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Clifton RL, Carson I, Dir AL, Tu W, Zapolski TCB, Aalsma MC. Who gets screened and who tests positive? Drug screening among justice-involved youth in a midwestern urban county. HEALTH & JUSTICE 2024; 12:13. [PMID: 38578372 PMCID: PMC10997690 DOI: 10.1186/s40352-024-00273-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Given high rates of substance use among justice-involved youth, justice systems have attempted to monitor use through drug screening (DS) procedures. However, there is discretion in deciding who is screened for substance use, as not every youth who encounters the system is screened. The aim of the current study was to examine factors associated with selection for and results of oral DS among justice-involved youth assigned to probation to better inform potential DS policy. Electronic court records from 4,668 youth with first-incident records assigned to probation in a midwestern urban county's juvenile justice system between 2011 and 2016 were included in the analytical sample. Race/ethnicity, gender, age, number of charges and charge type for the current incident were included as independent variables. RESULTS Multivariable hierarchical logistic regression analyses indicated that males were more likely to be assigned to DS (aOR = 0.40, 95%CI [0.34, 0.46]), and more likely to test positive for use (aOR = 0.43, 95% CI [0.34, 0.54]) than females. As age increased, youth were less likely to be assigned to DS (aOR = 0.91, 95% CI [0.87, 0.94]), with non-significant differences in DS results. Greater number of charges were associated with a higher likelihood of being assigned to DS (aOR = 1.55, 95% CI [1.43, 1.68]). Youth with violent offenses were more likely to be assigned to DS than those with other offense types (property offenses, drug offenses, statutory offenses, disorderly conduct, and all other offenses), but less likely to test positive for use. CONCLUSIONS Many factors were associated with differences in DS, but these factors were not always associated with differential DS results. Demographic or charge-based decisions may not be appropriate for DS assignment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richelle L Clifton
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Ian Carson
- Department of Psychology, Indiana University Indianapolis, 402 N. Blackford St., LD 124, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.
| | - Allyson L Dir
- Department of Psychiatry, Adolescent Behavioral Health Research Program, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Wanzhu Tu
- Department of Biostatistics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Tamika C B Zapolski
- Department of Psychology, Indiana University Indianapolis, 402 N. Blackford St., LD 124, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Adolescent Behavioral Health Research Program, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Matthew C Aalsma
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Adolescent Medicine, Adolescent Behavioral Health Research Program, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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Luna MJ, Abram KM, Aaby DA, Welty LJ, Teplin LA. Inequities in Mental Health Services: A 16-Year Longitudinal Study of Youth in the Justice System. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2024; 63:422-432. [PMID: 37516236 PMCID: PMC10818024 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaac.2023.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/31/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine: (1) if youth who have mental health disorders receive needed services after they leave detention-and as they age; and (2) inequities in service use, focusing on demographic characteristics and type of disorder. METHOD We used data from the Northwestern Juvenile Project, a longitudinal study of 1,829 youth randomly sampled from detention in Chicago, Illinois in 1995. Participants were re-interviewed up to 13 times through 2015. Interviewers assessed disorders using structured diagnostic interviews and assessed service use using the Child and Adolescent Service Assessment and the Services Assessment for Children and Adolescents. RESULTS Less than 20% of youth who needed services received them, up to median age 32 years. Female participants with any disorder had nearly twice the odds of receiving services compared with male participants (OR: 1.82; 95% CI: 1.41, 2.35). Compared with Black participants with any disorder, non-Hispanic White and Hispanic participants had 2.14 (95% CI: 1.57, 2.90) and 1.50 (95% CI: 1.04, 2.15) times the odds of receiving services. People with a disorder were more likely to receive services during childhood (< age 18) than during adulthood (OR: 2.29; 95% CI: 1.32, 3.95). Disorder mattered: participants with an internalizing disorder had 2.26 times and 2.43 times the odds of receiving services compared with those with a substance use disorder (respectively, 95% CI: 1.26, 4.04; 95% CI: 1.49, 3.97). CONCLUSION Few youth who need services receive them as they age; inequities persist over time. We must implement evidence-based strategies to reduce barriers to services.
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Affiliation(s)
- María José Luna
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Karen M Abram
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - David A Aaby
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Leah J Welty
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Linda A Teplin
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois.
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Auguste E, Bowdring M, Kasparek SW, McPhee J, Tabachnick AR, Tung I, Galán CA. Psychology's Contributions to Anti-Blackness in the United States Within Psychological Research, Criminal Justice, and Mental Health. PERSPECTIVES ON PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2023; 18:1282-1305. [PMID: 36753574 DOI: 10.1177/17456916221141374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
The mass incarceration of Black people in the United States is gaining attention as a public-health crisis with extreme mental-health implications. Although it is well documented that historical efforts to oppress and control Black people in the United States helped shape definitions of mental illness and crime, many psychologists are unaware of the ways the field has contributed to the conception and perpetuation of anti-Blackness and, consequently, the mass incarceration of Black people. In this article, we draw from existing theory and empirical evidence to demonstrate historical and contemporary examples of psychology's oppression of Black people through research and clinical practices and consider how this history directly contradicts the American Psychological Association's ethics code. First, we outline how anti-Blackness informed the history of psychological diagnoses and research. Next, we discuss how contemporary systems of forensic practice and police involvement in mental-health-crisis response maintain historical harm. Specific recommendations highlight strategies for interrupting the criminalization of Blackness and offer example steps psychologists can take to redefine psychology's relationship with justice. We conclude by calling on psychologists to recognize their unique power and responsibility to interrupt the criminalization and pathologizing of Blackness as researchers and mental-health providers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Molly Bowdring
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University
| | | | - Jeanne McPhee
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, San Francisco
| | | | - Irene Tung
- Department of Psychology, California State University Dominguez Hills
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Stokes ML, Abram KM, Aaby DA, Welty LJ, Meyerson NS, Zawitz CJ, Teplin LA. Substance Use Disorders and HIV/AIDS Risk Behaviors in Youth After Juvenile Detention: A 16-Year Longitudinal Study. J Adolesc Health 2023; 73:640-649. [PMID: 37716716 PMCID: PMC10513729 DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2023.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/18/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To examine the association between substance use disorders (SUDs) and HIV/AIDS risk behaviors in detained youth as they age. METHODS Prospective longitudinal study of a stratified random sample of 1,829 youth aged 10 to 18 years at baseline, sampled between November 1995 and June 1998 from the Cook County Juvenile Temporary Detention Center, Chicago, Illinois, and reinterviewed up to 13 times (to median age 32); 17,766 interviews overall. RESULTS Youth had greater odds of engaging in every risk behavior when they had an SUD compared with when they did not have an SUD. For example, SUD was associated with condomless vaginal sex with a high-risk partner (OR: 2.28, 95% CI: 1.84-2.82). SUD was also associated with multiple partners, although the strength varied by time and sex (e.g., 16 years after baseline, OR: 3.58, 95% CI: 2.46-5.23 females; OR: 2.07, 95% CI: 1.48-2.88 males). Types of SUD-alcohol, comorbid alcohol and marijuana, drugs other than marijuana-were also associated with HIV/AIDS risk behaviors. DISCUSSION SUDs and HIV/AIDS risk behaviors are linked among youth in the juvenile justice system and as they age. There is a longstanding need for targeted and integrated HIV and SUD services, but this need remains unmet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marquita L Stokes
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Karen M Abram
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois.
