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Rubio‐Ríos J, Pérez J, Salinas MJ, Fenoy E, Boyero L, Casas JJ. Climate‐induced plasticity in leaf traits of riparian plants. DIVERS DISTRIB 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/ddi.13493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Juan Rubio‐Ríos
- Department of Biology and Geology University of Almeria (UAL) Almería Spain
- Andalusian Centre for the Evaluation and Monitoring of Global Change CAESCG Almería Spain
| | - Javier Pérez
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU) Leioa Spain
| | - María J. Salinas
- Department of Biology and Geology University of Almeria (UAL) Almería Spain
- Andalusian Centre for the Evaluation and Monitoring of Global Change CAESCG Almería Spain
| | - Encarnación Fenoy
- Department of Biology and Geology University of Almeria (UAL) Almería Spain
- Andalusian Centre for the Evaluation and Monitoring of Global Change CAESCG Almería Spain
| | - Luz Boyero
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU) Leioa Spain
| | - José Jesús Casas
- Department of Biology and Geology University of Almeria (UAL) Almería Spain
- Andalusian Centre for the Evaluation and Monitoring of Global Change CAESCG Almería Spain
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2
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Abstract
Investigations on the budget of plant litter and litter carbon in forest streams can provide a key scientific basis for understanding the biogeochemical linkages of terrestrial–aquatic ecosystems and managing forest catchments. To understand the biogeochemical linkages among mountain forests, riparian vegetation, and aquatic ecosystems, the changes in litter input and output from the subalpine streams with stream characteristics and critical periods were investigated in an ecologically important subalpine coniferous forest catchment in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River. The annual litter input to the stream was 20.14 g m−2 and ranged from 2.47 to 103.13 g m−2 for 15 streams during the one-year investigation. Simultaneously, the litter carbon input to the stream was 8.61 mg m−2 and ranged from 0.11 to 40.57 mg m−2. Meanwhile, the annual litter output varied from 0.02 to 22.30 g m−2, and the average value was 0.56 g m−2. Correspondingly, the litter carbon output varied from 0.01 to 1.51 mg m−2, and the average value was 0.16 mg m−2. Furthermore, the average ratio of litter carbon input to output was 270.01. The maximum and minimum values were observed in the late growing season and the snowmelt season, respectively. Additionally, seasonal variations in temperature, together with the stream length, dominated the input of litter and litter carbon to the stream, while the precipitation, temperature, water level, and sediment depth largely determined their output. Briefly, the seasonal dynamics of litter and litter carbon were dominated by stream characteristics and precipitation as well as temperature patterns.
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3
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Consistent pattern of higher lability of leaves from high latitudes for both native
Phragmites australis
and exotic
Spartina alterniflora. Funct Ecol 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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4
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López-Rojo N, Pérez J, Pozo J, Basaguren A, Apodaka-Etxebarria U, Correa-Araneda F, Boyero L. Shifts in Key Leaf Litter Traits Can Predict Effects of Plant Diversity Loss on Decomposition in Streams. Ecosystems 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10021-020-00511-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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5
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LeRoy CJ, Ramstack Hobbs JM, Claeson SM, Moffett J, Garthwaite I, Criss N, Walker L. Plant sex influences aquatic–terrestrial interactions. Ecosphere 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.2994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Carri J. LeRoy
- The Evergreen State College Environmental Studies Program Olympia Washington 98505 USA
| | - Joy M. Ramstack Hobbs
- The Evergreen State College Environmental Studies Program Olympia Washington 98505 USA
- St. Croix Watershed Research Station Science Museum of Minnesota Marine on St. Croix Minnesota 55047 USA
| | | | - Jordan Moffett
- The Evergreen State College Environmental Studies Program Olympia Washington 98505 USA
| | - Iris Garthwaite
- The Evergreen State College Environmental Studies Program Olympia Washington 98505 USA
| | - Nichole Criss
- The Evergreen State College Environmental Studies Program Olympia Washington 98505 USA
| | - Lauren Walker
- Lewis and Clark College College of Arts and Sciences Portland Oregon 97219 USA
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6
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Abstract
The keystone species concept is used in ecology to describe individual species with disproportionately large effects on their communities. We extend this idea to the level of genes with disproportionately large effects on ecological processes. Such 'keystone genes' (KGs) would underlie traits involved in species interactions or causing critical biotic and/or abiotic changes that influence emergent community and ecosystem properties. We propose a general framework for how KGs could be identified, while keeping KGs under the umbrella of 'ecologically important genes' (EIGs) that also include categories such as 'foundation genes', 'ecosystem engineering genes', and more. Although likely rare, KGs and other EIGs could dominate certain ecological processes; thus, their discovery and study are relevant for understanding eco-evolutionary dynamics.
