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Isvoranu G, Chiritoiu-Butnaru M. Therapeutic potential of interleukin-21 in cancer. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1369743. [PMID: 38638431 PMCID: PMC11024325 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1369743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-21 (IL-21) is an immunostimulatory cytokine which belongs to the common gamma-chain family of cytokines. It plays an import role in the development, differentiation, proliferation, and activation of immune cells, in particular T and natural killer (NK) cells. Since its discovery in 2000, IL-21 has been shown to regulate both adaptive and immune responses associates with key role in antiviral and antitumor responses. Recent advances indicate IL-21 as a promising target for cancer treatment and encouraging results were obtained in preclinical studies which investigated the potency of IL-21 alone or in combination with other therapies, including monoclonal antibodies, checkpoint inhibitory molecules, oncolytic virotherapy, and adoptive cell transfer. Furthermore, IL-21 showed antitumor effects in the treatment of patients with advanced cancer, with minimal side effects in several clinical trials. In the present review, we will outline the recent progress in IL-21 research, highlighting the potential of IL-21 based therapy as single agent or in combination with other drugs to enhance cancer treatment efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gheorghita Isvoranu
- Department of Animal Husbandry,” Victor Babeș” National Institute of Pathology, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Marioara Chiritoiu-Butnaru
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry of the Romanian Academy, Bucharest, Romania
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2
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Ma M, Xie Y, Liu J, Wu L, Liu Y, Qin X. Biological effects of IL-21 on immune cells and its potential for cancer treatment. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 126:111154. [PMID: 37977064 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.111154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2023] [Revised: 10/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin-21 (IL-21), a member of the IL-2 cytokine family, is one of the most important effector and messenger molecules in the immune system. Produced by various immune cells, IL-21 has pleiotropic effects on innate and adaptive immune responses via regulation of natural killer, T, and B cells. An anti-tumor role of IL-21 has also been reported in the literature, as it may support cell proliferation or on the contrary induce growth arrest or apoptosis of the tumor cell. Anti-tumor effect of IL-21 enhances when combined with other agents that target tumor cells, immune regulatory circuits, or other immune-enhancing molecules. Therefore, understanding the biology of IL-21 in the tumor microenvironment (TME) and reducing its systemic toxic and side effects is crucial to ensure the maximum benefits of anti-tumor treatment strategies. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview on the biological functions, roles in tumors, and the recent advances in preclinical and clinical research of IL-21 in tumor immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meichen Ma
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yuanyuan Xie
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jianhua Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Lina Wu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yong Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiaosong Qin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.
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3
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Di Grazia A, Di Fusco D, Franzè E, Colella M, Strimpakos G, Salvatori S, Formica V, Laudisi F, Maresca C, Colantoni A, Ortenzi A, Stolfi C, Monteleone I, Monteleone G. Hepcidin Upregulation in Colorectal Cancer Associates with Accumulation of Regulatory Macrophages and Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition and Correlates with Progression of the Disease. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:5294. [PMID: 36358713 PMCID: PMC9658525 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14215294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 08/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Advanced, metastatic colorectal cancer (CRC) is associated with high rate of mortality because of its poor responsiveness to chemotherapy/immunotherapy. Recent studies have shown that hepcidin, a peptide hormone produced mainly by hepatocytes, is expressed by and enhances the growth of tumor cells. We here assessed whether hepcidin expression helps identify subsets of CRC with advanced and aggressive course. By integrating results of in vitro/ex vivo studies with data of bioinformatics databases, we initially showed that hepcidin RNA and protein expression was more pronounced in tissue samples taken from the tumor area, as compared to the macroscopically unaffected, adjacent, colonic mucosa of CRC patients. The induction of hepcidin in the colonic epithelial cell line HCEC-1ct by interleukin (IL)-6, IL-21 and IL-23 occurred via a Stat3-dependent mechanism and, in primary CRC cells, hepcidin co-localized with active Stat3. In CRC tissue, hepcidin content correlated mainly with macrophage accumulation and IL-10 and CD206 expression, two markers of regulatory macrophages. Consistently, both IL-10 and CD206 were up-regulated by hepcidin in blood mononuclear cells. The highest levels of hepcidin were found in metastatic CRC and survival analysis showed that high expression of hepcidin associated with poor prognosis. Moreover, hepcidin expression correlated with markers of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and the silencing of hepcidin in CRC cells reduced epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition markers. These findings indicate that hepcidin is markedly induced in the advanced stages of CRC and suggest that it could serve as a prognostic biomarker in CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Di Grazia
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Davide Di Fusco
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Eleonora Franzè
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Colella
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Georgios Strimpakos
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology (IBBC), National Council of Research (CNR), 00146 Rome, Italy
| | - Silvia Salvatori
- Gastroenterology Unit, Fondazione Policlinico “Tor Vergata”, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Formica
- Medical Oncology Unit, Fondazione Policlinico “Tor Vergata”, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Federica Laudisi
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Claudia Maresca
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Alfredo Colantoni
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Angela Ortenzi
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Carmine Stolfi
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Ivan Monteleone
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanni Monteleone
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, 00133 Rome, Italy
- Gastroenterology Unit, Fondazione Policlinico “Tor Vergata”, 00133 Rome, Italy
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4
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Maresca C, Di Maggio G, Stolfi C, Laudisi F, Colella M, Pacifico T, Di Grazia A, Di Fusco D, Congiu D, Guida AM, Sica G, Monteleone I, Monteleone G. Smad7 Sustains Stat3 Expression and Signaling in Colon Cancer Cells. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14204993. [PMID: 36291778 PMCID: PMC9599800 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14204993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Colorectal cancer (CRC) cells contain elevated levels of Stat3 and Smad7, two proteins involved in the growth and survival of neoplastic cells. This study was aimed at examining whether Smad7 positively controls the expression of Stat3 in CRC cells. By employing antisense technology, which specifically inhibits Smad7 expression in selected cells, we hereby show that the reduction of Smad7 in CRC cells is paralleled by the marked suppression of the levels of Stat3 and of Stat3-related genes. Finally, we provide evidence that in human CRC tissue samples, there is a positive correlation between Smad7 expression and Stat3 content. Overall, these findings delineate a novel positive feedback loop that sustains CRC cell behavior and suggest that Smad7 is a target for therapeutic intervention in patients with such a disease. Abstract Colorectal cancer (CRC) cells contain elevated levels of active signal transducer and the activator of transcription (Stat)-3, which exerts proliferative and anti-apoptotic effects. Various molecules produced in the CRC tissue can activate Stat3, but the mechanisms that amplify such an activation are yet to be determined. In this paper, we assessed whether Smad7, an inhibitor of Transforiming Growth Factor (TGF)-β1 activity, sustains Stat3 expression/activation in CRC cells. Both Smad7 and phosphorylated (p)/activated-Stat3 were more expressed in the tumoral areas of CRC patients, compared to the normal adjacent colonic mucosa of the same patients, and were co-localized in primary CRC cells and CRC cell lines. The knockdown of Smad7 with a Smad7 antisense oligonucleotide (AS) reduced p-Stat3 in both unstimulated and interleukin (IL)-6- and IL-22-stimulated DLD-1 and HCT116 cells. Consistently, reduced levels of BCL-xL and survivin, two downstream signaling targets of Stat3 activation, were seen in Smad7 AS-treated cells. An analysis of the mechanisms underlying Smad7 AS-induced Stat3 inactivation revealed that Smad7 AS reduced Stat3 RNA and protein expression. A chromatin immunoprecipitation assay showed the direct regulatory effect of Smad7 on the Stat3 promoter. RNA-sequencing data from the Tumor, Normal and Metastatic (TNM) plot database showed a positive correlation between Smad7 and Stat3 in 1450 CRC samples. To our knowledge, this is the first evidence supporting the theory that Smad7 positively regulates Stat3 function in CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Maresca
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of “Tor Vergata”, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Giulia Di Maggio
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of “Tor Vergata”, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Carmine Stolfi
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of “Tor Vergata”, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Federica Laudisi
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of “Tor Vergata”, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Colella
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of “Tor Vergata”, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Teresa Pacifico
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of “Tor Vergata”, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Di Grazia
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of “Tor Vergata”, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Davide Di Fusco
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of “Tor Vergata”, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Daniele Congiu
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of “Tor Vergata”, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | | | - Giuseppe Sica
- Department of Surgery, University of “Tor Vergata”, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Ivan Monteleone
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of “Tor Vergata”, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanni Monteleone
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of “Tor Vergata”, 00133 Rome, Italy
- Gastroenterology Unit, Policlinico Universitario Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-06-20903702; Fax: +39-06-72596158
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5