| | - David A Aaby
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Leah J Welty
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois; Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Nicholas S Meyerson
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois; Department of Health Policy and Management, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Chad J Zawitz
- Cermak Health Services, Cook County Department of Corrections, Chicago, Illinois; Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Linda A Teplin
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
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Davis AK, Arterberry BJ, Xin Y, Agin-Liebes G, Schwarting C, Williams MT. Race, Ethnic, and Sex Differences in Prevalence of and Trends in Hallucinogen Consumption Among Lifetime Users in the United States Between 2015 and 2019. FRONTIERS IN EPIDEMIOLOGY 2022; 2:876706. [PMID: 38455323 PMCID: PMC10910982 DOI: 10.3389/fepid.2022.876706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
Background The current study is one of the first to examine race, ethnic, and sex differences in the prevalence of and trends in hallucinogen use among lifetime users in the United States. Methods Data came from the 2015-2019 National Survey on Drug Use and Health and included respondent's reporting ever-using hallucinogens (n = 41,060; female = 40.4%). Descriptive and multinomial logistic regression analyses were conducted in Stata. Results Highest prevalence of past year hallucinogen use was among Asian females (35.06%), which was two-or-more times larger than prevalence of past year use among White males/females and Native American males. More than half of White males/females, Multiracial males, and Hispanic males reported had ever-used psilocybin or LSD, whereas less than one-quarter of Black males/females reported lifetime psilocybin use, and less than a third of Black females reported lifetime LSD use. Native American males had the lowest prevalence of lifetime MDMA use (17.62-33.30%) but had the highest lifetime prevalence of peyote use (40.37-53.24%). Pacific Islander males had the highest prevalence of lifetime mescaline use (28.27%), and lifetime DMT use was highest among Pacific Islander males/females (15.68-38.58%). Black, Asian, and Multiracial people had greater odds of past-year (ORs = 1.20-2.02; ps < 0.05) and past-month (ORs = 1.39-2.06; ps < 0.05) hallucinogen use compared to White people. Females had lower odds of past-year (OR = 0.79; ps < 0.05), past-month (OR = 0.78; ps < 0.05) hallucinogen use compared to males, except for lifetime use of MDMA (OR = 1.29; ps < 0.05). Conclusions These findings should inform public health initiatives regarding potential benefits and risks of hallucinogen use among racial/ethnic groups and women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan K. Davis
- Center for Psychedelic Drug Research and Education, College of Social Work, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Center for Psychedelic and Consciousness Research, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Brooke J. Arterberry
- Center for Studies of Drugs, Alcohol, Smoking, and Health (DASH Center), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Yitong Xin
- Center for Psychedelic Drug Research and Education, College of Social Work, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Gabrielle Agin-Liebes
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
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Hammond A, Obrecht J, Odunuyi O, Magloire P, Walsh S. Naloxone Knowledge and Attitudes of Juvenile Residents in a Detention Setting. JOURNAL OF CORRECTIONAL HEALTH CARE 2022; 28:148-154. [PMID: 35263179 DOI: 10.1089/jchc.20.10.0096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The opioid epidemic in the United States is financially, physically, and emotionally costly. Juvenile residents in detention settings witness overdose through personal opioid use or that of family or friends. Educational programming was developed for residents in a juvenile temporary detention center to increase knowledge of opioid overdose and nonopioid misuse. Using pre-post group surveys, we evaluated knowledge of opioid overdose, naloxone, and attitudes. Most residents recognized opioids and other substances by name, felt comfortable in their ability to recognize opioid overdose symptoms, and knew how to assist. Youth residents may be less likely to use opioids and more likely to become first responders in an overdose situation. However, some would not intervene or call for help. Instead, a potential conflict for themselves was perceived.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Hammond
- Department of Human Development Nursing Science, University of Illinois at Chicago College of Nursing, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Jennifer Obrecht
- Department of Human Development Nursing Science, University of Illinois at Chicago College of Nursing, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Olajumoke Odunuyi
- Department of Human Development Nursing Science, University of Illinois at Chicago College of Nursing, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Philippe Magloire
- Cook County Juvenile Temporary Detention Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Susan Walsh
- Department of Human Development Nursing Science, University of Illinois at Chicago College of Nursing, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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Seker S, Boonmann C, Gerger H, Jäggi L, d'Huart D, Schmeck K, Schmid M. Mental disorders among adults formerly in out-of-home care: a systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal studies. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2022; 31:1963-1982. [PMID: 34169369 PMCID: PMC9663399 DOI: 10.1007/s00787-021-01828-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
While children and adolescents placed in child welfare or juvenile justice out-of-home care show higher prevalence rates of mental disorders compared to the general population, it remains unclear whether this pattern persists into adulthood. A quantitative synthesis of existing studies is lacking. The aim of this meta-analysis was to estimate the prevalence rates for mental disorders among adults with a foster or residential child welfare or juvenile justice care history, comparing them where possible to rates among the general population. PubMed, PsycInfo, EMBASE, and Web of Science were systematically searched for epidemiological studies published up to 28 October 2020. Nineteen studies, totaling 604,257 participants, met our inclusion criteria. Random-effects models were used for prevalence rates and odds ratios (OR) of mental disorders, and study quality was rated. A prevalence rate of 30% [95% CI (23.36, 37.36)] for any mental disorder in adults with a child welfare care history was found (3-17% for specific disorders). A prevalence rate of 45% [95% CI (42.38, 47.38)] for any mental disorder was found in adults with a juvenile justice care history (6-66% for specific disorders). For out-of-home placement history, adult mental disorders were significantly higher than in the general population (OR = 1.33-2.76). Studies differed in terms of methodology and the disorder groups considered, so heterogeneity between effect sizes ranged from low to high. Our findings suggest that the high risk that mental health issues will persist in adults with an out-of-home placement history needs to be taken seriously in the transition from adolescence to adulthood. The care systems involved need to collaborate and to be aware of these risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Süheyla Seker
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Research, Psychiatric University Hospitals, University of Basel, Wilhelm Klein-Strasse 27, 4002, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Cyril Boonmann
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Research, Psychiatric University Hospitals, University of Basel, Wilhelm Klein-Strasse 27, 4002, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Heike Gerger
- Division of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Faculty of Psychology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Department of General Practice, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lena Jäggi
- Division of Personality and Developmental Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Delfine d'Huart
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Research, Psychiatric University Hospitals, University of Basel, Wilhelm Klein-Strasse 27, 4002, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Klaus Schmeck
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Research, Psychiatric University Hospitals, University of Basel, Wilhelm Klein-Strasse 27, 4002, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Marc Schmid
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Research, Psychiatric University Hospitals, University of Basel, Wilhelm Klein-Strasse 27, 4002, Basel, Switzerland
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Cederbaum JA, Lee WJ, Okine L, Duan L, Lee JO. Using the Theory of Reasoned Action to examine grandparent and maternal substance use on the cannabis use of children of teen mothers. Drug Alcohol Depend 2021; 228:109019. [PMID: 34509738 PMCID: PMC8713458 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2021.109019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parental cannabis use is associated with increased risks of cannabis use among offspring, yet few studies have explored the mechanisms influencing intergenerational continuity in cannabis use. To understand the mechanism by which intergenerational cannabis use is influenced, this work explores cannabis use across three generations using a family expansion of the Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA). METHODS Data come from the Young Women and Child Development Study which began when teen mothers were pregnant and followed mother-child dyads for 17 years (N = 240). Constructs include cannabis use of grandparents, mothers, and teens, and TRA constructs of behavioral and normative beliefs, intention, and behavior. Hypotheses were tested using Structural Equation Modeling. RESULTS Grandfather's cannabis use was significantly linked to mother's normative beliefs (β = .22, p = .006), but not attitudes (β = .12, p = .182). Teen mothers' attitude was associated with intention (β = .79, p < .001); intention predicted cannabis behavior (β = .61, p < .001). Teen mothers' cannabis use was predictive of adolescent's attitude (β = .21, p = .002); attitude predicted intention (β = .73, p < .001) and intention predicted behavior (β = .60, p < .001). DISCUSSION Parents play an influential role in the cannabis use behaviors of adolescents. Future work should consider interventions that target both parent and adolescents, increasing knowledge and skills related to parent-child communication, parental monitoring, and positive parental role modeling to reduce intergenerational continuity of cannabis use.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Woo Jung Lee
- University of Southern California, Suzanne Dworak-Peck School of Social Work, United States.
| | - Lucinda Okine
- University of Southern California, Suzanne Dworak-Peck School of Social Work, United States.
| | - Lei Duan
- University of Southern California, Suzanne Dworak-Peck School of Social Work, United States.
| | - Jungeun Olivia Lee
- University of Southern California, Suzanne Dworak-Peck School of Social Work, United States.
