1
|
Liu J, Wu Q, Wu Q, Zhong G, Liang Y, Gu Y, Hu Y, Wang W, Hao N, Fang S, Li W, Pan H, Wang Q, Fang J. Modulating endoplasmic reticulum stress in APP/PS1 mice by Gomisin B and Osthole in Bushen-Yizhi formula: Synergistic effects and therapeutic implications for Alzheimer's disease. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 119:155023. [PMID: 37586159 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2023.155023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a prevalent neurodegenerative disorder with no effective cure. Targeting endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress pathway may offer a novel approach to ameliorate cognitive deficits in AD. Bushen-Yizhi formula (BSYZ), a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) prescription, has shown potential benefits for AD. To facilitate the development of new therapeutic agents for AD, it is important to identify the active components and the underlying mechanisms of BSYZ against AD. PURPOSE The aim of this study was to systematically screen the active components of BSYZ that could improve learning and memory impairment in AD by modulating ER stress pathway. METHODS A drug-target (D-T) network was constructed to analyze the herbal components of BSYZ. Network proximity method was used to identify the potential anti-AD components that targeted ER stress and evaluate their synergistic effects. The absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity (ADMET) properties and the literature evidence were considered to select promising candidates for further validation. The selected components were tested in vitro using an AD cell model (APPswe-SH-SY5Y). In vivo anti-AD effects of the components were assessed in APP/PS1 double-transgenic mice. RESULTS 58 potential anti-AD components targeting ER stress were detected by network proximity analysis, and 13 out of them were selected based on ADMET properties and literature evidence. In vitro experiments confirmed that 5 components, namely gomisin B, β-Carotene, imperatorin, chrysophanol, and osthole (OST), exhibited anti-AD effects on the APPswe-SH-SY5Y model. Moreover, network proximity analysis suggested that OST and Gomisin B might have synergistic effects on modulating ER stress. In vivo experiments demonstrated that OST, Gomisin B, OST+Gomisin B, and BSYZ all improved learning and memory function in APP/PS1 mice. Gomisin B and OST also restored cellular morphology and tissue structure in APP/PS1 mice. Thioflavine-S (Th-S) staining revealed that they reduced amyloid plaque deposition in the brain tissue of AD model mice. The qPCR results indicated that BSYZ, OST, and Gomisin B differentially regulated IRE1α, PERK, EIF2α, DDIT3, and Caspase 12 expression levels, while the OST and Gomisin B co-administration group showed better efficacy. This trend was further confirmed by immunofluorescence experiments. CONCLUSION This study identified the active components of BSYZ that could ameliorate learning and memory impairment in AD by targeting ER stress pathway. OST and Gomisin B exhibited synergistic effects on modulating ER stress and reducing amyloid plaque deposition in vivo. Overall, our study elucidated the molecular mechanisms of BSYZ and its active components in attenuating AD symptoms which suggested the therapeutic potential of TCM for AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinman Liu
- Affiliated Jiangmen TCM Hospital of Ji'nan University, Jiangmen, 529099, China; Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510405, China
| | - Qihui Wu
- Clinical Research Center, Hainan Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, 570100, China
| | - Qiqing Wu
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510405, China
| | - Guangcheng Zhong
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510405, China
| | - Yong Liang
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510405, China
| | - Yong Gu
- Clinical Research Center, Hainan Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, 570100, China
| | - Yunhui Hu
- Tasly Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd., Tianjin, 300402, China
| | - Wenjia Wang
- Tasly Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd., Tianjin, 300402, China
| | - Ning Hao
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510405, China
| | - Shuhuan Fang
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510405, China
| | - Weirong Li
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510405, China
| | - Huafeng Pan
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510405, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510405, China.
| | - Jiansong Fang
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510405, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ma L, Jiang X, Huang Q, Chen W, Zhang H, Pei H, Cao Y, Wang H, Li H. Traditional Chinese medicine for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease: A focus on the microbiota-gut-brain axis. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 165:115244. [PMID: 37516021 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), the most frequent cause of dementia, is a neurodegenerative disorder characterised by a progressive decline in cognitive function that is associated with the formation of amyloid beta plaques and neurofibrillary tangles. Gut microbiota comprises of a complex community of microorganisms residing in the gastrointestinal ecosystem. These microorganisms can participate in gut-brain axis activities, thereby affecting cognitive function and associated behaviours. Increasing evidence has indicated that gut dysbiosis can jeopardise host immune responses and promote inflammation, which may be an initiating factor for the onset and evolution of AD. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) is a promising resource which encompasses immense chemical diversity and multiple-target characteristics for the treatment of AD. Many TCMs regulate the gut microbiota during treatment of diseases, indicating that gut microbiota may be an important target for TCM efficacy. In this review, we summarised the role of the microbiota-gut-brain axis in the development of AD and the effects of TCM in treating AD by regulating the gut microbiota. We anticipate that this review will provide novel perspectives and strategies for future AD research and treatments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lina Ma
- Institute of Geriatrics, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100091, PR China
| | - Xuefan Jiang
- Institute of Geriatrics, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100091, PR China
| | - Qiaoyi Huang
- Institute of Geriatrics, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100091, PR China
| | - Wenxuan Chen
- Institute of Geriatrics, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100091, PR China
| | - Huiqin Zhang
- Institute of Geriatrics, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100091, PR China
| | - Hui Pei
- Institute of Geriatrics, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100091, PR China
| | - Yu Cao
- Institute of Geriatrics, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100091, PR China
| | - Huichan Wang
- Institute of Geriatrics, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100091, PR China
| | - Hao Li