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Krieg C, Weber LM, Fosso B, Marzano M, Hardiman G, Olcina MM, Domingo E, El Aidy S, Mallah K, Robinson MD, Guglietta S. Complement downregulation promotes an inflammatory signature that renders colorectal cancer susceptible to immunotherapy. J Immunother Cancer 2022; 10:e004717. [PMID: 36137652 PMCID: PMC9511657 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2022-004717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The role of inflammatory immune responses in colorectal cancer (CRC) development and response to therapy is a matter of intense debate. While inflammation is a known driver of CRC, inflammatory immune infiltrates are a positive prognostic factor in CRC and predispose to response to immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) therapy. Unfortunately, over 85% of CRC cases are primarily unresponsive to ICB due to the absence of an immune infiltrate, and even the cases that show an initial immune infiltration can become refractory to ICB. The identification of therapy supportive immune responses in the field has been partially hindered by the sparsity of suitable mouse models to recapitulate the human disease. In this study, we aimed to understand how the dysregulation of the complement anaphylatoxin C3a receptor (C3aR), observed in subsets of patients with CRC, affects the immune responses, the development of CRC, and response to ICB therapy. METHODS We use a comprehensive approach encompassing analysis of publicly available human CRC datasets, inflammation-driven and newly generated spontaneous mouse models of CRC, and multiplatform high-dimensional analysis of immune responses using microbiota sequencing, RNA sequencing, and mass cytometry. RESULTS We found that patients' regulation of the complement C3aR is associated with epigenetic modifications. Specifically, downregulation of C3ar1 in human CRC promotes a tumor microenvironment characterized by the accumulation of innate and adaptive immune cells that support antitumor immunity. In addition, in vivo studies in our newly generated mouse model revealed that the lack of C3a in the colon activates a microbiota-mediated proinflammatory program which promotes the development of tumors with an immune signature that renders them responsive to the ICB therapy. CONCLUSIONS Our findings reveal that C3aR may act as a previously unrecognized checkpoint to enhance antitumor immunity in CRC. C3aR can thus be exploited to overcome ICB resistance in a larger group of patients with CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carsten Krieg
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
- Hollings Cancer Center Charleston, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Lukas M Weber
- Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Bruno Fosso
- Institute of Biomembranes, Bioenergetics and Molecular Biotechnologies, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Bari, Italy
| | - Marinella Marzano
- Institute of Biomembranes, Bioenergetics and Molecular Biotechnologies, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Bari, Italy
| | - Gary Hardiman
- School of Biological Sciences and Institute for Global Food Security, Queens University of Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Monica M Olcina
- Institute of Radiation Oncology, Medical Research Council Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Oxford, UK
| | - Enric Domingo
- Institute of Radiation Oncology, Medical Research Council Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Oxford, UK
| | - Sahar El Aidy
- Host-microbe Metabolic Interactions, Microbiology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Khalil Mallah
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Mark D Robinson
- Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Silvia Guglietta
- Hollings Cancer Center Charleston, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
- Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
- Department of Experimental Oncology, IEO European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy
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6
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Sensi B, Khan J, Warusavitarne J, Nardi A, Spinelli A, Zaghiyan K, Panis Y, Sampietro G, Fichera A, Garcia-Granero E, Espin-Basany E, Konishi T, Siragusa L, Stefan S, Bellato V, Carvello M, Adams E, Frontali A, Artigue M, Frasson M, Marti-Gallostra M, Pellino G, Sica GS. Long-term Oncological Outcome of Segmental Versus Extended Colectomy for Colorectal Cancer in Crohn's Disease: Results from an International Multicentre Study. J Crohns Colitis 2022; 16:954-962. [PMID: 34897426 DOI: 10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjab215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Crohn's disease increases colorectal cancer risk, with high prevalence of synchronous and metachronous cancers. Current guidelines for colorectal cancer in Crohn's disease recommend pan-proctocolectomy. The aim of this study was to evaluate oncological outcomes of a less invasive surgical approach. METHODS This was a retrospective database analysis of Crohn's disease patients with colorectal cancer undergoing surgery at selected European and US tertiary centres. Outcomes of segmental colectomy were compared with those of extended colectomy, total colectomy, and pan-proctocolectomy. Primary outcome was progression-free survival. Secondary outcomes included overall survival, synchronous and metachronous colorectal cancer, and major postoperative complications. RESULTS Ninety-nine patients were included: 66 patients underwent segmental colectomy and 33 extended colectomy. Segmental colectomy patients were older [p = 0.0429], had less extensive colitis [p = 0.0002] and no preoperatively identified synchronous lesions [p = 0.0109].Median follow-up was 43 [31-62] months. There was no difference in unadjusted progression-free survival [p = 0.2570] or in overall survival [p = 0.4191] between segmental and extended colectomy. Multivariate analysis adjusting for age, sex, ASA score, and AJCC staging, confirmed no difference for progression-free survival (hazard ratio [HR] 1.00, p = 0.9993) or overall survival [HR 0.77, p = 0.6654]. Synchronous and metachronous cancers incidence was 9% and 1.5%, respectively. Perioperative mortality was nil and major complications were comparable [7.58% vs 6.06%, p = 0.9998]. CONCLUSIONS Segmental colectomy seems to offer similar long-term outcomes to more extensive surgery. Incidence of synchronous and metachronous cancers appears much lower than previously described. Further prospective studies are warranted to confirm these results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Sensi
- University of Rome Tor Vergata, Department of Surgery, Rome, Italy
| | - Jim Khan
- Portsmouth Hospital, NHS trust, Surgery, Portsmouth, UK
| | | | - Alessandra Nardi
- University of Rome Tor Vergata, Department of Mathematics, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - Yves Panis
- Beaujon Hospital, Colorectal Surgery, Paris, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Leandro Siragusa
- University of Rome Tor Vergata, Department of Surgery, Rome, Italy
| | - Samuel Stefan
- Portsmouth Hospital, NHS trust, Surgery, Portsmouth, UK
| | | | | | - Evan Adams
- Cedars Sinai Hospital, Surgery, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Gianluca Pellino
- Hospital Universitario Val d'Hebron, Surgery, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples,Italy
| | - Giuseppe S Sica
- University of Rome Tor Vergata, Department of Surgery, Rome, Italy
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Borowczak J, Szczerbowski K, Maniewski M, Kowalewski A, Janiczek-polewska M, Szylberg A, Marszałek A, Szylberg Ł. The Role of Inflammatory Cytokines in the Pathogenesis of Colorectal Carcinoma—Recent Findings and Review. Biomedicines 2022; 10:1670. [PMID: 35884974 PMCID: PMC9312930 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10071670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The inflammatory process plays a significant role in the development of colon cancer (CRC). Intestinal cytokine networks are critical mediators of tissue homeostasis and inflammation but also impact carcinogenesis at all stages of the disease. Recent studies suggest that inflammation is of greater importance in the serrated pathway than in the adenoma-carcinoma pathway. Interleukins have gained the most attention due to their potential role in CRC pathogenesis and promising results of clinical trials. Malignant transformation is associated with the pro-tumorigenic and anti-tumorigenic cytokines. The harmony between proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory factors is crucial to maintaining homeostasis. Immune cells in the tumor microenvironment modulate immune sensitivity and facilitate cancer escape from immune surveillance. Therefore, clarifying the role of underlying cytokine pathways and the effects of their modulation may be an important step to improve the effectiveness of cancer immunotherapy.
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8
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GEINDREAU M, BRUCHARD M, VEGRAN F. Role of Cytokines and Chemokines in Angiogenesis in a Tumor Context. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14102446. [PMID: 35626056 PMCID: PMC9139472 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14102446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Tumor growth in solid cancers requires adequate nutrient and oxygen supply, provided by blood vessels created by angiogenesis. Numerous studies have demonstrated that this mechanism plays a crucial role in cancer development and appears to be a well-defined hallmark of cancer. This process is carefully regulated, notably by cytokines with pro-angiogenic or anti-angiogenic features. In this review, we will discuss the role of cytokines in the modulation of angiogenesis. In addition, we will summarize the therapeutic approaches based on cytokine modulation and their clinical approval. Abstract During carcinogenesis, tumors set various mechanisms to help support their development. Angiogenesis is a crucial process for cancer development as it drives the creation of blood vessels within the tumor. These newly formed blood vessels insure the supply of oxygen and nutrients to the tumor, helping its growth. The main factors that regulate angiogenesis are the five members of the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) family. Angiogenesis is a hallmark of cancer and has been the target of new therapies this past few years. However, angiogenesis is a complex phenomenon with many redundancy pathways that ensure its maintenance. In this review, we will first describe the consecutive steps forming angiogenesis, as well as its classical regulators. We will then discuss how the cytokines and chemokines present in the tumor microenvironment can induce or block angiogenesis. Finally, we will focus on the therapeutic arsenal targeting angiogenesis in cancer and the challenges they have to overcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mannon GEINDREAU
- Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 21000 Dijon, France; (M.G.); (M.B.)
- CRI INSERM UMR1231 ‘Lipids, Nutrition and Cancer’ Team CAdiR, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Mélanie BRUCHARD
- Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 21000 Dijon, France; (M.G.); (M.B.)
- CRI INSERM UMR1231 ‘Lipids, Nutrition and Cancer’ Team CAdiR, 21000 Dijon, France
- Centre Georges-François Leclerc, UNICANCER, 21000 Dijon, France
- LipSTIC Labex, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Frédérique VEGRAN
- Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 21000 Dijon, France; (M.G.); (M.B.)
- CRI INSERM UMR1231 ‘Lipids, Nutrition and Cancer’ Team CAdiR, 21000 Dijon, France
- Centre Georges-François Leclerc, UNICANCER, 21000 Dijon, France
- LipSTIC Labex, 21000 Dijon, France
- Correspondence:
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9
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Vaghari-Tabari M, Targhazeh N, Moein S, Qujeq D, Alemi F, Majidina M, Younesi S, Asemi Z, Yousefi B. From inflammatory bowel disease to colorectal cancer: what's the role of miRNAs? Cancer Cell Int 2022; 22:146. [PMID: 35410210 PMCID: PMC8996392 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-022-02557-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) is a chronic inflammatory disease with relapse and remission periods. Ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease are two major forms of the disease. IBD imposes a lot of sufferings on the patient and has many consequences; however, the most important is the increased risk of colorectal cancer, especially in patients with Ulcerative colitis. This risk is increased with increasing the duration of disease, thus preventing the progression of IBD to cancer is very important. Therefore, it is necessary to know the details of events contributed to the progression of IBD to cancer. In recent years, the importance of miRNAs as small molecules with 20-22 nucleotides has been recognized in pathophysiology of many diseases, in which IBD and colorectal cancer have not been excluded. As a result, the effectiveness of these small molecules as therapeutic target is hopefully confirmed. This paper has reviewed the related studies and findings about the role of miRNAs in the course of events that promote the progression of IBD to colorectal carcinoma, as well as a review about the effectiveness of some of these miRNAs as therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mostafa Vaghari-Tabari
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Niloufar Targhazeh
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Soheila Moein
- Medicinal Plants Processing Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.,Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | - Durdi Qujeq
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center (CMBRC), Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran.,Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Forough Alemi
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Maryam Majidina
- Solid Tumor Research Center, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Simin Younesi
- Schoole of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Melborne, VIC, Australia
| | - Zatollah Asemi
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran.