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Trends in Mortality Due to Stimulants Use in Adolescents and Young Adults. ADDICTIVE DISORDERS & THEIR TREATMENT 2021. [DOI: 10.1097/adt.0000000000000294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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10
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Magee LA, Aalsma MC. Youth Involved in the Justice System: Emergency Department Screening and Health Promotion. J Pediatr 2021; 236:11-12. [PMID: 34033849 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2021.05.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lauren A Magee
- O'Neill School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana.
| | - Matthew C Aalsma
- Adolescent Behavioral Health Research Program, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana.
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Bosk EA, Anthony WL, Folk JB, Williams-Butler A. All in the family: parental substance misuse, harsh parenting, and youth substance misuse among juvenile justice-involved youth. Addict Behav 2021; 119:106888. [PMID: 33798920 PMCID: PMC10032473 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2021.106888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 02/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Research consistently connects parental and youth substance misuse, yet less is known about the mechanisms driving this association among justice-involved youth. We examine whether harsh parenting is an explanatory mechanism for the association between parental substance use and parental mental health and youth substance use disorder in a sample of justice-involved youth. METHODS Data were drawn from the Northwestern Juvenile Project, a large-scale longitudinal survey of mental health and substance misuse in a representative sample of youth in juvenile detention. Harsh parenting, child maltreatment, youth alcohol and cannabis use disorder, and parental substance misuse and mental health were assessed among 1,825 detained youth (35.95% female) at baseline, three-year follow-up, and four-year follow-up. RESULTS At baseline, over 80% of youth used alcohol and/or cannabis; at the four-year follow-up, 16.35% and 19.69% of the youth were diagnosed with alcohol and cannabis use disorder, respectively. More than 20% of youth reported their parent misused substances and 6.11% reported a parent had a severe mental health need. Black youth experienced significantly fewer types of harsh parenting compared to White youth. Multivariate path analyses revealed harsh parenting mediated the association between parental substance misuse and mental health on youth alcohol and cannabis use disorder. Harsh parenting that does not rise to the level of child maltreatment mediated the association between parental substance misuse and mental health on youth alcohol use disorder; in contrast, child maltreatment did not mediate these associations. Multigroup analyses revealed the effect of harsh parenting on youth alcohol and cannabis use disorder did not vary across sex or race-ethnic subgroups. CONCLUSIONS Harsh parenting represents one mechanism for the intergenerational continuity of alcohol and cannabis misuse and should be regularly assessed for and addressed in juvenile justice settings.
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Teplin LA, Potthoff LM, Aaby DA, Welty LJ, Dulcan MK, Abram KM. Prevalence, Comorbidity, and Continuity of Psychiatric Disorders in a 15-Year Longitudinal Study of Youths Involved in the Juvenile Justice System. JAMA Pediatr 2021; 175:e205807. [PMID: 33818599 PMCID: PMC8022269 DOI: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2020.5807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Importance Previous studies have found that one-half to three-quarters of youths detained in juvenile justice facilities have 1 or more psychiatric disorders. Little is known about the course of their disorders as they age. Objective To examine the prevalence, comorbidity, and continuity of 13 psychiatric disorders among youths detained in a juvenile justice facility during the 15 years after detention up to a median age of 31 years, with a focus on sex and racial/ethnic differences. Design, Setting, and Participants The Northwestern Juvenile Project is a longitudinal cohort study of health needs and outcomes of 1829 randomly selected youths in a temporary juvenile detention center in Cook County, Illinois. Youths aged 10 to 18 years were interviewed in detention from November 20, 1995, through June 14, 1998. Participants were reinterviewed up to 12 times during the 15-year study period through February 2015, for a total of 16 372 interviews. The sample was stratified by sex, race/ethnicity (Black, Hispanic, and non-Hispanic White), age (10-13 years or 14-18 years), and legal status (processed in juvenile or adult court). Data analysis was conducted from February 2014, when data preparation began, to March 2020. Exposures Detention in a juvenile justice facility. Main Outcomes and Measures Psychiatric disorders, assessed by the Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children, version 2.3 at the baseline interviews. Follow-up interviews were conducted using the Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children, version IV; the Diagnostic Interview Schedule, version IV; and the World Mental Health Composite International Diagnostic Interview (beginning at the 6-year follow-up interview). Results The study included 1829 youths sampled at baseline (1172 males and 657 females; mean [SD] age, 14.9 [1.4] years). Although prevalence and comorbidity of psychiatric disorders decreased as the 1829 participants aged, 52.3% of males and 30.9% of females had at least 1 or more psychiatric disorders 15 years postdetention. Among participants with a disorder at baseline, 64.3% of males and 34.8% of females had a disorder 15 years later. Compared with females, males had 3.37 times the odds of persisting with a psychiatric disorder 15 years after baseline (95% CI, 1.79-6.35). Compared with Black participants and Hispanic participants, non-Hispanic White participants had 1.6 times the odds of behavioral disorders (odds ratio, 1.56; 95% CI, 1.27-1.91 and odds ratio, 1.59; 95% CI, 1.23-2.05, respectively) and greater than 1.3 times the odds of substance use disorders (odds ratio, 1.90; 95% CI, 1.55-2.33 and odds ratio, 1.39; 95% CI, 1.11-1.73, respectively) throughout the follow-up period. Behavioral disorders and substance use disorders were the most prevalent 15 years after detention. Conclusions and Relevance This study's findings suggest that persistent psychiatric disorders may complicate the transition from adolescence to adulthood, which is already challenging for youths involved in the juvenile justice system, many of whom are from racial/ethnic minority groups and low-income backgrounds. The pediatric health community should advocate for early identification and treatment of disorders among youths in the justice system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda A. Teplin
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Lauren M. Potthoff
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - David A. Aaby
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Leah J. Welty
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Mina K. Dulcan
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
- Pritzker Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Karen M. Abram
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
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Delaney D, Balestrieri SG, Bassett SS, Stein LAR. A Brief Screen to Detect Cannabis Use Disorder Among Incarcerated Youth. JOURNAL OF CHILD & ADOLESCENT SUBSTANCE ABUSE 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/1067828x.2021.1943587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Shayna S. Bassett
- University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, USA
- Steppingstone, Inc., Fall River, MA, USA
| | - L. A. R. Stein
- University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, USA
- Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
- Rhode Island Training School, Cranston, RI, USA
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14
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Powell TW, Willis K, Smith B, Lewis Q, Offiong A. "Don't Close the Door on Them": Recruiting and retaining vulnerable Black adolescents in prevention research. JOURNAL OF COMMUNITY PSYCHOLOGY 2021; 49:994-1009. [PMID: 33937999 PMCID: PMC8222182 DOI: 10.1002/jcop.22584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
There is a need to understand why some strategies work better than others for engaging vulnerable Black adolescents in prevention research, especially those who are affected by parental drug use. The current study sought to fill this gap. Thirty in-depth interviews were conducted with parents who reported a history of illicit drug use (N = 11), young adults who had a biological parent with a history of illicit drug use (N = 14), and service providers who work with families affected by illicit drug use (N = 5). Nearly all participants were Black and lived or worked in Baltimore, Maryland. Over half of the participants were female (62%). Interviews were recorded and ranged from 30 to 92 minutes in length. Data were analyzed using an inductive, content analysis approach. Four themes emerged (coined STAR): SAFE people and places minimize retraumatization; TEAMING UP with community partners increases acceptability; ADDRESSING a range of needs helps adolescents survive; and RELATABLE facilitators understand and listen to adolescents. Findings build onto and extend previous research that highlights strategies to recruit and retain vulnerable Black adolescents in prevention research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terrinieka W Powell
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Department of Population, Family and Reproductive Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Kalai Willis
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Department of Population, Family and Reproductive Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Bianca Smith
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Department of Population, Family and Reproductive Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Quiana Lewis
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Department of Population, Family and Reproductive Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Asari Offiong
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Department of Population, Family and Reproductive Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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15
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Amaro H, Sanchez M, Bautista T, Cox R. Social vulnerabilities for substance use: Stressors, socially toxic environments, and discrimination and racism. Neuropharmacology 2021; 188:108518. [PMID: 33716076 PMCID: PMC8126433 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2021.108518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Applying a social determinants of health framework, this review brings attention to evidence from social sciences and neuroscience on the role of selected social factors in individual and population-level vulnerability to substance use and substance use disorders (SUDs). The understanding that social vulnerability to substance use and SUDs is multifaceted and occurs across different levels of influence (individual, interpersonal, community, and societal) is underscored. We propose that socially based stressors play a critical role in creating vulnerability to substance use and SUDs, and as such, deserve greater empirical attention to further understand how they "get under the skin." Current knowledge from social sciences and neuroscience on the relationships among vulnerability to substance use resulting from stressors, exposure to socially toxic childhood environments, and racism and discrimination are summarized and discussed, as are implications for future research, practice, and policy. Specifically, we propose using a top-down approach to the examination of known, yet often unexplored, relationships between vulnerability to substance use and SUDs, related inequities, and potential differential effects across demographic groups. Finally, research gaps and promising areas of research, practice, and policy focused on ameliorating social vulnerabilities associated with substance use and SUDs across the lifespan are presented. This article is part of the special issue on 'Vulnerabilities to Substance Abuse'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hortensia Amaro
- Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine and Robert Stempel College of Public Health and Social Work, Florida International University, United States.