- Wangjing Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100102, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Tan HY, Wan C, Wu GL, Qiao LJ, Cai YF, Wang Q, Zhang SJ. Taohong siwu decoction ameliorates cognitive dysfunction through SIRT6/ER stress pathway in Alzheimer's disease. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 314:116580. [PMID: 37142144 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.116580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE A growing number of people suffer from Alzheimer's disease (AD), but there is currently no effective treatment yet. Taohong Siwu Decoction (TSD) has been proved to take strong neuropharmacological activity on dementia, but the effect and mechanism of TSD against AD are still elusive. AIM OF STUDY To investigate whether TSD could be effective in ameliorating cognitive deficits through SIRT6/ER stress pathway. MATERIALS AND METHODS Herein, the APP/PS1 mice, an AD model, and HT-22 cell lines were utilized. Different dosages of TSD (4.25, 8.50 and 17.00 g/kg/d) were administered to the mice for 10 weeks by gavage. Following the behavioral tests, oxidative stress levels were measured using malondialdehyde (MDA) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) kits. Nissl staining and Western blot analyses were used to detect the neuronal function. Then, immunofluorescence and Western blot analysis were applied to evaluate silent information regulator 6 (SIRT6) and ER Stress related protein levels in APP/PS1 mice and HT-22 cells. RESULTS Behavioral tests revealed that APP/PS1 mice administered with TSD orally took more time in the target quadrant, crossed more times in the target quadrant, had a higher recognition coefficient, and spent more time in the central region. In addition, TSD could ameliorate oxidative stress and inhibit neuronal apoptosis in APP/PS1 mice. Furthermore, TSD could up-regulate the SIRT6 protein expression and inhibit ER sensing proteins expressions, such as p-PERK and ATF6, in APP/PS1 mice and Aβ1-42-treated HT22 cells. CONCLUSION According to the abovementioned findings, TSD could alleviate cognitive dysfunction in AD by modulating the SIRT6/ER stress pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Yu Tan
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China; Department of Neurology, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China; Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Can Wan
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China; Department of Neurology, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guang-Liang Wu
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China; Department of Neurology, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li-Jun Qiao
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China; Department of Neurology, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ye-Feng Cai
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China; Department of Neurology, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China; Postdoctoral Research Station of Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Qi Wang
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Shi-Jie Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China; Department of Neurology, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China; Postdoctoral Research Station of Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Gu S, Zhou Z, Zhang S, Cai Y. Advances in Anti-Diabetic Cognitive Dysfunction Effect of Erigeron Breviscapus (Vaniot) Hand-Mazz. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 16:ph16010050. [PMID: 36678547 PMCID: PMC9867432 DOI: 10.3390/ph16010050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic cognitive dysfunction (DCD) is the decline in memory, learning, and executive function caused by diabetes. Although its pathogenesis is unclear, molecular biologists have proposed various hypotheses, including insulin resistance, amyloid β hypothesis, tau protein hyperphosphorylation hypothesis, oxidative stress and neuroinflammation. DCD patients have no particular treatment options and current pharmacological regimens are suboptimal. In recent years, Chinese medicine research has shown that herbs with multi-component, multi-pathway and multi-target synergistic activities can prevent and treat DCD. Yunnan is home to the medicinal herb Erigeron breviscapus (Vant.) Hand-Mazz. (EBHM). Studies have shown that EBHM and its active components have a wide range of pharmacological effects and applications in cognitive disorders. EBHM's anti-DCD properties have been seldom reviewed. Through a literature study, we were able to evaluate the likely pathophysiology of DCD, prescribe anti-DCD medication and better grasp EBHM's therapeutic potential. EBHM's pharmacological mechanism and active components for DCD treatment were also summarized.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shanye Gu
- The Second Clinical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Ziyi Zhou
- The Second Clinical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Department of Neurology, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510120, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Research on Emergency in Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Shijie Zhang
- The Second Clinical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Department of Neurology, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510120, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Research on Emergency in Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Yefeng Cai
- The Second Clinical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Department of Neurology, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510120, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Research on Emergency in Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510120, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-136-3133-3842
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Shimada M, Maeda H, Nanashima N, Yamada K, Nakajima A. Anthocyanin‐rich blackcurrant extract improves long‐term memory impairment and emotional abnormality in senescence‐accelerated mice. J Food Biochem 2022; 46:e14295. [DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.14295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Minori Shimada
- Department of Applied Biology and Food Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture and Life Science Hirosaki University Hirosaki Japan
| | - Hayato Maeda
- Department of Applied Biology and Food Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture and Life Science Hirosaki University Hirosaki Japan
| | - Naoki Nanashima
- Department of Biomedical Science and Laboratory Medicine Hirosaki University Graduate School of Health Sciences Hirosaki Japan
| | - Kiyofumi Yamada
- Department of Neuropsychopharmacology and Hospital Pharmacy Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine Nagoya Japan
| | - Akira Nakajima
- Department of Applied Biology and Food Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture and Life Science Hirosaki University Hirosaki Japan
- Department of Industry Development Sciences Hirosaki University Graduate School of Sustainable Community Studies Hirosaki Japan
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Gupta R, Ambasta RK, Kumar P. Multifaced role of protein deacetylase sirtuins in neurodegenerative disease. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 132:976-997. [PMID: 34742724 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.10.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Sirtuins, a class III histone/protein deacetylase, is a central regulator of metabolic function and cellular stress response. This plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis and progression of diseases such as cancer, neurodegeneration, metabolic syndromes, and cardiovascular disease. Sirtuins regulate biological and cellular processes, for instance, mitochondrial biogenesis, lipid and fatty acid oxidation, oxidative stress, gene transcriptional activity, apoptosis, inflammatory response, DNA repair mechanism, and autophagic cell degradation, which are known components for the progression of the neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs). Emerging evidence suggests that sirtuins are the useful molecular targets against NDDs like, Alzheimer's Disease (AD), Parkinson's Disease (PD), Huntington's Disease (HD), and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS). However, the exact mechanism of neuroprotection mediated through sirtuins remains unsettled. The manipulation of sirtuins activity with its modulators, calorie restriction (CR), and micro RNAs (miR) is a novel therapeutic approach for the treatment of NDDs. Herein, we reviewed the current putative therapeutic role of sirtuins in regulating synaptic plasticity and cognitive functions, which are mediated through the different molecular phenomenon to prevent neurodegeneration. We also explained the implications of sirtuin modulators, and miR based therapies for the treatment of life-threatening NDDs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rohan Gupta
