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Edwards KC, St Helen G, Jacob P, Ozga JE, Stanton CA. Urinary anatalline and nicotelline cut-points to distinguish between exclusive and dual use of tobacco products. Biomarkers 2024:1-9. [PMID: 39105562 DOI: 10.1080/1354750x.2024.2389047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2024] [Accepted: 07/31/2024] [Indexed: 08/07/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study measured anatalline and nicotelline, two minor tobacco alkaloids, to discriminate between exclusive smokeless tobacco (SLT) use, exclusive electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) use, exclusive cigarette use, dual SLT and cigarette use, and dual ENDS and cigarette use. METHODS N = 664 urine samples from participants in the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health Study were analyzed for anatalline and nicotelline. Geometric means and 95% confidence intervals were calculated for biomarker levels and their ratios. Non-parametric Receiver Operating Characteristic analyses were used to determine optimal cut-points of natural log-transformed biomarker ratios for distinguishing between tobacco use groups. RESULTS The anatalline/nicotelline ratio distinguished exclusive cigarette from exclusive SLT use (threshold = 18.1, sensitivity = 89.3%, specificity = 86.4%, AUC = 0.90), and exclusive SLT from exclusive ENDS use (threshold = 12.8, sensitivity = 96.4%, specificity = 76.3%, AUC = 0.90) very well, but had reduced sensitivity and specificity when distinguishing exclusive cigarette from exclusive ENDS or any dual use with cigarettes. CONCLUSIONS This research fills a gap in understanding the public health consequences of SLT and ENDS use by providing objective measures that can signal use of these products alone or in combination with cigarettes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gideon St Helen
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Peyton Jacob
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jenny E Ozga
- Behavioral Health and Health Policy, Westat, Rockville, MD, USA
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2
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Smethells JR, S W, P M, MG L, AP H. The role of β-Nicotyrine in E-Cigarette abuse liability I: Drug Discrimination. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.07.12.603310. [PMID: 39071347 PMCID: PMC11275838 DOI: 10.1101/2024.07.12.603310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
Background β-Nicotyrine (β-Nic) is a unique minor alkaloid constituent in electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) that is derived from nicotine (Nic) degradation and can reach 25% of Nic concentrations in ENDS aerosol. β-Nic slows Nic metabolism and prolongs systemic Nic exposure, which may alter the discriminability of Nic. The present study sought to examine β-Nic has interoceptive effects itself, and if it alters the subjective effects ENDS products within a drug-discrimination paradigm. Methods The pharmacodynamics of β-Nic were examined in vitro, and a nicotine discrimination paradigm was used to determine if β-Nic (0 - 5.0 mg/kg) shares discriminative stimulus properties with Nic (0.2 mg/kg) in male (n = 13) and female (n = 14) rats after 10- & 60-min β-Nic pretreatment delays. A second group of rats was trained to discriminate β-Nic and Nornicotine (Nornic) from saline to determine if β-Nic alone has interoceptive properties and whether they are similar to Nornic. Results β-Nic had similar binding affinity and efficacy at the α4β2 nicotinic receptor subtype as Nornic, ~50% of Nic efficacy. However, β-Nic only weakly substituted for Nic during substitution testing in female rats, but not males, whereas Nornic fully substituted for Nic. Combination testing at the 10 and 60-min pretreatment intervals showed that β-Nic dose-dependently increased the duration of nicotine's discriminative stimulus effects, especially at the 60-min delay. Drug naïve rats could reliably discriminate Nornic, but not β-Nic, from Sal. Conclusion β-Nic increased and prolonged the interoceptive stimulus properties of Nic, suggesting it may alter to the abuse liability of ENDS through its ability to slow Nic metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- JR Smethells
- Hennepin Healthcare Research Institute, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Wilde S
- Hennepin Healthcare Research Institute, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Muelken P
- Hennepin Healthcare Research Institute, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - LeSage MG
- Hennepin Healthcare Research Institute, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Harris AP
- Hennepin Healthcare Research Institute, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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3
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Burke EL, Desai RI. Reinforcing and adverse observable effects of nicotine and minor tobacco alkaloids in squirrel monkeys. Drug Alcohol Depend 2024; 258:111280. [PMID: 38614019 PMCID: PMC11117166 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2024.111280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2024] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/15/2024]
Abstract
The most prevalent psychoactive chemical in tobacco smoke is nicotine, which has been shown to maintain tobacco consumption as well as cause acute adverse effects at high doses, like nausea and emesis. Recent studies in laboratory animals have suggested that many non-nicotine constituents of tobacco smoke (e.g., minor tobacco alkaloids) may also contribute to tobacco's overall reinforcing and adverse effects. Here, we used intravenous (IV) self-administration (n = 3) and observation (n = 4) procedures in squirrel monkeys to, respectively, compare the reinforcing and adverse observable effects of nicotine and three prominent minor tobacco alkaloids, nornicotine, anatabine, and myosmine. In self-administration studies, male squirrel monkeys were trained to respond under a second-order fixed-interval schedule of reinforcement and dose-effects functions for nicotine and each of the minor tobacco alkaloids nornicotine, anatabine, and mysomine were determined. Observation studies were conducted in a different group of male squirrel monkeys to quantify the ability of nicotine, nornicotine, anatabine, and mysomine to produce adverse overt effects, including hypersalivation, emesis, and tremors. Results show that nicotine and to a lesser extent nornicotine were readily self-administered, whereas anatabine and myosmine were not. In observation studies, all minor tobacco alkaloids produced adverse observable effects that were either comparable or more pronounced than nicotine. Collectively, the present results showing that nicotine and the minor tobacco alkaloids nornicotine, anatabine, and myosmine produce differential reinforcing and acute adverse observable effects in monkeys provides further evidence that these constituents may differently contribute to the psychopharmacological and adverse effects of tobacco consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily L Burke
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Integrative Neurochemistry Laboratory, Behavioral Biology Program, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA 02478, USA
| | - Rajeev I Desai
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Integrative Neurochemistry Laboratory, Behavioral Biology Program, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA 02478, USA.
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Lee HS, Chun MR, Lee SY. Simultaneous Measurement and Distribution Analysis of Urinary Nicotine, Cotinine, Trans-3'-Hydroxycotinine, Nornicotine, Anabasine, and Total Nicotine Equivalents in a Large Korean Population. Molecules 2023; 28:7685. [PMID: 38067415 PMCID: PMC10708046 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28237685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Measurement of multiple nicotine metabolites and total nicotine equivalents (TNE) might be a more reliable strategy for tobacco exposure verification than measuring single urinary cotinine alone. We simultaneously measured nicotine, cotinine, 3-OH cotinine, nornicotine, and anabasine using 19,874 urine samples collected from the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Of all samples, 18.6% were positive for cotinine, 17.4% for nicotine, 17.3% for nornicotine, 17.6% for 3-OH cotinine, and 13.2% for anabasine. Of the cotinine negative samples, less than 0.3% were positive for all nicotine metabolites, but not for anabasine (5.7%). The agreement of the classification of smoking status by cotinine combined with nicotine metabolites was 0.982-0.994 (Cohen's kappa). TNE3 (the molar sum of urinary nicotine, cotinine, and 3-OH cotinine) was most strongly correlated with cotinine compared to the other nicotine metabolites; however, anabasine was less strongly correlated with other biomarkers. Among anabasine-positive samples, 30% were negative for nicotine or its metabolites, and 25% were undetectable. Our study shows that the single measurement of urinary cotinine is simple and has a comparable classification of smoking status to differentiate between current smokers and non-smokers relative to the measurement of multiple nicotine metabolites. However, measurement of multiple nicotine metabolites and TNE3 could be useful for monitoring exposure to low-level or secondhand smoke exposure and for determining individual differences in nicotine metabolism. Geometric or cultural factors should be considered for the differentiation of tobacco use from patients with nicotine replacement therapy by anabasine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Seung Lee
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Wonkwang University, 895 Muwang-ro, Iksan-si 54538, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea;
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Genetics, Samsung Medical Center, School of Medicine, Sungkyunkwan University, 81 Irwon-ro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul 06351, Republic of Korea;
| | - Mi-Ryung Chun
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Genetics, Samsung Medical Center, School of Medicine, Sungkyunkwan University, 81 Irwon-ro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul 06351, Republic of Korea;
| | - Soo-Youn Lee
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Genetics, Samsung Medical Center, School of Medicine, Sungkyunkwan University, 81 Irwon-ro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul 06351, Republic of Korea;
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Samsung Medical Center, School of Medicine, Sungkyunkwan University, 81 Irwon-ro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul 06351, Republic of Korea
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5
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Azzopardi D, Haswell LE, Frosina J, McEwan M, Gale N, Thissen J, Meichanetzidis F, Hardie G. Assessment of biomarkers of exposure and potential harm, and physiological and subjective health measures in exclusive users of nicotine pouches and current, former and never smokers. Biomarkers 2023; 28:118-129. [PMID: 36484137 DOI: 10.1080/1354750x.2022.2148747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Background: Oral nicotine pouches (NPs) are smokeless, tobacco-free products that have a potential role in tobacco harm reduction strategies.Methods: In a cross-sectional study in Sweden/Denmark, several recognised biomarkers of potential harm (BoPHs) linked to smoking-related diseases/their initiating biological processes, and biomarkers of exposure (BoEs) to tobacco/tobacco smoke toxicants were compared among exclusive adult users of Velo NPs and current/former/never smokers. Over 24 h, participants used their usual product (Velo NP or cigarette) as normal, and BoEs/BoPHs were assessed via blood/24-h urine/exhaled breath/physiological assessments.Results: Among the primary endpoints, total NNAL (16.9 ± 29.47 vs 187.4 ± 228.93 pg/24 h), white blood cell count (5.59 ± 1.223 vs 6.90 ± 1.758 × 109/L), and COHb (4.36 ± 0.525 vs 8.03 ± 2.173% saturation) were significantly lower among Velo users than among smokers (91%, 19% and 46% lower, respectively, all P < 0.0001), while fractional exhaled NO, previously shown to be lower in smokers, was significantly higher (23.18 ± 17.909 vs 11.20 ± 6.980 ppb) among Velo users (107% higher, P < 0.0001). Furthermore, sICAM-1 tended to be lower (185.9 ± 42.88 vs 204.5 ± 64.85 ng/mL) among Velo users than smokers (9% lower). Several secondary endpoints, including six BoEs (3-HPMA (246.7 ± 91.07 vs 1165.7 ± 718.35 μg/24 h), 3-OH-B[a]P (82.4 ± 217.58 vs 258.3 ± 190.20 pg/24 h), HMPMA (135.1 ± 77.85 vs 368.8 ± 183.15 μg/24 h), MHBMA (0.22 ± 0.166 vs 3.39 ± 2.943 μg/24 h), S-PMA (0.10 ± 0.059 vs 3.53 ± 2.736 µg/24 h) and total NNN (7.5 ± 24.84 vs 9.7 ± 5.93 ng/24 h)), were significantly lower among Velo users (78.8%, 68.1%, 63.4%, 93.5%, 97.2% and 22.7% lower, respectively, P < 0.0001-0.0011), while total nicotine equivalents was significantly higher among Velo users (22.6 ± 12.69 vs 12.1 ± 7.92 mg/24 h, P < 0.0001), although Velo user levels are comparable to those previously reported among oral tobacco users, and Velo user and smoker mean levels were similar in Denmark.Conclusion: As compared with smokers, exclusive users of Velo NPs have significantly less exposure to tobacco toxicants and more favourable BoPHs associated with initiating biological processes of smoking-related diseases.International Standard Registered Clinical Trial number: ISRCTN16988167.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Azzopardi
- British American Tobacco (Investments) Ltd., R&D Centre, Southampton, UK
| | - Linsey E Haswell
- British American Tobacco (Investments) Ltd., R&D Centre, Southampton, UK
| | - Justin Frosina
- British American Tobacco (Investments) Ltd., R&D Centre, Southampton, UK
| | - Michael McEwan
- British American Tobacco (Investments) Ltd., R&D Centre, Southampton, UK
| | - Nathan Gale
- British American Tobacco (Investments) Ltd., R&D Centre, Southampton, UK
| | - Jesse Thissen
- British American Tobacco (Investments) Ltd., R&D Centre, Southampton, UK
| | | | - George Hardie
- British American Tobacco (Investments) Ltd., R&D Centre, Southampton, UK
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6
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Kolli AR, Calvino-Martin F, Kuczaj AK, Wong ET, Titz B, Xiang Y, Lebrun S, Schlage WK, Vanscheeuwijck P, Hoeng J. Deconvolution of Systemic Pharmacokinetics Predicts Inhaled Aerosol Dosimetry of Nicotine. Eur J Pharm Sci 2023; 180:106321. [PMID: 36336278 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2022.106321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Absorption of inhaled compounds can occur from multiple sites based on upper and lower respiratory tract deposition, and clearance mechanisms leading to differential local and systemic pharmacokinetics. Deriving inhaled aerosol dosimetry and local tissue concentrations for nose-only exposure in rodents and inhaled products in humans is challenging. In this study we use inhaled nicotine as an example to identify regional respiratory tract deposition, absorption fractions, and their contribution toward systemic pharmacokinetics in rodents and humans. A physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model was constructed to describe the disposition of nicotine and its major metabolite, cotinine. The model description for the lungs was simplified to include an upper respiratory tract region with active mucociliary clearance and a lower respiratory tract region. The PBPK model parameters such as rate of oral absorption, metabolism and clearance were fitted to the published nicotine and cotinine plasma concentrations post systemic administration and oral dosing. The fractional deposition of inhaled aerosol in the upper and lower respiratory tract regions was estimated by fitting the plasma concentrations. The model predicted upper respiratory tract deposition was 63.9% for nose-only exposure to nicotine containing nebulized aqueous aerosol in rats and 60.2% for orally inhaled electronic vapor product in humans. A marked absorption of nicotine from the upper respiratory tract and the gastrointestinal tract for inhaled aqueous aerosol contributed to the differential systemic pharmacokinetics in rats and humans. The PBPK model derived dosimetry shows that the current aerosol dosimetry models with their posteriori application using independent aerosol physicochemical characterization to predict aerosol deposition are insufficient and will need to consider complex interplay of inhaled aerosol evolutionary process. While the study highlights the needs for future research, it provides a preliminary framework for interpreting pharmacokinetics of inhaled aerosols to facilitate the analysis of in vivo exposure-responses for pharmacological and toxicological assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditya R Kolli