| | - Mariana Sanchez
- Department of Health Promotion & Disease Prevention, Robert Stempel College of Public Health and Social Work, Florida International University, United States.
| | - Tara Bautista
- Yale Stress Center, School of Medicine, Yale University, United States.
| | - Robynn Cox
- Suzanne Dworak-Peck School of Social Work, Schaeffer Center for Health Policy and Economics, And Edward R. Roybal Institute on Aging, University of Southern California, United States.
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16
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Mancilla VJ, Peeri NC, Silzer T, Basha R, Felini M, Jones HP, Phillips N, Tao MH, Thyagarajan S, Vishwanatha JK. Understanding the Interplay Between Health Disparities and Epigenomics. Front Genet 2020; 11:903. [PMID: 32973872 PMCID: PMC7468461 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.00903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Social epigenomics has emerged as an integrative field of research focused on identification of socio-environmental factors, their influence on human biology through epigenomic modifications, and how they contribute to current health disparities. Several health disparities studies have been published using genetic-based approaches; however, increasing accessibility and affordability of molecular technologies have allowed for an in-depth investigation of the influence of external factors on epigenetic modifications (e.g., DNA methylation, micro-RNA expression). Currently, research is focused on epigenetic changes in response to environment, as well as targeted epigenetic therapies and environmental/social strategies for potentially minimizing certain health disparities. Here, we will review recent findings in this field pertaining to conditions and diseases over life span encompassing prenatal to adult stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviana J. Mancilla
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, United States
| | - Noah C. Peeri
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, United States
| | - Talisa Silzer
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, United States
| | - Riyaz Basha
- Department of Pediatrics, Texas College of Osteopathic Medicine, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, United States
- Texas Center for Health Disparities, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, United States
| | - Martha Felini
- Department of Pediatrics, Texas College of Osteopathic Medicine, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, United States
- Texas Center for Health Disparities, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, United States
| | - Harlan P. Jones
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, United States
- Texas Center for Health Disparities, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, United States
| | - Nicole Phillips
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, United States
- Texas Center for Health Disparities, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, United States
| | - Meng-Hua Tao
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, United States
- Texas Center for Health Disparities, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, United States
| | - Srikantha Thyagarajan
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, United States
- Texas Center for Health Disparities, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, United States
| | - Jamboor K. Vishwanatha
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, United States
- Texas Center for Health Disparities, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, United States
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17
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Offiong A, Powell TW, Lewis Q, Smith B, Prioleau M. "I missed open arms": The Need for Connectedness among Black Youth Affected by Parental Drug Use. CHILDREN AND YOUTH SERVICES REVIEW 2020; 114:105072. [PMID: 32606485 PMCID: PMC7326313 DOI: 10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.105072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Parental drug use has significant impacts on the physical, behavioral and social well-being of adolescents, particularly those from disenfranchised communities. We conducted a qualitative study to understand connectedness among Black adolescents affected by parental drug use in Baltimore, Maryland. In-depth interviews (N=30) were conducted with three groups: parents with a history of drug use, youth (18-24yo) who had a biological parent with a history of drug use and youth providers with experience working with families affected by drug use. Data were analyzed inductively using a content analytic approach. Three salient themes emerged: (1) missing parental connections, (2) the desire for consistent, trusted adults and (3) the consequences of missed connections. All participants emphasized the limited emotional support and guidance provided to youth affected by parental drug use. However, extended family members (e.g., grandmothers, aunts, and older siblings) and community mentors stepped in to fulfill unmet needs, when possible. The consequences of missed connections were increased involvement in risky behaviors, fewer basic necessities and a missed childhood. Findings from the study deepen the understanding of how to support the well-being of youth impacted by parental drug use and highlight the value of including the voices of vulnerable families in research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asari Offiong
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Department of Population, Family and Reproductive Health, 615 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore MD USA 21215
| | - Terrinieka W. Powell
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Department of Population, Family and Reproductive Health, 615 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore MD USA 21215
| | - Quiana Lewis
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Department of Population, Family and Reproductive Health, 615 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore MD USA 21215
| | - Bianca Smith
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Department of Population, Family and Reproductive Health, 615 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore MD USA 21215
| | - Morgan Prioleau
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Department of Population, Family and Reproductive Health, 615 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore MD USA 21215
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18
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Knight DK, Joe GW, Morse DT, Smith C, Knudsen H, Johnson I, Wasserman GA, Arrigona N, McReynolds LS, Becan JE, Leukefeld C, Wiley TRA. Organizational Context and Individual Adaptability in Promoting Perceived Importance and Use of Best Practices for Substance Use. J Behav Health Serv Res 2020; 46:192-216. [PMID: 29777368 DOI: 10.1007/s11414-018-9618-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
This study examines associations among organizational context, staff attributes, perceived importance, and use of best practices among staff in community-based, juvenile justice (JJ) agencies. As part of the National Institute on Drug Abuse's Juvenile Justice-Translational Research on Interventions for Adolescents in the Legal System (JJ-TRIALS) study, 492 staff from 36 JJ agencies were surveyed about the perceived importance and use of best practices within their organization in five substance use practice domains: screening, assessment, standard referral, active referral, and treatment support. Structural equation models indicated that supervisory encouragement and organizational innovation/flexibility were associated with greater individual adaptability. Adaptability (willingness to try new ideas, use new procedures, adjust quickly to change), was positively correlated with importance ratings. Importance ratings were positively associated with reported use of best practices. Organizational climates that support innovation likely affect use of practices through staff attributes and perceptions of the importance of such services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danica K Knight
- Institute of Behavioral Research, Texas Christian University, TCU Box 298740, Fort Worth, TX, 76109, USA.