- Molecular Neuroscience and Functional Genomics Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Delhi Technological University (Formerly DCE), Delhi 110042, India
| | - Rashmi K Ambasta
- Molecular Neuroscience and Functional Genomics Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Delhi Technological University (Formerly DCE), Delhi 110042, India
| | - Pravir Kumar
- Molecular Neuroscience and Functional Genomics Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Delhi Technological University (Formerly DCE), Delhi 110042, India.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Yunnan Black Tea Flavonoids Can Improve Cognitive Dysfunction in Septic Mice by Activating SIRT1. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2021; 2021:5775040. [PMID: 34721636 PMCID: PMC8556089 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5775040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 09/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
This study explored the effect and mechanism of Yunnan black tea flavonoids (YBTF) on cognitive dysfunction in septic mice. The mice were induced sepsis, the serum was determined using kits, and the tissue was determined by qPCR assay. The Yunnan black tea flavonoids were checked using HPLC. The test results showed that compared with the model group, YBTF could increase the survival rate of the mice; meanwhile, YBTF could also increase the total distance travelled, number of stands, and number of groomings, as well as the number of times crossing the area in the target quadrant. Detection of nerve cells showed that YBTF could reduce the rate of nerve cell apoptosis caused by sepsis. YBTF also reduced the levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), and malondialdehyde (MDA) in the hippocampus of septic mice and increased the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) enzymes. YBTF could also upregulate the mRNA expression of SOD1, SOD2, CAT, and forkhead box O1 (FOXO1) and downregulate the mRNA expression of TNF-α, IL-1β, nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB), p53, and SIRT1 in the hippocampus of septic mice. The animal experiment results showed that YBTF could improve the cognitive dysfunction of septic mice. The effect of YBTF was weaker than that of dexamethasone, but it could enhance the improvement effect when used in conjunction with dexamethasone. The component analysis results showed that YBTF contained 9 compounds, including catechin, gallocatechin gallate, rutin, hyperoside, epicatechin gallate, dihydroquercetin, quercetin, myricetin, and sulphuretin. From these results, YBTF could activate SIRT1 through its active compound components to improve the cognitive dysfunction of septic mice.
Collapse
|
8
|
Liu B, Liu J, Shi JS. SAMP8 Mice as a Model of Age-Related Cognition Decline with Underlying Mechanisms in Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 75:385-395. [PMID: 32310176 DOI: 10.3233/jad-200063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a highly age-related cognitive decline frequently attacking the elderly. Senescence-accelerated mouse-prone 8 (SAMP8) is an ideal model to study AD, displaying age-related learning and memory disorders. SAMP8 mice exhibit most features of pathogenesis of AD, including an abnormal expression of anti-aging factors, oxidative stress, inflammation, amyloid-β (Aβ) deposits, tau hyperphosphorylation, endoplasmic reticulum stress, abnormal autophagy activity, and disruption of intestinal flora. SAMP8 mice, therefore, have visualized the understanding of AD, and also provided effective ways to find new therapeutic targets. This review focused on the age-related pathogenesis in SAMP8 mice, to advance the understanding of age-related learning and memory decline and clarify the mechanisms. Furthermore, this review will provide extensive foundations for SAMP8 mice used in therapeutics for AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bo Liu
- Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Lab of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Jie Liu
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Lab of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Jing-Shan Shi
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Lab of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Iwata K, Wu Q, Ferdousi F, Sasaki K, Tominaga K, Uchida H, Arai Y, Szele FG, Isoda H. Sugarcane ( Saccharum officinarum L.) Top Extract Ameliorates Cognitive Decline in Senescence Model SAMP8 Mice: Modulation of Neural Development and Energy Metabolism. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:573487. [PMID: 33123536 PMCID: PMC7573230 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.573487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Age-related biological alterations in brain function increase the risk of mild cognitive impairment and dementia, a global problem exacerbated by aging populations in developed nations. Limited pharmacological therapies have resulted in attention turning to the promising role of medicinal plants and dietary supplements in the treatment and prevention of dementia. Sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) top, largely considered as a by-product because of its low sugar content, in fact contains the most abundant amounts of antioxidant polyphenols relative to the rest of the plant. Given the numerous epidemiological studies on the effects of polyphenols on cognitive function, in this study, we analyzed polyphenolic constituents of sugarcane top and examined the effect of sugarcane top ethanolic extract (STEE) on a range of central nervous system functions in vitro and in vivo. Orally administrated STEE rescued spatial learning and memory deficit in the senescence-accelerated mouse prone 8 (SAMP8) mice, a non-transgenic strain that spontaneously develops a multisystemic aging phenotype including pathological features of Alzheimer's disease. This could be correlated with an increased number of hippocampal newborn neurons and restoration of cortical monoamine levels in STEE-fed SAMP8 mice. Global genomic analysis by microarray in cerebral cortices showed multiple potential mechanisms for the cognitive improvement. Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) revealed biological processes such as neurogenesis, neuron differentiation, and neuron development were significantly enriched in STEE-fed mice brain compared to non-treated SAMP8 mice. Furthermore, STEE treatment significantly regulated genes involved in neurotrophin signaling, glucose metabolism, and neural development in mice brain. Our in vitro results suggest that STEE treatment enhances the metabolic activity of neuronal cells promoting glucose metabolism with significant upregulation of genes, namely PGK1, PGAM1, PKM, and PC. STEE also stimulated proliferation of human neural stem cells (hNSCs), regulated bHLH factor expression and induced neuronal differentiation and astrocytic process lengthening. Altogether, our findings suggest the potential of STEE as a dietary intervention, with promising implications as a novel nutraceutical for cognitive health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kengo Iwata
- School of Integrative and Global Majors, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan.,Nippo Co., Ltd., Daito, Japan
