5
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Blowes SA, Supp SR, Antão LH, Bates A, Bruelheide H, Chase JM, Moyes F, Magurran A, McGill B, Myers-Smith IH, Winter M, Bjorkman AD, Bowler DE, Byrnes JEK, Gonzalez A, Hines J, Isbell F, Jones HP, Navarro LM, Thompson PL, Vellend M, Waldock C, Dornelas M. The geography of biodiversity change in marine and terrestrial assemblages. Science 2020; 366:339-345. [PMID: 31624208 DOI: 10.1126/science.aaw1620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Human activities are fundamentally altering biodiversity. Projections of declines at the global scale are contrasted by highly variable trends at local scales, suggesting that biodiversity change may be spatially structured. Here, we examined spatial variation in species richness and composition change using more than 50,000 biodiversity time series from 239 studies and found clear geographic variation in biodiversity change. Rapid compositional change is prevalent, with marine biomes exceeding and terrestrial biomes trailing the overall trend. Assemblage richness is not changing on average, although locations exhibiting increasing and decreasing trends of up to about 20% per year were found in some marine studies. At local scales, widespread compositional reorganization is most often decoupled from richness change, and biodiversity change is strongest and most variable in the oceans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shane A Blowes
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv), Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Germany. .,Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Institute of Computer Science, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Sarah R Supp
- Data Analytics Program, Denison University, Granville, OH, USA.
| | - Laura H Antão
- Centre for Biological Diversity, School of Biology, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, UK.,Department of Biology and CESAM, Universidade de Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal.,Research Centre for Ecological Change, Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Amanda Bates
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, Newfoundland, Canada
| | - Helge Bruelheide
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv), Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Germany.,Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Institute of Biology/Geobotany and Botanical Garden, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Jonathan M Chase
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv), Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Germany.,Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Institute of Computer Science, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Faye Moyes
- Centre for Biological Diversity, School of Biology, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, UK
| | - Anne Magurran
- Centre for Biological Diversity, School of Biology, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, UK
| | - Brian McGill
- School of Biology and Ecology, University of Maine, Orono, ME, USA
| | | | - Marten Winter
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv), Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Germany
| | - Anne D Bjorkman
- Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung, Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (BiK-F), Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Diana E Bowler
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv), Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jarrett E K Byrnes
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Andrew Gonzalez
- Department of Biology, Quebec Centre for Biodiversity Science, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Jes Hines
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv), Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Germany.,Leipzig University, Institute of Biology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Forest Isbell
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Holly P Jones
- Department of Biological Sciences and Institute for the Study of the Environment, Sustainability, and Energy, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL, USA
| | - Laetitia M Navarro
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv), Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Germany.,Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Institute of Biology/Geobotany and Botanical Garden, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Patrick L Thompson
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Mark Vellend
- Département de biologie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Conor Waldock
- Ocean and Earth Science, National Oceanography Centre, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK & Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, UK
| | - Maria Dornelas
- Centre for Biological Diversity, School of Biology, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, UK.
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6
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Shelton AO, Harvey CJ, Samhouri JF, Andrews KS, Feist BE, Frick KE, Tolimieri N, Williams GD, Antrim LD, Berry HD. From the predictable to the unexpected: kelp forest and benthic invertebrate community dynamics following decades of sea otter expansion. Oecologia 2018; 188:1105-1119. [PMID: 30311056 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-018-4263-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/23/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The recovery of predators has the potential to restore ecosystems and fundamentally alter the services they provide. One iconic example of this is keystone predation by sea otters in the Northeast Pacific. Here, we combine spatial time series of sea otter abundance, canopy kelp area, and benthic invertebrate abundance from Washington State, USA, to examine the shifting consequences of sea otter reintroduction for kelp and kelp forest communities. We leverage the spatial variation in sea otter recovery to understand connections between sea otters and the kelp forest community. Sea otter increases created a pronounced decline in sea otter prey-particularly kelp-grazing sea urchins-and led to an expansion of canopy kelps from the late 1980s until roughly 2000. However, while sea otter and kelp population growth rates were positively correlated prior to 2002, this association disappeared over the last two decades. This disconnect occurred despite surveys showing that sea otter prey have continued to decline. Kelp area trends are decoupled from both sea otter and benthic invertebrate abundance at current densities. Variability in kelp abundance has declined in the most recent 15 years, as it has the synchrony in kelp abundance among sites. Together, these findings suggest that initial nearshore community responses to sea otter population expansion follow predictably from trophic cascade theory, but now, other factors may be as or more important in influencing community dynamics. Thus, the utility of sea otter predation in ecosystem restoration must be considered within the context of complex and shifting environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew O Shelton
- Conservation Biology Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 2725 Montlake Blvd E, Seattle, WA, 98112, USA.