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7
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Compson ZG, Hungate BA, Whitham TG, Koch GW, Dijkstra P, Siders AC, Wojtowicz T, Jacobs R, Rakestraw DN, Allred KE, Sayer CK, Marks JC. Linking tree genetics and stream consumers: isotopic tracers elucidate controls on carbon and nitrogen assimilation. Ecology 2018; 99:1759-1770. [DOI: 10.1002/ecy.2224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2016] [Revised: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zacchaeus G. Compson
- Center for Ecosystem Science and Society; 800 S. Beaver Street, P.O. Box 5620 Flagstaff Arizona 86011-5620 USA
- Merriam-Powell Center for Environmental Research; 800 S. Beaver Street, P.O. Box 6077 Flagstaff Arizona 86011-6077 USA
- Department of Biological Sciences; Northern Arizona University; 617 S. Beaver Street, P.O. Box 5640 Flagstaff Arizona 86011-5640 USA
| | - Bruce A. Hungate
- Center for Ecosystem Science and Society; 800 S. Beaver Street, P.O. Box 5620 Flagstaff Arizona 86011-5620 USA
- Merriam-Powell Center for Environmental Research; 800 S. Beaver Street, P.O. Box 6077 Flagstaff Arizona 86011-6077 USA
- Department of Biological Sciences; Northern Arizona University; 617 S. Beaver Street, P.O. Box 5640 Flagstaff Arizona 86011-5640 USA
| | - Thomas G. Whitham
- Merriam-Powell Center for Environmental Research; 800 S. Beaver Street, P.O. Box 6077 Flagstaff Arizona 86011-6077 USA
- Department of Biological Sciences; Northern Arizona University; 617 S. Beaver Street, P.O. Box 5640 Flagstaff Arizona 86011-5640 USA
| | - George W. Koch
- Center for Ecosystem Science and Society; 800 S. Beaver Street, P.O. Box 5620 Flagstaff Arizona 86011-5620 USA
- Merriam-Powell Center for Environmental Research; 800 S. Beaver Street, P.O. Box 6077 Flagstaff Arizona 86011-6077 USA
- Department of Biological Sciences; Northern Arizona University; 617 S. Beaver Street, P.O. Box 5640 Flagstaff Arizona 86011-5640 USA
| | - Paul Dijkstra
- Center for Ecosystem Science and Society; 800 S. Beaver Street, P.O. Box 5620 Flagstaff Arizona 86011-5620 USA
- Merriam-Powell Center for Environmental Research; 800 S. Beaver Street, P.O. Box 6077 Flagstaff Arizona 86011-6077 USA
- Department of Biological Sciences; Northern Arizona University; 617 S. Beaver Street, P.O. Box 5640 Flagstaff Arizona 86011-5640 USA
| | - Adam C. Siders
- Center for Ecosystem Science and Society; 800 S. Beaver Street, P.O. Box 5620 Flagstaff Arizona 86011-5620 USA
- Merriam-Powell Center for Environmental Research; 800 S. Beaver Street, P.O. Box 6077 Flagstaff Arizona 86011-6077 USA
- Department of Biological Sciences; Northern Arizona University; 617 S. Beaver Street, P.O. Box 5640 Flagstaff Arizona 86011-5640 USA
| | - Todd Wojtowicz
- Merriam-Powell Center for Environmental Research; 800 S. Beaver Street, P.O. Box 6077 Flagstaff Arizona 86011-6077 USA
- Department of Biological Sciences; Northern Arizona University; 617 S. Beaver Street, P.O. Box 5640 Flagstaff Arizona 86011-5640 USA
| | - Ryan Jacobs
- Merriam-Powell Center for Environmental Research; 800 S. Beaver Street, P.O. Box 6077 Flagstaff Arizona 86011-6077 USA
- Department of Biological Sciences; Northern Arizona University; 617 S. Beaver Street, P.O. Box 5640 Flagstaff Arizona 86011-5640 USA
| | - David N. Rakestraw
- Merriam-Powell Center for Environmental Research; 800 S. Beaver Street, P.O. Box 6077 Flagstaff Arizona 86011-6077 USA
- Department of Biological Sciences; Northern Arizona University; 617 S. Beaver Street, P.O. Box 5640 Flagstaff Arizona 86011-5640 USA
| | - Kiel E. Allred
- Merriam-Powell Center for Environmental Research; 800 S. Beaver Street, P.O. Box 6077 Flagstaff Arizona 86011-6077 USA
- Department of Biological Sciences; Northern Arizona University; 617 S. Beaver Street, P.O. Box 5640 Flagstaff Arizona 86011-5640 USA
| | - Chelsea K. Sayer
- Merriam-Powell Center for Environmental Research; 800 S. Beaver Street, P.O. Box 6077 Flagstaff Arizona 86011-6077 USA
- Department of Biological Sciences; Northern Arizona University; 617 S. Beaver Street, P.O. Box 5640 Flagstaff Arizona 86011-5640 USA
| | - Jane C. Marks
- Center for Ecosystem Science and Society; 800 S. Beaver Street, P.O. Box 5620 Flagstaff Arizona 86011-5620 USA
- Merriam-Powell Center for Environmental Research; 800 S. Beaver Street, P.O. Box 6077 Flagstaff Arizona 86011-6077 USA
- Department of Biological Sciences; Northern Arizona University; 617 S. Beaver Street, P.O. Box 5640 Flagstaff Arizona 86011-5640 USA
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8
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Cole CT, Ingvarsson PK. Pathway position constrains the evolution of an ecologically important pathway in aspens (Populus tremula L.). Mol Ecol 2018; 27:3317-3330. [PMID: 29972878 DOI: 10.1111/mec.14785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Revised: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Many ecological interactions of aspens and their relatives (Populus spp.) are affected by products of the phenylpropanoid pathway synthesizing condensed tannins (CTs), whose production involves trade-offs with other ecologically important compounds and with growth. Genes of this pathway are candidates for investigating the role of selection on ecologically important, polygenic traits. We analysed sequences from 25 genes representing 10 steps of the CT synthesis pathway, which produces CTs used in defence and lignins used for growth, in 12 individuals of European aspen (Populus tremula). We compared these to homologs from P. trichocarpa, to a control set of 77 P. tremula genes, to genome-wide resequencing data and to RNA-seq expression levels, in order to identify signatures of selection distinct from those of demography. In Populus, pathway position exerts a strong influence on the evolution of these genes. Nonsynonymous diversity, divergence and allele frequency shifts (Tajima's D) were much lower than for synonymous measures. Expression levels were higher, and the direction of selection more negative, for upstream genes than for those downstream. Selective constraints act with increasing intensity on upstream genes, despite the presence of multiple paralogs in most gene families. Pleiotropy, expression level, flux control and codon bias appear to interact in determining levels and patterns of variation in genes of this pathway, whose products mediate a wide array of ecological interactions for this widely distributed species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher T Cole
- Division of Science and Mathematics, University of Minnesota, Morris, Morris, Minnesota
| | - Pär K Ingvarsson
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Science, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
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9
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Jackrel SL, Morton TC. Inducible phenotypic plasticity in plants regulates aquatic ecosystem functioning. Oecologia 2018; 186:895-906. [DOI: 10.1007/s00442-018-4094-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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10
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Mixing It Up: The Role of Hybridization in Forest Management and Conservation under Climate Change. FORESTS 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/f8070237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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11
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Decker VHG, Bandau F, Gundale MJ, Cole CT, Albrectsen BR. Aspen phenylpropanoid genes' expression levels correlate with genets' tannin richness and vary both in responses to soil nitrogen and associations with phenolic profiles. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 37:270-279. [PMID: 27986954 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpw118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Condensed tannin (CT) contents of European aspen (Populus tremula L.) vary among genotypes, and increases in nitrogen (N) availability generally reduce plants' tannin production in favor of growth, through poorly understood mechanisms. We hypothesized that intrinsic tannin production rates may co-vary with gene expression responses to soil N and resource allocation within the phenylpropanoid pathway (PPP). Thus, we examined correlations between soil N levels and both expression patterns of eight PPP genes (measured by quantitative-reverse transcription PCR) and foliar phenolic compounds (measured by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry) in young aspen genets with intrinsically extreme CT levels. Monitored phenolics included salicinoids, lignins, flavones, flavonols, CT precursors and CTs. The PPP genes were consistently expressed more strongly in high-CT trees. Low N supplements reduced expression of genes throughout the PPP in all genets, while high N doses restored expression of genes at the beginning and end of the pathway. These PPP changes were not reflected in pools of tannin precursors, but varying correlations between gene expression and foliar phenolic pools were detected in young and mature leaves, suggesting that processes linking gene expression and the resulting phenolics vary spatially and temporally. Precursor fluxes suggested that CT-related metabolic rate or sink controls are linked to intrinsic carbon allocation strategies associated with N responses. Overall, we found more negative correlations (indicative of allocation trade-offs) between PPP gene expression and phenolic products following N additions in low-CT plants than in high-CT plants. The tannin-related expression dynamics suggest that, in addition to defense, relative tannin levels may also be indicative of intraspecific variations in the way aspen genets respond to soil fertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vicki H G Decker
- Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Umeå University, UmeåSE 90187, Sweden
| | - Franziska Bandau
- Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Umeå University, UmeåSE 90187, Sweden
| | - Michael J Gundale
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, UmeåSE 90183, Sweden
| | - Christopher T Cole
- Division of Science and Mathematics, University of Minnesota, Morris, MN56267, USA
| | - Benedicte R Albrectsen
- Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Umeå University, UmeåSE 90187, Sweden
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12
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Plant genotype influences aquatic‐terrestrial ecosystem linkages through timing and composition of insect emergence. Ecosphere 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.1331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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13
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Crutsinger GM. A community genetics perspective: opportunities for the coming decade. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2016; 210:65-70. [PMID: 26171846 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Community genetics was originally proposed as a novel approach to identifying links between genes and ecosystems, and merging ecological and evolutional perspectives. The dozen years since the birth of community genetics have seen many empirical studies and common garden experiments, as well as the rise of eco-evolutionary dynamics research and a general shift in ecology to incorporate intraspecific variation. So what have we learned from community genetics? Can individual genes affect entire ecosystems? Are there interesting questions left to be answered, or has community genetics run its course? This perspective makes a series of key points about the general patterns that have emerged and calls attention to gaps in our understanding to be addressed in the coming years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory M Crutsinger
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, 4200-6270 University Blvd, Vancouver, BC, V6T1Z4, Canada
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14
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Kinnison MT, Hairston NG, Hendry AP. Cryptic eco-evolutionary dynamics. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2016; 1360:120-44. [PMID: 26619300 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.12974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Revised: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Natural systems harbor complex interactions that are fundamental parts of ecology and evolution. These interactions challenge our inclinations and training to seek the simplest explanations of patterns in nature. Not least is the likelihood that some complex processes might be missed when their patterns look similar to predictions for simpler mechanisms. Along these lines, theory and empirical evidence increasingly suggest that environmental, ecological, phenotypic, and genetic processes can be tightly intertwined, resulting in complex and sometimes surprising eco-evolutionary dynamics. The goal of this review is to temper inclinations to unquestioningly seek the simplest explanations in ecology and evolution, by recognizing that some eco-evolutionary outcomes may appear very similar to purely ecological, purely evolutionary, or even null expectations, and thus be cryptic. We provide theoretical and empirical evidence for observational biases and mechanisms that might operate among the various links in eco-evolutionary feedbacks to produce cryptic patterns. Recognition that cryptic dynamics can be associated with outcomes like stability, resilience, recovery, or coexistence in a dynamically changing world provides added impetus for finding ways to study them.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nelson G Hairston
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
| | - Andrew P Hendry
- Redpath Museum and Department of Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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15
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Contrasting effects of plant species traits and moisture on the decomposition of multiple litter fractions. Oecologia 2015; 179:573-84. [DOI: 10.1007/s00442-015-3352-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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16
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Tovar-Sánchez E, Valencia-Cuevas L, Mussali-Galante P, Ramírez-Rodríguez R, Castillo-Mendoza E. Effect of host-plant genetic diversity on oak canopy arthropod community structure in central Mexico. REVISTA CHILENA DE HISTORIA NATURAL 2015. [DOI: 10.1186/s40693-015-0042-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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17
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Closely Related Tree Species Differentially Influence the Transfer of Carbon and Nitrogen from Leaf Litter Up the Aquatic Food Web. Ecosystems 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s10021-014-9821-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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18
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Crutsinger GM, Rudman SM, Rodriguez-Cabal MA, McKown AD, Sato T, MacDonald AM, Heavyside J, Geraldes A, Hart EM, LeRoy CJ, El-Sabaawi RW. Testing a ‘genes-to-ecosystems’ approach to understanding aquatic-terrestrial linkages. Mol Ecol 2014; 23:5888-903. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.12931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2014] [Revised: 09/04/2014] [Accepted: 09/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gregory M. Crutsinger
- Department of Zoology; University of British Columbia; 4200-6270 University Blvd. Vancouver BC V6T1Z4 Canada
| | - Seth M. Rudman
- Department of Zoology; University of British Columbia; 4200-6270 University Blvd. Vancouver BC V6T1Z4 Canada
| | - Mariano A. Rodriguez-Cabal
- Department of Zoology; University of British Columbia; 4200-6270 University Blvd. Vancouver BC V6T1Z4 Canada
| | - Athena D. McKown
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences; University of British Columbia; 2424 Main Mall Vancouver BC V6T 1Z4 Canada
| | - Takuya Sato
- Department of Biology; Graduate school of Science; Kobe University; 1-1 Rokkodai Nada-ku Kobe 657-8501 Japan
| | - Andrew M. MacDonald
- Department of Zoology; University of British Columbia; 4200-6270 University Blvd. Vancouver BC V6T1Z4 Canada
| | - Julian Heavyside
- Department of Zoology; University of British Columbia; 4200-6270 University Blvd. Vancouver BC V6T1Z4 Canada
| | - Armando Geraldes
- Department of Botany; University of British Columbia; 3529-6270 University Blvd. Vancouver BC V6T 1Z4 Canada
| | - Edmund M. Hart
- Department of Zoology; University of British Columbia; 4200-6270 University Blvd. Vancouver BC V6T1Z4 Canada
| | - Carri J. LeRoy
- Environmental Studies Program; The Evergreen State College; 2700 Evergreen Parkway NW Olympia WA 98505 USA
| | - Rana W. El-Sabaawi
- Department of Biology; University of Victoria; Cunningham 202, 3800 Finnerty Rd. Victoria BC V8P 5C2 Canada
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19