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
| | | | - Arkadiusz K Kuczaj
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Ee Tsin Wong
- Philip Morris International Research Laboratories Pte Ltd, 50 Science Park Road, The Kendall #02-07 Science Park II, 117406, Singapore
| | - Bjoern Titz
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Yang Xiang
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Lebrun
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Walter K Schlage
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland; Biology consultant, Max-Baermann-Str. 21, D-51429 Bergisch Gladbach, Germany
| | | | - Julia Hoeng
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
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7
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Esther CR, O'Neal WK, Alexis NE, Koch AL, Cooper CB, Barjaktarevic I, Raffield LM, Bowler RP, Comellas AP, Peters SP, Hastie AT, Curtis JL, Ronish B, Ortega VE, Wells JM, Halper-Stromberg E, Rennard SI, Boucher RC. Prolonged, physiologically relevant nicotine concentrations in the airways of smokers. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2023; 324:L32-L37. [PMID: 36342131 PMCID: PMC9829458 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00038.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Nicotine from cigarette smoke is a biologically active molecule that has pleiotropic effects in the airway, which could play a role in smoking-induced lung disease. However, whether nicotine and its metabolites reach sustained, physiologically relevant concentrations on airway surfaces of smokers is not well defined. To address these issues, concentrations of nicotine, cotinine, and hydroxycotinine were measured by mass spectrometry (MS) in supernatants of induced sputum obtained from participants in the subpopulations and intermediate outcome measures in COPD study (SPIROMICS), an ongoing observational study that included never smokers, former smokers, and current smokers with and without chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). A total of 980 sputum supernatants were analyzed from 77 healthy never smokers, 494 former smokers (233 with COPD), and 396 active smokers (151 with COPD). Sputum nicotine, cotinine, and hydroxycotinine concentrations corresponded to self-reported smoking status and were strongly correlated to urine measures. A cutoff of ∼8-10 ng/mL of sputum cotinine distinguished never smokers from active smokers. Accounting for sample dilution during processing, active smokers had airway nicotine concentrations in the 70-850 ng/mL (∼0.5-5 µM) range, and concentrations remained elevated even in current smokers who had not smoked within 24 h. This study demonstrates that airway nicotine and its metabolites are readily measured in sputum supernatants and can serve as biological markers of smoke exposure. In current smokers, nicotine is present at physiologically relevant concentrations for prolonged periods, supporting a contribution to cigarette-induced airway disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles R Esther
- Marsico Lung Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Wanda K O'Neal
- Marsico Lung Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Neil E Alexis
- Marsico Lung Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Abigail L Koch
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Christopher B Cooper
- Department of Medicine and Physiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Igor Barjaktarevic
- Department of Medicine and Physiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Laura M Raffield
- Marsico Lung Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Russel P Bowler
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado
| | - Alejandro P Comellas
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Occupational Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Stephen P Peters
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Annette T Hastie
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Jeffrey L Curtis
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Michigan Ann Arbor, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Medical Service, Veterans Affairs Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Bonnie Ronish
- Occupational and Environmental Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Victor E Ortega
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona
| | - J Michael Wells
- Division of Pulmonary Allergy and Critical Care, Lung Health Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | | | - Stephen I Rennard
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Richard C Boucher
- Marsico Lung Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
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8
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Azzopardi D, Haswell LE, Frosina J, McEwan M, Gale N, Thissen J, Meichanetzidis F, Hardie G. Biomarkers of Exposure and Potential Harm in Exclusive Users of Nicotine Pouches and Current, Former, and Never Smokers: Protocol for a Cross-sectional Clinical Study. JMIR Res Protoc 2022; 11:e39785. [PMID: 36201395 PMCID: PMC9585440 DOI: 10.2196/39785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Tobacco harm reduction (THR) aims to reduce the health burden of cigarettes by encouraging smokers to switch to using alternative tobacco or nicotine products. Nicotine pouches (NPs) are smokeless, tobacco-free, oral products that may be beneficial as part of a THR strategy. Objective This 2-center, cross-sectional confinement study conducted in Denmark and Sweden aimed to determine whether biomarkers of exposure (BoEs) to tobacco toxicants and biomarkers of potential harm (BoPHs) in exclusive users of NPs show favorable differences compared with current smokers. Methods Participants were healthy NP users (target n=100) and current, former, or never smokers (target n=40 each), as confirmed by urinary cotinine and exhaled carbon monoxide concentrations. During a 24-hour confinement period, participants were asked to use their usual product (NP or cigarette) as normal, and BoEs and BoPHs were measured in blood and 24-hour urine samples, with compliance determined using anabasine, anatabine, and N-(2-cyanoethyl)valine. BoEs and BoPHs were compared between NP users and current, former, and never smokers. Urinary total 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol (BoE to nicotine-derived nitrosamine ketone) and urinary 8-epi-prostaglandin F2α type III, exhaled nitric oxide, blood carboxyhemoglobin, white blood cell count, soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (BoPHs) were evaluated as primary outcomes. Other measures included urinary 11-dehydrothromboxane B2, forced expiratory volume, carotid intima-media thickness, self-reported quality of life, and oral health. Results The results of this study were received in mid-2022 and will be published in late 2022 to early 2023. Conclusions The results of this study will provide information on toxicant exposure and biomarkers associated with the development of smoking-related diseases among users of NPs compared with smokers, as well as on the potential role of NPs in THR. Trial Registration International Standard Randomised Controlled Trial Number (ISRCTN) ISRCTN16988167; https://www.isrctn.com/ISRCTN16988167 International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID) DERR1-10.2196/39785
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Affiliation(s)
- David Azzopardi
- British American Tobacco (Investments) Limited, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | | | - Justin Frosina
- British American Tobacco (Investments) Limited, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Michael McEwan
- British American Tobacco (Investments) Limited, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Nathan Gale
- British American Tobacco (Investments) Limited, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Jesse Thissen
- British American Tobacco (Investments) Limited, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | | | - George Hardie
- British American Tobacco (Investments) Limited, Southampton, United Kingdom
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9
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Medcalf MR, Bantis LE, Shi P, Bhadbhade P, Gundry RL, Mikuls TR, England BR, O'Dell JR, Funk RS. Plasma metabolomic profiling as a tool to identify predictive biomarkers of methotrexate efficacy in rheumatoid arthritis. Semin Arthritis Rheum 2022; 56:152056. [PMID: 35785666 PMCID: PMC10316318 DOI: 10.1016/j.semarthrit.2022.152056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Methotrexate (MTX) remains the first-choice disease-modifying therapy in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). However, clinical response is variable, and no reliable predictive biomarkers of efficacy currently exist. In this study, plasma metabolomic profiling is evaluated as a tool to identify pretreatment biomarkers of MTX response in RA. METHODS Plasma collected from RA patients initiating MTX therapy (n = 20) were analyzed by metabolomic profiling totaling 648 identified metabolites. Pretreatment metabolomic profiles were compared based on clinical response after 16-weeks of MTX therapy. Clinical response to MTX was defined by a clinically meaningful reduction in disease activity score in 28 joints (DAS28-ESR) of greater than 1.2. RESULTS Pretreatment plasma levels of 19 metabolites were found to differ (p < 0.05) between RA patients based on response to MTX at 16-weeks. Spearman's correlation of pretreatment plasma metabolite levels with change in DAS28-ESR over the treatment period further supported three of the identified metabolites as associated with MTX response (p < 0.05). The identified metabolite levels were all found to be lower in RA patients responsive to MTX but were not found to be intercorrelated. Receiver operating characteristic analysis of each of the identified metabolites, alone or in combination, demonstrated an excellent discrimination between responders and non-responders based on pretreatment plasma levels of nornicotine (AUC = 0.84), N-methylisoleucine (AUC = 0.82), 2,3-dihydroxybutanoic acid (AUC = 0.82), and a combination biomarker panel score (AUC = 0.98). CONCLUSION Pretreatment plasma metabolomic profiling identified multiple metabolites associated with early response to MTX therapy in RA and represents a promising approach for the identification of clinical biomarkers of MTX response in RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R Medcalf
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, University of Kansas, Kansas City, KS, United States
| | - Leonidas E Bantis
- Department of Biostatics & Data Science, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
| | - Peng Shi
- Department of Biostatics & Data Science, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
| | - Pooja Bhadbhade
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Allergy, Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
| | - Rebekah L Gundry
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, CardiOmics Program, Center for Heart and Vascular Research, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Ted R Mikuls
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology & Immunology, University of Nebraska Medical Center (UNMC), Omaha, NE, United States; VA Nebraska-Western IA Health Care System, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Bryant R England
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology & Immunology, University of Nebraska Medical Center (UNMC), Omaha, NE, United States; VA Nebraska-Western IA Health Care System, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - James R O'Dell
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology & Immunology, University of Nebraska Medical Center (UNMC), Omaha, NE, United States; VA Nebraska-Western IA Health Care System, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Ryan S Funk
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, University of Kansas, Kansas City, KS, United States.
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10
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Development of an Ultra-High Performance Liquid Chromatography method for the simultaneous mass detection of tobacco biomarkers in urine. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2022; 1210:123476. [PMID: 36174263 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2022.123476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The quantification of tobacco exposure biomarkers is relevant to follow the patients' tobacco use. They allow to discriminate between tobacco users, non-users, passive smokers, and nicotine products users, such as in nicotine replacement therapy. The aim of this study was to develop and validate a quantification method of tobacco biomarkers of choice - nicotine, cotinine, trans-3'-hydroxycotinine, anatabine and anabasine - in urine. The challenge was to develop an easy and rapid liquid chromatography method requiring only one extraction step and allowing simultaneous detections. Some methods are described in the literature but need specific investment in terms of instrumentation and users training. Here, the developed method had to be carried out with instrumentation easily accessible for medical laboratories. The extraction of the analytes was performed by Supported Liquid Extraction (SLE), which consists in liquid-liquid extraction but supported by a sorbent. It allows to insure efficient neutrals extraction with less organic solvent and without any emulsion formation. 200 µl of basified urine - analytes of interest are neutral in this condition - were loaded on Novum SLE 96-Well Plates (Phenomenex) and analytes were eluted with 1 % formic acid in dichloromethane/propan-2-ol (95/5). After solvent evaporation, samples were reconstituted with 100 µl of water for injection. A mass detector (QDa, Waters) was used to detect analytes, this pre-optimised quadrupole mass analyser being less expensive and requiring less adjustments than traditional mass spectrometers while benefiting of the reliability of mass spectral data. This detector was integrated after an Ultra-high performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) separation on a BEH C18 column (Waters) at a flow rate of 0.5 ml/min. A gradient elution of H2O (pH 10 with NH4OH) and CH3CN was used. Finally, the developed method was validated. This new method is conclusive to assess the patients' tobacco exposure and is easy to implement in medical laboratories.