| | - Chris J Harvey
- Conservation Biology Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 2725 Montlake Blvd E, Seattle, WA, 98112, USA
| | - Jameal F Samhouri
- Conservation Biology Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 2725 Montlake Blvd E, Seattle, WA, 98112, USA
| | - Kelly S Andrews
- Conservation Biology Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 2725 Montlake Blvd E, Seattle, WA, 98112, USA
| | - Blake E Feist
- Conservation Biology Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 2725 Montlake Blvd E, Seattle, WA, 98112, USA
| | - Kinsey E Frick
- Fisheries Ecology Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 2725 Montlake Blvd E, Seattle, WA, 98112, USA
| | - Nick Tolimieri
- Conservation Biology Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 2725 Montlake Blvd E, Seattle, WA, 98112, USA
| | - Gregory D Williams
- Pacific States Marine Fisheries Commission, Under Contract to Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 2725 Montlake Blvd E, Seattle, WA, 98112, USA
| | - Liam D Antrim
- Olympic Coast National Marine Sanctuary, National Ocean Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 115 E. Railroad Ave. Suite #301, Port Angeles, WA, 98362, USA
| | - Helen D Berry
- Washington State Department of Natural Resources, 1111 Washington St. SE, Olympia, WA, 98501, USA
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7
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Dornelas M, Antão LH, Moyes F, Bates AE, Magurran AE, Adam D, Akhmetzhanova AA, Appeltans W, Arcos JM, Arnold H, Ayyappan N, Badihi G, Baird AH, Barbosa M, Barreto TE, Bässler C, Bellgrove A, Belmaker J, Benedetti‐Cecchi L, Bett BJ, Bjorkman AD, Błażewicz M, Blowes SA, Bloch CP, Bonebrake TC, Boyd S, Bradford M, Brooks AJ, Brown JH, Bruelheide H, Budy P, Carvalho F, Castañeda‐Moya E, Chen CA, Chamblee JF, Chase TJ, Siegwart Collier L, Collinge SK, Condit R, Cooper EJ, Cornelissen JHC, Cotano U, Kyle Crow S, Damasceno G, Davies CH, Davis RA, Day FP, Degraer S, Doherty TS, Dunn TE, Durigan G, Duffy JE, Edelist D, Edgar GJ, Elahi R, Elmendorf SC, Enemar A, Ernest SKM, Escribano R, Estiarte M, Evans BS, Fan T, Turini Farah F, Loureiro Fernandes L, Farneda FZ, Fidelis A, Fitt R, Fosaa AM, Daher Correa Franco GA, Frank GE, Fraser WR, García H, Cazzolla Gatti R, Givan O, Gorgone‐Barbosa E, Gould WA, Gries C, Grossman GD, Gutierréz JR, Hale S, Harmon ME, Harte J, Haskins G, Henshaw DL, Hermanutz L, Hidalgo P, Higuchi P, Hoey A, Van Hoey G, Hofgaard A, Holeck K, Hollister RD, Holmes R, Hoogenboom M, Hsieh C, Hubbell SP, Huettmann F, Huffard CL, Hurlbert AH, Macedo Ivanauskas N, Janík D, Jandt U, Jażdżewska A, Johannessen T, Johnstone J, Jones J, Jones FAM, Kang J, Kartawijaya T, Keeley EC, Kelt DA, Kinnear R, Klanderud K, Knutsen H, Koenig CC, Kortz AR, Král K, Kuhnz LA, Kuo C, Kushner DJ, Laguionie‐Marchais C, Lancaster LT, Min Lee C, Lefcheck JS, Lévesque E, Lightfoot D, Lloret F, Lloyd JD, López‐Baucells A, Louzao M, Madin JS, Magnússon B, Malamud S, Matthews I, McFarland KP, McGill B, McKnight D, McLarney WO, Meador J, Meserve PL, Metcalfe DJ, Meyer CFJ, Michelsen A, Milchakova N, Moens T, Moland E, Moore J, Mathias Moreira C, Müller J, Murphy G, Myers‐Smith IH, Myster RW, Naumov A, Neat F, Nelson JA, Paul Nelson M, Newton SF, Norden N, Oliver JC, Olsen EM, Onipchenko VG, Pabis K, Pabst RJ, Paquette A, Pardede S, Paterson DM, Pélissier R, Peñuelas J, Pérez‐Matus A, Pizarro O, Pomati F, Post E, Prins HHT, Priscu JC, Provoost P, Prudic KL, Pulliainen E, Ramesh BR, Mendivil Ramos O, Rassweiler A, Rebelo JE, Reed DC, Reich PB, Remillard SM, Richardson AJ, Richardson JP, van Rijn I, Rocha R, Rivera‐Monroy VH, Rixen C, Robinson KP, Ribeiro Rodrigues R, de Cerqueira Rossa‐Feres D, Rudstam L, Ruhl H, Ruz CS, Sampaio EM, Rybicki N, Rypel A, Sal S, Salgado B, Santos FAM, Savassi‐Coutinho AP, Scanga S, Schmidt J, Schooley R, Setiawan F, Shao K, Shaver GR, Sherman S, Sherry TW, Siciński J, Sievers C, da Silva AC, Rodrigues da Silva F, Silveira FL, Slingsby J, Smart T, Snell SJ, Soudzilovskaia NA, Souza GBG, Maluf Souza F, Castro Souza V, Stallings CD, Stanforth R, Stanley EH, Mauro Sterza J, Stevens M, Stuart‐Smith R, Rondon Suarez Y, Supp S, Yoshio Tamashiro J, Tarigan S, Thiede GP, Thorn S, Tolvanen A, Teresa Zugliani Toniato M, Totland Ø, Twilley RR, Vaitkus G, Valdivia N, Vallejo MI, Valone TJ, Van Colen C, Vanaverbeke J, Venturoli F, Verheye HM, Vianna M, Vieira RP, Vrška T, Quang Vu C, Van Vu L, Waide RB, Waldock C, Watts D, Webb S, Wesołowski T, White EP, Widdicombe CE, Wilgers D, Williams R, Williams SB, Williamson M, Willig MR, Willis TJ, Wipf S, Woods KD, Woehler EJ, Zawada K, Zettler ML, Hickler T. BioTIME: A database of biodiversity time series for the Anthropocene. GLOBAL ECOLOGY AND BIOGEOGRAPHY : A JOURNAL OF MACROECOLOGY 2018; 27:760-786. [PMID: 30147447 PMCID: PMC6099392 DOI: 10.1111/geb.12729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Revised: 11/25/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