| | - Qingqing Wu
- Alliance for Research on the Mediterranean and North Africa, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan.,Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Farhana Ferdousi
- Alliance for Research on the Mediterranean and North Africa, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan.,AIST-University of Tsukuba Open Innovation Laboratory for Food and Medicinal Resource Engineering (FoodMed-OIL), AIST, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Kazunori Sasaki
- Alliance for Research on the Mediterranean and North Africa, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan.,AIST-University of Tsukuba Open Innovation Laboratory for Food and Medicinal Resource Engineering (FoodMed-OIL), AIST, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Kenichi Tominaga
- AIST-University of Tsukuba Open Innovation Laboratory for Food and Medicinal Resource Engineering (FoodMed-OIL), AIST, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | | | | | - Francis G Szele
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Hiroko Isoda
- School of Integrative and Global Majors, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan.,Alliance for Research on the Mediterranean and North Africa, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan.,AIST-University of Tsukuba Open Innovation Laboratory for Food and Medicinal Resource Engineering (FoodMed-OIL), AIST, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan.,Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Heo HJ, Park SY, Lee YS, Shin HK, Hong KW, Kim CD. Combination therapy with cilostazol, aripiprazole, and donepezil protects neuronal cells from β-amyloid neurotoxicity through synergistically enhanced SIRT1 expression. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY & PHARMACOLOGY : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSIOLOGICAL SOCIETY AND THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF PHARMACOLOGY 2020; 24:299-310. [PMID: 32587124 PMCID: PMC7317180 DOI: 10.4196/kjpp.2020.24.4.299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a multi-faceted neurodegenerative disease. Thus, current therapeutic strategies require multitarget-drug combinations to treat or prevent the disease. At the present time, single drugs have proven to be inadequate in terms of addressing the multifactorial pathology of AD, and multitarget-directed drug design has not been successful. Based on these points of views, it is judged that combinatorial drug therapies that target several pathogenic factors may offer more attractive therapeutic options. Thus, we explored that the combination therapy with lower doses of cilostazol and aripiprazole with add-on donepezil (CAD) might have potential in the pathogenesis of AD. In the present study, we found the superior efficacies of donepezil add-on with combinatorial mixture of cilostazol plus aripiprazole in modulation of expression of AD-relevant genes: Aβ accumulation, GSK-3β, P300, acetylated tau, phosphorylated-tau levels, and activation of α-secretase/ADAM 10 through SIRT1 activation in the N2a Swe cells expressing human APP Swedish mutation (N2a Swe cells). We also assessed that CAD synergistically raised acetylcholine release and choline acetyltransferase (CHAT) expression that were declined by increased β-amyloid level in the activated N2a Swe cells. Consequently, CAD treatment synergistically increased neurite elongation and improved cell viability through activations of PI3K, BDNF, β-catenin and a7-nicotinic cholinergic receptors in neuronal cells in the presence of Aβ1-42. This work endorses the possibility for efficient treatment of AD by supporting the synergistic therapeutic potential of donepezil add-on therapy in combination with lower doses of cilostazol and aripiprazole.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hye Jin Heo
- Department of Pharmacology, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan 50612, Korea.,Gene & Cell Therapy Research Center for Vessel-associated Diseases, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Korea
| | - So Youn Park
- Department of Pharmacology, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan 50612, Korea.,Gene & Cell Therapy Research Center for Vessel-associated Diseases, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Korea
| | - Yi Sle Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan 50612, Korea.,Gene & Cell Therapy Research Center for Vessel-associated Diseases, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Korea
| | - Hwa Kyoung Shin
- Department of Korean Medical Science, Pusan National University School of Korean Medicine, Yangsan 50612, Korea
| | - Ki Whan Hong
- Gene & Cell Therapy Research Center for Vessel-associated Diseases, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Korea
| | - Chi Dae Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan 50612, Korea.,Gene & Cell Therapy Research Center for Vessel-associated Diseases, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Liu B, Huang B, Liu J, Shi JS. Dendrobium nobile Lindl alkaloid and metformin ameliorate cognitive dysfunction in senescence-accelerated mice via suppression of endoplasmic reticulum stress. Brain Res 2020; 1741:146871. [PMID: 32380088 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2020.146871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The senescence-accelerated mouse prone 8 (SAMP8) mice have many pathological features of Alzheimer's disease (AD) with aging. We previously reported that Dendrobium nobile Lindl alkaloid (DNLA) effectively improved cognitive deficits in multiple Alzheimer's disease (AD) models. This study further used SAMP8 mice to study the anti-aging effects of DNLA, focusing on endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. DNLA and metformin were orally administered to SAMP8 mice starting at 4-month of age for 6 months. Behavioral tests were performed in 10-month-old SAMP8 mice and age-matched SAMR1 control mice. At the end of experiment, neuron damage was evaluated by histology and transmission electron microscopy. ER stress-related proteins were analyzed with Western-blot. DNLA improved learning and memory impairments, reduced the loss of neurons and Nissl bodies in the hippocampus and cortex. DNLA ameliorated ER dilation and swelling in the hippocampal neurons. DNLA down-regulated the protein kinase RNA-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK) signaling pathway, decreased calpain 1, GSK-3β and Cdk5 activities and the Tau hyper-phosphorylation. The effects of DNLA were comparable to metformin. In summary, DNLA was effective in improving cognitive deficits in aged SAMP8 mice, possibly via suppression of ER stress-related PERK signaling pathway, sequential inhibition of calpain 1, GSK-3β and Cdk5 activities, and eventually reducing the hyper-phosphorylation of Tau.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bo Liu
- Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Lab of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, China
| | - Bo Huang
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Lab of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, China
| | - Jie Liu
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Lab of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, China
| | - Jing-Shan Shi