| | - George W Joe
- Institute of Behavioral Research, Texas Christian University, TCU Box 298740, Fort Worth, TX, 76109, USA
| | - David T Morse
- Department of Counseling, Educational Psychology, and Foundations, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS, USA
| | - Corey Smith
- Lighthouse Institute, Chestnut Health Systems, Normal, IL, USA
| | - Hannah Knudsen
- Behavioral Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Ingrid Johnson
- Department of Criminal Justice, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Gail A Wasserman
- Center for the Promotion of Mental Health in Juvenile Justice, Columbia University/NYSPI, New York, NY, USA
| | - Nancy Arrigona
- Council of State Governments Justice Center, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Larkin S McReynolds
- Center for the Promotion of Mental Health in Juvenile Justice, Columbia University/NYSPI, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jennifer E Becan
- Institute of Behavioral Research, Texas Christian University, TCU Box 298740, Fort Worth, TX, 76109, USA
| | - Carl Leukefeld
- Behavioral Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
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19
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Harrison A, Ramo D, Hall SM, Estrada-Gonzalez V, Tolou-Shams M. Cigarette Smoking, Mental Health, and Other Substance Use among Court-Involved Youth. Subst Use Misuse 2020; 55:572-581. [PMID: 31760909 PMCID: PMC7386841 DOI: 10.1080/10826084.2019.1691593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Background: Justice-involved youth are at risk to become cigarette smokers as they age, leading to a variety of poor health outcomes. However, little is known about cigarette use among justice-involved youth, especially youth supervised in the community where there is ample opportunity to smoke. Objective: This study investigates the prevalence of cigarette smoking and the associations between cigarette smoking, emotional and behavioral functioning, and other substance use among a sample of first-time offending court-involved, non-incarcerated (FTO-CINI) youth. Methods: Youth were recruited from a family court in the Northeast (N = 423). Substance use was self-reported using the Adolescent Risk Behavior Assessment (ARBA). Emotional and behavioral functioning was measured using the Behavior Assessment Schedule for Children-Second Edition (BASC-2), the Affect Dysregulation Scale (ADS), National Stressful Events Survey PTSD Short Scale (NSESSS), and the National Survey of Self-Reported Delinquency (NYS-SRD). Results: About 9.9% of FTO-CINI youth had smoked cigarettes in the past 30 days. Compared with FTO-CINI youth who had not smoked recently, recent smokers endorsed more emotional and behavioral symptoms, such as school problems (p < .001), internalizing problems (p = .012), inattention/hyperactivity (p = .020), affect dysregulation (p = .044), PTSD symptoms (p = .006), and delinquent behavior (p < .001). Recent smokers were also more likely to use alcohol (OR = 5.61, p < .001), marijuana (OR = 11.27, p < .001), and other drugs (OR = 5.00, p < .001). Conclusions: Recent smoking was higher among FTO-CINI youth than youth in the general population. Findings underscore the need to incorporate nicotine into existing substance use prevention interventions for this population, who are at high risk to initiate cigarette use as they age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Harrison
- Department of Psychiatry and Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.,Division of Infant, Child, and Adolescent Psychiatry, Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, California, USA.,Mental Health Service, San Francisco VA Medical Center, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Danielle Ramo
- Department of Psychiatry and Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.,Hopelab, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Sharon M Hall
- Department of Psychiatry and Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Vanessa Estrada-Gonzalez
- Department of Psychiatry and Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.,Division of Infant, Child, and Adolescent Psychiatry, Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Marina Tolou-Shams
- Department of Psychiatry and Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.,Division of Infant, Child, and Adolescent Psychiatry, Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, California, USA
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20
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Loyd AB, Hotton AL, Walden AL, Kendall AD, Emerson E, Donenberg GR. Associations of ethnic/racial discrimination with internalizing symptoms and externalizing behaviors among juvenile justice-involved youth of color. J Adolesc 2019; 75:138-150. [PMID: 31398475 PMCID: PMC6745193 DOI: 10.1016/j.adolescence.2019.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Revised: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/27/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Youth of color (e.g., Black/African American and Latinx/Hispanic) are overrepresented in the juvenile justice system and experience greater health disparities compared to non-Hispanic White youth. Ethnic/racial discrimination (ERD) is a risk marker for poor mental health and behavioral outcomes among youth of color, and traumatic stress and emotion dysregulation have been implicated in these pathways. Despite the relevance of these factors for justice-involved youth of color, understanding of their interrelations within this demographic is lacking. METHODS Participants were 173 recently arrested adolescents (86% African American; 45% girls; ages 13-18) on probation in a large Midwest city in the United States. Participants completed surveys assessing ERD, traumatic stress, emotion dysregulation, internalizing symptoms, and externalizing behaviors. Using linear regression and path analysis, this study tested the cross-sectional links among two types of ERD (i.e., interpersonal experiences and perceptions of group experiences), traumatic stress symptoms, emotion dysregulation, and internalizing symptoms and externalizing behaviors. RESULTS Interpersonal ERD (e.g., hearing racial insults) was associated with increased internalizing symptoms and externalizing behaviors; for internalizing symptoms, the relation was stronger for girls than boys. Gender differences were partially accounted for by traumatic stress symptoms and emotion dysregulation. CONCLUSIONS This study offers new insights into ERD experiences among juvenile justice-involved youth of color, gender differences in ethnic/racial discrimination experiences, and the potential value of gender-sensitive and culturally responsive programming in strengthening youths' ability to cope with ERD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aerika Brittian Loyd
- Department of Educational Psychology, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1040 W. Harrison St., Chicago, IL, 60607, USA.
| | - Anna L Hotton
- Chicago Center for HIV Elimination, The University of Chicago Medicine, 5837 S. Maryland Ave., Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.
| | - Angela L Walden
- Center for Dissemination and Implementation Science, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, 818 S. Wolcott Ave., SRH - 3rd floor, Room 332 (M/C 579), Chicago, IL, 60612, USA.
| | - Ashley D Kendall
- Center for Dissemination and Implementation Science, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, 818 S. Wolcott Ave., SRH - 3rd floor, Room 332 (M/C 579), Chicago, IL, 60612, USA.
| | - Erin Emerson
- Center for Dissemination and Implementation Science, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, 818 S. Wolcott Ave., SRH - 3rd floor, Room 332 (M/C 579), Chicago, IL, 60612, USA.
| | - Geri R Donenberg
- Center for Dissemination and Implementation Science, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, 818 S. Wolcott Ave., SRH - 3rd floor, Room 332 (M/C 579), Chicago, IL, 60612, USA.
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21
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Baggio S, Heller P, Barnert ES, Tran NT, Gétaz L, Wolff H. Substance use Initiation among Justice-Involved Youths: Evidence from the Pathways to Desistance Study. JOURNAL OF CHILD & ADOLESCENT SUBSTANCE ABUSE 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/1067828x.2019.1578711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie Baggio
- Division of Prison Health and Adult Psychiatry Division, Department of Mental Health and Psychiatry, Geneva University Hospitals and University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Life Course and Social Inequality Research Center, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, Department of Forensic Psychiatry, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Patrick Heller
- Division of Prison Health and Adult Psychiatry Division, Department of Mental Health and Psychiatry, Geneva University Hospitals and University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Elizabeth S. Barnert
- Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Nguyen Toan Tran
- Division of Prison Health and Adult Psychiatry Division, Department of Mental Health and Psychiatry, Geneva University Hospitals and University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Australian Center for Public and Population Health Research, Faculty of Health, University of Technology, Watika, India
| | - Laurent Gétaz
- Division of Prison Health and Adult Psychiatry Division, Department of Mental Health and Psychiatry, Geneva University Hospitals and University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Hans Wolff
- Division of Prison Health and Adult Psychiatry Division, Department of Mental Health and Psychiatry, Geneva University Hospitals and University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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22
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Zapolski TCB, Clifton RL, Banks DE, Hershberger A, Aalsma M. Family and Peer Influences on Substance Attitudes and Use among Juvenile Justice-Involved Youth. JOURNAL OF CHILD AND FAMILY STUDIES 2019; 28:447-456. [PMID: 31406456 PMCID: PMC6690368 DOI: 10.1007/s10826-018-1268-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Juvenile justice-involved youth experience high rates of substance use, which is concerning given associated negative consequences, including health and functional deficits. Family and peer factors are associated with a high risk of substance use among justice-involved youth. It is hypothesized that this risk process operates through pro-drug attitudes. However, limited research has been conducted on the mechanisms through which family and peer factors increase risk for substance use among juvenile justice involved youth. The current study examined both the direct and indirect effects of family and peer substance use on youth's substance use (alcohol and illicit drug use). We also examined whether this relationship differs by race. 226 detained youth (81.9% male; 74.3% Black) were recruited from an urban county in the Midwest and completed a clinical interview and substance use assessment battery. A direct effect of family/peer risk on illicit drug use was found for all youth, though the effect was stronger among White youth. Results also supported the indirect effect pathway from family/peer risk to both illicit drug use and alcohol use through pro-drug attitudes. This pathway did not vary by race. These findings suggest that interventions should focus on targeting both family/peer risk and pro-drug attitudes to reduce substance use. Given the racial difference in the direct effect of family/peer risk on illicit drug use, there may be other factors that influence risk more strongly for White youth, which warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamika C B Zapolski