MOTIVATION The BioTIME database contains raw data on species identities and abundances in ecological assemblages through time. These data enable users to calculate temporal trends in biodiversity within and amongst assemblages using a broad range of metrics. BioTIME is being developed as a community-led open-source database of biodiversity time series. Our goal is to accelerate and facilitate quantitative analysis of temporal patterns of biodiversity in the Anthropocene. MAIN TYPES OF VARIABLES INCLUDED The database contains 8,777,413 species abundance records, from assemblages consistently sampled for a minimum of 2 years, which need not necessarily be consecutive. In addition, the database contains metadata relating to sampling methodology and contextual information about each record. SPATIAL LOCATION AND GRAIN BioTIME is a global database of 547,161 unique sampling locations spanning the marine, freshwater and terrestrial realms. Grain size varies across datasets from 0.0000000158 km2 (158 cm2) to 100 km2 (1,000,000,000,000 cm2). TIME PERIOD AND GRAIN BioTIME records span from 1874 to 2016. The minimal temporal grain across all datasets in BioTIME is a year. MAJOR TAXA AND LEVEL OF MEASUREMENT BioTIME includes data from 44,440 species across the plant and animal kingdoms, ranging from plants, plankton and terrestrial invertebrates to small and large vertebrates. SOFTWARE FORMAT .csv and .SQL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Dornelas
- Centre for Biological Diversity and Scottish Oceans Institute, School of Biology, University of St. AndrewsSt AndrewsUnited Kingdom
| | - Laura H. Antão
- Centre for Biological Diversity and Scottish Oceans Institute, School of Biology, University of St. AndrewsSt AndrewsUnited Kingdom
- Department of Biology and CESAMUniversidade de Aveiro, Campus Universitário de SantiagoAveiroPortugal
| | - Faye Moyes
- Centre for Biological Diversity and Scottish Oceans Institute, School of Biology, University of St. AndrewsSt AndrewsUnited Kingdom
| | - Amanda E. Bates
- National Oceanography Centre, University of Southampton Waterfront CampusSouthamptonUnited Kingdom
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of NewfoundlandSt John'sNewfoundland and LabradorCanada
| | - Anne E. Magurran
- Centre for Biological Diversity and Scottish Oceans Institute, School of Biology, University of St. AndrewsSt AndrewsUnited Kingdom
| | - Dušan Adam
- Department of Forest Ecology, Silva Tarouca Research InstituteBrnoCzech Republic
| | | | - Ward Appeltans
- UNESCO, Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission, IOC Project Office for IODEOostendeBelgium
| | | | - Haley Arnold
- Centre for Biological Diversity and Scottish Oceans Institute, School of Biology, University of St. AndrewsSt AndrewsUnited Kingdom
| | | | - Gal Badihi
- Centre for Biological Diversity and Scottish Oceans Institute, School of Biology, University of St. AndrewsSt AndrewsUnited Kingdom
| | - Andrew H. Baird
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook UniversityTownsvilleQueenslandAustralia
| | - Miguel Barbosa
- Centre for Biological Diversity and Scottish Oceans Institute, School of Biology, University of St. AndrewsSt AndrewsUnited Kingdom
- Department of Biology and CESAMUniversidade de Aveiro, Campus Universitário de SantiagoAveiroPortugal
| | - Tiago Egydio Barreto
- Laboratório de Ecologia e Restauração Florestal, Fundação Espaço Eco, Piracicaba, São PauloBrazil
| | | | - Alecia Bellgrove
- School of Life and Environmental SciencesCentre for Integrative Ecology, Deakin UniversityWarrnamboolVictoriaAustralia
| | - Jonathan Belmaker
- School of Zoology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life SciencesTel Aviv UniversityTel AvivIsrael
| | | | - Brian J. Bett
- National Oceanography Centre, University of Southampton Waterfront CampusSouthamptonUnited Kingdom
| | - Anne D. Bjorkman
- Section for Ecoinformatics and Biodiversity, Department of BioscienceAarhus UniversityAarhusDenmark
| | - Magdalena Błażewicz
- Laboratory of Polar Biology and Oceanobiology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental ProtectionUniversity of ŁódźŁódźPoland
| | - Shane A. Blowes
- School of Zoology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life SciencesTel Aviv UniversityTel AvivIsrael
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle‐Jena‐LeipzigLeipzigGermany
| | - Christopher P. Bloch
- Department of Biological SciencesBridgewater State UniversityBridgewaterMassachusetts
| | | | - Susan Boyd
- Centre for Biological Diversity and Scottish Oceans Institute, School of Biology, University of St. AndrewsSt AndrewsUnited Kingdom
| | - Matt Bradford
- CSIRO Land & WaterEcosciences Precinct, Dutton ParkQueenslandAustralia
| | - Andrew J. Brooks
- Marine Science Institute, University of CaliforniaSanta BarbaraCalifornia
| | - James H. Brown
- Department of BiologyUniversity of New MexicoAlbuquerqueNew Mexico
| | - Helge Bruelheide
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle‐Jena‐LeipzigLeipzigGermany
- Institute of Biology/Geobotany and Botanical Garden, Martin‐Luther‐University Halle‐WittenbergHalleGermany