| | - Bahman Yousefi
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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10
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Masum S, Hopgood A, Stefan S, Flashman K, Khan J. Data analytics and artificial intelligence in predicting length of stay, readmission, and mortality: a population-based study of surgical management of colorectal cancer. Discov Oncol 2022; 13:11. [PMID: 35226196 PMCID: PMC8885960 DOI: 10.1007/s12672-022-00472-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Data analytics and artificial intelligence (AI) have been used to predict patient outcomes after colorectal cancer surgery. A prospectively maintained colorectal cancer database was used, covering 4336 patients who underwent colorectal cancer surgery between 2003 and 2019. The 47 patient parameters included demographics, peri- and post-operative outcomes, surgical approaches, complications, and mortality. Data analytics were used to compare the importance of each variable and AI prediction models were built for length of stay (LOS), readmission, and mortality. Accuracies of at least 80% have been achieved. The significant predictors of LOS were age, ASA grade, operative time, presence or absence of a stoma, robotic or laparoscopic approach to surgery, and complications. The model with support vector regression (SVR) algorithms predicted the LOS with an accuracy of 83% and mean absolute error (MAE) of 9.69 days. The significant predictors of readmission were age, laparoscopic procedure, stoma performed, preoperative nodal (N) stage, operation time, operation mode, previous surgery type, LOS, and the specific procedure. A BI-LSTM model predicted readmission with 87.5% accuracy, 84% sensitivity, and 90% specificity. The significant predictors of mortality were age, ASA grade, BMI, the formation of a stoma, preoperative TNM staging, neoadjuvant chemotherapy, curative resection, and LOS. Classification predictive modelling predicted three different colorectal cancer mortality measures (overall mortality, and 31- and 91-days mortality) with 80-96% accuracy, 84-93% sensitivity, and 75-100% specificity. A model using all variables performed only slightly better than one that used just the most significant ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shamsul Masum
- Faculty of Technology, University of Portsmouth, Portland Building, Portland Street, Portsmouth, PO1 3AH UK
| | - Adrian Hopgood
- Faculty of Technology, University of Portsmouth, Portland Building, Portland Street, Portsmouth, PO1 3AH UK
| | - Samuel Stefan
- Colorectal Department, Portsmouth Hospitals University NHS Trust, Southwick Hill Road, Portsmouth, PO6 3LY UK
| | - Karen Flashman
- Colorectal Department, Portsmouth Hospitals University NHS Trust, Southwick Hill Road, Portsmouth, PO6 3LY UK
| | - Jim Khan
- Colorectal Department, Portsmouth Hospitals University NHS Trust, Southwick Hill Road, Portsmouth, PO6 3LY UK
- Faculty of Science & Health, University of Portsmouth, St Michael’s Building, White Swan Road, Portsmouth, PO1 2DT UK
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11
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Descarpentrie J, Araúzo-bravo MJ, He Z, François A, González Á, Garcia-gallastegi P, Badiola I, Evrard S, Pernot S, Creemers JWM, Khatib A. Role of Furin in Colon Cancer Stem Cells Malignant Phenotype and Expression of LGR5 and NANOG in KRAS and BRAF-Mutated Colon Tumors. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:1195. [PMID: 35267511 PMCID: PMC8909039 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14051195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Proprotein convertases or PCs are known to regulate the malignant phenotype of colon cancer cells by different mechanisms, but their effects on cancer stem cells (CSCs) have been less widely investigated. Here, we report that PCs expression is altered in colon CSCs, and the inhibition of their activity reduced colon CSCs growth, survival, and invasion in three-dimensional spheroid cultures. In vivo, repression of PCs activity by the general PC inhibitors α1-PDX, Spn4A, or decanoyl-RVKR-chloromethylketone (CMK) significantly reduced tumor expression levels of the stem cell markers LGR5 and NANOG that are associated with reduced tumor xenografts. Further analysis revealed that reduced tumor growth mediated by specific silencing of the convertase Furin in KRAS or BRAF mutated-induced colon tumors was associated with reduced expression of LGR5 and NANOG compared to wild-type KRAS and BRAF tumors. Analysis of various calcium regulator molecules revealed that while the calcium-transporting ATPase 4 (ATP2B4) is downregulated in all the Furin-silenced colon cancer cells, the Ca2+-mobilizing P2Y receptors, was specifically repressed in BRAF mutated cells and ORAI1 and CACNA1H in KRAS mutated cells. Taken together, our findings indicate that PCs play an important role in the malignant phenotype of colon CSCs and stem cell markers’ expression and highlight PCs repression, particularly of Furin, to target colon tumors with KRAS or BRAF mutation.
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12
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Feng Y, Luo J, Liu P, Zhu Y, Cheng G, Zheng L, Liu L. Programmed death-ligand 1 and mammalian target of rapamycin signaling pathway in locally advanced rectal cancer. Discov Oncol 2022; 13:10. [PMID: 35201501 PMCID: PMC8844341 DOI: 10.1007/s12672-022-00471-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the role of programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway in locally advanced rectal cancer (LARC). METHODS Between February 2012 and February 2018, 103 patients with LARC treated by neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (neoCRT) and total mesorectal excision (TME) were included. PD-L1, mTOR and p-mTOR of pair-matched pre-neoCRT biopsies and post-neoCRT surgical tissue were evaluated by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS The mean combined positive score (CPS), tumor proportion score (TPS) and immune cell score (IC) of pre-neoCRT were 2.24 (0-70), 1.87 (0-70) and 0.67 (0-10), respectively. The mean CPS, TPS and IC of post-neoCRT were 2.19 (0-80), 1.38 (0-80) and 1.60 (0-20), respectively. Significant difference was observed in terms of IC between pre-neoCRT and post-neoCRT (p = 0.010). The 5-year disease-free survival (DFS) rate of the whole group was 62.4%. Multivariate analysis by Cox model indicated that pre-neoCRT TPS [hazard ratio (HR) 1.052, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.020-1.086, p = 0.001] and post-neoCRT CPS (HR 0.733, 95% CI 0.555-0.967, p = 0.028) were associated with DFS. In the 89 patients without pathological complete response, p-mTOR and IC were upregulated after neoCRT. CONCLUSIONS For patients with LARC treated by neoCRT and TME, p-mTOR and IC were upregulated after neoCRT. Pre-neoCRT TPS and post-neoCRT CPS were independent prognostic predictors of DFS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanru Feng
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Institute of Basic Medicine and Cancer (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, No 1, East Banshan Road, Gongshu District, Hangzhou, 310022, China
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology, The Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Institute of Basic Medicine and Cancer (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jialin Luo
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Institute of Basic Medicine and Cancer (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, No 1, East Banshan Road, Gongshu District, Hangzhou, 310022, China
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology, The Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Institute of Basic Medicine and Cancer (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Peng Liu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Institute of Basic Medicine and Cancer (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, No 1, East Banshan Road, Gongshu District, Hangzhou, 310022, China
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology, The Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Institute of Basic Medicine and Cancer (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuan Zhu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Institute of Basic Medicine and Cancer (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, No 1, East Banshan Road, Gongshu District, Hangzhou, 310022, China
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology, The Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Institute of Basic Medicine and Cancer (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Guoping Cheng
- Department of Pathology, The Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Institute of Basic Medicine and Cancer (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Linfeng Zheng
- Department of Pathology, The Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Institute of Basic Medicine and Cancer (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Luying Liu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Institute of Basic Medicine and Cancer (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, No 1, East Banshan Road, Gongshu District, Hangzhou, 310022, China.
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology, The Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Institute of Basic Medicine and Cancer (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, China.
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Maryńczak K, Włodarczyk J, Sabatowska Z, Dziki A, Dziki Ł, Włodarczyk M. Colitis-Associated Colorectal Cancer in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Diseases in a Tertiary Referral Center: A Propensity Score Matching Analysis. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11030866. [PMID: 35160321 PMCID: PMC8836563 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11030866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a risk factor in developing colitis-associated colorectal cancer (CA-CRC). CA-CRC causes the death of about 15% IBD patients and the risk is 1.5–2.4 fold higher among IBD sufferers than in the general population. The dysplasia CA-CRC develops in a different mechanism in comparison to sporadic colorectal cancer (CRC). This study aimed at evaluating the surgical treatment and its outcomes as well as 5-year survival rates in the CA-CRC and sporadic CRC patients. Materials and methods: This single-center, retrospective, propensity score-matched case-control study was conducted with 2204 patients operated on due to primary CRC, who were hospitalized from 2003 to 2019. The CA-CRC group consisted of 49 patients with CRC in the course of IBD. The sporadic CRC group was selected with the propensity score matching technique and comprised 98 patients with sporadic CRC who did not have clinical or histopathological features characteristic for IBD. Results: CA-CRC is characterized by a more aggressive clinical course. Surgical treatment of CA-CRC involves more palliative operations and is related with a higher risk of perioperative and postoperative complications. Further studies of CA-CRC risk factor stratification and the development of molecular markers hold promise in reducing CRC in IBD patients in the future were warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasper Maryńczak
- Department of General and Oncological Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, 251 Pomorska, 92-213 Lodz, Poland; (K.M.); (J.W.); (Z.S.); (Ł.D.)
| | - Jakub Włodarczyk
- Department of General and Oncological Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, 251 Pomorska, 92-213 Lodz, Poland; (K.M.); (J.W.); (Z.S.); (Ł.D.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical University of Lodz, Mazowiecka 6/8, 92-215 Lodz, Poland
| | - Zofia Sabatowska
- Department of General and Oncological Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, 251 Pomorska, 92-213 Lodz, Poland; (K.M.); (J.W.); (Z.S.); (Ł.D.)
| | - Adam Dziki
- Department of General and Colorectal Surgery, Medical University of Lodz, 113 Żeromskiego, 90-624 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Łukasz Dziki
- Department of General and Oncological Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, 251 Pomorska, 92-213 Lodz, Poland; (K.M.); (J.W.); (Z.S.); (Ł.D.)
| | - Marcin Włodarczyk
- Department of General and Oncological Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, 251 Pomorska, 92-213 Lodz, Poland; (K.M.); (J.W.); (Z.S.); (Ł.D.)
- Correspondence:
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14
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Hwang S, Tatsi C, Kuehn HS, Niemela JE, Stoddard J, Su Y, Lodish M, Uzel G, Spolski R, Leonard WJ, Holland SM, Fleisher TA, Stratakis CA, Rosenzweig SD. Cushing syndrome and glucocorticoids: T-cell lymphopenia, apoptosis, and rescue by IL-21. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2022; 149:302-14. [PMID: 34089750 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2021.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 05/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pediatric endogenous Cushing syndrome (eCs) is mainly caused by pituitary corticotropin-producing adenomas, and most glucocorticoid-dependent effects progressively regress upon tumor removal. eCs reproduces long-term, high-dose glucocorticoid therapy, representing a clean, natural, and unbiased model in which to study glucocorticoid bona fide effects on immunity. OBJECTIVE We performed extensive immunologic studies in otherwise healthy pediatric patients with eCs before and 6 to 13 months after tumor resection, as well as in in vitro glucocorticoid-treated control cells. METHODS Flow cytometry, immunoblotting, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, real-time quantitative PCR, and RNA-Seq techniques were used to characterize patients' and in vitro glucocorticoid treated cells. RESULTS Reduced thymic output, decreased naive T cells, diminished proliferation, and increased T-cell apoptosis were detected before surgery; all these defects eventually normalized after tumor removal in patients. In vitro studies also showed increased T-cell apoptosis, with correspondingly diminished NF-κB signaling and IL-21 levels. In this setting, IL-21 addition upregulated antiapoptotic BCL2 expression and rescued T-cell apoptosis in a PI3K pathway-dependent manner. Similar and reproducible findings were confirmed in eCs patient cells as well. CONCLUSIONS We identified decreased thymic output and lymphocyte proliferation, together with increased apoptosis, as the underlying causes to T-cell lymphopenia in eCs patients. IL-21 was decreased in both natural and in vitro long-term, high-dose glucocorticoid environments, and in vitro addition of IL-21 counteracted the proapoptotic effects of glucocorticoid therapy. Thus, our results suggest that administration of IL-21 in patients receiving long-term, high-dose glucocorticoid therapy may contribute to ameliorate lymphopenia and the complications associated to it.