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11
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Carter RR, Kovach AL, Thomas BF. A comparison of nicotine content methods to produce a UPC 2-MS 2 method for the analysis of nicotine and minor alkaloids in SPECTRUM nicotine research cigarettes. Anal Bioanal Chem 2022; 414:5817-5828. [PMID: 35676561 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-022-04144-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Nicotine is the principal alkaloid in tobacco and has been the primary subject of scientific investigation for its pharmacological effects contributing to tobacco use, dependence, withdrawal, and physical harm. Related minor alkaloids, accounting for less than 6% of alkaloid content in tobacco leaves, may also mirror some of the same pharmacological effects. To detect such low concentrations of the minor alkaloids, tobacco product methods produced by the Cooperation Centre for Scientific Research Relative to Tobacco (CORESTA) using gas chromatography and flame ionization detection (GC-FID) have been adapted for use with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Nicotine and minor alkaloid content in SPECTRUM Nicotine Research Cigarettes (NRC) have previously been determined using GC-FID; however, the minor alkaloids were unable to be detected or quantitated. This study employed UltraPerformance Convergence Chromatography (UPC2) system coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (MS2) to determine the nicotine and minor alkaloid content in NRC tobacco products. CORESTA Recommended Methods (CRMs) were adapted for their sample preparative procedures for optimal extraction followed by detection with UPC2-MS2. These results were compared to two separate CRMs that used GC-FID and GC-MS2 as well as an alternative method with GC-MS2 detection. The GC-FID and GC-MS2 CRM preparations along with the alternative GC-MS2 were unable to detect the analytes in every NRC formulation, whereas the UPC2-MS2 extraction and detection method was able to quantify every analyte in every NRC formulation. This increased sensitivity demonstrates the utility of the UPC2-MS2 analytical method in accurately detecting and quantifying nicotine and minor alkaloids in tobacco filler.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randi R Carter
- Discovery Sciences, RTI International, 3040 Cornwallis Road, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA.
| | - Alexander L Kovach
- Discovery Sciences, RTI International, 3040 Cornwallis Road, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Brian F Thomas
- Department of Analytical Sciences, The Cronos Group, Toronto, ON, M5V 2H1, Canada
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Jacob P, Chan L, Cheung P, Bello K, Yu L, StHelen G, Benowitz NL. Minor Tobacco Alkaloids as Biomarkers to Distinguish Combusted Tobacco Use From Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems Use. Two New Analytical Methods. Front Chem 2022; 10:749089. [PMID: 35720984 PMCID: PMC9198481 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.749089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Biomarkers for the use of electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) are desirable for studies of the health effects of electronic cigarettes and related devices. However, the aerosols inhaled from these devices do not contain substances that are unique to this class of products, i.e., substances that are not present in cigarette smoke or those that do not have common environmental or dietary sources. Consequently, identifying selective biomarkers for ENDS use remains a challenge. If co-use of conventional tobacco products can be definitively ruled out, then nicotine and its metabolites are suitable for assessing exposure. Self-reports from questionnaires are often used to obtain information on product use. But self-reports may not always be accurate, and are not amenable to obtaining quantitative information on exposure. An alternative approach is to use selective biomarkers for conventional tobacco products to definitively rule out their use. In this article, we describe two new LC-MS/MS methods for the minor tobacco alkaloids anabasine, anatabine, nicotelline, anatalline, and 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol (NNAL), a tobacco-specific nitrosamine metabolite, all biomarkers that are selective for the use of conventional tobacco products. Applications of these biomarkers in studies of ENDS use and dual use of ENDS and conventional tobacco products are also discussed.
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13
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Scherer G, Scherer M, Mütze J, Hauke T, Pluym N. Assessment of the Exposure to Tobacco-Specific Nitrosamines and Minor Tobacco Alkaloids in Users of Various Tobacco/Nicotine Products. Chem Res Toxicol 2022; 35:684-693. [PMID: 35298128 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.2c00020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Tobacco-specific nitrosamines (TSNAs), in particular, the human carcinogens 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) and N'-nitrosonornicotine (NNN), are important toxicants in tobacco and also (as contaminants) in nicotine products. In a clinical study comprising a period of 74 h under confinement, we investigated the exposure to NNK, NNN, N'-nitrosoanabasine (NAB), and N'-nitrosoanatabine (NAT) as well as to the minor tobacco alkaloids anabasine (AB) and anatabine (AT) by measuring suitable biomarkers in habitual users of combustible cigarettes (CCs), electronic cigarettes (ECs), heated tobacco products (HTPs), oral tobacco (OT), and nicotine replacement therapy products (NRTs). Non-users (NU) of any tobacco/nicotine products served as the (negative) control group. Smokers exhibited the highest levels for all biomarkers measured, except for AB in urine, which was found to be highest in OT users. Somewhat elevated levels compared to NU, EC, and NRT groups were also observed in the users of HTPs. In the users of tobacco-containing products (CC, HTP, and OT), most frequently the biomarkers significantly correlated with the dose markers such as daily consumption, urinary nicotine equivalents (Nequ), and plasma cotinine (CotP). In conclusion, except for smokers (CC) and OT users, exposure of users of ECs, HTPs, and NRTs to TSNAs as well as the minor tobacco alkaloids AB and AT is marginal and statistically not distinguishable from that of NU. Finally, our results for NNN in the saliva provide preliminary evidence for the formation of NNN from the precursor nornicotine in the presence of thiocyanate as a catalyst. The latter hypothesis requires experimental verification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerhard Scherer
- ABF, Analytisch-Biologisches Forschungslabor GmbH, Semmelweisstraße 5, 82152 Planegg, Germany
| | - Max Scherer
- ABF, Analytisch-Biologisches Forschungslabor GmbH, Semmelweisstraße 5, 82152 Planegg, Germany
| | - Janina Mütze
- ABF, Analytisch-Biologisches Forschungslabor GmbH, Semmelweisstraße 5, 82152 Planegg, Germany
| | - Tobias Hauke
- ABF, Analytisch-Biologisches Forschungslabor GmbH, Semmelweisstraße 5, 82152 Planegg, Germany
| | - Nikola Pluym
- ABF, Analytisch-Biologisches Forschungslabor GmbH, Semmelweisstraße 5, 82152 Planegg, Germany
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14
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Iken I, Badrane N, Chebat A, Ait Daoud N, Ghandi M, Rhalem N, Soulaymani-Bencheikh R. Fatal outcome following the application of Nicotiana Glauca.L. in the framework of the traditional pharmacopoeia. TOXICOLOGIE ANALYTIQUE ET CLINIQUE 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxac.2021.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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15
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Anatabine, Nornicotine, and Anabasine Reduce Weight Gain and Body Fat through Decreases in Food Intake and Increases in Physical Activity. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11030481. [PMID: 35159932 PMCID: PMC8837150 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11030481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a leading cause of preventable death in the United States. Currently approved pharmacotherapies for the treatment of obesity are associated with rebound weight gain, negative side effects, and the potential for abuse. There is a need for new treatments with fewer side effects. Minor tobacco alkaloids (MTAs) are potential candidates for novel obesity pharmacotherapies. These alkaloids are structurally related to nicotine, which can help reduce body weight, but without the same addictive potential. The purpose of the current study was to examine the effects of three MTAs (nornicotine, anatabine, and anabasine) and nicotine on weight gain, body composition, chow intake, and physical activity. We hypothesized that the MTAs and nicotine would reduce weight gain through reductions in chow intake and increases in physical activity. To test this, male Sprague Dawley rats were housed in metabolic phenotyping chambers. Following acclimation to these chambers and to (subcutaneous (sc)) injections of saline, animals received daily injections (sc) of nornicotine, anabasine, anatabine, or nicotine for one week. Compared to saline-injected animals that gained body weight and body fat during the treatment phase, injections of nornicotine and anatabine prevented additional weight gain, alongside reductions in body fat. Rats receiving anabasine and nicotine gained body weight at a slower rate relative to rats receiving saline injections, and body fat remained unchanged. All compounds reduced the intake of chow pellets. Nornicotine and nicotine produced consistent increases in physical activity 6 h post-injection, whereas anabasine’s and anatabine’s effects on physical activity were more transient. These results show that short-term, daily administration of nornicotine, anabasine, and anatabine has positive effects on weight loss, through reductions in body fat and food intake and increases in physical activity. Together, these findings suggest that MTAs are worthy of further investigations as anti-obesity pharmacotherapies.
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16
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Piyankarage SC, McGahee E, Feng J, Blount BC, Wang L. Automated Solid Phase Extraction and Polarity-Switching Tandem Mass Spectrometry Technique for High Throughput Analysis of Urine Biomarkers for 14 Tobacco-related Compounds. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:30901-30909. [PMID: 34841133 PMCID: PMC8613820 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c02543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Tobacco use is the leading preventable cause of premature disease and death in the United States. Approximately, 34 million U.S. adults currently smoke cigarettes. We developed a method for automated sample preparation and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry quantitation of 14 tobacco-related analytes: nicotine (NICF), cotinine (COTF), trans-3'-hydroxycotinine (HCTF), menthol glucuronide (MEG), anabasine (ANBF), anatabine (ANTF), isonicoteine (ISNT), myosmine (MYOS), beta-nicotyrine (BNTR), bupropion (BUPR), cytisine (CYTI), varenicline (VARE), arecaidine (ARD), and arecoline (ARL). The method includes automated solid-phase extraction using customized positive-pressure functions. The preparation scheme has the capacity to process a batch of 96 samples within 4 h with greater than 88% recovery for all analytes. The 14 analytes, separated within 4.15 min using reversed-phase liquid chromatography, were determined using a triple-quadrupole mass spectrometer with atmospheric-pressure chemical ionization and multiple reaction monitoring in negative and positive ionization modes. Wide quantitation ranges, within 1.2-72,000 ng/mL, were established especially for COTF, HCTF, MEG, and NICF to quantify the broad range of biomarker concentrations found in the U.S. population. The method accuracy is above 90% while the overall imprecision is below 7%. Finally, we tested urine samples from 90 smokers and observed detection rates of over 98% for six analytes with urinary HCTF and MEG concentrations ranging from 200-14,100 and 60-57,100 ng/mL, respectively. This high throughput analytical process can prepare and analyze a sample in 9 min and along with the 14-compound analyte panel can be useful for tobacco-exposure studies, in smoking-cessation programs, and for detecting changes in exposure related to tobacco products and their use.
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17
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Silva H. Tobacco Use and Periodontal Disease-The Role of Microvascular Dysfunction. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:441. [PMID: 34067557 PMCID: PMC8156280 DOI: 10.3390/biology10050441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Periodontal disease consists in highly prevalent wide-ranging inflammatory conditions that affect the supporting apparatus of teeth. Tobacco use is the most important risk factor for periodontal disease as it increases disease severity and periodontal surgery complications. Tobacco use is harmful for the vasculature by causing microvascular dysfunction, which is known to negatively affect periodontal disease. To the author's knowledge this paper is the first comprehensive review on the mechanisms by which tobacco use affects oral microcirculation and impacts the pathophysiology of periodontal disease. In healthy subjects, acute nicotine administration or tobacco use (smoking/smokeless forms) increases the blood flow in the oral mucosa due to local irritation and increased blood pressure, which overcome neural- and endocrine-mediated vasoconstriction. Chronic tobacco smokers display an increased gingival microvascular density, which is attributed to an increased capillary recruitment, however, these microcirculatory units show higher tortuosity and lower caliber. These morphological changes, together with the repetitive vasoconstrictive insults, contribute to lower gingival perfusion in chronic smokers and do not completely regress upon smoking cessation. In periodontal disease there is considerable gingival inflammation and angiogenesis in non-smokers which, in chronic smokers, are considerably suppressed, in part due to local immune suppression and oxidative stress. Tobacco exposure, irrespective of the form of use, causes long-term microvascular dysfunction that increases the risk of complications due to the natural disease course or secondary therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrique Silva
- Informetrics Research Group, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City 758307, Vietnam;
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City 758307, Vietnam
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18
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Backe WJ. Suspect and non-target screening of reuse water by large-volume injection liquid chromatography and quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 266:128961. [PMID: 33243572 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Eight samples were obtained to characterize the chemical loads in water recycled for reuse applications. The sources included stormwater, rooftop runoff, wastewater, mixed water, and drinking water as a comparison. The water was reused for irrigation, cleaning, toilet flushing, and cooling purposes. Large-volume injection (650 μL) high-performance liquid chromatography and quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry were employed to separate and detect features by suspect and non-target screening. The instrumental method had the advantage that no sample extractions were required prior to analysis. Two chromatographic methods were developed to separate positive- and negative-ionizing compounds and retention time models were developed for both. Retention time models provide an additional measure of confidence for probable and tentative identifications. The two models had predictive R2-which indicates how well the models predicts new observations-of 0.87. After data-reduction, the number of features detected in the samples ranged from 304 to 1513. Feature metrics such as the average response-per-feature provided a simple method to characterize similarities and differences between samples. Additionally, a statistical comparison was performed by principal component analysis. Of the 97 suspect-screening compounds, 20 were positively identified. Benzotriazole/benzothiazole-derivatives and per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances were the most frequently detectedcompounds during suspect screening. Other compounds detected included pharmaceuticals, drug metabolites, and sucralose. Features were prioritized for non-target analysis based on in-house library matches, magnitude of response, and frequency of occurrence. Fifty-five unique compounds were positively identified via non-target analysis. The identified compounds included 17 pharmaceuticals, 17 pesticides, 13 industrial compounds, four personal-use compounds, and four biological compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Will J Backe
- Public Health Laboratory, Minnesota Department of Health, Saint Paul, Minnesota, United States.