| | - Phaedra Budy
- Department of Watershed Sciences and the Ecology Center, US Geological Survey, UCFWRU and Utah State UniversityLoganUtah
| | - Fernando Carvalho
- Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense (PPG‐CA)CriciúmaSanta CatarinaBrazil
| | - Edward Castañeda‐Moya
- Southeast Environmental Research Center (OE 148), Florida International UniversityMiamiFlorida
| | - Chaolun Allen Chen
- Coral Reef Ecology and Evolution LabBiodiversity Research Centre, Academia SinicaTaipeiTaiwan
| | | | - Tory J. Chase
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook UniversityTownsvilleQueenslandAustralia
- Marine Biology and Aquaculture, College of Science and EngineeringJames Cook UniversityDouglasQueenslandAustralia
| | | | | | - Richard Condit
- Center for Tropical Forest ScienceWashingtonDistrict of Columbia
| | - Elisabeth J. Cooper
- Biosciences Fisheries and EconomicsUiT‐ The Arctic University of NorwayTromsøNorway
| | - J. Hans C. Cornelissen
- Systems Ecology, Department of Ecological Science, Vrije UniversiteitAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | | | - Shannan Kyle Crow
- The National Institute of Water and Atmospheric ResearchAucklandNew Zealand
| | - Gabriella Damasceno
- Lab of Vegetation Ecology, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Rio ClaroBrazil
| | | | - Robert A. Davis
- School of ScienceEdith Cowan UniversityJoondalupWestern AustraliaAustralia
| | - Frank P. Day
- Department of Biological SciencesOld Dominion UniversityNorfolkVirginia
| | - Steven Degraer
- Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Operational Directorate Natural Environment, Marine Ecology and ManagementBrusselsBelgium
- Marine Biology Research Group, Ghent UniversityGentBelgium
| | - Tim S. Doherty
- School of ScienceEdith Cowan UniversityJoondalupWestern AustraliaAustralia
- School of Life and Environmental SciencesCentre for Integrative Ecology (Burwood Campus), Deakin UniversityGeelongVictoriaAustralia
| | | | - Giselda Durigan
- Divisão de Florestas e Estações Experimentais, Floresta Estadual de Assis, Laboratório de Ecologia e Hidrologia Florestal, Instituto FlorestalSão PauloBrazil
| | - J. Emmett Duffy
- Tennenbaum Marine Observatories Network, Smithsonian InstitutionWashington, District of Columbia
| | - Dor Edelist
- National Institute of Oceanography, Tel‐ShikmonaHaifaIsrael
| | - Graham J. Edgar
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of TasmaniaHobartTasmaniaAustralia
| | - Robin Elahi
- Hopkins Marine Station, Stanford University, StanfordCalifornia
| | | | - Anders Enemar
- Department of Biological and Environmental SciencesUniversity of GothenburgGothenburgSweden
| | - S. K. Morgan Ernest
- Department of Wildlife Ecology and ConservationUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFL
| | - Rubén Escribano
- Instituto Milenio de Oceanografía, Universidad de ConcepciónConcepciónChile
| | - Marc Estiarte
- CSIC, Global Ecology Unit CREAF‐CSIC‐UABBellaterraCataloniaSpain
- CREAF, Universitat Autònoma de BarcelonaCerdanyola del VallèsCataloniaSpain
| | - Brian S. Evans
- Migratory Bird Center, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological ParkWashingtonDistrict of Columbia
| | - Tung‐Yung Fan
- National Museum of Marine Biology and AquariumPingtung CountyTaiwan
| | - Fabiano Turini Farah
- Laboratório de Ecologia e Restauração Florestal, Escola Superior de Agricultura “Luiz de Queiroz”, Universidade de São PauloSão PauloBrazil
| | - Luiz Loureiro Fernandes
- Departamento de Oceanografia e Ecologia, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Vitória, Espírito SantoBrazil
| | - Fábio Z. Farneda
- Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes – cE3c, Faculty of SciencesUniversity of LisbonLisbonPortugal
- Biological Dynamics of Forest Fragments Project, National Institute for Amazonian Research and Smithsonian Tropical Research InstituteManausBrazil
- Department of Ecology/PPGEFederal University of Rio de JaneiroRio de JaneiroBrazil
| | - Alessandra Fidelis
- Lab of Vegetation Ecology, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Rio ClaroBrazil
| | - Robert Fitt
- School of Biological SciencesUniversity of AberdeenAberdeenUnited Kingdom
| | - Anna Maria Fosaa
- Botanical Department, Faroese Museum of Natural HistoryTorshavnFaroe Islands
| | | | - Grace E. Frank
- Marine Biology and Aquaculture, College of Science and EngineeringJames Cook UniversityDouglasQueenslandAustralia
| | | | - Hernando García
- Alexander von Humboldt Biological Resources Research InstituteBogotá DCColombia
| | | | - Or Givan
- School of Zoology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life SciencesTel Aviv UniversityTel AvivIsrael
| | - Elizabeth Gorgone‐Barbosa
- Lab of Vegetation Ecology, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Rio ClaroBrazil
| | - William A. Gould
- USDA Forest Service, 65 USDA Forest Service, International Institute of Tropical ForestrySan JuanPuerto Rico
| | - Corinna Gries
- Center for Limnology, University of WisconsinMadisonWisconsin