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15
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Kazemi M, Peymani M. Expression of Th17 axis as a biomarker panel in diagnosis and prognosis of colorectal cancer. Gene Reports 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.genrep.2021.101363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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16
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Liu H, Wang R, An D, Liu H, Ye F, Li B, Zhang J, Liu P, Zhang X, Yao S, Zhong Z, Feng H, Feng M. An engineered IL-21 with half-life extension enhances anti-tumor immunity as a monotherapy or in combination with PD-1 or TIGIT blockade. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 101:108307. [PMID: 34735918 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.108307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-21 (IL-21) has exhibited anti-tumor activity in preclinical and clinical studies; however, its modest efficacy and short half-time has limited its therapeutic utility as a monotherapy. Therefore, we engineered a fusion protein (IL-21-αHSA) in which a nanobody targeting human serum albumin (HSA) was fused to the C-terminus of rhIL-21. The αHSA nanobody displayed broad species cross-reactivity and bound to a HSA epitope that does not overlap with the FcRn binding site, thus providing a strategic design for half-life extension. The IL-21-αHSA fusion protein showed increased stability compared to rhIL-21, while retaining its bioactivity in a liquid solution for at least 6 months. Moreover, IL-21-αHSA showed a dramatically extended half-life and prolonged exposure in cynomolgus monkeys, with the t1/2 and AUC nearly 10 and 50 times greater than that of rhIL-21, respectively. Furthermore, IL-21-αHSA displayed enhanced anti-tumor efficacy in two syngeneic mouse models. Notably, IL-21-αHSA increased the anti-tumor effect of programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) and T cell immunoglobulin and ITIM domain (TIGIT) blockades when used in combination, with a protection against tumor rechallenge, suggesting the formation of long-term anti-tumor memory response. KEGG analysis identified significantly enriched pathways associated with anti-tumor immune response, with increased expression of genes associated with CD8+ T and NK cell cytotoxicity. Overall, these data support further clinical evaluation of IL-21-αHSA as a monotherapy or in combination with immune checkpoint blockades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongchuan Liu
- Department of Biological Medicines & Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Immunotherapeutics, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Junshi Biosciences Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - Rui Wang
- Department of Biological Medicines & Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Immunotherapeutics, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Duopeng An
- Department of Biological Medicines & Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Immunotherapeutics, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hui Liu
- Shanghai Junshi Biosciences Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - Fan Ye
- Anwita Biosciences, INC., San Carlos, CA, United States
| | - Baoxian Li
- Shanghai Junshi Biosciences Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Shanghai Junshi Biosciences Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - Peixiang Liu
- Shanghai Junshi Biosciences Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - Xuyao Zhang
- Department of Biological Medicines & Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Immunotherapeutics, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Sheng Yao
- Shanghai Junshi Biosciences Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - Ziyang Zhong
- Anwita Biosciences, INC., San Carlos, CA, United States
| | - Hui Feng
- Shanghai Junshi Biosciences Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China.
| | - Meiqing Feng
- Department of Biological Medicines & Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Immunotherapeutics, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
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Franceschilli M, Di Carlo S, Vinci D, Sensi B, Siragusa L, Bellato V, Caronna R, Rossi P, Cavallaro G, Guida A, Sibio S. Complete mesocolic excision and central vascular ligation in colorectal cancer in the era of minimally invasive surgery. World J Clin Cases 2021; 9:7297-7305. [PMID: 34616795 PMCID: PMC8464444 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v9.i25.7297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the 19th century, appropriate lymphadenectomy has been considered a cornerstone of oncologic surgery and one of the most important prognostic factors. This approach can be applied to any surgery for gastrointestinal cancer. During surgery for colon and rectal cancer, an adequate portion of the mesentery is removed together with the segment of bowel affected by the disease. The adequate number of lymph nodes to be removed is standardized and reported by several guidelines. It is mandatory to determine the appropriate extent of lymphadenectomy and to balance its oncological benefits with the increased morbidity associated with its execution in cancer patients. Our review focuses on the concept of “complete mesenteric excision (CME) with central vascular ligation (CVL),” a radical lymphadenectomy for colorectal cancer that has gained increasing interest in recent years. The aim of this study was to evaluate the evolution of this approach over the years, its potential oncologic benefits and potential risks, and the improvements offered by laparoscopic techniques. Theoretical advantages of CME are improved local-relapse rates due to complete removal of the intact mesocolic fascia and improved distance recurrence rates due to ligation of vessels at their origin (CVL) which guarantees removal of a larger number of lymph nodes. The development and worldwide diffusion of laparoscopic techniques minimized postoperative trauma in oncologic surgery, providing the same oncologic results as open surgery. This has been widely applied to colorectal cancer surgery; however, CME entails a technical complexity that can limit its wide minimally-invasive application. This review analyzes results of these procedures in terms of oncological outcomes, technical feasibility and complexity, especially within the context of minimally invasive surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marzia Franceschilli
- Department of Surgery, Minimally Invasive Unit, Tor Vergata University of Rome, Rome 00133, Italy
| | - Sara Di Carlo
- Department of Surgery, Minimally Invasive Unit, Tor Vergata University of Rome, Rome 00133, Italy
| | - Danilo Vinci
- Department of Surgery, Minimally Invasive Unit, Tor Vergata University of Rome, Rome 00133, Italy
| | - Bruno Sensi
- Department of Surgery, Minimally Invasive Unit, Tor Vergata University of Rome, Rome 00133, Italy
| | - Leandro Siragusa
- Department of Surgery, Minimally Invasive Unit, Tor Vergata University of Rome, Rome 00133, Italy
| | - Vittoria Bellato
- Department of Surgery, Minimally Invasive Unit, Tor Vergata University of Rome, Rome 00133, Italy
| | - Roberto Caronna
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Unit of Pancreatic and Biliary Surgery, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome 00161, Italy
| | - Piero Rossi
- Department of Surgery, Minimally Invasive Unit, Tor Vergata University of Rome, Rome 00133, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Cavallaro
- Department of Surgery P Valdoni, Unit of Oncologic and Minimally Invasive Surgery, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome 00161, Italy
| | - Andrea Guida
- Department of Surgery, Minimally Invasive Unit, Tor Vergata University of Rome, Rome 00133, Italy
| | - Simone Sibio
- Department of Surgery P Valdoni, Unit of Oncologic and Minimally Invasive Surgery, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome 00161, Italy
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Franceschilli M, Vinci D, Di Carlo S, Sensi B, Siragusa L, Guida A, Rossi P, Bellato V, Caronna R, Sibio S. Central vascular ligation and mesentery based abdominal surgery. Discov Oncol 2021; 12:24. [PMID: 35201479 PMCID: PMC8777547 DOI: 10.1007/s12672-021-00419-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In the nineteenth century the idea of a correct surgical approach in oncologic surgery moved towards a good lymphadenectomy. In colon cancer the segment is removed with adjacent mesentery, in gastric cancer or pancreatic cancer a good oncologic resection is obtained with adequate lymphadenectomy. Many guidelines propose a minimal lymph node count that the surgeon must obtain. Therefore, it is essential to understand the adequate extent of lymphadenectomy to be performed in cancer surgery. In this review of the current literature, the focus is on "central vascular ligation", understood as radical lymphadenectomy in upper and lower gastrointestinal cancer, the evolution of this approach during the years and the improvement of laparoscopic techniques. For what concerns laparoscopic surgery, the main goal is to minimize post-operative trauma introducing the "less is more" concept whilst preserving attention for oncological outcomes. This review will demonstrate the importance of a scientifically based standardization of oncologic gastrointestinal surgery, especially in relation to the expansion of minimally invasive surgery and underlines the importance to further investigate through new randomized trials the role of extended lymphadenectomy in the new era of a multimodal approach, and most importantly, an era where minimally invasive techniques and the idea of "less is more" are becoming the standard thought for the surgical approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Franceschilli
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Minimally Invasive Surgery Unit, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
| | - D Vinci
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Minimally Invasive Surgery Unit, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy.
| | - S Di Carlo
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Minimally Invasive Surgery Unit, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
| | - B Sensi
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Minimally Invasive Surgery Unit, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
| | - L Siragusa
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Minimally Invasive Surgery Unit, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
| | - A Guida
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Minimally Invasive Surgery Unit, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
| | - P Rossi
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Minimally Invasive Surgery Unit, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
| | - V Bellato
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Minimally Invasive Surgery Unit, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
| | - R Caronna
- Department of Surgery Pietro Valdoni Unit of Oncologic and Minimally Invasive Surgery, Rome, Italy
- Department of Surgical Science, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - S Sibio
- Department of Surgery Pietro Valdoni Unit of Oncologic and Minimally Invasive Surgery, Rome, Italy
- Department of Surgical Science, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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19
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Sica GS, Franceschilli M, Sensi B, Siragusa L, Vinci D, Bellato V. Mesenteric closure with polymer-ligating clips after right colectomy with complete mesocolic excision for cancer and mesentery-based ileocolic resection for Crohn's disease. Tech Coloproctol 2021; 25:1079-84. [PMID: 34268652 DOI: 10.1007/s10151-021-02493-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Mesenteric closure following right colectomy remains controversial and, following the advent of laparoscopic surgery, many surgeons do not routinely close the mesentery after colorectal resection. Nevertheless, especially after the introduction of operations such as right colectomy with complete mesocolic excision and ileocolic resections with extensive mesentery removal for Crohn's disease, the wide mesenteric defect resulting from the dissections can certainly expose the patients to complications such as internal hernias or volvuli. In general, mesenteric closure requires intracorporeal suturing. We describe a simple technique for the closure of the mesentery after surgical resection using polymer-ligating clips. This novel technique seems to minimize the time, effort and risk inherent to the procedure, even after large mesenteric excisions.