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19
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Ryu IS, Kim J, Yang JH, Seo SY, Sohn S, Kim S, Lee K, Seo JW, Choe ES. Exposure to Commercial Cigarette Smoke Produces Psychomotor Sensitization Via Hyperstimulation of Glutamate Response in the Dorsal Striatum. Brain Sci 2020; 11:brainsci11010014. [PMID: 33374316 PMCID: PMC7830476 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11010014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cigarette smoke is a highly complex mixture of nicotine and non-nicotine constituents. Exposure to cigarette smoke enhances tobacco dependence by potentiating glutamatergic neurotransmission via stimulation of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs). We investigated the effects of nicotine and non-nicotine alkaloids in the cigarette smoke condensates extracted from two commercial cigarette brands in South Korea (KCSC A and KCSC B) on psychomotor behaviors and glutamate levels in the dorsal striatum. Repeated and challenge administration of KCSCs (nicotine content: 0.4 mg/kg, subcutaneous) increased psychomotor behaviors (ambulatory, rearing, and rotational activities) and time spent in psychoactive behavioral states compared to exposure to nicotine (0.4 mg/kg) alone. The increase in psychomotor behaviors lasted longer when exposed to repeated and challenge administration of KCSCs compared to nicotine alone. In parallel with sustained increase in psychomotor behaviors, repeated administration of KCSCs also caused long-lasting glutamate release in the dorsal striatum compared to nicotine alone. KCSC-induced changes in psychomotor behaviors and glutamate levels in the dorsal striatum were found to be strongly correlated. These findings suggest that non-nicotine alkaloids in commercial cigarette smoke synergistically act with nicotine on nAChRs, thereby upregulating glutamatergic response in the dorsal striatum, which contributes to the hypersensitization of psychomotor behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- In Soo Ryu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Pusan National University, 63-2 Busandaehak-ro, Geumjeong-gu, Busan 46241, Korea; (J.K.); (J.H.Y.); (S.Y.S.); (S.S.); (S.K.)
- Research Center for Convergence Toxicology, Korea Institute of Toxicology, 141 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34114, Korea;
- Correspondence: (I.S.R.); (E.S.C.); Tel.: +82-42-610-8293 (I.S.R.); +82-51-510-2272 (E.S.C.)
| | - Jieun Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Pusan National University, 63-2 Busandaehak-ro, Geumjeong-gu, Busan 46241, Korea; (J.K.); (J.H.Y.); (S.Y.S.); (S.S.); (S.K.)
| | - Ju Hwan Yang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Pusan National University, 63-2 Busandaehak-ro, Geumjeong-gu, Busan 46241, Korea; (J.K.); (J.H.Y.); (S.Y.S.); (S.S.); (S.K.)
| | - Su Yeon Seo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Pusan National University, 63-2 Busandaehak-ro, Geumjeong-gu, Busan 46241, Korea; (J.K.); (J.H.Y.); (S.Y.S.); (S.S.); (S.K.)
- Korean Medicine Fundamental Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, 1672 Yuseong-daero, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34054, Korea
| | - Sumin Sohn
- Department of Biological Sciences, Pusan National University, 63-2 Busandaehak-ro, Geumjeong-gu, Busan 46241, Korea; (J.K.); (J.H.Y.); (S.Y.S.); (S.S.); (S.K.)
| | - Sunghyun Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Pusan National University, 63-2 Busandaehak-ro, Geumjeong-gu, Busan 46241, Korea; (J.K.); (J.H.Y.); (S.Y.S.); (S.S.); (S.K.)
| | - Kyuhong Lee
- Inhalation Toxicology Research Center, Korea Institute of Toxicology, 30 Baekhak 1-gil, Jeongeup 56212, Korea;
| | - Joung-Wook Seo
- Research Center for Convergence Toxicology, Korea Institute of Toxicology, 141 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34114, Korea;
| | - Eun Sang Choe
- Department of Biological Sciences, Pusan National University, 63-2 Busandaehak-ro, Geumjeong-gu, Busan 46241, Korea; (J.K.); (J.H.Y.); (S.Y.S.); (S.S.); (S.K.)
- Correspondence: (I.S.R.); (E.S.C.); Tel.: +82-42-610-8293 (I.S.R.); +82-51-510-2272 (E.S.C.)
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20
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Zheng Q, Eaglesham G, Tscharke BJ, O'Brien JW, Li J, Thompson J, Shimko KM, Reeks T, Gerber C, Thomas KV, Thai PK. Determination of anabasine, anatabine, and nicotine biomarkers in wastewater by enhanced direct injection LC-MS/MS and evaluation of their in-sewer stability. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 743:140551. [PMID: 32653706 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) has been used to estimate tobacco use in the population. However, the increased use of nicotine replacement therapies and e-cigarettes contributes to the load of nicotine metabolites in wastewater, causing over-estimation of tobacco use if nicotine metabolites were used in WBE back-estimation. This study aims to develop a rapid method for determining the tobacco-specific biomarkers, anabasine and anatabine, in wastewater and to evaluate their in-sewer stability for better estimation of tobacco use by WBE. An enhanced direct injection LC-MS/MS was developed to quantify anabasine and anatabine as well as nicotine biomarkers (nicotine, cotinine and hydroxycotinine). The method was optimal when wastewater was filtered through 0.2 μm RC syringe filters and a pre-conditioned SPE cartridge (Oasis HLB 1 cc, 30 mg) before 50 μL was injected into the LC-MS/MS system. Limits of quantification varied between 2.7 and 54.9 ng/L with recoveries from 76% to 103% for all five compounds. In sewer reactors, anabasine and anatabine were less stable than cotinine and hydroxycotinine. They were more stable in the gravity sewer reactor with <20% loss in 12 h than in the rising main sewer reactor with ~30% loss in the same period. We then applied the new method to 42 daily wastewater influent samples collected from an Australian wastewater treatment plant. The five biomarkers were detected in all samples with concentrations ranging from 9.2 to 7430 ng/L. All five compounds were positively correlated with one another. Our results suggested a high throughput analytical method for feasible application in anabasine and anatabine as biomarkers of tobacco use in routine wastewater monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuda Zheng
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia.
| | - Geoff Eaglesham
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia
| | - Benjamin J Tscharke
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia
| | - Jake W O'Brien
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia
| | - Jiaying Li
- Advanced Water Management Center, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Jack Thompson
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia
| | - Katja M Shimko
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia
| | - Tim Reeks
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia
| | - Cobus Gerber
- Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide 5001, Australia
| | - Kevin V Thomas
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia
| | - Phong K Thai
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia
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21
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Benowitz NL, Bernert JT, Foulds J, Hecht SS, Jacob P, Jarvis MJ, Joseph A, Oncken C, Piper ME. Biochemical Verification of Tobacco Use and Abstinence: 2019 Update. Nicotine Tob Res 2020; 22:1086-1097. [PMID: 31570931 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntz132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 321] [Impact Index Per Article: 80.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The changing prevalence and patterns of tobacco use, the advent of novel nicotine delivery devices, and the development of new biomarkers prompted an update of the 2002 Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco (SRNT) report on whether and how to apply biomarker verification for tobacco use and abstinence. METHODS The SRNT Treatment Research Network convened a group of investigators with expertise in tobacco biomarkers to update the recommendations of the 2002 SNRT Biochemical Verification Report. RESULTS Biochemical verification of tobacco use and abstinence increases scientific rigor and is recommended in clinical trials of smoking cessation, when feasible. Sources, appropriate biospecimens, cutpoints, time of detection windows and analytic methods for carbon monoxide, cotinine (including over the counter tests), total nicotine equivalents, minor tobacco alkaloids, and 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol are reviewed, as well as biochemical approaches to distinguishing cigarette smoking from use of electronic nicotine delivery devices (ENDS). CONCLUSIONS Recommendations are provided for whether and how to use biochemical verification of tobacco use and abstinence. Guidelines are provided on which biomarkers to use, which biospecimens to use, optimal cutpoints, time windows to detection, and methodology for biochemical verifications. Use of combinations of biomarkers is recommended for assessment of ENDS use. IMPLICATIONS Biochemical verification increases scientific rigor, but there are drawbacks that need to be assessed to determine whether the benefits of biochemical verification outweigh the costs, including the cost of the assays, the feasibility of sample collection, the ability to draw clear conclusions based on the duration of abstinence, and the variability of the assay within the study population. This paper provides updated recommendations from the 2002 SRNT report on whether and how to use biochemical markers in determining tobacco use and abstinence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neal L Benowitz
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Departments of Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences; Center for Tobacco Control Research and Education, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - John T Bernert
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
| | - Jonathan Foulds
- Departments of Public Health Sciences and Psychiatry, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA
| | - Stephen S Hecht
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Pharmacology, and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Masonic Cancer Center, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Peyton Jacob
- Departments of Medicine and Psychiatry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Martin J Jarvis
- Department of Behavioural Science and Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Anne Joseph
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Cheryl Oncken
- Department of Medicine, University of Connecticut, Farmington, CT
| | - Megan E Piper
- Center for Tobacco Research and Intervention, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI
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22
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Habibagahi A, Alderman N, Kubwabo C. A review of the analysis of biomarkers of exposure to tobacco and vaping products. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2020; 12:4276-4302. [PMID: 32853303 DOI: 10.1039/d0ay01467b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Quantification of exposure to different chemicals from both combustible cigarettes and vaping products is important in providing information on the potential health risks of these products. To assess the exposure to tobacco products, biomarkers of exposure (BOEs) are measured in a variety of biological matrices. In this review paper, current knowledge on analytical methods applied to the analysis of biomarkers of exposure to tobacco products is discussed. Numerous sample preparation techniques are available for the extraction and sample clean up for the analysis of BOEs to tobacco and nicotine delivery products. Many tobacco products-related exposure biomarkers have been analyzed using different instrumental techniques, the most common techniques being gas and liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS, GC-MS/MS and LC-MS/MS). To assess exposure to emerging tobacco products and study exposure in dual tobacco users, the list of biomarkers analyzed in urine samples has been expanded. Therefore, the current state of the literature can be used in preparing a preferred list of biomarkers based on the aim of each study. The information summarized in this review is expected to be a handy tool for researchers involved in studying exposures to tobacco products, as well as in risk assessment of biomarkers of exposure to vaping products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arezoo Habibagahi
- Exposure and Biomonitoring Division, Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0K9, Canada.