| | - Gary D. Grossman
- The Warnell School of Forestry and Natural ResourcesUniversity of GeorgiaAthensGeorgia
| | - Julio R. Gutierréz
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de La SerenaLa SerenaChile
- Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Zonas Aridas (CEAZA)La SerenaChile
- Institute of Ecology and Biodiversity (IEB)SantiagoChile
| | - Stephen Hale
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Atlantic Ecology DivisionNarragansettRhode Island
| | - Mark E. Harmon
- Department of Forest Ecosystems and SocietyOregon State UniversityCorvallisOregon
| | - John Harte
- The Energy and Resources Group and The Department of Environmental Science, Policy and ManagementUniversity of CaliforniaBerkeleyCalifornia
| | - Gary Haskins
- Cetacean Research & Rescue UnitBanffUnited Kingdom
| | - Donald L. Henshaw
- U.S. Forest Service Pacific Northwest Research LaboratoryCorvallisOregon
| | - Luise Hermanutz
- Memorial University, St John'sNewfoundland and LabradorCanada
| | - Pamela Hidalgo
- Instituto Milenio de Oceanografía, Universidad de ConcepciónConcepciónChile
| | - Pedro Higuchi
- Laboratório de Dendrologia e Fitossociologia, Universidade do Estado de Santa CatarinaFlorianópolisSanta CatarinaBrazil
| | - Andrew Hoey
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook UniversityTownsvilleQueenslandAustralia
| | - Gert Van Hoey
- Department of Aquatic Environment and Quality, Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and FoodOostendeBelgium
| | | | - Kristen Holeck
- Department of Natural Resources and Cornell Biological Field StationCornell UniversityIthacaNew York
| | | | | | - Mia Hoogenboom
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook UniversityTownsvilleQueenslandAustralia
- Marine Biology and Aquaculture, College of Science and EngineeringJames Cook UniversityDouglasQueenslandAustralia
| | - Chih‐hao Hsieh
- Institute of Oceanography, National Taiwan UniversityTaipeiTaiwan
| | | | - Falk Huettmann
- EWHALE lab‐ Biology and Wildlife DepartmentInstitute of Arctic Biology, University of AlaskaFairbanksAlaska
| | | | - Allen H. Hurlbert
- Department of BiologyUniversity of North CarolinaChapel HillNorth Carolina
| | | | - David Janík
- Department of Forest Ecology, Silva Tarouca Research InstituteBrnoCzech Republic
| | - Ute Jandt
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle‐Jena‐LeipzigLeipzigGermany
- Institute of Biology/Geobotany and Botanical Garden, Martin‐Luther‐University Halle‐WittenbergHalleGermany
| | - Anna Jażdżewska
- Laboratory of Polar Biology and Oceanobiology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental ProtectionUniversity of ŁódźŁódźPoland
| | | | - Jill Johnstone
- Department of BiologyUniversity of SaskatchewanSaskatoonSaskatchewanCanada
| | - Julia Jones
- College of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences, Oregon State UniversityCorvallisOregon
| | - Faith A. M. Jones
- Centre for Biological Diversity and Scottish Oceans Institute, School of Biology, University of St. AndrewsSt AndrewsUnited Kingdom
| | - Jungwon Kang
- Centre for Biological Diversity and Scottish Oceans Institute, School of Biology, University of St. AndrewsSt AndrewsUnited Kingdom
| | | | | | - Douglas A. Kelt
- Department of WildlifeFish, and Conservation Biology, University of California, DavisDavisCalifornia
| | - Rebecca Kinnear
- Centre for Biological Diversity and Scottish Oceans Institute, School of Biology, University of St. AndrewsSt AndrewsUnited Kingdom
- Shetland Oil Terminal Environmental Advisory Group (SOTEAG)St AndrewsUnited Kingdom
| | - Kari Klanderud
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource ManagementNorwegian University of Life SciencesÅsNorway
| | - Halvor Knutsen
- Institute of Marine ResearchHisNorway
- Department of Natural Sciences, Faculty of Engineering and Science, Centre for Coastal Research, University of AgderKristiansandNorway
| | | | - Alessandra R. Kortz
- Centre for Biological Diversity and Scottish Oceans Institute, School of Biology, University of St. AndrewsSt AndrewsUnited Kingdom
| | - Kamil Král
- Department of Forest Ecology, Silva Tarouca Research InstituteBrnoCzech Republic
| | - Linda A. Kuhnz
- Monterey Bay Aquarium Research InstituteMoss LandingCalifornia
| | - Chao‐Yang Kuo
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook UniversityTownsvilleQueenslandAustralia
| | - David J. Kushner
- Channel Islands National Park, U. S. National Park ServiceCalifornia, VenturaCalifornia
| | | | | | - Cheol Min Lee
- Forest and Climate Change Adaptation LaboratoryCenter for Forest and Climate Change, National Institute of Forest ScienceSeoulRepublic of Korea
| | - Jonathan S. Lefcheck
- Department of Biological SciencesVirginia Institute of Marine Science, The College of William & Mary, Gloucester PointVirginia
| | - Esther Lévesque
- Département des sciences de l'environnementUniversité du Québec à Trois‐Rivières and Centre d’études nordiquesQuébecCanada
| | - David Lightfoot
- Department of BiologyMuseum of Southwestern Biology, University of New MexicoAlbuquerqueNew Mexico