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20
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Caruso R, Vicente E, Quijano Y, Duran H, Fabra I, Diaz E, Malave L, Agresott R, Cañamaque LG, Ielpo B, Ferri V. Role of 18F-PET-CT to predict pathological response after neoadjuvant treatment of rectal cancer. Discov Oncol 2021; 12:16. [PMID: 35201442 PMCID: PMC8777577 DOI: 10.1007/s12672-021-00405-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Neoadjuvant chemoradiation (nCRT) is universally considered to be a valid treatment to achieve downstaging, to improve local disease control and to obtain better resectability in locally advanced rectal cancer (LARC). The aim of this study is to correlate the change in the tumour 18F-FDG PET-CT standardized uptake value (SUV) before and after nCRT, in order to obtain an early prediction of the pathologic response (pR) achieved in patients with LARC. DATA DESCRIPTION We performed a retrospective analysis of patients with LARC diagnosis who underwent curative resection. All patients underwent a baseline 18F-FDG PET-CT scan within the week prior to the initiation of the treatment (PET-CT SUV1) and a second scan (PET-CT SUV2) within 6 weeks of the completion of nCRT. We evaluated the prognostic value of 18F-FDG PET-CT in terms of disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) in patients with LARC.A total of 133 patients with LARC were included in the study. Patients were divided in two groups according to the TRG (tumour regression grade): 107 (80%) as the responders group (TRG0-TRG1) and 26 (25%) as the no-responders group (TRG2-TRG3). We obtained a significant difference in Δ%SUV between the two different groups; responders versus no-responders (p < 0.012). The results of this analysis show that 18F-FDG PET-CT may be an indicator to evaluate the pR to nCRT in patients with LARC. The decrease in 18F-FDG PET-CT uptake in the primary tumour may offer important information in order for an early identification of those patients more likely to obtain a pCR to nCRT and to predict those who are unlikely to significantly regress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Caruso
- General Surgery Department, Sanchinarro University Hospital, San Pablo University, CEU, C/Oña No. 10, 28050 Madrid, Spain
| | - Emilio Vicente
- General Surgery Department, Sanchinarro University Hospital, San Pablo University, CEU, C/Oña No. 10, 28050 Madrid, Spain
| | - Yolanda Quijano
- General Surgery Department, Sanchinarro University Hospital, San Pablo University, CEU, C/Oña No. 10, 28050 Madrid, Spain
| | - Hipolito Duran
- General Surgery Department, Sanchinarro University Hospital, San Pablo University, CEU, C/Oña No. 10, 28050 Madrid, Spain
| | - Isabel Fabra
- General Surgery Department, Sanchinarro University Hospital, San Pablo University, CEU, C/Oña No. 10, 28050 Madrid, Spain
| | - Eduardo Diaz
- General Surgery Department, Sanchinarro University Hospital, San Pablo University, CEU, C/Oña No. 10, 28050 Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis Malave
- General Surgery Department, Sanchinarro University Hospital, San Pablo University, CEU, C/Oña No. 10, 28050 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ruben Agresott
- General Surgery Department, Sanchinarro University Hospital, San Pablo University, CEU, C/Oña No. 10, 28050 Madrid, Spain
| | - Lina García Cañamaque
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Sanchinarro Hospital, San Pablo University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Benedetto Ielpo
- HPB Unit, University Parc Salut Mar Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Valentina Ferri
- General Surgery Department, Sanchinarro University Hospital, San Pablo University, CEU, C/Oña No. 10, 28050 Madrid, Spain
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Siragusa L, Sensi B, Vinci D, Franceschilli M, Pathirannehalage Don C, Bagaglini G, Bellato V, Campanelli M, Sica GS. Volume-outcome relationship in rectal cancer surgery. Discov Oncol 2021; 12:11. [PMID: 35201453 PMCID: PMC8777490 DOI: 10.1007/s12672-021-00406-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Hospital centralization effect is reported to lower complications and mortality for high risk and complex surgery operations, including colorectal surgery. However, no linear relation between volume and outcome has been demonstrated. Aim of the study was to evaluate the increased surgical volume effect on early outcomes of patient undergoing laparoscopic restorative anterior rectal resection (ARR). METHODS A retrospective analysis of all consecutive patients undergoing ARR with primary anastomosis between November 2016 and December 2020 after centralization of rectal cancer cases in an academic Centre. Short-term outcomes are compared to those of patients operated in the same unit during the previous 10 years before service centralization. The primary outcome was estimated anastomotic leak rate. Mean operative time, need of conversion, postoperative use of blood transfusion, radicality, in-hospital stay, number and type of complications, readmission and reoperation rate, mortality and 1-year and stoma persistence rates were evaluated as secondary outcomes. RESULTS 86 patients were operated in the study period and outcomes compared to those of 101 patients operated during the previous ten years. Difference in volume of surgery was significant between the two periods (p 0.019) and the estimated leak rate was significantly lower in the higher volume unit (p 0.047). Mean operative time, need of conversion, postoperative use of blood transfusion and in-hospital stay (p < 0.05) were also significantly reduced in Group A. CONCLUSION This study suggests that the shift toward higher volume in rectal cancer surgery is associated to decreased anastomotic leak rate. Potentiation of lower volume surgical units may yield optimal perioperative outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Siragusa
- Department of Surgical Science, University Tor Vergata, Viale Oxford 81, 00133, Rome, Italy.
| | - B Sensi
- Department of Surgical Science, University Tor Vergata, Viale Oxford 81, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - D Vinci
- Department of Surgical Science, University Tor Vergata, Viale Oxford 81, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - M Franceschilli
- Department of Surgical Science, University Tor Vergata, Viale Oxford 81, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - C Pathirannehalage Don
- Department of Surgical Science, University Tor Vergata, Viale Oxford 81, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - G Bagaglini
- Department of Surgical Science, University Tor Vergata, Viale Oxford 81, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - V Bellato
- Department of Surgical Science, University Tor Vergata, Viale Oxford 81, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - M Campanelli
- Department of Surgical Science, University Tor Vergata, Viale Oxford 81, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - G S Sica
- Department of Surgical Science, University Tor Vergata, Viale Oxford 81, 00133, Rome, Italy
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Fadel MG, Malietzis G, Constantinides V, Pellino G, Tekkis P, Kontovounisios C. Clinicopathological factors and survival outcomes of signet-ring cell and mucinous carcinoma versus adenocarcinoma of the colon and rectum: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Discov Oncol 2021; 12:5. [PMID: 35201441 PMCID: PMC8762524 DOI: 10.1007/s12672-021-00398-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Histological subtypes of colorectal cancer may be associated with varied prognostic features. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to compare clinicopathological characteristics, recurrence and overall survival between colorectal signet-ring cell (SC) and mucinous carcinoma (MC) to conventional adenocarcinoma (AC). METHODS A literature search of MEDLINE, EMBASE, Ovid and Cochrane Library was performed for studies that reported data on clinicopathological and survival outcomes on SC and/or MC versus AC from January 1985 to May 2020. Meta-analysis was performed using random-effect models and between-study heterogeneity was assessed. RESULTS Thirty studies of 1,087,055 patients were included: 11,510 (1.06%) with SC, 110,179 (10.13%) with MC and 965,366 (88.81%) with AC. Patients with SC were younger than patients with AC (WMD - 0.47; 95% CI - 0.84 to -0.10; I2 88.6%; p = 0.014) and more likely to have right-sided disease (OR 2.12; 95% CI 1.72-2.60; I2 82.9%; p < 0.001). Locoregional recurrence at 5 years was more frequent in patients with SC (OR 2.81; 95% CI 1.40-5.65; I2 0.0%; p = 0.004) and MC (OR 1.92; 95% CI 1.18-3.15; I2 74.0%; p = 0.009). 5-year overall survival was significantly reduced when comparing SC and MC to AC (HR 2.54; 95% CI 1.98-3.27; I2 99.1%; p < 0.001 and HR 1.38; 95% CI 1.19-1.61; I2 98.6%; p < 0.001, respectively). CONCLUSION SC and MC are associated with right-sided lesions, advanced stage at presentation, higher rates of recurrence and poorer overall survival. This has strong implications towards surgical and oncological management and surveillance of colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael G Fadel
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London, UK.
| | - George Malietzis
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College, London, UK
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Royal Marsden Hospital, London, UK
| | | | - Gianluca Pellino
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, Università degli Studi della Campania 'Luigi Vanvitelli', Naples, Italy
| | - Paris Tekkis
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London, UK
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College, London, UK
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Royal Marsden Hospital, London, UK
| | - Christos Kontovounisios
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London, UK
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College, London, UK
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Royal Marsden Hospital, London, UK
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23
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Tesauro M, Guida AM, Siragusa L, Sensi B, Bellato V, Di Daniele N, Divizia A, Franceschilli M, Sica GS. Preoperative Immunonutrition vs. Standard Dietary Advice in Normo-Nourished Patients Undergoing Fast-Track Laparoscopic Colorectal Surgery. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10030413. [PMID: 33499058 PMCID: PMC7865842 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10030413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunonutrition (IN) appears to reduce infective complications and in-hospital length of stay (LOS) after major gastrointestinal surgery, but its use in normo-nourished patients is still controversial. The primary aim of this comparative observational study was to evaluate if pre-operative IN reduces in-hospital stay in patients undergoing laparoscopic colorectal resection for cancer under an enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) program. The influence of IN on time to first bowel movements, time to full oral diet tolerance, number and type of complications, reasons of prolonged LOS and readmission rate was evaluated as secondary outcome. Patients undergoing ERAS laparoscopic colorectal resection between December 2016 and December 2019 were reviewed. Patients who have received preoperative IN (group A) were compared to those receiving standard dietary advice (group B). Mean in-hospital LOS was significantly shorter in patients receiving preoperative IN than standard dietary advice (4.85 ± 2.25 days vs. 6.06 ± 3.95 days; p < 0.0492). No differences in secondary outcomes were observed. Preoperative IN associated with ERAS protocol in normo-nourished patients undergoing laparoscopic colorectal cancer resection seems to reduce LOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manfredi Tesauro
- Department of Systems Medicine, University Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy; (M.T.); (N.D.D.)
| | - Andrea M. Guida
- Department of Surgical Science, University Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy; (A.M.G.); (L.S.); (B.S.); (V.B.); (A.D.); (M.F.)
| | - Leandro Siragusa
- Department of Surgical Science, University Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy; (A.M.G.); (L.S.); (B.S.); (V.B.); (A.D.); (M.F.)
| | - Bruno Sensi
- Department of Surgical Science, University Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy; (A.M.G.); (L.S.); (B.S.); (V.B.); (A.D.); (M.F.)
| | - Vittoria Bellato
- Department of Surgical Science, University Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy; (A.M.G.); (L.S.); (B.S.); (V.B.); (A.D.); (M.F.)
| | - Nicola Di Daniele
- Department of Systems Medicine, University Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy; (M.T.); (N.D.D.)
| | - Andrea Divizia
- Department of Surgical Science, University Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy; (A.M.G.); (L.S.); (B.S.); (V.B.); (A.D.); (M.F.)
| | - Marzia Franceschilli
- Department of Surgical Science, University Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy; (A.M.G.); (L.S.); (B.S.); (V.B.); (A.D.); (M.F.)
| | - Giuseppe S. Sica
- Department of Surgical Science, University Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy; (A.M.G.); (L.S.); (B.S.); (V.B.); (A.D.); (M.F.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-(06)-2090-2922
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Ingallinella S, Campanelli M, Antonelli A, Arcudi C, Bellato V, Divizia A, Franceschilli M, Petagna L, Sensi B, Sibio S, Siragusa L, Sica GS. The Role of Active Inflammation and Surgical Therapy in Crohn's Disease Recurrence. Gastroenterol Res Pract 2020; 2020:2845407. [PMID: 33456458 DOI: 10.1155/2020/2845407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
An altered balance between effector and regulatory factors is supposed to sustain the tissue-damaging immune response in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Several studies demonstrate that severe active inflammation is a strong predictor for surgical complications and recurrence. Indeed, bowel resection in Crohn's disease (CD) patients has a high surgical recurrence rate. In this review, we examined the IBD inflammatory pathways, the current surgical treatments, and the almost inevitable recurrence. The question that might arise is if the cure of intestinal CD is to be found in the surgical approach. A selective search of two databases (PubMed and the Cochrane Library) has been carried out without considering a specific time horizon as inclusion criteria. The scope of this literature review was investigating on the role of inflammation in the management of CD. The following key words have been used to develop the query string: (i) inflammation; (ii) Crohn's disease; (iii) surgery; and (iv) postsurgical recurrence.