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23
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Ho Y, Lee H, Lin M, Chang H. Correlations among life stress, smoking behavior, and depressive symptoms in adolescents: A descriptive study with a mediating model. Nurs Health Sci 2020; 22:949-957. [DOI: 10.1111/nhs.12752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yen‐Chung Ho
- School of Nursing, College of Nursing, Taipei Medical University Taipei Taiwan
| | - Hsin‐Chien Lee
- Department of Psychiatry School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University Taipei Taiwan
| | - Mei‐Feng Lin
- Department of Nursing, College of Medicine National Cheng Kung University Tainan Taiwan
| | - Hsiu‐Ju Chang
- School of Nursing, College of Nursing, Taipei Medical University Taipei Taiwan
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24
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Bade R, White JM, Tscharke BJ, Ghetia M, Abdelaziz A, Gerber C. Anabasine‐based measurement of cigarette consumption using wastewater analysis. Drug Test Anal 2020; 12:1393-1398. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Revised: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Richard Bade
- UniSA: Clinical and Health Sciences, Health and Biomedical Innovation University of South Australia South Australia Australia
| | - Jason M. White
- UniSA: Clinical and Health Sciences, Health and Biomedical Innovation University of South Australia South Australia Australia
| | - Benjamin J. Tscharke
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Science (QAEHS) The University of Queensland Woolloongabba Queensland Australia
| | - Maulik Ghetia
- UniSA: Clinical and Health Sciences, Health and Biomedical Innovation University of South Australia South Australia Australia
| | - Ahmed Abdelaziz
- UniSA: Clinical and Health Sciences, Health and Biomedical Innovation University of South Australia South Australia Australia
| | - Cobus Gerber
- UniSA: Clinical and Health Sciences, Health and Biomedical Innovation University of South Australia South Australia Australia
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25
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Gao Y, Yang X, Wang Z, Zhong Z, Hu Y, Wang Y. Supramolecular Nano-Encapsulation of Anabasine Reduced Its Developmental Toxicity in Zebrafish. Front Chem 2020; 8:134. [PMID: 32185162 PMCID: PMC7058803 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2020.00134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Anabasine (ANA), a major piperidine alkaloid originally isolated from wild tobacco trees (Nicotiana glauca), has been known to induce serious developmental toxicities such as skeletal deformities in livestock and humans. In this study, we thoroughly investigated the supramolecular nano-encapsulations of ANA by an artificial nanocontainer, cucurbit[7] uril (CB[7]), and examined the influences of the nano-encapsulation on ANA's inherent developmental toxicities on a zebrafish model. We have shown that CB[7] formed 1:1 host-guest inclusion complexes with ANA via a relatively high binding strength [Ka of (7.45 ± 0.31) × 104 M−1] in an aqueous solution, via UV-vis and 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopic titrations, as well as isothermal titration calorimetry titration. As a consequence, CB[7] significantly attenuated the developmental toxicity of ANA on zebrafish in vivo. In contrast, for a comparative purpose, β-CD didn't exert any influence on the toxicity of ANA due to its weak binding with ANA, which was not even measurable via either spectroscopic methods or ITC titration. This is the first head-to-head comparison of this pair of nanocontainers, CB[7] and β-CD, on their potential roles in influencing the toxicity of guest molecules and the results suggested that CB[7] could become a more promising functional excipient for reducing the inherent toxicities of active pharmaceutical ingredients, particularly alkaloids that may form relatively strong host-guest binding species with the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China
| | - Xue Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China
| | - Ziyi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China
| | - Zhangfeng Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China
| | - Yuanjia Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China
| | - Yitao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China
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Xing H, Keshwah S, Rouchaud A, Kem WR. A Pharmacological Comparison of Two Isomeric Nicotinic Receptor Agonists: The Marine Toxin Isoanatabine and the Tobacco Alkaloid Anatabine. Mar Drugs 2020; 18:E106. [PMID: 32053997 PMCID: PMC7073524 DOI: 10.3390/md18020106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Many organisms possess "secondary" compounds to avoid consumption or to immobilize prey. While the most abundant or active compounds are initially investigated, more extensive analyses reveal other "minor" compounds with distinctive properties that may also be of biomedical and pharmaceutical significance. Here, we present an initial in vitro investigation of the actions of two isomeric tetrahydropyridyl ring-containing anabasine analogs: isoanatabine, an alkaloid isolated from a marine worm, and anatabine, a relatively abundant minor alkaloid in commercial tobacco plants. Both compounds have a double bond that is distal to the piperidine ring nitrogen of anabasine. Racemic isoanatabine and anatabine were synthesized and their S- and R-enantiomers were isolated by chiral high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). Both isoanatabines displayed higher efficacies at α4β2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) relative to the anatabines; R-isoanatabine was most potent. Radioligand binding experiments revealed similar α4β2 nAChR binding affinities for the isoanatabines, but R-anatabine affinity was twice that of S-anatabine. While the two anatabines and S-isoanatabine were highly efficacious agonists at α7 nAChRs, R-isoanatabine was only a weak partial agonist. The four compounds share an ability to stimulate both α4β2 and α7 nAChRs, a property that may be useful in developing more efficacious drugs to treat neurodegenerative and other medical disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - William R. Kem
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA (S.K.)
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Brinkman MC, Teferra AA, Kassem NO, Kassem NO. Effect of electric heating and ice added to the bowl on mainstream waterpipe semivolatile furan and other toxicant yields. Tob Control 2020; 29:s110-s116. [PMID: 31542776 PMCID: PMC7050391 DOI: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2019-054961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Revised: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We examined mainstream total particulate matter, nicotine, cotinine, menthol, pyrene, carbon monoxide (CO) and semivolatile furan yields from a commercial waterpipe with two methods for heating the tobacco, quick-light charcoal (charcoal) and electric head (electric) and two water bowl preparations: with (ice) and without ice (water). METHODS Emissions from a single brand of popular waterpipe tobacco (10 g) were generated using machine smoking according to a two-stage puffing regimen developed from human puffing topography. Tobacco and charcoal consumption were calculated for each machine smoking session as mass lost, expressed as a fraction of presmoking mass. RESULTS The heating method had the greatest effect on toxicant yields. Electric heating resulted in increases in the fraction of tobacco consumed (2.4 times more, p<0.0001), mainstream nicotine (1.4 times higher, p=0.002) and semivolatile furan yields (1.4 times higher, p<0.03), and a decrease in mainstream CO and pyrene yields (8.2 and 2.1 times lower, respectively, p<0.001) as compared with charcoal. Adding ice to the bowl resulted in higher furan yields for electric heating. Menthol yields were not different across the four conditions and averaged 0.16±0.03 mg/session. 2-Furaldehyde and 5-(hydroxymethyl)-2-furaldehyde yields were up to 230 and 3900 times higher, respectively, than those reported for cigarettes. CONCLUSION Waterpipe components used to heat the tobacco and water bowl preparation can significantly affect mainstream toxicant yields. Mainstream waterpipe tobacco smoke is a significant source of inhalation exposure to semivolatile furans with human carcinogenic and mutagenic potential. These data highlight the need for acute and chronic inhalation toxicity data for semivolatile furans and provide support for the establishment of limits governing sugar additives in waterpipe tobacco and educational campaigns linking waterpipe tobacco smoking behaviours with their associated harm.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andreas A Teferra
- College of Public Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Noura O Kassem
- School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Nada Of Kassem
- School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, USA
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Begh R, Coleman T, Yardley L, Barnes R, Naughton F, Gilbert H, Ferrey A, Madigan C, Williams N, Hamilton L, Warren Y, Grabey J, Clark M, Dickinson A, Aveyard P. Examining the effectiveness of general practitioner and nurse promotion of electronic cigarettes versus standard care for smoking reduction and abstinence in hardcore smokers with smoking-related chronic disease: protocol for a randomised controlled trial. Trials 2019; 20:659. [PMID: 31779689 PMCID: PMC6883522 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-019-3850-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Despite the clear harm associated with smoking tobacco, many people with smoking-related chronic diseases or serious mental illnesses (SMI) are unwilling or unable to stop smoking. In many cases, these smokers have tried and exhausted all methods to stop smoking and yet clinicians are repeatedly mandated to offer them during routine consultations. Providing nicotine through electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) may reduce the adverse health consequences associated with tobacco smoking, but these are not currently offered. The aim of this study is to examine the feasibility, acceptability and effectiveness of general practitioners (GPs) and nurses delivering a brief advice intervention on e-cigarettes and offering an e-cigarette starter pack and patient support resources compared with standard care in smokers with smoking-related chronic diseases or SMI who are unwilling to stop smoking. Methods/design This is an individually randomised, blinded, two-arm trial. Smokers with a smoking-related chronic condition or SMI with no intention of stopping smoking will be recruited through primary care registers. Eligible participants will be randomised to one of two groups if they decline standard care for stopping smoking: a control group who will receive no additional support beyond standard care; or an intervention group who will receive GP or nurse-led brief advice about e-cigarettes, an e-cigarette starter pack with accompanying practical support booklet, and telephone support from experienced vapers and online video tutorials. The primary outcome measures will be smoking reduction, measured through changes in cigarettes per day and 7-day point-prevalence abstinence at 2 months. Secondary outcomes include smoking reduction, 7-day point-prevalence abstinence and prolonged abstinence at 8 months. Other outcomes include patient recruitment and follow-up, patient uptake and use of e-cigarettes, nicotine intake, contamination of randomisation and practitioner adherence to the delivery of the intervention. Qualitative interviews will be conducted in a subsample of practitioners, patients and the vape team to garner their reactions to the programme. Discussion This is the first randomised controlled trial to investigate whether e-cigarette provision alongside a brief intervention delivered by practitioners leads to reduced smoking and abstinence among smokers with smoking-related chronic diseases or SMI. Trial registration ISRCTN registry, ISRCTN59404712. Registered 28/11/17.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachna Begh
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX2 6GG, UK.
| | - Tim Coleman
- Division of Primary Care, University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Lucy Yardley
- Academic Unit of Psychology, Faculty of Social and Human Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK.,School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TU, UK
| | - Rebecca Barnes
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Canynge Hall, 39 Whatley Road, Bristol, BS8 2PS, UK
| | - Felix Naughton
- School of Health Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7UL, UK
| | - Hazel Gilbert
- Research Department of Primary Care and Population Health, University College London, Royal Free and University College Medical School, London, NW3 2PF, UK
| | - Anne Ferrey
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX2 6GG, UK
| | - Claire Madigan
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX2 6GG, UK
| | - Nicola Williams
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX2 6GG, UK
| | - Louisa Hamilton
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX2 6GG, UK
| | - Yolanda Warren
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX2 6GG, UK
| | - Jenna Grabey
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX2 6GG, UK
| | - Miranda Clark
- Division of Primary Care, University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Anne Dickinson
- Division of Primary Care, University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Paul Aveyard
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX2 6GG, UK
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29
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Choi PM, Tscharke B, Samanipour S, Hall WD, Gartner CE, Mueller JF, Thomas KV, O'Brien JW. Social, demographic, and economic correlates of food and chemical consumption measured by wastewater-based epidemiology. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:21864-21873. [PMID: 31591193 PMCID: PMC6815118 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1910242116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Wastewater is a potential treasure trove of chemicals that reflects population behavior and health status. Wastewater-based epidemiology has been employed to determine population-scale consumption of chemicals, particularly illicit drugs, across different communities and over time. However, the sociodemographic or socioeconomic correlates of chemical consumption and exposure are unclear. This study explores the relationships between catchment specific sociodemographic parameters and biomarkers in wastewater generated by the respective catchments. Domestic wastewater influent samples taken during the 2016 Australian census week were analyzed for a range of diet, drug, pharmaceutical, and lifestyle biomarkers. We present both linear and rank-order (i.e., Pearson and Spearman) correlations between loads of 42 biomarkers and census-derived metrics, index of relative socioeconomic advantage and disadvantage (IRSAD), median age, and 40 socioeconomic index for area (SEIFA) descriptors. Biomarkers of caffeine, citrus, and dietary fiber consumption had strong positive correlations with IRSAD, while tramadol, atenolol, and pregabalin had strong negative correlation with IRSAD. As expected, atenolol and hydrochlorothiazide correlated positively with median age. We also found specific SEIFA descriptors such as occupation and educational attainment correlating with each biomarker. Our study demonstrates that wastewater-based epidemiology can be used to study sociodemographic influences and disparities in chemical consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phil M Choi
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Science, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia;
| | - Benjamin Tscharke
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Science, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
| | | | - Wayne D Hall
- Centre for Youth Substance Abuse Research, The University of Queensland, Herston, QLD 4029, Australia
| | - Coral E Gartner
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Science, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
- School of Public Health, The University of Queensland, Herston, QLD 4006, Australia
| | - Jochen F Mueller
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Science, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Kevin V Thomas
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Science, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Jake W O'Brien
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Science, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
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30
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Marusich JA, Wiley JL, Silinski MAR, Thomas BF, Meredith SE, Gahl RF, Jackson KJ. Comparison of cigarette, little cigar, and waterpipe tobacco smoke condensate and e-cigarette aerosol condensate in a self-administration model. Behav Brain Res 2019; 372:112061. [PMID: 31254537 PMCID: PMC6664429 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2019.112061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Revised: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The pharmacological effects of tobacco products are primarily mediated by nicotine; however, research suggests that several non-nicotine tobacco constituents may alter the reinforcing effects of nicotine. This study evaluated the reinforcing effects of aqueous solutions of smoke/aerosol condensate from cigarettes, little cigars, electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes), and waterpipe tobacco in a self-administration procedure to determine if abuse liability of these tobacco products differed. Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 64 total) were trained to self-administer intravenous nicotine (30 μg/kg/infusion) on a fixed ratio 5 schedule of reinforcement. Following nicotine dose-effect assessment (1, 7.5, 15, and 30 μg/kg/infusion), rats were given access to smoke/aerosol condensate derived from their assigned tobacco product. Rats responded for smoke/aerosol condensate containing 1, 7.5, 15, and 30 μg/kg/infusion nicotine, with the ratio of nicotine:non-nicotine constituents held constant across doses for each tobacco product. Responding for nicotine or smoke/aerosol condensate was also assessed on a progressive ratio schedule of reinforcement. Cigarette, little cigar, and e-cigarette smoke/aerosol condensates shifted the nicotine dose-effect curve leftward, whereas waterpipe tobacco smoke condensate shifted the dose-effect curve rightward. Smoke/aerosol condensate from all tobacco products produced similar levels of responding compared to nicotine alone during the progressive ratio phase. Results suggest that non-nicotine constituents in cigarettes, little cigars, and e-cigarettes differentially enhance nicotine's reinforcing potency. In contrast, waterpipe tobacco blunted nicotine's reinforcing potency, suggesting that it may contain unique constituents that dampen nicotine's reinforcing effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie A Marusich
- Center for Drug Discovery, RTI International, 3040 Cornwallis Rd, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA.
