member of the family to be discovered and is also the least studied of the three genes. Unlike the other isoforms that have been reviewed extensively, there is a paucity of knowledge regarding PON3. Thus, the current review focuses on PON3 and summarizes the PON substrates, specific activities, kinetic parameters, and their association with cardiovascular as well as other diseases such as HIV and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chrysan J. Mohammed
- Department of Medicine, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH 43614, USA; (C.J.M.); (J.A.C.); (S.M.S.); (F.K.K.); (D.M.); (S.T.H.)
| | - Sabitri Lamichhane
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43606, USA; (S.L.); (D.I.)
| | - Jacob A. Connolly
- Department of Medicine, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH 43614, USA; (C.J.M.); (J.A.C.); (S.M.S.); (F.K.K.); (D.M.); (S.T.H.)
| | - Sophia M. Soehnlen
- Department of Medicine, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH 43614, USA; (C.J.M.); (J.A.C.); (S.M.S.); (F.K.K.); (D.M.); (S.T.H.)
| | - Fatimah K. Khalaf
- Department of Medicine, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH 43614, USA; (C.J.M.); (J.A.C.); (S.M.S.); (F.K.K.); (D.M.); (S.T.H.)
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, University of Alkafeel, Najaf 61001, Iraq
| | - Deepak Malhotra
- Department of Medicine, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH 43614, USA; (C.J.M.); (J.A.C.); (S.M.S.); (F.K.K.); (D.M.); (S.T.H.)
| | - Steven T. Haller
- Department of Medicine, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH 43614, USA; (C.J.M.); (J.A.C.); (S.M.S.); (F.K.K.); (D.M.); (S.T.H.)
| | - Dragan Isailovic
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43606, USA; (S.L.); (D.I.)
| | - David J. Kennedy
- Department of Medicine, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH 43614, USA; (C.J.M.); (J.A.C.); (S.M.S.); (F.K.K.); (D.M.); (S.T.H.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-419-383-6822
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The Prognostic Role of Glutathione and Its Related Antioxidant Enzymes in the Recurrence of Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13114071. [PMID: 34836325 PMCID: PMC8622054 DOI: 10.3390/nu13114071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The imbalance of high oxidative stress and low antioxidant capacities is thought to be a significant cause of the development and progression of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, the impact of oxidative stress, glutathione (GSH), and its related antioxidant enzymes on the recurrence of HCC has not been investigated. The purpose of this study was to compare the changes to oxidative stress and GSH-related antioxidant capacities before and after tumor resection in patients with HCC recurrence and non-recurrence. We also evaluated the prognostic significance of GSH and its related enzymes in HCC recurrence. This was a cross-sectional and follow-up study. Ninety-two HCC patients who were going to receive tumor resection were recruited. We followed patients' recurrence and survival status until the end of the study, and then assigned patients into the recurrent or the non-recurrent group. The tumor recurrence rate was 52.2% during the median follow-up period of 3.0 years. Patients had significantly lower plasma malondialdehyde level, but significantly or slightly higher levels of GSH, glutathione disulfide, trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity, glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and glutathione reductase (GR) activities after tumor resection compared to the respective levels before tumor resection in both recurrent and non-recurrent groups. GSH level in HCC tissue was significantly higher than that in adjacent normal tissue in both recurrent and non-recurrent patients. Decreased plasma GPx (HR = 0.995, p = 0.01) and GR (HR = 0.98, p = 0.04) activities before tumor resection, and the increased change of GPx (post-pre-resection) (HR = 1.004, p = 0.03) activity were significantly associated with the recurrence of HCC. These findings suggest there might be a possible application of GPx or GR as therapeutic targets for reducing HCC recurrence.