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Pastor A, Compson ZG, Dijkstra P, Riera JL, Martí E, Sabater F, Hungate BA, Marks JC. Stream carbon and nitrogen supplements during leaf litter decomposition: contrasting patterns for two foundation species. Oecologia 2014; 176:1111-21. [PMID: 25214242 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-014-3063-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2014] [Accepted: 08/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Leaf litter decomposition plays a major role in nutrient dynamics in forested streams. The chemical composition of litter affects its processing by microorganisms, which obtain nutrients from litter and from the water column. The balance of these fluxes is not well known, because they occur simultaneously and thus are difficult to quantify separately. Here, we examined C and N flow from streamwater and leaf litter to microbial biofilms during decomposition. We used isotopically enriched leaves ((13)C and (15)N) from two riparian foundation tree species: fast-decomposing Populus fremontii and slow-decomposing Populus angustifolia, which differed in their concentration of recalcitrant compounds. We adapted the isotope pool dilution method to estimate gross elemental fluxes into litter microbes. Three key findings emerged: litter type strongly affected biomass and stoichiometry of microbial assemblages growing on litter; the proportion of C and N in microorganisms derived from the streamwater, as opposed to the litter, did not differ between litter types, but increased throughout decomposition; gross immobilization of N from the streamwater was higher for P. fremontii compared to P. angustifolia, probably as a consequence of the higher microbial biomass on P. fremontii. In contrast, gross immobilization of C from the streamwater was higher for P. angustifolia, suggesting that dissolved organic C in streamwater was used as an additional energy source by microbial assemblages growing on slow-decomposing litter. These results indicate that biofilms on decomposing litter have specific element requirements driven by litter characteristics, which might have implications for whole-stream nutrient retention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ada Pastor
- Department d'Ecologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain,
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20
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Wojtowicz T, Compson ZG, Lamit LJ, Whitham TG, Gehring CA. Plant genetic identity of foundation tree species and their hybrids affects a litter-dwelling generalist predator. Oecologia 2014; 176:799-810. [PMID: 25205028 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-014-2998-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2014] [Accepted: 06/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The effects of plant genetics on predators, especially those not living on the plant itself, are rarely studied and poorly understood. Therefore, we investigated the effect of plant hybridization and genotype on litter-dwelling spiders. Using an 18-year-old cottonwood common garden, we recorded agelenid sheet-web density associated with the litter layers of replicated genotypes of three tree cross types: Populus fremontii, Populus angustifolia, and their F1 hybrids. We surveyed 118 trees for agelenid litter webs at two distances from the trees (0-100 and 100-200 cm from trunk) and measured litter depth as a potential mechanism of web density patterns. Five major results emerged: web density within a 1-m radius of P. angustifolia was approximately three times higher than within a 1-m radius of P. fremontii, with F1 hybrids having intermediate densities; web density responded to P. angustifolia and F1 hybrid genotypes as indicated by a significant genotype × distance interaction, with some genotypes exhibiting a strong decline in web density with distance, while others did not; P. angustifolia litter layers were deeper than those of P. fremontii at both distance classes, and litter depth among P. angustifolia genotypes differed up to 300%; cross type and genotype influenced web density via their effects on litter depth, and these effects were influenced by distance; web density was more sensitive to the effects of tree cross type than genotype. By influencing generalist predators, plant hybridization and genotype may indirectly impact trophic interactions such as intraguild predation, possibly affecting trophic cascades and ecosystem processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd Wojtowicz
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, 86011-5640, USA,
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21
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Cushman SA, Max T, Meneses N, Evans LM, Ferrier S, Honchak B, Whitham TG, Allan GJ. Landscape genetic connectivity in a riparian foundation tree is jointly driven by climatic gradients and river networks. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2014; 24:1000-1014. [PMID: 25154093 DOI: 10.1890/13-1612.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Fremont cottonwood (Populus fremonti) is a foundation riparian tree species that drives community structure and ecosystem processes in southwestern U.S. ecosystems. Despite its ecological importance, little is known about the ecological and environmental processes that shape its genetic diversity, structure, and landscape connectivity. Here, we combined molecular analyses of 82 populations including 1312 individual trees dispersed over the species' geographical distribution. We reduced the data set to 40 populations and 743 individuals to eliminate admixture with a sibling species, and used multivariate restricted optimization and reciprocal causal modeling to evaluate the effects of river network connectivity and climatic gradients on gene flow. Our results confirmed the following: First, gene flow of Fremont cottonwood is jointly controlled by the connectivity of the river network and gradients of seasonal precipitation. Second, gene flow is facilitated by mid-sized to large rivers, and is resisted by small streams and terrestrial uplands, with resistance to gene flow decreasing with river size. Third, genetic differentiation increases with cumulative differences in winter and spring precipitation. Our results suggest that ongoing fragmentation of riparian habitats will lead to a loss of landscape-level genetic connectivity, leading to increased inbreeding and the concomitant loss of genetic diversity in a foundation species. These genetic effects will cascade to a much larger community of organisms, some of which are threatened and endangered.
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Jackrel SL, Wootton JT. Local adaptation of stream communities to intraspecific variation in a terrestrial ecosystem subsidy. Ecology 2014; 95:37-43. [DOI: 10.1890/13-0804.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Scriber JM. Climate-Driven Reshuffling of Species and Genes: Potential Conservation Roles for Species Translocations and Recombinant Hybrid Genotypes. INSECTS 2013; 5:1-61. [PMID: 26462579 PMCID: PMC4592632 DOI: 10.3390/insects5010001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2013] [Revised: 12/04/2013] [Accepted: 12/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Comprising 50%-75% of the world's fauna, insects are a prominent part of biodiversity in communities and ecosystems globally. Biodiversity across all levels of biological classifications is fundamentally based on genetic diversity. However, the integration of genomics and phylogenetics into conservation management may not be as rapid as climate change. The genetics of hybrid introgression as a source of novel variation for ecological divergence and evolutionary speciation (and resilience) may generate adaptive potential and diversity fast enough to respond to locally-altered environmental conditions. Major plant and herbivore hybrid zones with associated communities deserve conservation consideration. This review addresses functional genetics across multi-trophic-level interactions including "invasive species" in various ecosystems as they may become disrupted in different ways by rapid climate change. "Invasive genes" (into new species and populations) need to be recognized for their positive creative potential and addressed in conservation programs. "Genetic rescue" via hybrid translocations may provide needed adaptive flexibility for rapid adaptation to environmental change. While concerns persist for some conservationists, this review emphasizes the positive aspects of hybrids and hybridization. Specific implications of natural genetic introgression are addressed with a few examples from butterflies, including transgressive phenotypes and climate-driven homoploid recombinant hybrid speciation. Some specific examples illustrate these points using the swallowtail butterflies (Papilionidae) with their long-term historical data base (phylogeographical diversity changes) and recent (3-decade) climate-driven temporal and genetic divergence in recombinant homoploid hybrids and relatively recent hybrid speciation of Papilio appalachiensis in North America. Climate-induced "reshuffling" (recombinations) of species composition, genotypes, and genomes may become increasingly ecologically and evolutionarily predictable, but future conservation management programs are more likely to remain constrained by human behavior than by lack of academic knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon Mark Scriber
- Department of Entomology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, MI 48824, USA.