| | - Jenny L Wiley
- Center for Drug Discovery, RTI International, 3040 Cornwallis Rd, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Melanie A R Silinski
- Analytical Sciences, RTI International, 3040 Cornwallis Rd, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Brian F Thomas
- Analytical Chemistry and Pharmaceutics, RTI International, 3040 Cornwallis Rd, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Steven E Meredith
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Tobacco Products, 10903 New Hampshire Ave., Silver Spring, MD, 20993, USA
| | - Robert F Gahl
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Tobacco Products, 10903 New Hampshire Ave., Silver Spring, MD, 20993, USA
| | - Kia J Jackson
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Tobacco Products, 10903 New Hampshire Ave., Silver Spring, MD, 20993, USA
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El-Ezmerli NF, Gregory RL. Effect of nicotine on biofilm formation of Streptococcus mutans isolates from smoking and non-smoking subjects. J Oral Microbiol 2019; 11:1662275. [PMID: 31552130 PMCID: PMC6746266 DOI: 10.1080/20002297.2019.1662275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Revised: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: To investigate effects of nicotine on biofilm formation of Streptococcus mutans isolates from oral washes of smoker and non-smoker human subjects. Materials and methods: This study was conducted using 60 S. mutans isolates with three S. mutans isolates collected from oral washes of ten smoking subjects and ten from non-smoking subjects. Biofilm was formed by culturing each S. mutans strain (10 μl) in 190 μl of TSB supplemented with 1% sucrose (TSBS) containing 0, 0.25, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 4.0, 8.0, 16.0, and 32.0 mg/ml of nicotine for 24 h in 5% CO2 at 37°C in 96 well microtiter plates. The absorbance values of biofilm were measured at 490 nm in a microplate spectrophotometer. Results: There was a significant effect (p-value < 0.05) of nicotine concentrations and smoking on the growth of biofilm, planktonic cells, and total absorbance, for all strains of S. mutans. Isolates from smokers had significantly more biofilm at 0-16 mg/ml of nicotine compared to those from non-smokers (p-value < 0.0001). Conclusion: S. mutans smoker isolates are more affected by high nicotine concentrations than non-smoker isolates. Clinical Relevance: The use of nicotine products increases the growth of S. mutans and may place tobacco users at risk for dental decay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasreen F. El-Ezmerli
- Department of Operative and Preventive Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Richard L. Gregory
- Department of Biomedical and Applied Sciences, School of Dentistry, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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Palazzolo D, Nelson JM, Hudson Z. The Use of HPLC-PDA in Determining Nicotine and Nicotine-Related Alkaloids from E-Liquids: A Comparison of Five E-Liquid Brands Purchased Locally. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:E3015. [PMID: 31438499 PMCID: PMC6747407 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16173015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Revised: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
E-liquid manufacturers are under scrutiny concerning the purity and concentration accuracy of nicotine and the minor nicotine-related alkaloids (NRAs) packaged in their products. In this communication we report concentrations of nicotine and five NRAs (nornicotine, cotinine, anabasine, anatabine, myosmine) from locally purchased E-liquids. METHODS Five brands of E-liquids (three bottles each) were purchased locally. Additionally, three bottles of reference E-liquid were prepared. Concentrations of nicotine and NRAs from each bottle were measured by HPLC. Concentrations of these alkaloids were also determined from electronic cigarette-generated aerosol and traditional cigarette smoke. RESULTS Nicotine concentrations in E-liquid brands 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and in the reference E-liquid were 17.8 ± 4.1, 23.2 ± 0.7, 24.0 ± 0.9, 24.9 ± 0.2, 19.7 ± 0.3 and 20.4 ± 0.1 mg/mL, respectively. Concentrations normalized to 100% of product label were 74%, 97%, 100%, 104%, 109% and 102%, respectively. E-liquid brand 1 showed significance (p < 0.001) between bottles, while the reference showed the least variability. Similar results were obtained for the NRAs. Results also indicated the NRAs in aerosol of the reference E-liquid are lower than in cigarette smoke. CONCLUSIONS The amounts of NRAs present in E-liquids and E-liquid aerosol are less compared to cigarettes, however, inconsistencies and variation in nicotine concentrations supports the need for regulatory oversight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominic Palazzolo
- Department of Physiology, DeBusk College of Osteopathic Medicine, Lincoln Memorial University, Harrogate, TN 37752, USA.
| | - John M Nelson
- Department of Physiology, DeBusk College of Osteopathic Medicine, Lincoln Memorial University, Harrogate, TN 37752, USA
- Department of Biology, School of Mathematics and Sciences, Lincoln Memorial University, Harrogate, TN 37752, USA
| | - Zuri Hudson
- Department of Physiology, DeBusk College of Osteopathic Medicine, Lincoln Memorial University, Harrogate, TN 37752, USA
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33
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Mackie RS, Tscharke BJ, O'Brien JW, Choi PM, Gartner CE, Thomas KV, Mueller JF. Trends in nicotine consumption between 2010 and 2017 in an Australian city using the wastewater-based epidemiology approach. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2019; 125:184-190. [PMID: 30716578 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.01.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Revised: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Monitoring smoking prevalence is key to assessing responses to tobacco control measures, and evaluating associated health and economic costs. Estimates of tobacco consumed in Australia are based on various data sources - tax excise clearances, sales, and self-report surveys. There are limitations with each of these data sources which makes triangulation of cigarette use estimates by multiple methods important. Wastewater-based epidemiology, the systematic sampling and analysis of wastewater, is now a routine method to measure and monitor human exposure to a range of chemicals. This study provides a high frequency long-term temporal assessment of exposure to nicotine, the main addictive component of tobacco, using this approach. 291 archived wastewater samples collected from a regional city catchment from 2010 to 2017 were analysed for human-specific nicotine metabolites (cotinine and trans-3'-hydroxycotinine), to estimate per capita nicotine use. Temporal trends in nicotine use determined by wastewater-based epidemiology were compared with national sales and survey data. Wastewater analysis showed a 25% reduction in the mean number of cigarette equivalents consumed from 2010 to 2017, representing a 3% annual decline. These findings are in good agreement with estimates based on surveys and sales data, indicating annual declines of 5% and 4%, respectively. Findings of this study demonstrate WBE to be a relatively cost-effective and objective approach to reporting long-term data on nicotine consumption. When combined with alternative data sources, and valuable sociodemographic information of surveys, wastewater-based epidemiology helps to refine our estimates and understanding of the total impacts of smoking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel S Mackie
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Science, The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia.
| | - Benjamin J Tscharke
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Science, The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia
| | - Jake W O'Brien
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Science, The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia
| | - Phil M Choi
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Science, The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia
| | - Coral E Gartner
- The University of Queensland, School of Public Health, Herston Road, Herston, QLD 4006, Australia
| | - Kevin V Thomas
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Science, The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia
| | - Jochen F Mueller
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Science, The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia
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Chang CM, Rostron BL, Chang JT, Corey CG, Kimmel HL, Sosnoff CS, Goniewicz ML, Edwards KC, Hatsukami DK, Wang Y, Del Valle-Pinero AY, Yang M, Travers MJ, Arnstein S, Taylor K, Conway K, Ambrose BK, Borek N, Hyland A, Wang L, Blount BC, van Bemmel DM. Biomarkers of Exposure among U.S. Adult Cigar Smokers: Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH) Study Wave 1 (2013-2014). Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2019; 28:943-953. [PMID: 30733305 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-18-0539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Revised: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Given the diverse cigar market and limited data on biomarker patterns by cigar type, we compared biomarkers of nicotine and tobacco toxicants among cigar smokers and other groups. METHODS Using Wave 1 urinary biomarker data from 5,604 adults in the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH) Study, we compared geometric mean concentrations among cigar-only smokers (all cigars and separately for traditional, cigarillo, and filtered cigars), cigarette-only smokers, dual cigar/cigarette smokers, and never users of tobacco. We calculated geometric mean ratios comparing groups with never users adjusting for sex, age, race/ethnicity, education and creatinine. RESULTS Some day cigar-only smokers had lower biomarker concentrations than every day cigar-only smokers, but higher than never users. Every day cigar-only smokers (n = 61) had lower TNE-2 (cotinine+trans-3'-hydroxycotinine) compared to every day cigarette-only (n = 2217; P < 0.0001) and dual cigar/cigarette smokers (n = 601; P < 0.0001). Several biomarkers, including NNAL (NNK metabolite) and CYMA (metabolite of acrylonitrile), were comparable in these groups. In exploratory analyses, every day filtered cigar-only (n = 7) smokers had higher biomarker concentrations compared with every day traditional cigar-only smokers (n = 12) and cigarillo-only smokers (n = 24). Every day smokers of each cigar type were similar to exclusive cigarette smokers. For some biomarkers, particularly for every day filtered cigar-only smokers, concentrations were higher. CONCLUSIONS For some biomarkers, every day cigar-only smokers were comparable with every day cigarette-only smokers. Exploratory analyses suggest that biomarkers vary by cigar type with every day filtered cigar-only smokers having the highest concentrations. IMPACT High exposure to harmful constituents among cigar smokers is a continuing health issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy M Chang
- Center for Tobacco Products, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland.
| | - Brian L Rostron
- Center for Tobacco Products, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Joanne T Chang
- Center for Tobacco Products, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Catherine G Corey
- Center for Tobacco Products, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Heather L Kimmel
- National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Bethedsa, Maryland
| | - Connie S Sosnoff
- U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | | | | | | | - Yuesong Wang
- U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | | | - Maocheng Yang
- Center for Tobacco Products, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Mark J Travers
- Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York
| | - Stephen Arnstein
- U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | | | - Kevin Conway
- National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Bethedsa, Maryland
| | - Bridget K Ambrose
- Center for Tobacco Products, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Nicolette Borek
- Center for Tobacco Products, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Andrew Hyland
- Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York
| | - Lanqing Wang
- U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | | | - Dana M van Bemmel
- Center for Tobacco Products, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland
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Rosecrans JA, Young R. Discriminative Stimulus Properties of S(-)-Nicotine: "A Drug for All Seasons". Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2019; 39:51-94. [PMID: 28391535 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2017_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
S(-)-Nicotine is the major pharmacologically active substance in tobacco and can function as an effective discriminative stimulus in both experimental animals and humans. In this model, subjects must detect and communicate the nicotine drug state versus the non-drug state. This review describes the usefulness of the procedure to study nicotine, presents a general overview of the model, and provides some relevant methodological details for the establishment of this drug as a stimulus. Once established, the (-)-nicotine stimulus can be characterized for dose response and time course effects. Moreover, tests can be conducted to determine the similarity of effects produced by test drugs to those produced by the training dose of nicotine. Such tests have shown that the stimulus effects of nicotine are stereoselective [S(-)-nicotine >R(+)-nicotine] and that other "natural" tobacco alkaloids and (-)-nicotine metabolites can produce (-)-nicotine-like effects, but these drugs are much less potent than (-)-nicotine. Stimulus antagonism tests with mecamylamine and DHβE (dihydro-β-erythroidine) indicate that the (-)-nicotine stimulus is mediated via α4β2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) in brain; dopamine systems also are likely involved. Individuals who try to cease their use of nicotine-based products are often unsuccessful. Bupropion (Zyban®) and varenicline (Chantix®) may be somewhat effective as anti-smoking medications because they probably produce stimulus effects that serve as suitable substitutes for (-)-nicotine in the individual who is motivated to quit smoking. Finally, it is proposed that future drug discrimination studies should apply the model to the issue of maintenance of abstinence from (-)-nicotine-based products.
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Affiliation(s)
- John A Rosecrans
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, 410 North 12th Street, P.O. Box 980613, Richmond, VA, 23298-0613, USA
| | - Richard Young
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, 800 East Leigh Street, P.O. Box 980540, Richmond, VA, 23219-0540, USA.