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Subudhi S, Drescher HK, Dichtel LE, Bartsch LM, Chung RT, Hutter MM, Gee DW, Meireles OR, Witkowski ER, Gelrud L, Masia R, Osganian SA, Gustafson JL, Rwema S, Bredella MA, Bhatia SN, Warren A, Miller KK, Lauer GM, Corey KE. Distinct Hepatic Gene-Expression Patterns of NAFLD in Patients With Obesity. Hepatol Commun 2021; 6:77-89. [PMID: 34558849 PMCID: PMC8710788 DOI: 10.1002/hep4.1789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Approaches to manage nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) are limited by an incomplete understanding of disease pathogenesis. The aim of this study was to identify hepatic gene‐expression patterns associated with different patterns of liver injury in a high‐risk cohort of adults with obesity. Using the NanoString Technologies (Seattle, WA) nCounter assay, we quantified expression of 795 genes, hypothesized to be involved in hepatic fibrosis, inflammation, and steatosis, in liver tissue from 318 adults with obesity. Liver specimens were categorized into four distinct NAFLD phenotypes: normal liver histology (NLH), steatosis only (steatosis), nonalcoholic steatohepatitis without fibrosis (NASH F0), and NASH with fibrosis stage 1‐4 (NASH F1‐F4). One hundred twenty‐five genes were significantly increasing or decreasing as NAFLD pathology progressed. Compared with NLH, NASH F0 was characterized by increased inflammatory gene expression, such as gamma‐interferon‐inducible lysosomal thiol reductase (IFI30) and chemokine (C‐X‐C motif) ligand 9 (CXCL9), while complement and coagulation related genes, such as C9 and complement component 4 binding protein beta (C4BPB), were reduced. In the presence of NASH F1‐F4, extracellular matrix degrading proteinases and profibrotic/scar deposition genes, such as collagens and transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGFB1), were simultaneously increased, suggesting a dynamic state of tissue remodeling. Conclusion: In adults with obesity, distinct states of NAFLD are associated with intrahepatic perturbations in genes related to inflammation, complement and coagulation pathways, and tissue remodeling. These data provide insights into the dynamic pathogenesis of NAFLD in high‐risk individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonu Subudhi
- Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Hannah K Drescher
- Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Laura E Dichtel
- Neuroendocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lea M Bartsch
- Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Raymond T Chung
- Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Matthew M Hutter
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Denise W Gee
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ozanan R Meireles
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Elan R Witkowski
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Louis Gelrud
- Department of Medicine, St. Mary's Hospital Bon Secours, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Ricard Masia
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Stephanie A Osganian
- Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jenna L Gustafson
- Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Steve Rwema
- Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Miriam A Bredella
- Division of Musculoskeletal Radiology and Interventions, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sangeeta N Bhatia
- Ludwig Center for Molecular Oncology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Andrew Warren
- Ludwig Center for Molecular Oncology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Karen K Miller
- Neuroendocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Georg M Lauer
- Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kathleen E Corey
- Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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7
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Zhang Q, Xiao Z, Sun S, Wang K, Qian J, Cui Z, Tao T, Zhou J. Integrated Proteomics and Bioinformatics to Identify Potential Prognostic Biomarkers in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Cancer Manag Res 2021; 13:2307-2317. [PMID: 33732023 PMCID: PMC7959210 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s291811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Liver hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the third most common cause of death by cancer and has a high mortality world-widely. Approximately 75-85% of primary liver cancers are caused by HCC. Uncovering novel genes with prognostic significance would shed light on improving the HCC patient's outcome. OBJECTIVE In this research, we aim to identify novel prognostic biomarkers in hepatocellular carcinoma. METHODS Integrated proteomics and bioinformatics analysis were performed to investigate the expression landscape of prognostic biomarkers in 24 paired HCC patients. RESULTS As a result, eight key genes related to prognosis, including ACADS, HSD17B13, PON3, AMDHD1, CYP2C8, CYP4A11, SLC27A5, CYP2E1, were identified by comparing the weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA), proteomic differentially expressed genes (DEGs), proteomic turquoise module, The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) cohort DEGs of HCC. Furthermore, we trained and validated eight pivotal genes integrating these independent clinical variables into a nomogram with superior accuracy in predicting progression events, and their lower expression was associated with a higher stage/risk score. The Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) further revealed that these key genes showed enrichment in the HCC regulatory pathway. CONCLUSION All in all, we found that these eight genes might be the novel potential prognostic biomarkers for HCC and also provide promising insights into the pathogenesis of HCC at the molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qifan Zhang
- Division of Hepatobiliopancreatic Surgery, Department of General Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510515, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhen Xiao
- College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shibo Sun
- Division of Hepatobiliopancreatic Surgery, Department of General Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510515, People’s Republic of China
| | - Kai Wang
- Division of Hepatobiliopancreatic Surgery, Department of General Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510515, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jianping Qian
- Division of Hepatobiliopancreatic Surgery, Department of General Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510515, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhonglin Cui
- Division of Hepatobiliopancreatic Surgery, Department of General Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510515, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tao Tao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Central People’s Hospital of Zhanjiang, Zhanjiang, Guangdong Province, 524045, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jie Zhou
- Division of Hepatobiliopancreatic Surgery, Department of General Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510515, People’s Republic of China
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8
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Taler-Verčič A, Goličnik M, Bavec A. The Structure and Function of Paraoxonase-1 and Its Comparison to Paraoxonase-2 and -3. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25245980. [PMID: 33348669 PMCID: PMC7766523 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25245980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Serum paraoxonase-1 (PON1) is the most studied member of the group of paraoxonases (PONs). This enzyme possesses three enzymatic activities: lactonase, arylesterase, and paraoxonase activity. PON1 and its isoforms play an important role in drug metabolism as well as in the prevention of cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases. Although all three members of the PON family have the same origin and very similar amino acid sequences, they have different functions and are found in different locations. PONs exhibit substrate promiscuity, and their true physiological substrates are still not known. However, possible substrates include homocysteine thiolactone, an analogue of natural quorum-sensing molecules, and the recently discovered derivatives of arachidonic acid—bioactive δ-lactones. Directed evolution, site-directed mutagenesis, and kinetic studies provide comprehensive insights into the active site and catalytic mechanism of PON1. However, there is still a whole world of mystery waiting to be discovered, which would elucidate the substrate promiscuity of a group of enzymes that are so similar in their evolution and sequence yet so distinct in their function.