| | - Francisco Lloret
- CREAF, Universitat Autònoma de BarcelonaCerdanyola del VallèsCataloniaSpain
| | | | - Adrià López‐Baucells
- Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes – cE3c, Faculty of SciencesUniversity of LisbonLisbonPortugal
- Biological Dynamics of Forest Fragments Project, National Institute for Amazonian Research and Smithsonian Tropical Research InstituteManausBrazil
- Museu de Ciències Naturals de GranollersCatalunyaSpain
| | | | - Joshua S. Madin
- Hawai‘i Institute of Marine Biology, University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa, KaneoheHawai‘iUSA
- Department of Biological SciencesMacquarie UniversitySydneyNew South WalesAustralia
| | | | - Shahar Malamud
- School of Zoology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life SciencesTel Aviv UniversityTel AvivIsrael
| | - Iain Matthews
- Centre for Biological Diversity and Scottish Oceans Institute, School of Biology, University of St. AndrewsSt AndrewsUnited Kingdom
| | | | - Brian McGill
- School of Biology and EcologySustainability Solutions Initiative, University of MaineOronoMaine
| | | | - William O. McLarney
- Stream Biomonitoring Program, Mainspring Conservation TrustFranklinNorth Carolina
| | - Jason Meador
- Stream Biomonitoring Program, Mainspring Conservation TrustFranklinNorth Carolina
| | | | | | - Christoph F. J. Meyer
- Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes – cE3c, Faculty of SciencesUniversity of LisbonLisbonPortugal
- Biological Dynamics of Forest Fragments Project, National Institute for Amazonian Research and Smithsonian Tropical Research InstituteManausBrazil
- Ecosystems and Environment Research Centre (EERC), School of Environment and Life Sciences, University of SalfordSalfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Anders Michelsen
- Terrestrial Ecology Section, Department of Biology, University of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Nataliya Milchakova
- Laboratory of Phytoresources, Kovalevsky Institute of Marine Biological Research of RAS (IMBR)SevastopolRussia
| | - Tom Moens
- Marine Biology Research Group, Ghent UniversityGentBelgium
| | - Even Moland
- Institute of Marine ResearchHisNorway
- Department of Natural Sciences, Faculty of Engineering and Science, Centre for Coastal Research, University of AgderKristiansandNorway
| | - Jon Moore
- Shetland Oil Terminal Environmental Advisory Group (SOTEAG)St AndrewsUnited Kingdom
- Aquatic Survey & Monitoring Ltd. ASMLDurhamUnited Kingdom
| | | | - Jörg Müller
- Bavarian Forest National ParkGrafenauGermany
- Field Station Fabrikschleichach, University of WürzburgRauhenebrachGermany
| | - Grace Murphy
- Department of BiologyDalhousie UniversityHalifaxNova ScotiaCanada
| | | | | | - Andrew Naumov
- Zoological Institute, Russian Academy SciencesSt PetersburgRussia
| | - Francis Neat
- Marine Scotland, Marine LaboratoryScottish GovernmentEdinburghUnited Kingdom
| | - James A. Nelson
- Department of BiologyUniversity of Louisiana at LafayetteLafayetteLouisiana
| | - Michael Paul Nelson
- Department of Forest Ecosystems and SocietyOregon State UniversityCorvallisOregon
| | | | - Natalia Norden
- Alexander von Humboldt Biological Resources Research InstituteBogotá DCColombia
| | - Jeffrey C. Oliver
- University of Arizona Health Sciences Library, University of ArizonaTucsonArizona
| | - Esben M. Olsen
- Institute of Marine ResearchHisNorway
- Department of Natural Sciences, Faculty of Engineering and Science, Centre for Coastal Research, University of AgderKristiansandNorway
| | | | - Krzysztof Pabis
- Laboratory of Polar Biology and Oceanobiology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental ProtectionUniversity of ŁódźŁódźPoland
| | - Robert J. Pabst
- Department of Forest Ecosystems and SocietyOregon State UniversityCorvallisOregon
| | - Alain Paquette
- Center for Forest Research, Université du Québec à Montréal (UQAM)MontrealQuebecCanada
| | - Sinta Pardede
- Wildlife Conservation Society Indonesia ProgramBogorIndonesia
| | - David M. Paterson
- Centre for Biological Diversity and Scottish Oceans Institute, School of Biology, University of St. AndrewsSt AndrewsUnited Kingdom
- Shetland Oil Terminal Environmental Advisory Group (SOTEAG)St AndrewsUnited Kingdom
| | - Raphaël Pélissier
- UMR AMAP, IRD, CIRAD, CNRS, INRA, Montpellier UniversityMontpellierFrance
| | - Josep Peñuelas
- CSIC, Global Ecology Unit CREAF‐CSIC‐UABBellaterraCataloniaSpain
- CREAF, Universitat Autònoma de BarcelonaCerdanyola del VallèsCataloniaSpain
| | - Alejandro Pérez‐Matus
- Subtidal Ecology Laboratory & Center for Marine Conservation, Estación Costera de Investigaciones MarinasFacultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de ChileSantiagoCasillaChile
| | - Oscar Pizarro
- Australian Centre of Field Robotics, University of SydneySydneyNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Francesco Pomati
- Department of Aquatic EcologyEawag: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and TechnologySwitzerland
| | - Eric Post