- McGuire Center for Lepidoptera and Biodiversity, Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.
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Casas JJ, Larrañaga A, Menéndez M, Pozo J, Basaguren A, Martínez A, Pérez J, González JM, Mollá S, Casado C, Descals E, Roblas N, López-González JA, Valenzuela JL. Leaf litter decomposition of native and introduced tree species of contrasting quality in headwater streams: how does the regional setting matter? THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2013; 458-460:197-208. [PMID: 23648449 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2012] [Revised: 03/03/2013] [Accepted: 04/02/2013] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Terrestrial plant litter is important in sustaining stream food webs in forested headwaters. Leaf litter quality often decreases when native species are replaced by introduced species, and a lower quality of leaf litter inputs may alter litter decomposition at sites afforested with non-native species. However, since detritivore composition and resource use plasticity may depend on the prevalent litter inputs, the extent of the alteration in decomposition can vary between streams. We tested 2 hypotheses using 2 native and 3 introduced species of tree differing in quality in 4 Iberian regions with contrasting vegetational traits: 1) decomposition rates of all plant species would be higher in regions where streams normally receive litter inputs of lower rather than higher quality; 2) a higher resource-use plasticity of detritivores in regions vegetated with plants of lower litter quality will cause a greater evenness in decomposition rates among plant species compared to regions where streams normally receive higher-quality plant litter inputs. Results showed a highly consistent interspecific ranking of decomposition rates across regions driven by litter quality, and a significant regional effect. Hypothesis 1 was supported: decomposition rates of the five litter types were generally higher in streams from regions vegetated with species producing leaf litter of low quality, possibly due to the profusion of caddisfly shredders in their communities. Hypothesis 2 was not supported: the relative differences in decomposition rates among leaf litter species remained essentially unaltered across regions. Our results suggest that, even in regions where detritivores can be comparatively efficient using resources of low quality, caution is needed particularly when afforestation programs introduce plant species of lower litter quality than the native species.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Jesús Casas
- Dpto. Biología y Geología, Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario (CEIA3), Universidad de Almería, Ctra. Sacramento s/n, La Cañada, 04120 Almería, Spain.
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25
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Compson ZG, Adams KJ, Edwards JA, Maestas JM, Whitham TG, Marks JC. Leaf litter quality affects aquatic insect emergence: contrasting patterns from two foundation trees. Oecologia 2013; 173:507-19. [PMID: 23532583 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-013-2643-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2012] [Accepted: 03/07/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Reciprocal subsidies between rivers and terrestrial habitats are common where terrestrial leaf litter provides energy to aquatic invertebrates while emerging aquatic insects provide energy to terrestrial predators (e.g., birds, lizards, spiders). We examined how aquatic insect emergence changed seasonally with litter from two foundation riparian trees, whose litter often dominates riparian streams of the southwestern United States: Fremont (Populus fremontii) and narrowleaf (Populus angustifolia) cottonwood. P. fremontii litter is fast-decomposing and lower in defensive phytochemicals (i.e., condensed tannins, lignin) relative to P. angustifolia. We experimentally manipulated leaf litter from these two species by placing them in leaf enclosures with emergence traps attached in order to determine how leaf type influenced insect emergence. Contrary to our initial predictions, we found that packs with slow-decomposing leaves tended to support more emergent insects relative to packs with fast-decomposing leaves. Three findings emerged. Firstly, abundance (number of emerging insects m(-2) day(-1)) was 25% higher on narrowleaf compared to Fremont leaves for the spring but did not differ in the fall, demonstrating that leaf quality from two dominant trees of the same genus yielded different emergence patterns and that these patterns changed seasonally. Secondly, functional feeding groups of emerging insects differed between treatments and seasons. Specifically, in the spring collector-gatherer abundance and biomass were higher on narrowleaf leaves, whereas collector-filterer abundance and biomass were higher on Fremont leaves. Shredder abundance and biomass were higher on narrowleaf leaves in the fall. Thirdly, diversity (Shannon's H') was higher on Fremont leaves in the spring, but no differences were found in the fall, showing that fast-decomposing leaves can support a more diverse, complex emergent insect assemblage during certain times of the year. Collectively, these results challenge the notion that leaf quality is a simple function of decomposition, suggesting instead that aquatic insects benefit differentially from different leaf types, such that some use slow-decomposing litter for habitat and its temporal longevity and others utilize fast-decomposing litter with more immediate nutrient release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zacchaeus G Compson
- Merriam-Powell Center for Environmental Research, Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, 617 S. Beaver St., P. O. Box 5640, Flagstaff, AZ, 86011-5640, USA,
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Martin LJ, Blossey B. Intraspecific variation overrides origin effects in impacts of litter-derived secondary compounds on larval amphibians. Oecologia 2013; 173:449-59. [DOI: 10.1007/s00442-013-2624-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2012] [Accepted: 02/08/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Populus hybrid hosts drive divergence in the herbivorous mite, Aceria parapopuli: implications for conservation of plant hybrid zones as essential habitat. CONSERV GENET 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s10592-012-0409-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Tomas F, Abbott JM, Steinberg C, Balk M, Williams SL, Stachowicz JJ. Plant genotype and nitrogen loading influence seagrass productivity, biochemistry, and plant-herbivore interactions. Ecology 2011; 92:1807-17. [PMID: 21939077 DOI: 10.1890/10-2095.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Genetic variation within and among key species can have significant ecological consequences at the population, community, and ecosystem levels. In order to understand ecological properties of systems based on habitat-forming clonal plants, it is crucial to clarify which traits vary among plant genotypes and how they influence ecological processes, and to assess their relative contribution to ecosystem functioning in comparison to other factors. Here we used a mesocosm experiment to examine the relative influence of genotypic identity and extreme levels of nitrogen loading on traits that affect ecological processes (at the population, community, and ecosystem levels) for Zostera marina, a widespread marine angiosperm that forms monospecific meadows throughout coastal areas in the Northern Hemisphere. We found effects of both genotype and nitrogen addition on many plant characteristics (e.g., aboveground and belowground biomass), and these were generally strong and similar in magnitude, whereas interactive effects were rare. Genotypes also strongly differed in susceptibility to herbivorous isopods, with isopod preference among genotypes generally matching their performance in terms of growth and survival. Chemical rather than structural differences among genotypes drove these differences in seagrass palatability. Nitrogen addition uniformly decreased plant palatability but did not greatly alter the relative preferences of herbivores among genotypes, indicating that genotype effects are strong. Our results highlight that differences in key traits among genotypes of habitat-forming species can have important consequences for the communities and ecosystems that depend on them and that such effects are not overwhelmed by known environmental stressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Tomas
- Institut Mediterrani d'Estudis Avançats (IMEDEA), CSIC-UIB, C/ Miquel Marques 21, 07190 Esporles, Illes Balears, Spain.