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Lab of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, China.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Hu T, Shi JJ, Fang J, Wang Q, Chen YB, Zhang SJ. Quercetin ameliorates diabetic encephalopathy through SIRT1/ER stress pathway in db/db mice. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 12:7015-7029. [PMID: 32312941 PMCID: PMC7202537 DOI: 10.18632/aging.103059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Studies have shown that diabetes is an important risk factor for cognitive dysfunction, also called diabetic encephalopathy (DE). Quercetin has been reported to be effective in improving cognitive dysfunction in DE. But its detailed mechanism is still ambiguous. In this study, we used db/db mice to investigate whether quercetin could activate SIRT1 and inhibit ER pathways to improve DE. Behavioral tests (Morris water maze and new objects) showed that quercetin (70 mg/kg) can effectively improve the learning and memory ability in db/db mice. OGTT and ITT tests indicated that quercetin could alleviate impaired glucose tolerance and insulin resistance in db/db mice. Western blot analysis and Nissl staining showed that quercetin can improve the expression of nerve and synapse-associated proteins (PSD93, PSD95, NGF and BDNF) and inhibit neurodegeneration. Meanwhile, quercetin up-regulates SIRT1 protein expression and inhibits the expression of ER signaling pathway-related proteins (PERK, IRE-1α, ATF6, eIF2α, BIP and PDI). In addition, oxidative stress levels were significantly reduced after quercetin treatment. In conclusion, current experimental results indicated that SIRT1/ER stress is a promising mechanism involved in quercetin-treated diabetic encephalopathy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tian Hu
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jing-Jing Shi
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiansong Fang
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yun-Bo Chen
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shi-Jie Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Garcia-Just A, Miró L, Pérez-Bosque A, Amat C, Polo J, Pallàs M, Griñán-Ferré C, Moretó M. Dietary Spray-Dried Porcine Plasma Prevents Cognitive Decline in Senescent Mice and Reduces Neuroinflammation and Oxidative Stress. J Nutr 2020; 150:303-311. [PMID: 31562503 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxz239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Revised: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aging is characterized by chronic, low-grade inflammation that correlates with cognitive decline. Dietary supplementation with spray-dried porcine plasma (SDP) reduces immune activation in rodent models of inflammation and aging. OBJECTIVE We investigated whether the anti-inflammatory properties of SDP could ameliorate age-related cognitive deterioration and preserve brain homeostasis in an aging mouse model of senescence. METHODS Male senescence-accelerated prone 8 (SAMP8) mice were used. In Experiment 1, cognitive performance (n = 10-14 mice/group) was analyzed by the novel object recognition test in 2-mo-old mice (2M group) and in mice fed a control diet or a diet supplemented with 8% SDP for 2 (4M-CTL and 4M-SDP groups) and 4 mo (6M-CTL and 6M-SDP groups). In Experiment 2, the permeability of the blood-brain barrier and junctional proteins in brain tissue was assessed, as well as synaptic density, oxidative stress markers, and inflammatory genes and proteins in mice from the 2M, 6M-CTL, and 6M-SDP groups ( n = 5-11). Statistical analyses included one-factor ANOVA followed by Fisher's posthoc test. RESULTS 6M-SDP mice had better cognitive performance than 6M-CTL mice in both short-term (P = 0.024) and long-term (P = 0.017) memory tests. In brain tissue, 6M-SDP mice showed reduced brain capillary permeability (P = 0.034) and increased ZO1 and E-cadherin expression (both P <0.04) compared with 6M-CTL mice. SDP also prevented the NFκB activation observed in 6M-CTL mice (P = 0.002) and reduced Il6 expression and hydrogen peroxide concentration (both P <0.03) observed in 6M-CTL mice. SDP also increased the concentration of IL10 (P = 0.027), an anti-inflammatory cytokine correlated with memory preservation. CONCLUSIONS In senescent SAMP8 mice, dietary supplementation with SDP attenuated cognitive decline and prevented changes in brain markers of neuroinflammation and oxidative stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alba Garcia-Just
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology (Physiology Section), Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, and Institute for Nutrition and Food Safety, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lluïsa Miró
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology (Physiology Section), Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, and Institute for Nutrition and Food Safety, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,APC-Europe SLU, Granollers, Spain
| | - Anna Pérez-Bosque
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology (Physiology Section), Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, and Institute for Nutrition and Food Safety, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Concepció Amat
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology (Physiology Section), Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, and Institute for Nutrition and Food Safety, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Mercè Pallàs
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Medicinal Chemistry (Pharmacology Section), Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, and Institute of Neurosciences, CIBERNED, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Christian Griñán-Ferré
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Medicinal Chemistry (Pharmacology Section), Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, and Institute of Neurosciences, CIBERNED, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Miquel Moretó
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology (Physiology Section), Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, and Institute for Nutrition and Food Safety, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
The neuroprotection of liraglutide on diabetic cognitive deficits is associated with improved hippocampal synapses and inhibited neuronal apoptosis. Life Sci 2019; 231:116566. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2019.116566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Revised: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
|
15
|
Bai D, Jin G, Zhang D, Zhao L, Wang M, Zhu Q, Zhu L, Sun Y, Liu X, Chen X, Zhang L, Li W, Cui Y. Natural silibinin modulates amyloid precursor protein processing and amyloid-β protein clearance in APP/PS1 mice. J Physiol Sci 2019; 69:643-652. [PMID: 31087219 PMCID: PMC10717595 DOI: 10.1007/s12576-019-00682-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Silibinin has been shown to attenuate cognitive dysfunction and inhibit amyloid-beta (Aβ) aggregation in Alzheimer's disease (AD) models. However, the underlying mechanism by which silibinin improves cognition remains poorly understood. In this study, we investigated the effect of silibinin on β-secretase levels, Aβ enzymatic degradation, and oxidative stress in the brains of APP/PS1 mice with cognitive impairments. Oral administration of silibinin for 2 months significantly attenuated the cognitive deficits of APP/PS1 mice in the Y-maze test, novel object recognition test, and Morris water maze test. Biochemical analyses revealed that silibinin decreased Aβ deposition and the levels of soluble Aβ1-40/1-42 in the hippocampus by downregulating APP and BACE1 and upregulating NEP in APP/PS1 mice. In addition, silibinin decreased the MDA content and increased the activities of the antioxidant enzymes CAT, SOD, and NO. Based on our findings, silibinin is a potentially promising agent for preventing AD-associated Aβ pathology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dafeng Bai
- Department of Pharmacology, The Eleventh People's Hospital of Shenyang, 103 Hai Tang Street, Sujiatun District, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Ge Jin
- Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Behavioral and Cognitive Neuroscience of Liaoning Province, Shenyang Medical Colleges, 146 Huanghe North Street, Yuhong District, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110034, People's Republic of China.