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25
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Sensi B, Siragusa L, Efrati C, Petagna L, Franceschilli M, Bellato V, Antonelli A, Arcudi C, Campanelli M, Ingallinella S, Guida AM, Divizia A. The Role of Inflammation in Crohn's Disease Recurrence after Surgical Treatment. J Immunol Res 2020; 2020:8846982. [PMID: 33426097 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8846982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Postoperative recurrence after surgery for Crohn's disease (CD) is virtually inevitable, and its mechanism is poorly known. Aim To review the numerous factors involved in CD postoperative recurrence (POR) pathogenesis, focusing on single immune system components as well as the immune system as a whole and highlighting the clinical significance in terms of preventive strategies and future perspectives. Methods A systematic literature search on CD POR, followed by a review of the main findings. Results The immune system plays a pivotal role in CD POR, with many different factors involved. Memory T-lymphocytes retained in mesenteric lymph nodes seem to represent the main driving force. New pathophysiology-based preventive strategies in the medical and surgical fields may help reduce POR rates. In particular, surgical strategies have already been developed and are currently under investigation. Conclusions POR is a complex phenomenon, whose driving mechanisms are gradually being unraveled. New preventive strategies addressing these mechanisms seem promising.
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26
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Petagna L, Antonelli A, Ganini C, Bellato V, Campanelli M, Divizia A, Efrati C, Franceschilli M, Guida AM, Ingallinella S, Montagnese F, Sensi B, Siragusa L, Sica GS. Pathophysiology of Crohn's disease inflammation and recurrence. Biol Direct 2020; 15:23. [PMID: 33160400 PMCID: PMC7648997 DOI: 10.1186/s13062-020-00280-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Chron’s Disease is a chronic inflammatory intestinal disease, first described at the beginning of the last century. The disease is characterized by the alternation of periods of flares and remissions influenced by a complex pathogenesis in which inflammation plays a key role. Crohn’s disease evolution is mediated by a complex alteration of the inflammatory response which is characterized by alterations of the innate immunity of the intestinal mucosa barrier together with a remodeling of the extracellular matrix through the expression of metalloproteins and increased adhesion molecules expression, such as MAcCAM-1. This reshaped microenvironment enhances leucocytes migration in the sites of inflammation, promoting a TH1 response, through the production of cytokines such as IL-12 and TNF-α. IL-12 itself and IL-23 have been targeted for the medical treatment of CD. Giving the limited success of medical therapies, the treatment of the disease is invariably surgical. This review will highlight the role of inflammation in CD and describe the surgical approaches for the prevention of the almost inevitable recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Petagna
- Department of Surgical Science, University Tor Vergata, Viale Oxford 81, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - A Antonelli
- Department of Surgical Science, University Tor Vergata, Viale Oxford 81, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - C Ganini
- Torvergata Oncoscience Research Centre of Excellence, TOR, Department of Experimental Medicine, University Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - V Bellato
- Department of Surgical Science, University Tor Vergata, Viale Oxford 81, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - M Campanelli
- Department of Surgical Science, University Tor Vergata, Viale Oxford 81, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - A Divizia
- Department of Surgical Science, University Tor Vergata, Viale Oxford 81, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - C Efrati
- Ospedale Israelitico, Department of Gastroenterology, Rome, Italy
| | - M Franceschilli
- Department of Surgical Science, University Tor Vergata, Viale Oxford 81, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - A M Guida
- Department of Surgical Science, University Tor Vergata, Viale Oxford 81, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - S Ingallinella
- Department of Surgical Science, University Tor Vergata, Viale Oxford 81, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - F Montagnese
- Nuovo Ospedale dei Castelli, Endoscopy Unit, Rome, Italy
| | - B Sensi
- Department of Surgical Science, University Tor Vergata, Viale Oxford 81, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - L Siragusa
- Department of Surgical Science, University Tor Vergata, Viale Oxford 81, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - G S Sica
- Department of Surgical Science, University Tor Vergata, Viale Oxford 81, 00133, Rome, Italy. .,Torvergata Oncoscience Research Centre of Excellence, TOR, Department of Experimental Medicine, University Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy.
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27
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Chabab G, Barjon C, Bonnefoy N, Lafont V. Pro-tumor γδ T Cells in Human Cancer: Polarization, Mechanisms of Action, and Implications for Therapy. Front Immunol 2020; 11:2186. [PMID: 33042132 PMCID: PMC7524881 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.02186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumor immune microenvironment contributes to tumor initiation, progression and response to therapy. Among the immune cell subsets that play a role in the tumor microenvironment, innate-like T cells that express T cell receptors composed of γ and δ chains (γδ T cells) are of particular interest. Indeed, γδ T cells contribute to the immune response against many cancers, notably through their powerful effector functions that lead to the elimination of tumor cells and the recruitment of other immune cells. However, their presence in the tumor microenvironment has been associated with poor prognosis in various solid cancers (breast, colon and pancreatic cancer), suggesting that γδ T cells also display pro-tumor activities. In this review, we outline the current evidences of γδ T cell pro-tumor functions in human cancer. We also discuss the factors that favor γδ T cell polarization toward a pro-tumoral phenotype, the characteristics and functions of such cells, and the impact of pro-tumor subsets on γδ T cell-based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghita Chabab
- IRCM, Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier, INSERM U1194, Université de Montpellier, Institut Régional du Cancer de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Clément Barjon
- IRCM, Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier, INSERM U1194, Université de Montpellier, Institut Régional du Cancer de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Nathalie Bonnefoy
- IRCM, Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier, INSERM U1194, Université de Montpellier, Institut Régional du Cancer de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Virginie Lafont
- IRCM, Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier, INSERM U1194, Université de Montpellier, Institut Régional du Cancer de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
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Ungaro F, D’Alessio S, Danese S. The Role of Pro-Resolving Lipid Mediators in Colorectal Cancer-Associated Inflammation: Implications for Therapeutic Strategies. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12082060. [PMID: 32722560 PMCID: PMC7463689 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12082060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is a recognized hallmark of cancer that contributes to the development and progression of colorectal cancer (CRC). Anti-inflammatory drugs currently used for the treatment of CRC show many adverse side effects that prompted researchers to propose the polyunsaturated fatty acids-derived specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPMs) as promoters of resolution of cancer-associated inflammation. SPMs were found to inhibit the CRC-associated pro-inflammatory milieu via specific G-coupled protein receptors, although clinical data are still lacking. This review aims to summarize the state-of-the-art in this field, ultimately providing insights for the development of innovative anti-CRC therapies that promote the endogenous lipid-mediated resolution of CRC-associated inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Ungaro
- IBD Center, Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Immunopathology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, 20089 Milan, Italy; (S.D.); (S.D.)
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Rozzano, 20089 Milan, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Silvia D’Alessio
- IBD Center, Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Immunopathology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, 20089 Milan, Italy; (S.D.); (S.D.)
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Rozzano, 20089 Milan, Italy
| | - Silvio Danese
- IBD Center, Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Immunopathology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, 20089 Milan, Italy; (S.D.); (S.D.)
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Rozzano, 20089 Milan, Italy
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Dey I, Bishayi B. Role of different Th17 and Treg downstream signalling pathways in the pathogenesis of Staphylococcus aureus infection induced septic arthritis in mice. Exp Mol Pathol 2020; 116:104485. [PMID: 32574668 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2020.104485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Septic arthritis is a condition of bone disorder caused predominantly by Staphylococcus aureus. Following the bacterial entry activated immune cells specially macrophages and dendritic cells release pro-inflammatory mediators such as IL-6, TNF-α, IL-1β etc., which not only create an inflammatory microenvironment but also play crucial roles in the proliferation of different CD+ T cell subsets. Among them, Th17 and Tregs are of major concern in recent times because of their potential roles in regulating the ongoing inflammation in many diseases including experimental arthritis. But the downstream signalling mechanism of these cells in regulating the severity of inflammation in case of septic arthritis is not known yet. So, here we have established a murine model of S. aureus induced septic arthritis and kept the animal upto 15 days post-infection. To examine the signalling mechanism, Th17 and Treg cells were isolated from blood, spleen and synovial joints of control and infected mice and observed the expression of JNK, NFκB and RANKL in the lysate of isolated Th17 and Tregs. We have also estimated the levels of serum IL-21 and TGF-β. NFκB, JNK and RANKL expression was found to be higher at 3 and 15 days post-infection along with serum IL-21 levels. On the other hand, maximum TGF-β level was observed at 9 days post-infection along with increased Treg population. In conclusion it was hypothesized that bone resorption is related with downstream signalling pathways of Th17 cells, which stimulate osteoclast generation via NFκB/JNK-RANKL axis and helps in the persistence of the disease.
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Cui G. Immune battle at the premalignant stage of colorectal cancer: focus on immune cell compositions, functions and cytokine products. Am J Cancer Res 2020; 10:1308-1320. [PMID: 32509381 PMCID: PMC7269793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023] Open
Abstract
It is now widely accepted that most human cancers, including colorectal cancers (CRCs), develop from premalignant lesions through a long-term multistep process. Host immunity is a key determinant that maintains most premalignant lesions in a stable state via immunosurveillance. However, premalignant cells use diverse strategies to escape host immunosurveillance. A switch in the immune function from immunosurveillance to immunosuppression facilitates the progression of premalignant lesions to established CRCs. This review summarizes the recent progress in understanding alterations in the immune landscape, including immune cell compositions, functions and cytokine products, in the premalignant stage of CRC and provides an updated discussion on its translational significance along the colorectal adenoma-carcinoma sequence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanglin Cui
- Research Group of Gastrointestinal Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhou, China
- Faculty of Health Science, Nord University, Campus LevangerNorway
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Abstract
IL-21 is an immunomodulatory cytokine produced by natural killer (NK) cells and T cells that has pleiotropic roles in immune and nonimmune cells. IL-21 can modulate innate and specific immunity activities. It is a potent stimulator of T and natural killer cell-mediated antitumor immunity but also has pro-inflammatory functions in many tissues and is involved in oncogenesis. It is important to understand IL-21 biology in these different situations to ensure the maximal benefit of therapeutic strategies targeting this cytokine. This chapter summarizes IL-21 characteristics and signaling, its role in immune system components, and its use in cancer immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghita Chabab
- IRCM, Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier, INSERM U1194, Université de Montpellier, Institut régional du Cancer de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Nathalie Bonnefoy
- IRCM, Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier, INSERM U1194, Université de Montpellier, Institut régional du Cancer de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Virginie Lafont
- IRCM, Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier, INSERM U1194, Université de Montpellier, Institut régional du Cancer de Montpellier, Montpellier, France.