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Adams RI, Goldberry S, Whitham TG, Zinkgraf MS, Dirzo R. Hybridization among dominant tree species correlates positively with understory plant diversity. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2011; 98:1623-1632. [PMID: 21960550 DOI: 10.3732/ajb.1100137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE OF THE STUDY Elucidating the factors that determine the abundance and distribution of species remains a central goal of ecology. It is well recognized that genetic differences among individual species can affect the distribution and species interactions of dependent taxa, but the ecological effects of genetic differences on taxa of the same trophic level remain much less understood. Our goal was to test the hypothesis that differences between related overstory tree species and their hybrids can influence the understory plant community in wild settings. METHODS We conducted vegetation surveys in a riparian community with the overstory dominated by Populus fremontii, P. angustifolia, and their natural hybrids (referred to as cross types) along the Weber River in north central Utah, USA. Understory diversity and community composition, as well as edaphic properties, were compared under individual trees. KEY RESULTS Diversity metrics differ under the three different tree cross types such that a greater species richness, diversity, and cover of understory plants exist under the hybrids compared with either of the parental taxa (30-54%, 40-48%, and 35-74% greater, respectively). The community composition of the understory also varied by cross type, whereby additional understory plant species cluster with hybrids, not with parental species. CONCLUSIONS Genetic composition dictated by hybridization in the overstory can play a role in structuring the associated understory plants in natural communities-where a hybridized overstory correlates with a species-rich understory-and thus can have cascading effects on community members of the same trophic level. The underlying mechanism requires further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel I Adams
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, California 94305, USA.
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30
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Külheim C, Yeoh SH, Wallis IR, Laffan S, Moran GF, Foley WJ. The molecular basis of quantitative variation in foliar secondary metabolites in Eucalyptus globulus. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2011; 191:1041-1053. [PMID: 21609332 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2011.03769.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Eucalyptus is characterized by high foliar concentrations of plant secondary metabolites with marked qualitative and quantitative variation within a single species. Secondary metabolites in eucalypts are important mediators of a diverse community of herbivores. We used a candidate gene approach to investigate genetic associations between 195 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from 24 candidate genes and 33 traits related to secondary metabolites in the Tasmanian Blue Gum (Eucalyptus globulus). We discovered 37 significant associations (false discovery rate (FDR) Q < 0.05) across 11 candidate genes and 19 traits. The effects of SNPs on phenotypic variation were within the expected range (0.018 < r(2) < 0.061) for forest trees. Whereas most marker effects were nonadditive, two alleles from two consecutive genes in the methylerythritol phosphate pathway (MEP) showed additive effects. This study successfully links allelic variants to ecologically important phenotypes which can have a large impact on the entire community. It is one of very few studies to identify the genetic variants of a foundation tree that influences ecosystem function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carsten Külheim
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra 0200 ACT, Australia
| | - Suat Hui Yeoh
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra 0200 ACT, Australia
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Lembah Pantai, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Ian R Wallis
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra 0200 ACT, Australia
| | - Shawn Laffan
- School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Science, University of New South Wales, Randwick 2052 NSW, Australia
| | - Gavin F Moran
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra 0200 ACT, Australia
| | - William J Foley
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra 0200 ACT, Australia
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Zytynska SE, Fay MF, Penney D, Preziosi RF. Genetic variation in a tropical tree species influences the associated epiphytic plant and invertebrate communities in a complex forest ecosystem. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2011; 366:1329-36. [PMID: 21444307 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2010.0183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic differences among tree species, their hybrids and within tree species are known to influence associated ecological communities and ecosystem processes in areas of limited species diversity. The extent to which this same phenomenon occurs based on genetic variation within a single tree species, in a diverse complex ecosystem such as a tropical forest, is unknown. The level of biodiversity and complexity of the ecosystem may reduce the impact of a single tree species on associated communities. We assessed the influence of within-species genetic variation in the tree Brosimum alicastrum (Moraceae) on associated epiphytic and invertebrate communities in a neotropical rainforest. We found a significant positive association between genetic distance of trees and community difference of the epiphytic plants growing on the tree, the invertebrates living among the leaf litter around the base of the tree, and the invertebrates found on the tree trunk. This means that the more genetically similar trees are host to more similar epiphyte and invertebrate communities. Our work has implications for whole ecosystem conservation management, since maintaining sufficient genetic diversity at the primary producer level will enhance species diversity of other plants and animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon E Zytynska
- Michael Smith Building, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
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Axelsson EP, Hjältén J, LeRoy CJ, Whitham TG, Julkunen-Tiitto R, Wennström A. Leaf litter from insect-resistant transgenic trees causes changes in aquatic insect community composition. J Appl Ecol 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2664.2011.02046.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Mann AN, O'Reilly-Wapstra JM, Iason GR, Sanson G, Davies NW, Tilyard P, Williams D, Potts BM. Mammalian herbivores reveal marked genetic divergence among populations of an endangered plant species. OIKOS 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0706.2011.19667.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Klopf RP, Baer SG. Root Dynamics of Cultivar and Non-Cultivar Population Sources of Two Dominant Grasses during Initial Establishment of Tallgrass Prairie. Restor Ecol 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1526-100x.2009.00539.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Schweitzer JA, Fischer DG, Rehill BJ, Wooley SC, Woolbright SA, Lindroth RL, Whitham TG, Zak DR, Hart SC. Forest gene diversity is correlated with the composition and function of soil microbial communities. POPUL ECOL 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s10144-010-0252-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A. Schweitzer
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of Tennessee37996KnoxvilleTNUSA
| | - Dylan G. Fischer
- Environmental Studies ProgramThe Evergreen State College98505OlympiaWAUSA
| | | | - Stuart C. Wooley
- Department of Biological SciencesCalifornia State University‐Stanislaus95382TurlockCAUSA
| | - Scott A. Woolbright