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Zhang X, Wang R, Zhang L, Ruan Y, Wang W, Ji H, Lin F, Liu J. Simultaneous determination of tobacco minor alkaloids and tobacco-specific nitrosamines in mainstream smoke by dispersive solid-phase extraction coupled with ultra-performance liquid chromatography/tandem orbitrap mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2018; 32:1791-1798. [PMID: 29964303 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Revised: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE The minor alkaloids in tobacco play an important role in the chemical composition of cigarette smoke, and they are precursors of tobacco-specific nitrosamines (4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK), N-nitrosonornicotine (NNN), N-nitrosoanabasine (NAB) and N-nitrosoanatabine (NAT)). NNN and NNK are classified as group 1 carcinogens. A method quantitating both tobacco minor alkaloids and tobacco-specific nitrosamines in mainstream smoke has not been reported. METHODS Tobacco minor alkaloids and tobacco-specific nitrosamines in cigarette mainstream smoke were extracted by sonication. The extract was cleaned up by dispersive solid-phase extraction, and separation was achieved via ultra-performance liquid chromatography/tandem orbitrap mass spectrometry. RESULTS The method was validated by analysis of six replicate samples spiked with three levels of the analyses. The mean recoveries for the six replicates were from 84.7% to 118% with less than 15% relative standard deviation except myosmine at the low spiked level and the calculated detection limits were 0.066 to 13.2 ng/cig, respectively. The mean concentrations of nicotyrine, anabasine, nornicotine, anatabine, myosmine, 2,3-bipyridine, cotinine, nicotelline, N-formylnornicotine, NNK, NNN, NAB and NAT in 30 different brands of commercial cigarette smoke under the ISO smoking regimen were 2.50 μg/cig, 2.34 μg/cig, 3.21 μg/cig, 5.78 μg/cig, 2.83 μg/cig, 1.05 μg/cig, 1.55 μg/cig, 0.55 μg/cig, 2.48 μg/cig, 6.06 ng/cig, 3.62 ng/cig, 0.40 ng/cig and 6.15 ng/cig, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The proposed method was suitable for analysis of tobacco minor alkaloids and tobacco-specific nitrosamines in cigarette mainstream smoke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaotao Zhang
- Technology Center, China Tobacco Guizhou Industrial Co., Ltd, Guiyang, 550009, China
- College of Agriculture & Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Ruoning Wang
- Minimal Invasive Center, Tumor Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Technology Center, China Tobacco Guizhou Industrial Co., Ltd, Guiyang, 550009, China
| | - Yibin Ruan
- Technology Center, China Tobacco Guizhou Industrial Co., Ltd, Guiyang, 550009, China
| | - Weiwei Wang
- Technology Center, China Tobacco Guizhou Industrial Co., Ltd, Guiyang, 550009, China
| | - Houwei Ji
- Technology Center, China Tobacco Guizhou Industrial Co., Ltd, Guiyang, 550009, China
| | - Fucheng Lin
- College of Agriculture & Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Jian Liu
- Technology Center, China Tobacco Guizhou Industrial Co., Ltd, Guiyang, 550009, China
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Lai FY, Lympousi K, Been F, Benaglia L, Udrisard R, Delémont O, Esseiva P, Thomaidis NS, Covaci A, van Nuijs ALN. Levels of 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) in raw wastewater as an innovative perspective for investigating population-wide exposure to third-hand smoke. Sci Rep 2018; 8:13254. [PMID: 30185880 PMCID: PMC6125383 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-31324-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Tobacco smoking is the major cause of many chronic diseases, especially lung cancer. Knowledge about population-wide tobacco use and exposure is essential to characterise its burden on public health and evaluate policy efficacy. Obtaining such knowledge remains challenging with current methods (e.g., surveys, biomonitoring) but can be achievable with wastewater analysis, a promising tool of retrieving epidemiology information. This study examined population-wide exposure to tobacco toxicants and carcinogens through wastewater analysis and explored relationships among these chemicals. Cotinine, trans-3'-hydroxycotinine, anabasine, anatabine and 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) were analysed in samples from Greece, Switzerland and Belgium, where tobacco control policies are different. Measured per-capita mass loads were ranked as: nicotine biomarkers ≫ tobacco markers > carcinogens. Relationships between nicotine biomarkers and tobacco markers implied substantial use of non-tobacco nicotine items besides tobacco products. Geographic profiles of tobacco markers revealed higher levels in Geneva and Athens than Geraardsbergen and Ninove. Environmental third-hand smoke led to NNK detection, with elevated levels observed in Athens where indoor smoking is widespread, posing potential health risks to the population. Our novel outcomes are relevant for public health authorities as they provide indications about external exposure and can thus be used to plan and evaluate tobacco control policies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Foon Yin Lai
- Toxicological Centre, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Katerina Lympousi
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, 15771, Athens, Greece
| | - Frederic Been
- Toxicological Centre, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Lisa Benaglia
- Ecole des Sciences Criminelles, University of Lausanne, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Robin Udrisard
- Ecole des Sciences Criminelles, University of Lausanne, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Olivier Delémont
- Ecole des Sciences Criminelles, University of Lausanne, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Pierre Esseiva
- Ecole des Sciences Criminelles, University of Lausanne, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nikolaos S Thomaidis
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, 15771, Athens, Greece
| | - Adrian Covaci
- Toxicological Centre, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Alexander L N van Nuijs
- Toxicological Centre, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Antwerp, Belgium
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Sabra S, Malmqvist E, Almeida L, Gratacos E, Gomez Roig MD. Differential correlations between maternal hair levels of tobacco and alcohol with fetal growth restriction clinical subtypes. Alcohol 2018; 70:43-49. [PMID: 29778069 DOI: 10.1016/j.alcohol.2018.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2017] [Revised: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Maternal exposure to tobacco and alcohol is a known cause, among others, for fetal growth restriction (FGR). Clinically, FGR can be subclassified into two forms: intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) and small for gestational age (SGA), based on the severity of the growth retardation, and abnormal uterine artery Doppler or cerebro-placental ratio. This study aimed at investigating any differential correlation between maternal exposures to these toxins with the two clinical forms of FGR. Therefore, a case-control study was conducted in Barcelona, Spain. Sixty-four FGR subjects, who were further subclassified into IUGR (n = 36) and SGA (n = 28), and 89 subjects matched appropriate-for-gestational age (AGA), were included. The levels of nicotine (NIC) and ethyl glucuronide (EtG), biomarkers of tobacco and alcohol exposure, respectively, were assessed in the maternal hair in the third trimester. Our analysis showed 65% of the pregnant women consumed alcohol, 25% smoked, and 19% did both. The odds ratios (ORs) of IUGR were 21 times versus 14 times for being SGA with maternal heavy smoking, while with alcohol consumption the ORs for IUGR were 22 times versus 37 times for the SGA group. The differential correlations between these toxins with the two subtypes of FGR suggest different mechanisms influencing fetal weight. Our alarming data of alcohol consumption during pregnancy should be considered for further confirmation among Spanish women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sally Sabra
- BC Natal Barcelona Center for Maternal Fetal and Neonatal Medicine, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu and Hospital Clínic, Passeig Sant Joan de Déu, 2, 08950 Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Ebba Malmqvist
- Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Lund University, Scheelevägen 2, 223 63 Lund, Sweden.
| | - Laura Almeida
- BC Natal Barcelona Center for Maternal Fetal and Neonatal Medicine, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu and Hospital Clínic, Passeig Sant Joan de Déu, 2, 08950 Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Eduard Gratacos
- BC Natal Barcelona Center for Maternal Fetal and Neonatal Medicine, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu and Hospital Clínic, Passeig Sant Joan de Déu, 2, 08950 Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain; IDIBAPS, University of Barcelona, and Centre for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases CIBER-ER, Carrer del Rosselló, 149, 08036 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Maria Dolores Gomez Roig
- BC Natal Barcelona Center for Maternal Fetal and Neonatal Medicine, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu and Hospital Clínic, Passeig Sant Joan de Déu, 2, 08950 Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain; Maternal and Child Health and Development Network II (SAMID II), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), e Sub-Directorate General for Research Assessment and Promotion and the European Regional Development Fund (FEDER), Av. de Monforte de Lemos, 5, 28029 Madrid, Spain; Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Passeig Sant Joan de Déu, 2, 08950 Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain.
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Marchand M, Brossard P, Merdjan H, Lama N, Weitkunat R, Lüdicke F. Nicotine Population Pharmacokinetics in Healthy Adult Smokers: A Retrospective Analysis. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2018; 42:943-954. [PMID: 28283988 PMCID: PMC5681983 DOI: 10.1007/s13318-017-0405-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Background and Objective Characterizing nicotine pharmacokinetics is challenging in the presence of background exposure. We performed a combined retrospective population pharmacokinetic analysis of 8 trials, including exposure to Tobacco Heating System and cigarettes (both inhaled), nicotine nasal spray and oral nicotine gum. Method Data from 4 single product use trials were used to develop a population pharmacokinetic model with Phoenix® NLME™ and to derive exposure parameters. Data from 4 separate ad libitum use studies were used for external validation. A total of 702 healthy adult smokers (54% males; 21–66 years of age; smoking ≥10 cigarettes/day; from US, Europe and Japan) were eligible for participation. Results Two-compartment linear disposition combined with zero-order absorption model was adequate to describe nicotine pharmacokinetics, and a mono-exponentially decreasing background component was utilized to account for nicotine carry-over effects. Apparent nicotine clearance was typically 0.407 L/min in males and 26% higher in females (68% inter-individual variability). Bioavailability was product-specific, decreased with increasing nicotine ISO yield, and increased with increasing body weight. Absorption duration was apparently prolonged with nicotine gum. The typical initial and terminal half-lives were 1.35 and 17 h, respectively. The presence of menthol did not impact the determinants of the area under the curve. The model adequately described the external validation data. Conclusions The population model was able to describe in different populations the nicotine pharmacokinetics after single product use and after 4 days of ad libitum use of Tobacco Heating System, cigarettes, and of different nicotine replacement therapies with various routes of administration. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s13318-017-0405-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Patrick Brossard
- PMI R&D (Part of Philip Morris International Group of Companies), Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | | | - Nicola Lama
- PMI R&D (Part of Philip Morris International Group of Companies), Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Rolf Weitkunat
- PMI R&D (Part of Philip Morris International Group of Companies), Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
| | - Frank Lüdicke
- PMI R&D (Part of Philip Morris International Group of Companies), Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
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40
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Hellinghausen G, Roy D, Wang Y, Lee JT, Lopez DA, Weatherly CA, Armstrong DW. A comprehensive methodology for the chiral separation of 40 tobacco alkaloids and their carcinogenic E/Z-(R,S)-tobacco-specific nitrosamine metabolites. Talanta 2018; 181:132-141. [PMID: 29426492 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2017.12.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Revised: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The predominant enantiomer of nicotine found in nature is (S)-nicotine and its pharmacology has been widely established. However, pharmacologic information concerning individual enantiomers of nicotine-related compounds is limited. Recently, a modified macrocyclic glycopeptide chiral selector was found to be highly stereoselective for most tobacco alkaloids and metabolites. This study examines the semi-synthetic and native known macrocyclic glycopeptides for chiral recognition, separation, and characterization of the largest group of nicotine-related compounds ever reported (tobacco alkaloids, nicotine metabolites and derivatives, and tobacco-specific nitrosamines). The enantioseparation of nicotine is accomplished in less than 20s for example. All liquid chromatography separations are mass spectrometry compatible for the tobacco alkaloids, as well as their metabolites. Ring-closed, cyclized structures were identified and separated from their ring-open, straight chain equilibrium structures. Also, E/Z-tobacco-specific nitrosamines and their enantiomers were directly separated. E/Z isomers also are known to have different physical and chemical properties and biological activities. This study provides optimal separation conditions for the analysis of nicotine-related isomers, which in the past have been reported to be ineffectively separated which can result in inaccurate results. The methodology of this study could be applied to cancer studies, and lead to more information about the role of these isomers in other diseases and as treatment for diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garrett Hellinghausen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, USA
| | - Daipayan Roy
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, USA
| | - Yadi Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, USA
| | - Jauh T Lee
- AZYP LLC, 700 Planetarium Place, Arlington, TX 76019, USA
| | - Diego A Lopez
- AZYP LLC, 700 Planetarium Place, Arlington, TX 76019, USA
| | - Choyce A Weatherly
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, USA
| | - Daniel W Armstrong
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, USA; AZYP LLC, 700 Planetarium Place, Arlington, TX 76019, USA.