- Department of WildlifeFish, and Conservation Biology, University of California, DavisDavisCalifornia
| | | | - John C. Priscu
- Department of Land Resources and Environmental SciencesMontana State UniversityBozemanMontana
| | - Pieter Provoost
- UNESCO, Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission, IOC Project Office for IODEOostendeBelgium
| | | | | | - B. R. Ramesh
- Department of EcologyFrench Institute of PondicherryPuducherryIndia
| | | | - Andrew Rassweiler
- Channel Islands National Park, U. S. National Park ServiceCalifornia, VenturaCalifornia
| | - Jose Eduardo Rebelo
- Ichthyology Laboratory, Fisheries and AquacultureUniversity of AveiroAveiroPortugal
| | - Daniel C. Reed
- Marine Science Institute, University of CaliforniaSanta BarbaraCalifornia
| | - Peter B. Reich
- Department of Forest Resources, University of MinnesotaSt PaulMinnesota
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney UniversityPenrithNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Suzanne M. Remillard
- Department of Forest Ecosystems and SocietyOregon State UniversityCorvallisOregon
| | - Anthony J. Richardson
- CSIRO Oceans and AtmosphereQueensland, BioSciences Precinct (QBP)St Lucia, BrisbaneQldAustralia
- Centre for Applications in Natural Resource Mathematics, The University of QueenslandSt LuciaQueenslandAustralia
| | | | - Itai van Rijn
- School of Zoology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life SciencesTel Aviv UniversityTel AvivIsrael
| | - Ricardo Rocha
- Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes – cE3c, Faculty of SciencesUniversity of LisbonLisbonPortugal
- Biological Dynamics of Forest Fragments Project, National Institute for Amazonian Research and Smithsonian Tropical Research InstituteManausBrazil
- Metapopulation Research Centre, Faculty of Biosciences, University of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
| | - Victor H. Rivera‐Monroy
- Department of Oceanography and Coastal Sciences, College of the Coast and EnvironmentLouisiana State UniversityBaton RougeLouisiana
| | - Christian Rixen
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape ResearchDavos DorfSwitzerland
| | | | - Ricardo Ribeiro Rodrigues
- Laboratório de Ecologia e Restauração Florestal, Escola Superior de Agricultura “Luiz de Queiroz”, Universidade de São PauloSão PauloBrazil
| | - Denise de Cerqueira Rossa‐Feres
- Departamento de Zoologia e Botânica, Universidade Estadual Paulista – UNESPCâmpus São José do Rio Preto, São José do Rio PretoBrazil
| | - Lars Rudstam
- Department of Natural Resources and Cornell Biological Field StationCornell UniversityIthacaNew York
| | - Henry Ruhl
- National Oceanography Centre, University of Southampton Waterfront CampusSouthamptonUnited Kingdom
| | - Catalina S. Ruz
- Subtidal Ecology Laboratory & Center for Marine Conservation, Estación Costera de Investigaciones MarinasFacultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de ChileSantiagoCasillaChile
| | - Erica M. Sampaio
- Biological Dynamics of Forest Fragments Project, National Institute for Amazonian Research and Smithsonian Tropical Research InstituteManausBrazil
- Department of Animal Physiology, Eberhard Karls University TübingenTübingenGermany
| | - Nancy Rybicki
- National Research Program, U.S. Geological SurveyRestonVirginia
| | - Andrew Rypel
- Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources and Center for LimnologyUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWisconsin
| | - Sofia Sal
- Department of Life SciencesImperial College LondonAscotBerkshireUnited Kingdom
| | - Beatriz Salgado
- Alexander von Humboldt Biological Resources Research InstituteBogotá DCColombia
| | | | - Ana Paula Savassi‐Coutinho
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Escola Superior de Agricultura ‘Luiz de Queiroz’, Universidade de São PauloSão PauloBrazil
| | - Sara Scanga
- Department of BiologyUtica CollegeUticaNew York
| | - Jochen Schmidt
- The National Institute of Water and Atmospheric ResearchAucklandNew Zealand
| | - Robert Schooley
- Wildlife Ecology and Conservation, Department of Natural Resources and Environmental SciencesUniversity of IllinoisChampaignIllinois
| | | | - Kwang‐Tsao Shao
- Biodiversity Research Center, Academia SinicaNankang, TaipeiTaiwan
| | | | | | | | - Jacek Siciński
- Laboratory of Polar Biology and Oceanobiology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental ProtectionUniversity of ŁódźŁódźPoland
| | - Caya Sievers
- Centre for Biological Diversity and Scottish Oceans Institute, School of Biology, University of St. AndrewsSt AndrewsUnited Kingdom
| | - Ana Carolina da Silva
- Laboratório de Dendrologia e Fitossociologia, Universidade do Estado de Santa CatarinaFlorianópolisSanta CatarinaBrazil
| | | | | | - Jasper Slingsby
- Department of Biological Sciences, Centre for Statistics in Ecology, Environment and ConservationUniversity of CapeTownRondeboschSouth Africa
- Fynbos Node, South African Environmental Observation NetworkClaremontSouth Africa
| | - Tracey Smart