- Department of Biological Sciences, Merriam‐Powell Center for Environmental ResearchNorthern Arizona University86011FlagstaffAZUSA
| | | | - Thomas G. Whitham
- Department of Biological Sciences, Merriam‐Powell Center for Environmental ResearchNorthern Arizona University86011FlagstaffAZUSA
| | - Donald R. Zak
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, School of Natural Resources and EnvironmentUniversity of Michigan48109Ann ArborMIUSA
| | - Stephen C. Hart
- School of Natural Sciences, Sierra Nevada Research InstituteUniversity of California95343MercedCAUSA
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Olson MS, Robertson AL, Takebayashi N, Silim S, Schroeder WR, Tiffin P. Nucleotide diversity and linkage disequilibrium in balsam poplar (Populus balsamifera). THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2010; 186:526-536. [PMID: 20122131 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2009.03174.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
*Current perceptions that poplars have high levels of nucleotide variation, large effective population sizes, and rapid decay of linkage disequilibrium are based primarily on studies from one poplar species, Populus tremula. *We analysed 590 gene fragments (average length 565 bp) from each of 15 individuals from different populations from throughout the range of Populus balsamifera. *Nucleotide diversity (theta(total) = 0.0028, pi = 0.0027) was low compared with other trees and model agricultural systems. Patterns of nucleotide diversity and site frequency spectra were consistent with purifying selection on replacement and intron sites. When averaged across all loci we found no evidence for decay of linkage disequilibrium across 750 bp, consistent with the low estimates of the scaled recombination parameter, rho = 0.0092. *Compared with P. tremula, a well studied congener with a similar distribution, P. balsamifera has low diversity and low effective recombination, both of which indicate a lower effective population size in P. balsamifera. Patterns of diversity and linkage indicate that there is considerable variation in population genomic patterns among poplar species and unlike P. tremula, association mapping techniques in balsam poplar should consider sampling single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) at well-spaced intervals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew S Olson
- Institute of Arctic Biology and Department of Biology and Wildlife, University of Alaska Fairbanks, AK 99775, USA.
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Barbour RC, Baker SC, O'Reilly-Wapstra JM, Harvest TM, Potts BM. A footprint of tree-genetics on the biota of the forest floor. OIKOS 2009. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0706.2009.17609.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Bailey JK, Schweitzer JA, Ubeda F, Koricheva J, LeRoy CJ, Madritch MD, Rehill BJ, Bangert RK, Fischer DG, Allan GJ, Whitham TG. From genes to ecosystems: a synthesis of the effects of plant genetic factors across levels of organization. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2009; 364:1607-16. [PMID: 19414474 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2008.0336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Using two genetic approaches and seven different plant systems, we present findings from a meta-analysis examining the strength of the effects of plant genetic introgression and genotypic diversity across individual, community and ecosystem levels with the goal of synthesizing the patterns to date. We found that (i) the strength of plant genetic effects can be quite high; however, the overall strength of genetic effects on most response variables declined as the levels of organization increased. (ii) Plant genetic effects varied such that introgression had a greater impact on individual phenotypes than extended effects on arthropods or microbes/fungi. By contrast, the greatest effects of genotypic diversity were on arthropods. (iii) Plant genetic effects were greater on above-ground versus below-ground processes, but there was no difference between terrestrial and aquatic environments. (iv) The strength of the effects of intraspecific genotypic diversity tended to be weaker than interspecific genetic introgression. (v) Although genetic effects generally decline across levels of organization, in some cases they do not, suggesting that specific organisms and/or processes may respond more than others to underlying genetic variation. Because patterns in the overall impacts of introgression and genotypic diversity were generally consistent across diverse study systems and consistent with theoretical expectations, these results provide generality for understanding the extended consequences of plant genetic variation across levels of organization, with evolutionary implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph K Bailey
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA.
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Mellway RD, Tran LT, Prouse MB, Campbell MM, Constabel CP. The wound-, pathogen-, and ultraviolet B-responsive MYB134 gene encodes an R2R3 MYB transcription factor that regulates proanthocyanidin synthesis in poplar. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2009; 150:924-41. [PMID: 19395405 PMCID: PMC2689947 DOI: 10.1104/pp.109.139071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2009] [Accepted: 04/21/2009] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
In poplar (Populus spp.), the major defense phenolics produced in leaves are the flavonoid-derived proanthocyanidins (PAs) and the salicin-based phenolic glycosides. Transcriptional activation of PA biosynthetic genes leading to PA accumulation in leaves occurs following herbivore damage and mechanical wounding as well as infection by the fungal biotroph Melampsora medusae. In this study, we have identified a poplar R2R3 MYB transcription factor gene, MYB134, that exhibits close sequence similarity to the Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) PA regulator TRANSPARENT TESTA2 and that is coinduced with PA biosynthetic genes following mechanical wounding, M. medusae infection, and exposure to elevated ultraviolet B light. Overexpression of MYB134 in poplar resulted in transcriptional activation of the full PA biosynthetic pathway and a significant plant-wide increase in PA levels, and electrophoretic mobility shift assays showed that recombinant MYB134 protein is able to bind to promoter regions of PA pathway genes. MYB134-overexpressing plants exhibited a concomitant reduction in phenolic glycoside concentrations and other minor alterations to levels of small phenylpropanoid metabolites. Our data provide insight into the regulatory mechanisms controlling stress-induced PA metabolism in poplar, and the identification of a regulator of stress-responsive PA biosynthesis constitutes a valuable tool for manipulating PA metabolism in poplar and investigating the biological functions of PAs in resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin D Mellway
- Centre for Forest Biology and Department of Biology, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada V8W 3N5
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41
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Barbour RC, Storer MJ, Potts BM. Relative importance of tree genetics and microhabitat on macrofungal biodiversity on coarse woody debris. Oecologia 2009; 160:335-42. [DOI: 10.1007/s00442-009-1295-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2008] [Accepted: 01/20/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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42
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From Genes to Ecosystems: The Genetic Basis of Condensed Tannins and Their Role in Nutrient Regulation in a Populus Model System. Ecosystems 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s10021-008-9173-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Haloin JR, Strauss SY. Interplay between Ecological Communities and Evolution. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2008; 1133:87-125. [DOI: 10.1196/annals.1438.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Freeman JS, O'Reilly-Wapstra JM, Vaillancourt RE, Wiggins N, Potts BM. Quantitative trait loci for key defensive compounds affecting herbivory of eucalypts in Australia. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2008; 178:846-851. [PMID: 18373517 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2008.02417.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