| | - Dajun Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Behavioral and Cognitive Neuroscience of Liaoning Province, Shenyang Medical Colleges, 146 Huanghe North Street, Yuhong District, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110034, People's Republic of China
| | - Lini Zhao
- Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Behavioral and Cognitive Neuroscience of Liaoning Province, Shenyang Medical Colleges, 146 Huanghe North Street, Yuhong District, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110034, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingyue Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Behavioral and Cognitive Neuroscience of Liaoning Province, Shenyang Medical Colleges, 146 Huanghe North Street, Yuhong District, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110034, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiwen Zhu
- Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Behavioral and Cognitive Neuroscience of Liaoning Province, Shenyang Medical Colleges, 146 Huanghe North Street, Yuhong District, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110034, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Zhu
- Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Behavioral and Cognitive Neuroscience of Liaoning Province, Shenyang Medical Colleges, 146 Huanghe North Street, Yuhong District, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110034, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Sun
- Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Behavioral and Cognitive Neuroscience of Liaoning Province, Shenyang Medical Colleges, 146 Huanghe North Street, Yuhong District, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110034, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuan Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Behavioral and Cognitive Neuroscience of Liaoning Province, Shenyang Medical Colleges, 146 Huanghe North Street, Yuhong District, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110034, People's Republic of China
| | - Xueying Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Behavioral and Cognitive Neuroscience of Liaoning Province, Shenyang Medical Colleges, 146 Huanghe North Street, Yuhong District, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110034, People's Republic of China
| | - Liqian Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Behavioral and Cognitive Neuroscience of Liaoning Province, Shenyang Medical Colleges, 146 Huanghe North Street, Yuhong District, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110034, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenbo Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Behavioral and Cognitive Neuroscience of Liaoning Province, Shenyang Medical Colleges, 146 Huanghe North Street, Yuhong District, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110034, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Cui
- Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Behavioral and Cognitive Neuroscience of Liaoning Province, Shenyang Medical Colleges, 146 Huanghe North Street, Yuhong District, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110034, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Xu YM, Wang XC, Xu TT, Li HY, Hei SY, Luo NC, Wang H, Zhao W, Fang SH, Chen YB, Guan L, Fang YQ, Zhang SJ, Wang Q, Liang WX. Kai Xin San ameliorates scopolamine-induced cognitive dysfunction. Neural Regen Res 2019; 14:794-804. [PMID: 30688265 PMCID: PMC6375048 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.249227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Kai Xin San (KXS, containing ginseng, hoelen, polygala, and acorus), a traditional Chinese herbal compound, has been found to regulate cognitive dysfunction; however, its mechanism of action is still unclear. In this study, 72 specific-pathogen-free male Kunming mice aged 8 weeks were randomly divided into a vehicle control group, scopolamine group, low-dose KXS group, moderate-dose KXS group, high-dose KXS group, and positive control group. Except for the vehicle control group and scopolamine groups (which received physiological saline), the doses of KXS (0.7, 1.4 and 2.8 g/kg per day) and donepezil (3 mg/kg per day) were gastrointestinally administered once daily for 2 weeks. On day 8 after intragastric treatment, the behavioral tests were carried out. Scopolamine group and intervention groups received scopolamine 3 mg/kg per day through intraperitoneal injection. The effects of KXS on spatial learning and memory, pathological changes of brain tissue, expression of apoptosis factors, oxidative stress injury factors, synapse-associated protein, and cholinergic neurotransmitter were measured. The results confirmed the following. (1) KXS shortened the escape latency and increased residence time in the target quadrant and the number of platform crossings in the Morris water maze. (2) KXS increased the percentage of alternations between the labyrinth arms in the mice of KXS groups in the Y-maze. (3) Nissl and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling staining revealed that KXS promoted the production of Nissl bodies and inhibited the formation of apoptotic bodies. (4) Western blot assay showed that KXS up-regulated the expression of anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2 and inhibited the expression of pro-apoptotic protein Bax. KXS up-regulated the expression of postsynaptic density 95, synaptophysin, and brain-derived neurotrophic factor in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus. (5) KXS increased the level and activity of choline acetyltransferase, acetylcholine, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione peroxidase, and reduced the level and activity of acetyl cholinesterase, reactive oxygen species, and malondialdehyde through acting on the cholinergic system and reducing oxidative stress damage. These results indicate that KXS plays a neuroprotective role and improves cognitive function through reducing apoptosis and oxidative stress, and regulating synapse-associated protein and cholinergic neurotransmitters.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Min Xu
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province; First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
| | - Xin-Chen Wang
- School of Food and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Zhaoqing University, Zhaoqing, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Ting-Ting Xu
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Hong-Ying Li
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Shang-Yan Hei
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Na-Chuan Luo
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Hong Wang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Wei Zhao
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Shu-Huan Fang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yun-Bo Chen
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Li Guan