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Araki A, Jin L, Nara H, Takeda Y, Nemoto N, Gazi MY, Asao H. IL-21 Enhances the Development of Colitis-Associated Colon Cancer: Possible Involvement of Activation-Induced Cytidine Deaminase Expression. J I 2019; 202:3326-3333. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1800550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Haybar H, Rezaeeyan H, Shahjahani M, Shirzad R, Saki N. T‐bet transcription factor in cardiovascular disease: Attenuation or inflammation factor? J Cell Physiol 2018; 234:7915-7922. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.27935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Habib Haybar
- Atherosclerosis Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences Ahvaz Iran
| | - Hadi Rezaeeyan
- Thalassemia and Hemoglobinopathy Research Center, Research Institute of Health, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences Ahvaz Iran
| | - Mohammad Shahjahani
- Thalassemia and Hemoglobinopathy Research Center, Research Institute of Health, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences Ahvaz Iran
| | - Reza Shirzad
- Thalassemia and Hemoglobinopathy Research Center, Research Institute of Health, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences Ahvaz Iran
| | - Najmaldin Saki
- Thalassemia and Hemoglobinopathy Research Center, Research Institute of Health, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences Ahvaz Iran
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Chen B, Liu Y, Cheng L. IL-21 Enhances the Degradation of Cartilage Through the JAK-STAT Signaling Pathway During Osteonecrosis of Femoral Head Cartilage. Inflammation 2018; 41:595-605. [PMID: 29247327 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-017-0715-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
This study aims to investigate the role of interleukin-21 (IL-21) in the mechanism of osteonecrosis of the femoral head. The serum content of IL-21 in patients with osteonecrosis of the femoral head (ONFH) and with femoral neck fracture (FNF) was examined by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The cartilage specimens were stained with safranin-O. The expression of IL-21, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), cyclooxygenase (COX-2), a disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs 4 (ADAMTS-4), matrix metalloproteinase-13(MMP-13), and aggrecan in the cartilage was detected, by immunohistochemistry and western blot analysis. Moreover, chondrocytes were treated with IL-21 (100 ng/mL) or PBS to examine the mRNA content of TNF-α, COX-2, IL-1β and NOS-2 by RT-PCR, and the protein levels of ADAMTS-4, MMP-13, and aggrecan by western blot analysis. The activity of the JAK-STAT pathway was determined in vitro after stimulation with IL-21. IL-21 serum levels were obviously higher in the ONFH patients and positively correlated with the severity of ONFH. There were more cells positive for inflammatory cytokines, including IL-21, TNF-α, and COX-2, in the cartilage of the ONFH patients than the FNF patients. The level of certain relative biomarkers, such as ADAMTS-4 and MMP-13, was higher and aggrecan was lower in the ONFH patients. The mRNA contents of TNF-α, COX-2, IL-1β, and NOS-2, as well as the levels of ADAMTS-4, MMP-13, were enhanced, and aggrecan decreased after stimulation with IL-21. The protein content of p-STAT-1, as well as p-STAT-3, also increased after IL-21 stimulation, and the highest level appeared at 30 min. Furthermore, the protein level of ADAMTS-4 and MMP-13 and the mRNA level of TNF-α, COX-2, IL-1β, and NOS-2 significantly decreased after stimulation with AG-490. IL-21 enhances cartilage inflammation to promote cartilage degradation through the JAK-STAT signaling pathway in the cartilage of ONFH patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Cheng
- Department of Orthopedics, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China.
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Zheng X, Zhou Y, Yi X, Chen C, Wen C, Ye G, Li X, Tang L, Zhang X, Yang F, Liu G, Li Y, Hou J. IL-21 receptor signaling is essential for control of hepatocellular carcinoma growth and immunological memory for tumor challenge. Oncoimmunology 2018; 7:e1500673. [PMID: 30524894 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2018.1500673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Revised: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a typical inflammation-associated cancer. IL-21 regulates both innate and adaptive immune responses and has key roles in antitumor and antiviral responses. However, the role of IL-21 in HCC development is poorly defined. In the current study, we explored the role of IL-21R signaling in HCC growth by using IL-21R knockout mice and HCC mouse models. We discovered that IL-21R signaling deficiency promoted HCC growth in tumor-bearing mice. We showed that IL-21R deletion reduced T cells infiltration and activation as well as their function but increased the accumulation of myeloid-derived suppressor cells in tumor tissues to enhance HCC growth. Furthermore, loss of IL-21R signaling in tumor-bearing mice resulted in an imbalance of the systemic immune system characterized by decreased antitumor immune cells and increased immunosuppressive cells in the spleen and lymph nodes. In addition, we revealed that IL-21R signaling is critical for the expansion of antitumor immune cells in the memory immune response to tumor rechallenge. Finally, we showed that the transcriptional levels of IL-21 in the peritumoral region and IL-21R within the tumor are associated with survival and recurrence of HCC patients. In conclusion, our study demonstrates that IL-21R signaling is essential for controlling the development of HCC and immunological memory response to tumor challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinchun Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis Research, Department of Hepatology Unit and Infectious Diseases, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis Research, Department of Hepatology Unit and Infectious Diseases, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xuan Yi
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis Research, Department of Hepatology Unit and Infectious Diseases, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chengcong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis Research, Department of Hepatology Unit and Infectious Diseases, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chunhua Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis Research, Department of Hepatology Unit and Infectious Diseases, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guofu Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis Research, Department of Hepatology Unit and Infectious Diseases, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis Research, Department of Hepatology Unit and Infectious Diseases, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Libo Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis Research, Department of Hepatology Unit and Infectious Diseases, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis Research, Department of Hepatology Unit and Infectious Diseases, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fuqiang Yang
- Liver Disease Research Center, The 458th Hospital of PLA, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guangze Liu
- Liver Disease Research Center, The 458th Hospital of PLA, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yongyin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis Research, Department of Hepatology Unit and Infectious Diseases, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jinlin Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis Research, Department of Hepatology Unit and Infectious Diseases, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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Dutra MRH, Feliciano RDS, Jacinto KR, Gouveia TLF, Brigidio E, Serra AJ, Morris M, Naffah-Mazzacoratti MDG, Silva JA Jr. Protective Role of UCP2 in Oxidative Stress and Apoptosis during the Silent Phase of an Experimental Model of Epilepsy Induced by Pilocarpine. Oxid Med Cell Longev 2018; 2018:6736721. [PMID: 30159115 DOI: 10.1155/2018/6736721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Neuroprotection is a desirable process in many neurological disorders, yet complex mechanisms involved in this field are not completely understood. The pilocarpine epilepsy model causes potent, seizure-induced excitotoxicity cell death and mitochondria impairment. The present study is aimed at investigating the role of UCP2, a ROS negative regulator, in the neuroprotection after cholinergic insult. Our data demonstrated that UCP2 expression was augmented in the rat hippocampus 3 days after status epilepticus (SE), reaching a peak on the fifth day, then returning to basal levels. Concomitantly, phospho-AKT expression levels were higher in the hippocampus during the early silent phase (5 days after SE). Additionally, it was demonstrated that the blockade of UCP2 by antisense oligonucleotides (ASO) in SE rats successfully diminished both UCP2 mRNA and protein contents. SE ASO rats presented increased mitochondrial proapoptotic factor expression, caspase-3 activity, inflammatory cytokine expression, and ROS formation. Moreover, ASO treatment diminished p-AKT expression and antioxidant enzyme activities after pilocarpine insult. In conclusion, the present results highlight the neuroprotective actions of UCP2, acting in the inhibition of apoptotic factors and oxidative stress, to increase neuron survival after SE onset.
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Porta C, Ippolito A, Consonni FM, Carraro L, Celesti G, Correale C, Grizzi F, Pasqualini F, Tartari S, Rinaldi M, Bianchi P, Balzac F, Vetrano S, Turco E, Hirsch E, Laghi L, Sica A. Protumor Steering of Cancer Inflammation by p50 NF-κB Enhances Colorectal Cancer Progression. Cancer Immunol Res 2018; 6:578-593. [PMID: 29588321 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-17-0036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Revised: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Although tumor-associated macrophages (TAM) display a M2-skewed tumor-promoting phenotype in most cancers, in colorectal cancer, both TAM polarization and its impact remain controversial. We investigated the role of the M2-polarizing p50 NF-κB subunit in orchestrating TAM phenotype, tumor microenvironment composition, and colorectal cancer progression. We first demonstrated, by parallel studies in colitis-associated cancer (CAC) and in genetically driven ApcMin mouse models, that the p50-dependent inhibition of M1-polarized gut inflammation supported colorectal cancer development. In accordance with these studies, p50-/- mice displayed exacerbated CAC with fewer and smaller tumors, along with enhanced levels of M1/Th1 cytokines/chemokines, including IL12 and CXCL10, whose administration restrained CAC development in vivo The inflammatory profile supporting tumor resistance in colons from p50-/- tumor bearers correlated inversely with TAM load and positively with both recruitment of NK, NKT, CD8+ T cells and number of apoptotic tumor cells. In agreement, myeloid-specific ablation of p50 promoted tumor resistance in mice, whereas in colorectal cancer patients, a high number of p50+ TAMs at the invasive margin was associated with decreased IL12A and TBX21 expression and worse postsurgical outcome. Our findings point to p50 involvement in colorectal cancer development, through its engagement in the protumor activation of macrophages, and identify a candidate for prognostic and target therapeutic intervention. Cancer Immunol Res; 6(5); 578-93. ©2018 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Porta
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università degli Studi del Piemonte Orientale "Amedeo Avogadro," Novara, Italy.
| | - Alessandro Ippolito
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università degli Studi del Piemonte Orientale "Amedeo Avogadro," Novara, Italy
| | - Francesca Maria Consonni
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università degli Studi del Piemonte Orientale "Amedeo Avogadro," Novara, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Carraro
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università degli Studi del Piemonte Orientale "Amedeo Avogadro," Novara, Italy
| | | | | | - Fabio Grizzi
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Italy
| | | | | | - Maurizio Rinaldi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università degli Studi del Piemonte Orientale "Amedeo Avogadro," Novara, Italy
| | - Paolo Bianchi
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Italy
| | - Fiorella Balzac
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center, Torino, Italy
| | | | - Emilia Turco
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center, Torino, Italy
| | - Emilio Hirsch
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center, Torino, Italy
| | - Luigi Laghi
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Italy
| | - Antonio Sica
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università degli Studi del Piemonte Orientale "Amedeo Avogadro," Novara, Italy. .,Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Italy
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Abstract
Chronic inflammation is linked to the development of multiple cancers, including those of the colon. Inflammation in the gut induces carcinogenic mutagenesis and promotes colorectal cancer initiation. Additionally, myeloid and lymphoid cells infiltrate established tumors and propagate so called "tumor-elicited inflammation", which in turn favors cancer development by supporting the survival and proliferation of cancer cells. In addition to the interaction between cancer cells and tumor infiltrating immune cells, the gut also hosts trillions of bacteria and other microbes, whose roles in colorectal inflammation and cancer have only been appreciated in the past decade or so. Commensal and pathobiotic bacteria promote colorectal cancer development by exploiting tumor surface barrier defects following cancer initiation, by invading normal colonic tissue and inducing local inflammation, and by generating genotoxicity against colonic epithelial cells to accelerate their oncogenic transformation. On the other hand, a balanced population of microbiota is important for the prevention of colorectal cancer due to their roles in providing certain bacterial metabolites and inhibiting intestinal inflammation. In this review we summarize our current knowledge regarding the link between microbiota, inflammation, and colorectal cancer, and aim to delineate the mechanisms by which gut microbiome and inflammatory cytokines regulate colorectal tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju Chen
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, 263 Farmington Ave., Farmington, CT, 06030, United States
| | - Elise Pitmon
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, 263 Farmington Ave., Farmington, CT, 06030, United States
| | - Kepeng Wang
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, 263 Farmington Ave., Farmington, CT, 06030, United States.