- Department of Psychology, Indiana University Purdue University - Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Richelle L Clifton
- Department of Psychology, Indiana University Purdue University - Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Devin E Banks
- Department of Psychology, Indiana University Purdue University - Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Alexandra Hershberger
- Department of Psychology, Indiana University Purdue University - Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Matthew Aalsma
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN
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23
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Tolou-Shams M, Harrison A, Hirschtritt ME, Dauria E, Barr-Walker J. Substance Use and HIV Among Justice-Involved Youth: Intersecting Risks. Curr HIV/AIDS Rep 2019; 16:37-47. [PMID: 30734906 PMCID: PMC6597179 DOI: 10.1007/s11904-019-00424-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review discusses recent advances in research on the intersection of HIV prevention and substance use among youth involved with the justice system. We discuss current themes of recent findings and provide guidance for researchers, policymakers, and clinicians on the next steps in advancing work in this nascent area. RECENT FINDINGS Of the 46 studies that measured HIV risk and substance use among justice-involved youth, 56% were cross-sectional designs, 22% were intervention trials, and 22% were longitudinal designs. Cross-sectional studies suggested that substance use is highly associated with HIV risk behaviors. Longitudinal analyses underscored the importance of understanding contextual risk factors, such as trauma and violence. Intervention trials demonstrated improved scientific rigor of behavioral approaches. Despite recent advances, research in this field remains limited. Future directions include longer follow-up periods, consideration of biomedical HIV-prevention interventions, and a focus on dissemination and implementation science of efficacious interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Tolou-Shams
- Department of Psychiatry, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, Division of Infant Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Anna Harrison
- Department of Psychiatry, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, Division of Infant Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, San Francisco, CA, USA
- San Francisco Veterans Affairs Health Care System, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Matthew E Hirschtritt
- Department of Psychiatry, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Langley Porter Psychiatric Institute, 401 Parnassus Ave, 94143, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Emily Dauria
- Department of Psychiatry, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, Division of Infant Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jill Barr-Walker
- Department of Psychiatry, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- ZSFG Library, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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24
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Bunting AM, Oser CB, Staton M, Eddens KS, Knudsen H. Clinician identified barriers to treatment for individuals in Appalachia with opioid use disorder following release from prison: a social ecological approach. Addict Sci Clin Pract 2018; 13:23. [PMID: 30509314 PMCID: PMC6278109 DOI: 10.1186/s13722-018-0124-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The non-medical use of opioids has reached epidemic levels nationwide, and rural areas have been particularly affected by increasing rates of overdose mortality as well as increases in the prison population. Individuals with opioid use disorder (OUD) are at increased risk for relapse and overdose upon reentry to the community due to decreased tolerance during incarceration. It is crucial to identify barriers to substance use disorder treatment post-release from prison because treatment can be particularly difficult to access in resource-limited rural Appalachia. METHODS A social ecological framework was utilized to examine barriers to community-based substance use treatment among individuals with OUD in Appalachian Kentucky following release from prison. Semi-structured qualitative interviews with 15 social service clinicians (SSCs) employed by the Department of Corrections were conducted to identify barriers at the individual, interpersonal, organizational/institutional level, community, and systems levels. Two independent coders conducted line-by-line coding to identify key themes. RESULTS Treatment barriers were identified across the social ecological spectrum. At the individual-level, SSCs highlighted high-risk drug use and a lack of motivation. At the interpersonal level, homogenous social networks (i.e., homophilious drug-using networks) and networks with limited treatment knowledge inhibited treatment. SSC's high case load and probation/parole officer's limited understanding of treatment were organizational/institutional barriers. Easy access to opioids, few treatment resources, and a lack of community support for treatment were barriers at the community level. SSC's noted system-level barriers such as lack of transportation options, cost, and uncertainty about the implementation of the Affordable Care Act. CONCLUSIONS More rural infrastructure resources as well as additional education for family networks, corrections staff, and the community at large in Appalachia are needed to address barriers to OUD treatment. Future research should examine barriers from the perspective of other key stakeholders (e.g., clients, families of clients) and test interventions to increase access to OUD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Carrie B. Oser
- Department of Sociology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, USA
- Center on Drug and Alcohol Research, University of Kentucky, Lexington, USA
| | - Michele Staton
- Center on Drug and Alcohol Research, University of Kentucky, Lexington, USA
- Department of Behavioral Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, USA
| | - Katherine S. Eddens
- Indiana University Network Science Institute, Indiana University, Bloomington, USA
| | - Hannah Knudsen
- Center on Drug and Alcohol Research, University of Kentucky, Lexington, USA
- Department of Behavioral Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, USA
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Talbert E. Beyond Data Collection: Ethical Issues in Minority Research. ETHICS & BEHAVIOR 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/10508422.2018.1531005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eli Talbert
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh
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26
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Jones AA, Gerke T, Striley CW, Whitehead N, Osborne V, Cottler LB. One Step at a Time: A Latent Transitional Analysis on Changes in Substance Use, Exposure to Violence, and HIV/AIDS Risk Behaviors among Female Offenders. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE : AJCJ 2018; 43:471-485. [PMID: 30220837 PMCID: PMC6135105 DOI: 10.1007/s12103-017-9419-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 10/08/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this analysis is to identify latent subgroups of women based on substance use, exposure to violence, and risky sexual behaviors and quantify discrete stages of behavior change over time. Data comes from 317 women recruited from a Municipal Drug Court System in the Midwest. All participants were interviewed regarding their substance use and sexual behaviors, as well as their exposure to violence at baseline, a 4th-month follow-up, and an 8th-month follow-up. A latent transitional analysis (LTA), a longitudinal extension of a latent class analysis (LCA), was used to quantify discrete stages of behavior change. The results of our analyses revealed 4 distinct behavioral profiles in our sample: 1) women with high probabilities of risky sexual behaviors, exposure to violence, and crack/cocaine use, 2) women with a high probability of exposure to violence, and moderate sexual risk taking, 3) women characterized solely by a high probability of crack/cocaine use, 4) women with low probabilities of all factors. The proportion of women in latent statuses characterized by a high probability of crack/cocaine use did not substantially decrease over time. Women who experienced child sexual abuse, had a greater number of lifetime arrests, were older, and believed they had risky drug using behavior that needed changing at baseline were significantly more likely to be in higher-risk latent statuses. Targeted interventions tailored to crack/cocaine users, as well as a wide-spread need for trauma-informed interventions among females involved in the criminal justice system, are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abenaa Acheampong Jones
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins School of Public Health, 624 North Broadway, 8th Floor, Baltimore, MD 21205-1999, USA
| | - Travis Gerke
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, USA
| | | | - Nicole Whitehead
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Vicki Osborne
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Linda B Cottler
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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27
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Nicholson HL, Ford JA. Correlates of prescription opioid misuse among Black adults: Findings from the 2015 National Survey on Drug Use and Health. Drug Alcohol Depend 2018; 186:264-267. [PMID: 29477575 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2017.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Revised: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prescription drug misuse, especially opioid misuse, has become a public health crisis in the US. While much research attention has been focused on prescription drug misuse, a number of notable gaps in the literature remain. The current research addresses one of these gaps by examining racial/ethnic variation in prescription opioid misuse among adults. METHODS We use data from the 2015 NSDUH to identify correlates of prescription opioid misuse among Black respondents aged 18 and older. The NSDUH defines prescription drug misuse as the use of prescription drugs in any way a doctor did not direct respondents to use them, including (a) without a prescription of their own; (b) in greater amounts, more often, or longer than told to use; or (c) in any other way a doctor did not tell respondents to use the drug. RESULTS Findings indicate that Black respondents have a very similar prevalence rate of prescription opioid misuse compared to White respondents. A number of factors (i.e., gender, socioeconomic status, educational attainment) were significantly correlated with prescription opioid misuse only among Black respondents. In addition, many factors (i.e., depression, general health, other illicit drug use, being approached by a drug dealer) were significantly associated with prescription opioid misuse among both Black and White respondents. CONCLUSIONS The current research identified a number of unique correlates of prescription opioid misuse among Black adults. To more effectively deal with the current public health crisis, research must identify risk factors among various groups within the population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harvey L Nicholson
- Department of Sociology, University of Central Florida, 4297 Andromeda Loop N., Orlando, FL, 32816, USA
| | - Jason A Ford
- Department of Sociology, University of Central Florida, 4297 Andromeda Loop N., Orlando, FL, 32816, USA.