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yong-Qi Fang
- First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Shi-Jie Zhang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province; Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine; Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Wei-Xiong Liang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine; Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Yu H, Wang X, Kang F, Chen Z, Meng Y, Dai M. Neuroprotective effects of midazolam on focal cerebral ischemia in rats through anti‑apoptotic mechanisms. Int J Mol Med 2018; 43:443-451. [PMID: 30431057 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2018.3973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Stroke is a cerebrovascular circulatory disorder and its high mortality rate represents a prominent threat to human health. Subsequent apoptosis and cytotoxicity are the main causes underlying the poor prognosis. Midazolam (MDZ) is a benzodiazepine drug that is clinically used during surgical procedures and for the treatment of insomnia, with a potential ability to treat stroke. The protective effect of MDZ was investigated on glutamate‑induced cortical neuronal injuries in vitro and transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO) rat models in vivo. Western blot analysis and semi quantitative RT‑PCR were used to evaluate the potential underlying mechanisms. In vitro studies revealed that MDZ regulated apoptosis‑associated gene expression and inhibited lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release, protecting against neuronal damage. In vivo studies revealed that MDZ reduced LDH‑induced neuronal damage by reducing LDH release from the peripheral blood, and brain tissue staining revealed that MDZ protected neurons during tMCAO. MDZ protected neurons under an ischemic environment by inhibiting LDH release and regulating apoptosis‑associated gene expression to reduce cytotoxicity and apoptosis. These results provide a reliable basis for further studies on the effect of MDZ, to improve the prognosis of cerebral infarction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hang Yu
- Intensive Care Unit, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan 570311, P.R. China
| | - Xiaozhi Wang
- Intensive Care Unit, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan 570311, P.R. China
| | - Fuxin Kang
- Intensive Care Unit, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan 570311, P.R. China
| | - Zhile Chen
- Intensive Care Unit, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan 570311, P.R. China
| | - Yunxia Meng
- Intensive Care Unit, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan 570311, P.R. China
| | - Mingming Dai
- Department of Internal Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan 570311, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Bushen-Yizhi Formula Alleviates Neuroinflammation via Inhibiting NLRP3 Inflammasome Activation in a Mouse Model of Parkinson's Disease. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2018; 2018:3571604. [PMID: 30224927 PMCID: PMC6129340 DOI: 10.1155/2018/3571604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Revised: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD), the second most common neurodegenerative disease, is characterized by the progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. Although the molecular mechanisms underlying dopaminergic neuronal degeneration in PD remain unclear, neuroinflammation is considered as the vital mediator in the pathogenesis and progression of PD. Bushen-Yizhi Formula (BSYZ), a traditional Chinese medicine, has been demonstrated to exert antineuroinflammation in our previous studies. However, it remains unclear whether BSYZ is effective for PD. Here, we sought to assess the neuroprotective effects and explore the underlying mechanisms of BSYZ in a 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1, 2, 3, 6-tetrahydropyridine- (MPTP-) induced mouse model of PD. Our results indicate that BSYZ significantly alleviates the motor impairments and dopaminergic neuron degeneration of MPTP-treated mice. Furthermore, BSYZ remarkably attenuates microglia activation, inhibits NLPR3 activation, and decreases the levels of inflammatory cytokines in MPTP-induced mouse brain. Also, BSYZ inhibits NLRP3 activation and interleukin-1β production of the 1-methyl-4-phenyl-pyridinium (MPP+) stimulated BV-2 microglia cells. Taken together, our results indicate that BSYZ alleviates MPTP-induced neuroinflammation probably via inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome activation in microglia. Collectively, BSYZ may be a potential therapeutic agent for PD and the related neurodegeneration diseases.
Collapse
|
19
|
Ligustilide Ameliorates Memory Deficiency in APP/PS1 Transgenic Mice via Restoring Mitochondrial Dysfunction. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:4606752. [PMID: 30079347 PMCID: PMC6069587 DOI: 10.1155/2018/4606752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Revised: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 06/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Ligustilide, the main lipophilic component of Radix angelicae sinensis, has been shown to ameliorate cognitive dysfunction in a few Alzheimer's disease mouse models, but its mechanism is not fully understood. In this study, we employed 7-month-old APP/PS1 mice to explore whether LIG is able to protect against Alzheimer's disease progression. The Morris water maze and Y-maze test results showed that eight weeks of intragastric administration of LIG (10 mg/kg, 40 mg/kg) every day improved memory deficit in APP/PS1 mice. The thioflavin-S staining and Western blot results (Aβ1-42 monomer/oligomer, APP, ADAM10, SAPPα, and PreP) showed that LIG reduced Aβ levels in the brain of APP/PS1 mice. Transmission electron microscopy analysis showed that LIG reduced the mitochondria number and increased the mitochondrial length in the hippocampal CA1 area of APP/PS1 mice. A reduced level of Drp1 (fission) and increased levels of Mfn1, Mfn2, and Opa1 (fusion) were found in APP/PS1 mice treated with LIG. An increased ATP level in the brain and increased activities of cytochrome c oxidase (CCO) and succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) in mitochondrion separated from the hippocampus and cortex revealed that LIG alleviated mitochondrial dysfunction. LIG exerts an antioxidation effect via reducing the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) and increasing the activity of Mn-SOD in the brain. Elevated levels of PSD-95, synaptophysin, and synapsin 1 in both the hippocampus and cortex indicated that LIG provided synaptic protection. These findings show that treatment with LIG ameliorates mitochondrial dynamics and morphology issues, improves mitochondrial function, reduces Aβ levels in the brain, restores the synaptic structure, and ameliorates memory deficit in APP/PS1 mice. These results imply that LIG may serve as a potential antidementia drug.