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Cui G, Yuan A, Zhu L, Florholmen J, Goll R. Increased expression of interleukin-21 along colorectal adenoma-carcinoma sequence and its predicating significance in patients with sporadic colorectal cancer. Clin Immunol 2017; 183:266-272. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2017.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Revised: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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De Simone V, Bevivino G, Sedda S, Izzo R, Laudisi F, Dinallo V, Franzè E, Colantoni A, Ortenzi A, Salvatori S, Rossi P, Sica GS, Fantini MC, Stolfi C, Monteleone G. Smad7 knockdown activates protein kinase RNA-associated eIF2α pathway leading to colon cancer cell death. Cell Death Dis 2017; 8:e2681. [PMID: 28300830 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2017.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Revised: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Upregulation of Smad7, an inhibitor of transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), occurs in sporadic colorectal cancer (CRC) and knockdown of Smad7 inhibits CRC cell growth, a phenomenon that associates with decreased expression of cell division cycle 25 homolog A and arrest of cells in the S phase of the cell cycle. These findings occur in CRC cells unresponsive to TGF-β1, thus suggesting the existence of a Smad7-mediated TGF-β1-independent mechanism that controls CRC cell behavior. Here we show that Smad7 inhibition with a specific Smad7 antisense oligonucleotide upregulates eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2α (eIF2α) phosphorylation, a transcription factor involved in the regulation of cell cycle arrest and induction of cell death, and induces activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4) and CCAAT/enhancer binding protein homology protein (CHOP), two downstream targets of eIF2α. Among the upstream kinases that control eIF2α phosphorylation, the serine-threonine protein kinase RNA (PKR), but not general control non-derepressible 2 (GCN2) and protein kinase RNA-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK), is activated by Smad7 knockdown. PKR silencing abolishes Smad7 antisense-induced eIF2α phosphorylation and ATF4/CHOP induction, thereby preventing Smad7 antisense-driven cell death. Smad7 inhibition diminishes interaction of PKR with protein kinase inhibitor p58 (p58IPK), a cellular inhibitor of PKR, but does not change the expression and/or activity of other factors involved in the control of PKR activation. These findings delineate a novel mechanism by which Smad7 knockdown promotes CRC cell death.
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Shapiro M, Nandi B, Gonzalez G, Prabhala RH, Mashimo H, Huang Q, Frank NY, Munshi NC, Gold JS. Deficiency of the immunostimulatory cytokine IL-21 promotes intestinal neoplasia via dysregulation of the Th1/Th17 axis. Oncoimmunology 2016; 6:e1261776. [PMID: 28197386 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2016.1261776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Revised: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
IL-21 has reported activity in promoting both Th1 and Th17 immune responses. Its role in sporadic human colorectal cancer is unknown. We aimed to delineate the role of IL-21 in a model of sporadic intestinal carcinogenesis. We found that in APCMIN/+ mice, ablation of IL-21 increased intestinal tumorigenesis. Expression of pro-inflammatory Th17-associated genes, including RORγt and IL-17A, was increased in the intestine in the absence of IL-21, while expression of antitumor Th1-associated genes Tbet, IFNγ, granzyme B, and perforin was decreased. Similarly, the IL-21-deficient APCMIN/+ mouse intestines had fewer infiltrating T cells as well as decreased effector memory T cells, NK cells, and granzyme B-expressing cells. Finally, our data suggest that IL-21 impairs Th17 immune responses as mesenteric lymph nodes from IL-21-deficient mice had increased IL-17A expression, and naive helper T cells from IL-21-deficient mice were more prone to differentiate into IL-17A-secreting cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mia Shapiro
- Research Services, VA Boston Healthcare System, West Roxbury, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Bisweswar Nandi
- Research Services, VA Boston Healthcare System, West Roxbury, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Gabriel Gonzalez
- Research Services, VA Boston Healthcare System, West Roxbury, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Rao H Prabhala
- Research Services, VA Boston Healthcare System, West Roxbury, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Hiroshi Mashimo
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Medicine Services, VA Boston Healthcare System, West Roxbury, MA, USA; Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Qin Huang
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Pathology Services, VA Boston Healthcare System, West Roxbury, MA, USA
| | - Natasha Y Frank
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Medicine Services, VA Boston Healthcare System, West Roxbury, MA, USA; Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nikhil C Munshi
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA; Medicine Services, VA Boston Healthcare System, West Roxbury, MA, USA
| | - Jason S Gold
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Surgery Services, VA Boston Healthcare System, West Roxbury, MA, USA
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Kim BH, Yi EH, Ye SK. Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 as a therapeutic target for cancer and the tumor microenvironment. Arch Pharm Res 2016; 39:1085-99. [PMID: 27515050 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-016-0795-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 07/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) is a cytoplasmic transcription factor that modulates the transcription of a variety of genes to regulate important biological functions, including cell proliferation, differentiation, survival, angiogenesis, and immune response. Constitutive activation of STAT3 is important in oncogenic signaling and occurs at high frequency in human cancers, including diverse solid tumors and hematologic malignancies. Moreover, it is associated with a poor prognosis. The tumor microenvironment has recently been recognized as a key condition for cancer progression, invasion, angiogenesis, metastasis, and drug resistance by activation of STAT3 signaling. Therefore, understanding the biology associated with STAT3-mediated signaling cascades in the tumor microenvironment may offer the therapeutic potential to treat human cancers. This review presents an overview of the critical roles of STAT3 in the tumor microenvironment related to cancer biology and discusses recent advancements in the development of anticancer drugs that therapeutically inhibit STAT3 signaling cascades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byung-Hak Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 103 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
- Biomedical Science Project (BK21PLUS), Seoul National University College of Medicine, 103 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Hee Yi
- Department of Pharmacology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 103 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
- Ischemic/Hypoxic Disease Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 103 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Kyu Ye
- Department of Pharmacology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 103 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea.
- Biomedical Science Project (BK21PLUS), Seoul National University College of Medicine, 103 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea.
- Ischemic/Hypoxic Disease Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 103 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea.
- Neuro-Immune Information Storage Network Research Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 103 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea.
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Ahmari N, Schmidt JT, Krane GA, Malphurs W, Cunningham BE, Owen JL, Martyniuk CJ, Zubcevic J. Loss of bone marrow adrenergic beta 1 and 2 receptors modifies transcriptional networks, reduces circulating inflammatory factors, and regulates blood pressure. Physiol Genomics 2016; 48:526-36. [PMID: 27235450 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00039.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypertension (HTN) is a prevalent condition with complex etiology and pathophysiology. Evidence exists of significant communication between the nervous system and the immune system (IS), and there appears to be a direct role for inflammatory bone marrow (BM) cells in the pathophysiology of hypertension. However, the molecular and neural mechanisms underlying this interaction have not been characterized. Here, we transplanted whole BM cells from the beta 1 and 2 adrenergic receptor (AdrB1tm1BkkAdrB2tm1Bkk/J) knockout (KO) mice into near lethally irradiated C57BL/6J mice to generate a BM AdrB1.B2 KO chimera. This allowed us to evaluate the role of the BM beta 1 and beta 2 adrenergic receptors in mediating BM IS homeostasis and regulating blood pressure (BP) in an otherwise intact physiological setting. Fluorescence-activated cell sorting demonstrated that a decrease in systolic and mean BP in the AdrB1.B2 KO chimera is associated with a decrease in circulating inflammatory T cells, macrophage/monocytes, and neutrophils. Transcriptomics in the BM identified 7,419 differentially expressed transcripts between the C57 and AdrB1.B2 KO chimera. Pathway analysis revealed differentially expressed transcripts related to several cell processes in the BM of C57 compared with AdrB1.B2 KO chimera, including processes related to immunity (e.g., T-cell activation, T-cell recruitment, cytokine production, leukocyte migration and function), the cardiovascular system (e.g., blood vessel development, peripheral nerve blood flow), and the brain (e.g., central nervous system development, neurite development) among others. This study generates new insight into the molecular events that underlie the interaction between the sympathetic drive and IS in modulation of BP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niousha Ahmari
- Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Jordan T. Schmidt
- Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Gregory A. Krane
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida; and
| | - Wendi Malphurs
- Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Bruce E. Cunningham
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Jennifer L. Owen
- Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Christopher J. Martyniuk
- Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Jasenka Zubcevic
- Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
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44
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Yuan MJ, Wang T. Advances of the interleukin-21 signaling pathway in immunity and angiogenesis. Biomed Rep 2016; 5:3-6. [PMID: 27330746 DOI: 10.3892/br.2016.665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-21 (IL-21) and its receptor (IL-21R) are broadly expressed on human B cells, activated T cells and other myeloid cells. IL-21 cooperates with IL-6 and transforming growth factor-β to regulate T-cell differentiation. IL-21-mediated human B cell and dendritic cells differentiation requires signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), and also induces B-cell apoptosis dependents on the Toll-like receptor signal. Recently, in vitro and in vivo experiments showed that IL-21/IL-21R regulate angiogenesis through STAT3. IL-21 signaling pathways are complex due to its cooperation with other transcriptional factors, such as interferon regulatory factor 4 and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor. The Janus kinase-STAT pathway has been the most extensively studied. With the increase in the understanding of IL-21 biology in the context of each specific disease or pathological condition, IL-21 could be a new therapeutic target for immune-related disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Jie Yuan
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Tao Wang
- Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
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