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Kruger R. Proteomics insights on how physical inactivity can influence cardiovascular health. Eur J Prev Cardiol 2019; 26:1862-1864. [PMID: 31466470 DOI: 10.1177/2047487319872019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ruan Kruger
- Hypertension in Africa Research Team (HART), North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa.,MRC Research Unit for Hypertension and Cardiovascular Disease, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
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10
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Bacchetti T, Ferretti G, Sahebkar A. The role of paraoxonase in cancer. Semin Cancer Biol 2017; 56:72-86. [PMID: 29170064 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2017.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Revised: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The paraoxonase (PON) gene family includes three proteins, PON1, PON2 and PON3. PON1 and PON3 are both associated with high-density lipoprotein (HDL) particles and exert anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. PON2 and PON3 are intracellular enzymes which modulate mitochondrial superoxide anion production and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-induced apoptosis. The pleiotropic roles exerted by PONs have been mainly investigated in cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases. In recent years, overexpression of PON2 and PON3 has been observed in cancer cells and it has been proposed that both enzymes could be involved in tumor survival and stress resistance. Moreover, a lower activity of serum PON1 has been reported in cancer patients. This review summarizes literature data on the role of PONs in human cancers and their potential role as a target for antitumor drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiziana Bacchetti
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences (DiSVA), Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy.
| | - Gianna Ferretti
- Department of Clinical Science and Odontostomatology, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy.
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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11
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Tan HS, Jiang WH, He Y, Wang DS, Wu ZJ, Wu DS, Gao L, Bao Y, Shi JZ, Liu B, Ma LJ, Wang LH. KRT8 upregulation promotes tumor metastasis and is predictive of a poor prognosis in clear cell renal cell carcinoma. Oncotarget 2017; 8:76189-76203. [PMID: 29100303 PMCID: PMC5652697 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.19198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Keratin 8 (KRT8) plays an essential role in the development and metastasis of multiple human cancers. However, its role in clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) remains unexplored. Here, we investigated the expression pattern, clinical significance, and function of KRT8 in ccRCC. KRT8 mRNA and protein levels were determined in two large cohorts using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and tissue microarray (TMA) immunohistochemistry (IHC), respectively. We found that KRT8 expression was upregulated in ccRCC and vein tumor thrombi (VTTs). KRT8 overexpression in ccRCC was significantly correlated with aggressive characteristics and was predictive of a poor prognosis in ccRCC patients. Moreover, KRT8 overexpression in renal cancer cell lines promoted cell migration and invasion. In contrast, KRT8 knockdown suppressed ccRCC metastasis both in vitro and in vivo. In addition, our findings showed that KRT8 promoted ccRCC metastasis by increasing IL-11 expression, causing IL-11 autocrine induction, and triggering STAT3 signaling. Overall, this study established the significance of KRT8-IL-11 axis activation in aggressive ccRCC and defined a novel critical signaling mechanism that drives human ccRCC invasion and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Song Tan
- Department of Urology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Wei-Hua Jiang
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Tongren Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200336, China
| | - Yi He
- Department of Urology, Jiaxing First Hospital, Zhejiang 314000, China
| | - De-Sheng Wang
- Department of Urology, Second People's Hospital of Bengbu City, Anhui 233000, China
| | - Zhen-Jie Wu
- Department of Urology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Deng-Shuang Wu
- Department of Urology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Li Gao
- Department of Pathology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yi Bao
- Department of Urology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Jia-Zi Shi
- Department of Urology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Bing Liu
- Department of Urology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Li-Jun Ma
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Tongren Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200336, China
| | - Lin-Hui Wang
- Department of Urology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China
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