- Coastal Finfish Section, South Carolina Department of Natural Resources, Marine Resources Research InstituteCharlestonSouth Carolina
| | - Sara J. Snell
- Department of BiologyUniversity of North CarolinaChapel HillNorth Carolina
| | - Nadejda A. Soudzilovskaia
- Conservation Biology DepartmentInstitute of Environmental Studies, CML, Leiden UniversityLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Gabriel B. G. Souza
- Laboratório de Biologia e Tecnologia Pesqueira, Universidade Federal do Rio de JaneiroRio de JaneiroBrazil
| | | | - Vinícius Castro Souza
- Laboratório de Ecologia e Restauração Florestal, Escola Superior de Agricultura “Luiz de Queiroz”, Universidade de São PauloSão PauloBrazil
| | | | - Rowan Stanforth
- Centre for Biological Diversity and Scottish Oceans Institute, School of Biology, University of St. AndrewsSt AndrewsUnited Kingdom
| | | | | | - Maarten Stevens
- INBO, Research Institute for Nature and ForestBrusselsBelgium
| | - Rick Stuart‐Smith
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of TasmaniaHobartTasmaniaAustralia
| | - Yzel Rondon Suarez
- Centro de Estudos em Recursos Naturais, Universidade Estadual de Mato Grosso do SulDouradosMato Grosso do SulBrazil
| | - Sarah Supp
- School of Biology and EcologyUniversity of MaineOronoMaine
| | | | | | - Gary P. Thiede
- Department of Watershed Sciences and the Ecology Center, US Geological Survey, UCFWRU and Utah State UniversityLoganUtah
| | - Simon Thorn
- Field Station Fabrikschleichach, University of WürzburgRauhenebrachGermany
| | - Anne Tolvanen
- Natural Resources Institute Finland, University of OuluOuluFinland
| | | | - Ørjan Totland
- Department of BiologyUniversity of BergenBergenNorway
| | - Robert R. Twilley
- Department of Oceanography and Coastal Sciences, College of the Coast and EnvironmentLouisiana State UniversityBaton RougeLouisiana
| | | | - Nelson Valdivia
- Universidad Austral de Chile and Centro FONDAP en Dinámica de Ecosistemas Marinos de Altas Latitudes (IDEAL)ValdiviaChile
| | | | | | - Carl Van Colen
- Marine Biology Research Group, Ghent UniversityGentBelgium
| | - Jan Vanaverbeke
- Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Operational Directorate Natural Environment, Marine Ecology and ManagementBrusselsBelgium
| | - Fabio Venturoli
- Escola de Agronomia, Universidade Federal de GoiásGoiâniaBrazil
| | - Hans M. Verheye
- Department of Environmental AffairsOceans and Coastal ResearchCape TownSouth Africa
- Department of Biological SciencesMarine Research InstituteUniversity of Cape TownCape TownSouth Africa
| | - Marcelo Vianna
- Laboratório de Biologia e Tecnologia Pesqueira, Universidade Federal do Rio de JaneiroRio de JaneiroBrazil
| | - Rui P. Vieira
- National Oceanography Centre, University of Southampton Waterfront CampusSouthamptonUnited Kingdom
| | - Tomáš Vrška
- Department of Forest Ecology, Silva Tarouca Research InstituteBrnoCzech Republic
| | - Con Quang Vu
- Institute of Ecology and Biological Resources, VASTHanoiVietnam
| | - Lien Van Vu
- Vietnam National Museum of NatureHanoiVietnam
- Graduate University of Science and Technology, VASTHanoiVietnam
| | - Robert B. Waide
- Department of BiologyUniversity of New MexicoAlbuquerqueNew Mexico
| | - Conor Waldock
- National Oceanography Centre, University of Southampton Waterfront CampusSouthamptonUnited Kingdom
| | - Dave Watts
- CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere FlagshipHobartTasmaniaAustralia
| | - Sara Webb
- Biology Department, Drew UniversityMadisonNew Jersey
- Environmental Studies Department, Drew UniversityMadisonNew Jersey
| | | | - Ethan P. White
- Department of Wildlife Ecology & ConservationUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFlorida
- Informatics Institute, University of FloridaGainesvilleFlorida
| | | | - Dustin Wilgers
- Department of Natural SciencesMcPherson CollegeMcPhersonKansas
| | - Richard Williams
- Australian Antarctic Division, Channel HighwayKingstonTasmaniaAustralia
| | - Stefan B. Williams
- Australian Centre of Field Robotics, University of SydneySydneyNew South WalesAustralia
| | | | - Michael R. Willig
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, Center for Environmental Sciences & EngineeringUniversity of ConnecticutMansfieldConnecticut
| | - Trevor J. Willis
- Institute of Marine Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, University of PortsmouthPortsmouthUnited Kingdom
| | - Sonja Wipf
- Research Team Mountain Ecosystems, WSL Institute for Snow and Avalanche Research SLFDavosSwitzerland
| | | | - Eric J. Woehler
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of TasmaniaHobartTasmaniaAustralia
| | - Kyle Zawada
- Centre for Biological Diversity and Scottish Oceans Institute, School of Biology, University of St. AndrewsSt AndrewsUnited Kingdom
- Department of Biological SciencesMacquarie UniversitySydneyNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Michael L. Zettler
- Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research Warnemünde, Seestr. 15, D‐18119 RostockGermany
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