* Formylated phloroglucinols (FPCs) are key defensive compounds that influence herbivory by mammals and arthropods in eucalypts. However, the genetic architecture underlying variation in their levels remains poorly understood. * Quantitative trait loci (QTL) analysis for the concentrations of two major FPCs, sideroxylonal A and macrocarpal G, was conducted using juvenile leaves from 112 clonally duplicated progenies from an outcross F2 of Eucalyptus globulus. * Two unlinked QTL were located for macrocarpal, while another unlinked QTL was located for sideroxylonal. The sideroxylonal QTL collocated with one for total sideroxylonal previously reported using adult Eucalyptus nitens foliage, providing independent validation in a different evolutionary lineage and a different ontogenetic stage. * Given the potential widespread occurrence of these QTL, their ontogenetic stability, and their impact on a range of dependent herbivores, it is possible that they have extended phenotypic effects in the Australian forest landscape.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Freeman
- School of Plant Science and CRC for Forestry, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 55, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia 7001
| | - J M O'Reilly-Wapstra
- School of Plant Science and CRC for Forestry, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 55, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia 7001
| | - R E Vaillancourt
- School of Plant Science and CRC for Forestry, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 55, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia 7001
| | - N Wiggins
- School of Plant Science and CRC for Forestry, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 55, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia 7001
| | - B M Potts
- School of Plant Science and CRC for Forestry, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 55, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia 7001
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Schweitzer JA, Bailey JK, Fischer DG, LeRoy CJ, Lonsdorf EV, Whitham TG, Hart SC. PLANT–SOIL–MICROORGANISM INTERACTIONS: HERITABLE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PLANT GENOTYPE AND ASSOCIATED SOIL MICROORGANISMS. Ecology 2008; 89:773-81. [DOI: 10.1890/07-0337.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 259] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Woolbright SA, Difazio SP, Yin T, Martinsen GD, Zhang X, Allan GJ, Whitham TG, Keim P. A dense linkage map of hybrid cottonwood (Populus fremontii × P. angustifolia) contributes to long-term ecological research and comparison mapping in a model forest tree. Heredity (Edinb) 2007; 100:59-70. [PMID: 17895905 DOI: 10.1038/sj.hdy.6801063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Cottonwoods are foundation riparian species, and hybridization among species is known to produce ecological effects at levels higher than the population, including effects on dependent species, communities and ecosystems. Because these patterns result from increased genetic variation in key cottonwood traits, novel applications of genetic tools (for example, QTL mapping) could be used to place broad-scale ecological research into a genomic perspective. In addition, linkage maps have been produced for numerous species within the genus, and, coupled with the recent publication of the Populus genome sequence, these maps present a unique opportunity for genome comparisons in a model system. Here, we conducted linkage analyses in order to (1) create a platform for QTL and candidate gene studies of ecologically important traits, (2) create a framework for chromosomal-scale perspectives of introgression in a natural population, and (3) enhance genome-wide comparisons using two previously unmapped species. We produced 246 backcross mapping (BC(1)) progeny by crossing a naturally occurring F(1) hybrid (Populus fremontii x P. angustifolia) to a pure P. angustifolia from the same population. Linkage analysis resulted in a dense linkage map of 541 AFLP and 111 SSR markers distributed across 19 linkage groups. These results compared favorably with other Populus linkage studies, and addition of SSR loci from the poplar genome project provided coarse alignment with the genome sequence. Preliminary applications of the data suggest that our map represents a useful framework for applying genomic research to ecological questions in a well-studied system, and has enhanced genome-wide comparisons in a model tree.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Woolbright
- Department of Biological Sciences, Environmental Genetics and Genomics (EnGGen) Facility, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, USA.
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LeRoy CJ, Whitham TG, Wooley SC, Marks JC. Within-species variation in foliar chemistry influences leaf-litter decomposition in a Utah river. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1899/06-113.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carri J. LeRoy
- Lab II 3261, The Evergreen State College, 2700 Evergreen Parkway NW, Olympia, Washington 98505 USA
| | - Thomas G. Whitham
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, PO Box 5640, Flagstaff, Arizona 86011 USA
| | - Stuart C. Wooley
- Department of Entomology, 1630 Linden Drive, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706 USA
| | - Jane C. Marks
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, PO Box 5640, Flagstaff, Arizona 86011 USA
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Hjältén J, Niemi L, Wennström A, Ericson L, Roininen H, Julkunen-Tiitto R. Variable responses of natural enemies toSalix triandraphenotypes with different secondary chemistry. OIKOS 2007. [DOI: 10.1111/j.0030-1299.2007.15365.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Tiegs SD, Langhans SD, Tockner K, Gessner MO. Cotton strips as a leaf surrogate to measure decomposition in river floodplain habitats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1899/0887-3593(2007)26[70:csaals]2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Bangert RK, Allan GJ, Turek RJ, Wimp GM, Meneses N, Martinsen GD, Keim P, Whitham TG. From genes to geography: a genetic similarity rule for arthropod community structure at multiple geographic scales. Mol Ecol 2006; 15:4215-28. [PMID: 17054514 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2006.03092.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We tested the hypothesis that leaf modifying arthropod communities are correlated with cottonwood host plant genetic variation from local to regional scales. Although recent studies found that host plant genetic composition can structure local dependent herbivore communities, the abiotic environment is a stronger factor than the genetic effect at increasingly larger spatial scales. In contrast to these studies we found that dependent arthropod community structure is correlated with both the cross type composition of cottonwoods and individual genotypes within local rivers up to the regional scale of 720,000 km(2) (Four Corner States region in the southwestern USA). Across this geographical extent comprising two naturally hybridizing cottonwood systems, the arthropod community follows a simple genetic similarity rule: genetically similar trees support more similar arthropod communities than trees that are genetically dissimilar. This relationship can be quantified with or without genetic data in Populus.
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Affiliation(s)
- R K Bangert
- Department of Biological Sciences, PO Box 5640, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011-5640, USA.
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