Collapse
|
20
|
Vela S, Sainz N, Moreno-Aliaga MJ, Solas M, Ramirez MJ. DHA Selectively Protects SAMP-8-Associated Cognitive Deficits Through Inhibition of JNK. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 56:1618-1627. [PMID: 29911253 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-1185-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A potential role of marine n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω-3 PUFAs) has been suggested in memory, learning, and cognitive processes. Therefore, ω-3 PUFAs might be a promising treatment option, albeit controversial, for Alzheimer's disease (AD). Among the different mechanisms that have been proposed as responsible for the beneficial effects of ω-3 PUFAs, inhibition of JNK stands as a particularly interesting candidate. In the present work, it has been studied whether the administration of two different PUFAs (docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA)) and a DHA-derived specialized pro-resolving lipid mediator (MaR1) is able to reverse cognitive deficits in the senescence-accelerated mouse prone 8 (SAMP8) mouse model of sporadic AD. The novel object recognition test (NORT) test showed that recognition memory was significantly impaired in SAMP8 mice, as shown by a significantly decreased discrimination index that was reversed by MaR1 and DHA. In the retention phase of the Morris water maze (MWM) task, SAMP8 mice showed memory deficit that only DHA treatment was able to reverse. pJNK levels were significantly increased in the hippocampus of SAMP8 mice compared to SAMR1 mice, and only DHA treatment was able to significantly reverse these increased pJNK levels. Similar results were found when measuring c-Jun, the main JNK substrate. Consequently to the increases in tau phosphorylation after increased pJNK, it was checked that tau phosphorylation (PHF-1) was increased in SAMP mice, and this effect was reversed after DHA treatment. Altogether, DHA could represent a new approach for the treatment of AD through JNK inhibition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Vela
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Neira Sainz
- Centre for Nutrition Research, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - María J Moreno-Aliaga
- Centre for Nutrition Research, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Physiology, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,CIBERobn, Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition, Institute of Health Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain.,IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, Pamplona, Spain
| | - M Solas
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, Pamplona, Spain
| | - María J Ramirez
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain. .,IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, Pamplona, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
The Mechanisms of Bushen-Yizhi Formula as a Therapeutic Agent against Alzheimer's Disease. Sci Rep 2018; 8:3104. [PMID: 29449587 PMCID: PMC5814461 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-21468-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Bushen-Yizhi prescription (BSYZ) has been an effective traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) prescription in treating Alzheimer’s disease (AD) for hundreds of years. However, the underlying mechanisms have not been fully elucidated yet. In this work, a systems pharmacology approach was developed to reveal the underlying molecular mechanisms of BSYZ in treating AD. First, we obtained 329 candidate compounds of BSYZ by in silico ADME/T filter analysis and 138 AD-related targets were predicted by our in-house WEGA algorithm via mapping predicted targets into AD-related proteins. In addition, we elucidated the mechanisms of BSYZ action on AD through multiple network analysis, including compound-target network analysis and target-function network analysis. Furthermore, several modules regulated by BSYZ were incorporated into AD-related pathways to uncover the therapeutic mechanisms of this prescription in AD treatment. Finally, further verification experiments also demonstrated the therapeutic effects of BSYZ on cognitive dysfunction in APP/PS1 mice, which was possibly via regulating amyloid-β metabolism and suppressing neuronal apoptosis. In conclusion, we provide an integrative systems pharmacology approach to illustrate the underlying therapeutic mechanisms of BSYZ formula action on AD.
Collapse
|
22
|
Zhai Y, Meng X, Luo Y, Wu Y, Ye T, Zhou P, Ding S, Wang M, Lu S, Zhu L, Sun G, Sun X. Notoginsenoside R1 ameliorates diabetic encephalopathy by activating the Nrf2 pathway and inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Oncotarget 2018; 9:9344-9363. [PMID: 29507694 PMCID: PMC5823646 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.24295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous researches supported that oxidative stress and inflammation play important roles in the development of diabetic encephalopathy (DEP). Notoginsenoside R1 (NGR1), one major component of Panax notoginseng, is believed to have anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective properties. However, its neuroprotective effects against DEP and underlying mechanisms are still unknown. In this study, db/db mice as well as high-glucose (HG)-treated HT22 hippocampal neurons were used as in vivo and in vitro models to estimate NGR1 neuroprotection. NGR1 administration for 10 weeks could ameliorate cognitive dysfunction, depression-like behaviors, insulin resistance, hyperinsulinemia, dyslipidemia, and inflammation in db/db mice. NGR1 markedly decreased the oxidative stress induced by hyperglycemia in hippocampal neurons. NGR1 significantly activated the protein kinase B (Akt)/nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor2 (Nrf2) pathway, and inhibited NLRP3 inflammasome activation in hippocampal neurons, which might be essential for the neuroprotective effects of NGR1. Further supporting these results, we observed that pretreatment with the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase inhibitor LY294002 abolished NGR1-mediated neuroprotective effects against oxidative stress and NLRP3 inflammasome activation in HG-treated HT22 hippocampal neurons. In conclusion, the present study demonstrates the neuroprotective effects of NGR1 on DEP by activating the Akt/Nrf2 pathway and inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome activation. This study also provides a novel strategy for the application of NGR1 as a therapeutic agent for patients with DEP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yadong Zhai
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Discovery of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Natural Medicine) and Translational Medicine, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resource Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Efficacy Evaluation of Chinese Medicine Against Glycolipid Metabolic Disorders, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xiangbao Meng
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Discovery of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Natural Medicine) and Translational Medicine, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resource Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Efficacy Evaluation of Chinese Medicine Against Glycolipid Metabolic Disorders, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yun Luo
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Discovery of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Natural Medicine) and Translational Medicine, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resource Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Efficacy Evaluation of Chinese Medicine Against Glycolipid Metabolic Disorders, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yongmei Wu
- Department of Pharmacology, Changchun University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Tianyuan Ye
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Discovery of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Natural Medicine) and Translational Medicine, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resource Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Efficacy Evaluation of Chinese Medicine Against Glycolipid Metabolic Disorders, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Ping Zhou
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Discovery of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Natural Medicine) and Translational Medicine, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resource Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Efficacy Evaluation of Chinese Medicine Against Glycolipid Metabolic Disorders, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Shilan Ding
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Discovery of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Natural Medicine) and Translational Medicine, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resource Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Efficacy Evaluation of Chinese Medicine Against Glycolipid Metabolic Disorders, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Min Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin, China
| | - Senbao Lu
- Department of Bioengineering, Santa Clara University, Santa Clara, California, USA
| | - Lili Zhu
- Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Guibo Sun
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Discovery of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Natural Medicine) and Translational Medicine, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resource Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Efficacy Evaluation of Chinese Medicine Against Glycolipid Metabolic Disorders, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaobo Sun
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Discovery of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Natural Medicine) and Translational Medicine, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resource Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Efficacy Evaluation of Chinese Medicine Against Glycolipid Metabolic Disorders, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|