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28
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Jones AA, O’Leary CC, Striley CW, Gerke T, Crecelius R, Sullivan J, Cottler LB. Substance Use, Victimization, HIV/AIDS Risk, And Recidivism Among Females in A Therapeutic Justice Program. JOURNAL OF SUBSTANCE USE 2018; 23:415-421. [PMID: 30930687 PMCID: PMC6438380 DOI: 10.1080/14659891.2018.1436604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Revised: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
This analysis examines the association between crack/cocaine use only and the SAVA syndemic ((any substance use, AND being exposed to violence, AND having HIV/AIDS risk behaviors) at baseline and any felony, misdemeanor, or municipal violations by an 8-month follow-up. Data comes from 317 women recruited from a Municipal Drug Court System in the Midwest. Among the sample, 45% of the women had at least one felony, misdemeanor, or a municipal violation at the 8-month follow-up (felony: 20%; misdemeanor or municipal violation 25%). Multinomial regression revealed that crack/cocaine use and SAVA at baseline were associated specifically with misdemeanors OR 2.21 (95% CI: 1.21, 4.04) and OR 3.60 (95% CI: 1.23, 10.56) respectively, no increases in odds of felonies were evident. Women with a higher number of lifetime arrests were also significantly more likely to have a greater number of offenses postbaseline, while black women were considerably less likely to be charged with misdemeanors. Recent crack/cocaine use with or without the mutually reinforcing issues of victimization, and HIV/AIDS risk behaviors significantly increased the odds of a misdemeanors/municipal violation. However, significant increases in odds of more severe offenses (felonies) were not evident. Interventions aimed to reduce offenses should offer additional support for crack/cocaine users.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Linda B. Cottler
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, US
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29
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Bowser D, Henry BF, Wasserman GA, Knight D, Gardner S, Krupka K, Grossi B, Cawood M, Wiley T, Robertson A. Comparison of the Overlap between Juvenile Justice Processing and Behavioral Health Screening, Assessment and Referral. JOURNAL OF APPLIED JUVENILE JUSTICE SERVICES 2018; 2018:97-125. [PMID: 30680311 PMCID: PMC6342497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Given the large proportion of youth involved in the juvenile justice system who meet criteria for behavioral health disorders, the system is charged with delivering not only criminal justice programing, but also behavioral health services. Behavioral health service delivery is typically done through collaborative partnerships with behavioral health agencies. This study created process maps which describe the flows and boundaries of these partnerships with respect to screening, assessment and referral to treatment. Process maps of juvenile justice and behavioral health systems from six juvenile departments in different states (Mississippi, Kentucky, New York, Georgia, Texas, and Pennsylvania) are presented. Both the methodology of creating process maps and results from the analysis of the maps are presented. Results indicate that behavioral health screening, assessment, and referral to treatment were occurring at all sites, typically with standardized tools. Overall trends were that juveniles tended to have more screenings, assessments, and referrals to behavioral health services as they moved deeper into the juvenile justice system and were placed into more formal juvenile justice services. Within the analysis of interagency communication, these results were mirrored; settings that were more formal and located deeper into the juvenile justice system had more robust interagency communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Bowser
- Brandeis University, Heller School for Social Policy and Management, Waltham, MA 02453
| | - Brandy F Henry
- Brandeis University, Heller School for Social Policy and Management, Waltham, MA 02453
| | | | - Danica Knight
- Texas Christian University, Institute of Behavioral Research, Fort Worth, TX 76129
| | - Sheena Gardner
- Mississippi State University, Social Science Research Center, Starkville, MS 39762
| | - Kate Krupka
- Columbia University, Department of Psychiatry, NY, NY 10032
| | | | | | | | - Angela Robertson
- Mississippi State University, Social Science Research Center, Starkville, MS 39762
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30
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Montgomery L, Mantey D. Racial/Ethnic Differences in Prevalence and Correlates of Blunt Smoking among Adolescents. J Psychoactive Drugs 2017; 50:195-205. [DOI: 10.1080/02791072.2017.1401186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- LaTrice Montgomery
- Assistant Professor, Addiction Sciences Division, Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Dale Mantey
- School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Austin, TX, USA
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31
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Marotta PL, Voisin DR. Pathways to delinquency and substance use among African American youth: Does future orientation mediate the effects of peer norms and parental monitoring? J Health Psychol 2017; 25:840-852. [PMID: 29105490 DOI: 10.1177/1359105317736912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The following study assessed whether future orientation mediated the effects of peer norms and parental monitoring on delinquency and substance use among 549 African American adolescents. Structural equation modeling computed direct and indirect (meditational) relationships between parental monitoring and peer norms through future orientation. Parental monitoring significantly correlated with lower delinquency through future orientation (B = -.05, standard deviation = .01, p < .01). Future orientation mediated more than quarter (27.70%) of the total effect of parental monitoring on delinquency. Overall findings underscore the importance of strengthening resilience factors for African American youth, especially those who live in low-income communities.
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32
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Scott CK, Lurigio AJ, Dennis ML. Judges' Perceptions of Screening, Assessment, Prevention, and Treatment for Substance Use, Mental Health, and HIV among Juveniles on Community Supervision: Results of a National Survey. JUVENILE & FAMILY COURT JOURNAL 2017; 68:5-25. [PMID: 29269964 PMCID: PMC5734097 DOI: 10.1111/jfcj.12094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Juvenile Justice-Translational Research on Interventions for Adolescents in the Legal System (JJ-TRIALS) National Survey was funded in part to describe the current status of screening, assessment, prevention and treatment for substance use, mental health, and HIV for youth on community supervision within the US juvenile justice system. Surveys were administered to community supervision agencies and their primary behavioral healthcare providers, as well as the juvenile or family court judge with the largest caseload of youth on community supervision. This article presents the findings from the judges' survey. Survey results indicated juvenile and family court judges were open to innovations for improving the court's performance, rated their relationships with collaborators highly, and appreciated the impact of screening, assessment, prevention, and treatment on judicial practices.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Arthur J Lurigio
- College of Arts and Sciences, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, IL
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33
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Massey SH, Newmark RL, Wakschlag LS. Explicating the role of empathic processes in substance use disorders: A conceptual framework and research agenda. Drug Alcohol Rev 2017; 37:316-332. [PMID: 28493364 DOI: 10.1111/dar.12548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Revised: 10/05/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
ISSUES Elucidating the role of empathic processes in developmental pathways to substance use disorders could have important implications for prevention. APPROACH We searched the biomedical and social sciences literature to determine what is known about empathy and psychopathological manifestations of severe lack of empathy in the initiation, development and maintenance of psychoactive substance use. Thirty-seven empirical studies were identified and formally reviewed. KEY FINDINGS Adults with alcohol and stimulant use disorders exhibited detectable impairments in both cognitive and affective empathy, measured behaviourally, neuroanatomically and by self-report, relative to controls. There were no developmental studies specifically designed to test the role of empathy in substance use pathways, but several studies that included measures of empathy suggest that empathy may be protective. Studies on severe empathic deficits were mixed regarding a unique role of empathy in substance use trajectories, independent of interpersonal style, impulsivity and social deviance. Implications and Conclusions. In the context of findings and methodological limitations of this review, we recommend more rigorous examination of empathy across the spectrum of substance use behaviour. Future work should utilise the following: (i) prospective assessment of empathic capacity in substance abusers during and following treatment; (ii) large, developmentally based prospective designs beginning prior to substance initiation incorporating multiple measures of empathy; (iii) assessment of the moderating role of gender, race and ethnicity; and (iv) prospective study of empathy in children at elevated risk for substance use disorders. [Massey SH, Newmark RL, Wakschlag LS. Explicating the role of empathic processes in substance use disorders: A conceptual framework and research agenda.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suena H Massey
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, USA.,Department of Medical Social Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, USA