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Bunney PE, Hansen M, LeSage M. Effects of isolated tobacco alkaloids and tobacco products on deprivation-induced food intake and meal patterns in rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2018; 165:45-55. [PMID: 29196096 PMCID: PMC5801111 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2017.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Revised: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The ability of smoking to reduce body weight serves as motivation for continued smoking. It is unclear to what extent non-nicotine constituents in cigarettes are contributing to the weight-reducing effect of smoking. The purpose of the current study was to examine the effects of nicotine and four minor tobacco alkaloids (nornicotine, cotinine, anatabine, and anabasine) on food intake, one of the key regulators of body weight. In addition, a smokeless tobacco extract (STE) and e-cigarette (EC) refill liquid were used to model the effects of actual tobacco product exposure on food intake. Male Holztman rats were trained to lever press for food pellets during daily 2h sessions in operant chambers. In Experiment 1, the effects of subcutaneous injections of saline, nicotine (0.25-1.00mg/kg), nornicotine (0.50-6.00mg/kg), cotinine (1.00-100.00mg/kg), anatabine (0.25-3.00mg/kg), and anabasine (0.50-4.00mg/kg) were assessed. In Experiment 2, rats from Experiment 1 were used to examine the effects of nicotine, STE, and EC liquid. All alkaloids, except cotinine, produced a dose-dependent reduction in overall food intake. The highest doses of all drugs significantly reduced latency and response rate to obtain the first pellet. At some doses, nicotine, anatabine, and nornicotine reduced food intake within the first 45min without compensatory increases in intake later in the session. STE and EC liquid produced dose dependent decreases in food intake similar to nicotine alone. These data suggest that minor tobacco alkaloids have appetite suppressant effects and warrant further investigation into their effects on body weight, energy intake, and energy expenditure under free-feeding conditions. However, findings with STE and EC liquid suggest that nicotine is the primary constituent in these products to affect food intake, whereas levels of minor alkaloids in these products may be too low to influence food intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia E Bunney
- Department of Medicine, Minneapolis Medical Research Foundation, 701 Park Ave., Minneapolis, MN 55415, United States; Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota School of Medicine, 420 Delaware St. SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States.
| | - Mylissa Hansen
- Department of Medicine, Minneapolis Medical Research Foundation, 701 Park Ave., Minneapolis, MN 55415, United States
| | - Mark LeSage
- Department of Medicine, Minneapolis Medical Research Foundation, 701 Park Ave., Minneapolis, MN 55415, United States; Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota School of Medicine, 420 Delaware St. SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States; Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, N218 Elliot Hall, 75 E River Rd., Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States
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Abstract
Objectives To examine factors important to cigar smoking and subsequent nicotine exposure, we evaluated the impact of cigar type, cigarette smoking history, and inhalation behaviors on nicotine dependence, smoking topography, and biomarkers of exposure in current exclusive cigar smokers. Methods Adult, exclusive cigar smokers (N = 77) were recruited based on cigar type, cigarette smoking history, and self-reported inhalation behaviors. Participants smoked their own brand product ad libitum for up to one hour; dependence symptoms, smoking topography, and biomarkers of exposure were assessed. Results Cigar smokers showed low levels of dependence. Cigar smoking alleviated withdrawal and craving symptoms, increased plasma nicotine concentration, and increased exhaled CO. Multiple regression analyses indicate that inhalation behaviors were associated with increased dependence and greater reductions in withdrawal symptoms upon cigar smoking. Large cigar smokers smoked longer and smoked more tobacco than small cigar and cigarillo smokers. Furthermore, large cigar smokers and self-reported inhalers were exposed to more nicotine than small cigar smokers and non-inhalers. Conclusions Our study suggests that cigar type and smoking behaviors affect dependence and nicotine exposure upon cigar smoking. These findings provide additional insight into the substantial risks associated with cigar smoking.
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Lai FY, Been F, Covaci A, van Nuijs ALN. Novel Wastewater-Based Epidemiology Approach Based on Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry for Assessing Population Exposure to Tobacco-Specific Toxicants and Carcinogens. Anal Chem 2017; 89:9268-9278. [PMID: 28737035 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b02052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Tobacco smoking remains an important public health issue worldwide. Assessment of exposure to tobacco-related toxicants and carcinogens at the population level is thus an essential population health indicator. This can be achieved by wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE), which relies on the analysis of biomarkers in wastewater. However, required analytical methods for the simultaneous measurement of tobacco-related toxicants and carcinogens in wastewater are not available. In this study, a new analytical procedure was developed and validated to measure tobacco-related alkaloids, carcinogens, and their metabolites in raw wastewater, including anabasine (ANABA), anatabine (ANATA), cotinine (COT), trans-3'-hydroxycotinine (COT-OH), N-nitrosoanabasine (NAB), N-nitrosoanatabine (NAT), N-nitrosonornicotine (NNN), 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK), and 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol (NNAL), NNAL-N-β-glucuronide, and NNAL-O-β-glucuronide. Different parameters were optimized for the solid-phase extraction procedure and instrumental analysis using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The optimized method was fully validated, resulting in acceptable within-run and between-run precision (<8% and <10% relative standard deviation, respectively) and accuracy (<9% and <13% bias, respectively). Method quantification limits were at 0.5-120 ng/L in wastewater. Target analytes were stable in wastewater at 4 and 20 °C over 24 h. The developed method was applied to wastewater samples from two Belgian cities. Average concentrations of COT, COT-OH, ANATA, ANABA, and NAT were 5200, 2600, 30, 10, and 0.6 ng/L, respectively, while NAB, NNN, NNK, and NNAL were not detected in the samples. With the developed robust analytical method, our study provided the first insight into the population exposure to both toxicants and carcinogens resulting from tobacco use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Foon Yin Lai
- Toxicological Centre, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp , Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Frederic Been
- Toxicological Centre, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp , Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Adrian Covaci
- Toxicological Centre, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp , Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Alexander L N van Nuijs
- Toxicological Centre, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp , Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium
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Shokry E, de Oliveira AE, Avelino MAG, de Deus MM, Pereira NZ, Filho NRA. Earwax: an innovative tool for assessment of tobacco use or exposure. A pilot study in young adults. Forensic Toxicol 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s11419-017-0370-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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von Weymarn LB, Thomson NM, Donny EC, Hatsukami DK, Murphy SE. Quantitation of the Minor Tobacco Alkaloids Nornicotine, Anatabine, and Anabasine in Smokers' Urine by High Throughput Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. Chem Res Toxicol 2016; 29:390-7. [PMID: 26825008 PMCID: PMC5155587 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.5b00521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Nicotine is the most abundant alkaloid in tobacco accounting for 95% of the alkaloid content. There are also several minor tobacco alkaloids; among these are nornicotine, anatabine, and anabasine. We developed and applied a 96 well plate-based capillary LC-tandem mass spectrometry method for the analysis of nornicotine, anatabine, and anabasine in urine. The method was validated with regard to accuracy and precision. Anabasine was quantifiable to low levels with a limit of quantitation (LOQ) of 0.2 ng/mL even when nicotine, which is isobaric, is present at concentrations >2500-fold higher than anabasine. This attribute of the method is important since anatabine and anabasine in urine have been proposed as biomarkers of tobacco use for individuals using nicotine replacement therapies. In the present study, we analyzed the three minor tobacco alkaloids in urine from 827 smokers with a wide range of tobacco exposures. Nornicotine (LOQ 0.6 ng/mL) was detected in all samples, and anatabine (LOQ, 0.15 ng/mL) and anabasine were detected in 97.7% of the samples. The median urinary concentrations of nornicotine, anatabine, and anabasine were 98.9, 4.02, and 5.53 ng/mL. Total nicotine equivalents (TNE) were well correlated with anatabine (r(2) = 0.714) and anabasine (r(2) = 0.760). TNE was most highly correlated with nornicotine, which is also a metabolite of nicotine. Urine samples from a subset of subjects (n = 110) were analyzed for the presence of glucuronide conjugates by quantifying any increase in anatabine and anabasine concentrations after β-glucuronidase treatment. The median ratio of the glucuronidated to free anatabine was 0.74 (range, 0.1 to 10.9), and the median ratio of glucuronidated to free anabasine was 0.3 (range, 0.1 to 2.9). To our knowledge, this is the largest population of smokers for whom the urinary concentrations of these three tobacco alkaloids has been reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda B. von Weymarn
- Department of Biochemistry Molecular Biology and Biophysics and Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Nicole M. Thomson
- Department of Biochemistry Molecular Biology and Biophysics and Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Eric C. Donny
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh PA, USA 15260
| | - Dorothy K. Hatsukami
- Masonic Cancer Center and Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Sharon E. Murphy
- Department of Biochemistry Molecular Biology and Biophysics and Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
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Davis MC, Broadwater DR, Amburgy JW, Harrigan MR. The clinical significance and reliability of self-reported smoking status in patients with intracranial aneurysms: A review. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2015; 137:44-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clineuro.2015.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Revised: 06/14/2015] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Tscharke BJ, White JM, Gerber JP. Estimates of tobacco use by wastewater analysis of anabasine and anatabine. Drug Test Anal 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.1842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ben J. Tscharke
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences; University of South Australia; Reid building R1-04, Frome Road Adelaide 5000 South Australia Australia
| | - Jason M. White
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences; University of South Australia; Reid building R1-04, Frome Road Adelaide 5000 South Australia Australia
| | - Jacobus P. Gerber
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences; University of South Australia; Reid building R1-04, Frome Road Adelaide 5000 South Australia Australia
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Recent advances in MS methods for nicotine and metabolite analysis in human matrices: clinical perspectives. Bioanalysis 2015; 6:2171-83. [PMID: 25331861 DOI: 10.4155/bio.14.176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Tobacco smoking is a major global health issue and represents the leading cause of preventable death in the developed countries. Nicotine is a major alkaloid found in tobacco products and its detection with its metabolites in human matrices is generally used for assessing tobacco consumption and second hand exposure. Several analytical techniques have been developed for the detection of nicotine and its metabolites, and MS coupled with chromatography is considered the standard reference method because of its superior sensitivity and specificity. In this work, we reviewed nicotine metabolism, clinical MS and the latest (2009-2014) development of MS-based techniques for measurement of nicotine and metabolites in human matrices. Appropriate biomarker and matrix selection are also critically discussed.
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Franke AA, Mendez AJ, Lai JF, Arat-Cabading C, Li X, Custer LJ. Composition of betel specific chemicals in saliva during betel chewing for the identification of biomarkers. Food Chem Toxicol 2015; 80:241-246. [PMID: 25797484 PMCID: PMC4454402 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2015.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2014] [Revised: 02/19/2015] [Accepted: 03/13/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Betel nut chewing causes cancer in humans, including strong associations with head and neck cancer in Guam. In the search for biomarkers of betel chewing we sought to identify chemicals specific for the 3 most commonly consumed betel preparations in Guam: nut ('BN'), nut + Piper betle leaf ('BL'), and betel quid ('BQ') consisting of nut + lime + tobacco + Piper betle leaf. Chemicals were extracted from the chewing material and saliva of subjects chewing these betel preparations. Saliva analysis involved protein precipitation with acetonitrile, dilution with formic acid followed by LCMS analysis. Baseline and chewing saliva levels were compared using t-tests and differences between groups were compared by ANOVA; p < 0.05 indicated significance. Predominant compounds in chewing material were guvacine, arecoline, guvacoline, arecaidine, chavibetol, and nicotine. In chewing saliva we found significant increases from baseline for guvacine (BN, BQ), arecoline (all groups), guvacoline (BN), arecaidine (all groups), nicotine (BQ), and chavibetol (BL, BQ), and significant differences between all groups for total areca-specific alkaloids, total tobacco-specific alkaloids and chavibetol. From this pilot study, we propose the following chemical patterns as biomarkers: areca alkaloids for BN use, areca alkaloids and chavibetol for BL use, and areca alkaloids plus chavibetol and tobacco-specific alkaloids for BQ use.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jennifer F Lai
- University of Hawai'i Cancer Center, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA
| | | | - Xingnan Li
- University of Hawai'i Cancer Center, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA
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Bush D, Goniewicz ML. A pilot study on nicotine residues in houses of electronic cigarette users, tobacco smokers, and non-users of nicotine-containing products. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DRUG POLICY 2015; 26:609-11. [PMID: 25869751 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugpo.2015.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2014] [Revised: 02/22/2015] [Accepted: 03/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nicotine deposited on the surfaces has been shown to react with airborne chemicals leading to formation of carcinogens and contributing to thirdhand exposure. While prior studies revealed nicotine residues in tobacco smokers' homes, none have examined the nicotine residue in electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) users' homes. METHODS We measured nicotine on the surfaces in households of 8 e-cigarette users, 6 cigarette smokers, and 8 non-users of nicotine-containing products in Western New York, USA. Three surface wipe samples were taken from the floor, wall and window. Nicotine was extracted from the wipes and analyzed using gas chromatography. RESULTS Half of the e-cigarette users' homes had detectable levels of nicotine on surfaces whereas nicotine was found in all of the tobacco cigarette smokers' homes. Trace amounts of nicotine were also detected in half of the homes of non-users of nicotine-containing products. Nicotine levels in e-cigarette users homes was significantly lower than that found in cigarette smokers homes (average concentration 7.7±17.2 vs. 1303±2676 μg/m2; p<0.05). There was no significant difference in the amount of nicotine in homes of e-cigarette users and non-users (p>0.05). CONCLUSIONS Nicotine is a common contaminant found on indoor surfaces. Using e-cigarettes indoors leads to significantly less thirdhand exposure to nicotine compared to smoking tobacco cigarettes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek Bush
- Department of Health Behavior, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Elm and Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
| | - Maciej L Goniewicz
- Department of Health Behavior, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Elm and Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA.
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