| | - Rebecca L Newmark
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, USA
| | - Lauren S Wakschlag
- Department of Medical Social Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, USA.,Institute for Innovations in Developmental Sciences, Northwestern University, Chicago, USA
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Andreuccetti G, Leyton V, Lemos NP, Miziara ID, Ye Y, Takitane J, Munoz DR, Reingold AL, Cherpitel CJ, de Carvalho HB. Alcohol use among fatally injured victims in São Paulo, Brazil: bridging the gap between research and health services in developing countries. Addiction 2017; 112:596-603. [PMID: 28044383 PMCID: PMC5339026 DOI: 10.1111/add.13688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Revised: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Most studies reporting alcohol use among fatally injured victims are subject to bias, particularly those related to sample selection and to absence of injury context data. We developed a research method to estimate the prevalence of alcohol consumption and test correlates of alcohol use prior to fatal injuries. DESIGN, SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS Cross-sectional study based on a probability sample of fatally injured adult victims (n = 365) autopsied in São Paulo, Brazil. Victims were sampled within systematically selected 8-hour sampling blocks, generating a representative sample of fatal injuries occurring during all hours of the day for each day of the week between June 2014 and December 2015. MEASUREMENTS The presence of alcohol and blood alcohol concentration (BAC) were the primary outcomes evaluated according to victims' socio-demographic, injury context data (type, day, time and injury place) and criminal history characteristics. FINDINGS Alcohol was detected in 30.1% [95% confidence interval (CI) = 25.6-35.1)] of the victims, with a mean blood alcohol level (BAC) level of 0.11% w/v (95% CI = 0.09-0.13) among alcohol-positive cases. Black and mixed race victims presented a higher mean BAC than white victims (P = 0.03). Fewer than one in every six suicides tested positive for alcohol, while almost half of traffic-related casualties were alcohol-positive. Having suffered traffic-related injuries, particularly those involving vehicle crashes, and injuries occurring during weekends and at night were associated significantly with alcohol use before injury (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Nearly one-third of fatal injuries in São Paulo between June 2014 and December 2015 were alcohol-related, with traffic accidents showing a greater association with alcohol use than other injuries. The sampling methodology tested here, including the possibility of adding injury context data to improve population-based estimates of alcohol use before fatal injury, appears to be a reliable and lower-cost strategy for avoiding biases common in death investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Andreuccetti
- University of Sao Paulo Medical School, Sao Paulo, Brazil,Alcohol Research Group, Emeryville, California, United States of America,Correspondence author at: Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Sao Paulo Medical School, Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 455, 01246-903, Sao Paulo, Brazil.,
| | - Vilma Leyton
- University of Sao Paulo Medical School, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Nikolas P. Lemos
- Forensic Laboratory Division, Office of the Chief Medical Examiner, San Francisco, California, United States of America,Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Ivan Dieb Miziara
- University of Sao Paulo Medical School, Sao Paulo, Brazil,Technical-Scientific Police Superintendency of the State of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Yu Ye
- Alcohol Research Group, Emeryville, California, United States of America
| | | | | | - Arthur L. Reingold
- School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
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Welty LJ, Hershfield JA, Abram KM, Han H, Byck GR, Teplin LA. Trajectories of Substance Use Disorder in Youth After Detention: A 12-Year Longitudinal Study. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2017; 56:140-148. [PMID: 28117060 PMCID: PMC5308462 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaac.2016.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Revised: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify trajectories of substance use disorders (SUDs) in youth during the 12 years after detention and how gender, race/ethnicity, and age at baseline predict trajectories. METHOD As part of the Northwestern Juvenile Project, a longitudinal study of 1,829 youth randomly sampled from detention in Chicago, Illinois from 1995 through 1998, participants were reinterviewed in the community or correctional facilities up to 9 times over 12 years. Independent interviewers assessed SUDs using the Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children 2.3 (baseline) and the Diagnostic Interview Schedule IV (follow-ups). Primary outcome was a mutually exclusive 5-category typology of disorder: no SUD, alcohol alone, marijuana alone, comorbid alcohol and marijuana, or "other" illicit ("hard") drug. Trajectories were estimated using growth mixture models with a 3-category ordinal variable derived from the typology. RESULTS During the 12-year follow-up, 19.6% of youth did not have an SUD. The remaining 81.4% were in 3 trajectory classes. Class 1 (24.5%), a bell-shaped trajectory, peaked 5 years after baseline when 42.7% had an SUD and 12.5% had comorbid or "other" illicit drug disorders. Class 2 (41.3%) had a higher prevalence of SUD at baseline, 73.8%. Although prevalence decreased over time, 23.5% had an SUD 12 years later. Class 3 (14.6%), the most serious and persistent trajectory, had the highest prevalence of comorbid or "other" illicit drug disorders-52.1% at baseline and 17.4% 12 years later. Males, Hispanics, non-Hispanic whites, and youth who were older at baseline (detention) had the worst outcomes. CONCLUSION Gender, race/ethnicity, and age at detention predict trajectories of SUDs in delinquent youth. Findings provide an empirical basis for child psychiatry to address health disparities and improve prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah J Welty
- Health Disparities and Public Policy, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago
| | - Jennifer A Hershfield
- Health Disparities and Public Policy, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago; Children's Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California Center for Excellence in Developmental Disabilities, Los Angeles
| | - Karen M Abram
- Health Disparities and Public Policy, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago
| | - Hongyun Han
- Health Disparities and Public Policy, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago
| | - Gayle R Byck
- Health Disparities and Public Policy, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago
| | - Linda A Teplin
- Health Disparities and Public Policy, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago.
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Abram KM, Stokes ML, Welty LJ, Aaby DA, Teplin LA. Disparities in HIV/AIDS Risk Behaviors After Youth Leave Detention: A 14-Year Longitudinal Study. Pediatrics 2017; 139:e20160360. [PMID: 28115541 PMCID: PMC5260145 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2016-0360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To examine changes in the prevalence of 15 HIV/AIDS sex and drug risk behaviors in delinquent youth during the 14 years after they leave detention, focusing on sex and racial/ethnic differences. METHODS The Northwestern Juvenile Project, a prospective longitudinal study of 1829 youth randomly sampled from detention in Chicago, Illinois, recruited between 1995 and 1998 and reinterviewed up to 11 times. Independent interviewers assessed HIV/AIDS risk behaviors using the National Institutes on Drug Abuse Risk Behavior Assessment. RESULTS Fourteen years after detention (median age, 30 years), one-quarter of males and one-tenth of females had >1 sexual partner in the past 3 months. One-tenth of participants reported recent unprotected vaginal sex with a high-risk partner. There were many sex and racial/ethnic differences. For example, African American males had 4.67 times the odds of having >1 partner than African American females (95% confidence interval [CI], 3.22-6.76). Over time, compared with non-Hispanic white males, African American males had 2.56 times the odds (95% CI, 1.97-3.33) and Hispanic males had 1.63 times the odds (95% CI, 1.24-2.12) of having multiple partners, even after adjusting for incarceration and age. Non-Hispanic white females were more likely to have multiple partners than racial/ethnic minority females. CONCLUSIONS Although rates decrease over time, prevalence of sex risk behaviors are much higher than the general population. Among males, racial/ethnic minorities were at particular risk. The challenge for pediatric health is to address how disproportionate confinement of racial/ethnic minority youth contributes to disparities in the HIV/AIDS epidemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen M Abram
- Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, and
| | | | - Leah J Welty
- Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, and
- Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - David A Aaby
- Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, and
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37
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Cohall AT. "Falling Through the Cracks:" Young Adults, Drugs, and Incarceration. Am J Public Health 2016; 106:972-3. [PMID: 27153010 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2016.303214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alwyn T Cohall
- Alwyn T. Cohall is with the Departments of Sociomedical Sciences, and Population and Family Health at the Mailman School of Public Health, and the Department of Pediatrics at the Morgan Stanley Children's Hospital, Columbia University Medical Center
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