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Zhang H, Cheng Q, Pei H, He S, Guo R, Liu N, Mo Z. Synthesis Strategies, Preparation Methods, and Applications of Chiral Metal-Organic Frameworks. Chemistry 2024:e202401091. [PMID: 38625048 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202401091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
Chiral metal-organic framework (CMOFs) is a kind of material with great application value in recent years. Formed by the coordination of metal ions or metal clusters with organic ligands. It is widely used in chemistry, biology, medicine and materials science because of its ordered and adjustable pores, multi-dimensional network structure, large specific surface area and excellent adsorption properties. In this paper, the synthesis strategies and preparation methods of chiral metal-organic frameworks are reviewed. In addition, the applications of chiral metal-organic framework materials in enantiomer recognition and separation, circularly polarized luminescence and asymmetric catalysis are systematically summarized. Finally, the challenges and prospects of the development of chiral metal-organic frame materials are analyzed in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhang
- Northwest Normal University, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anning 967 Lanzhou 730070, P. R. China, 730070, Lanzhou, CHINA
| | - Qingsong Cheng
- Northwest Normal University, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anning 967 Lanzhou 730070, P. R. China, 730070, Lanzhou, CHINA
| | - Hebing Pei
- Northwest Normal University, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anning 967 Lanzhou 730070, P. R. China, 730070, Lanzhou, CHINA
| | - Simin He
- Northwest Normal University, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anning 967 Lanzhou 730070, P. R. China, 730070, Lanzhou, CHINA
| | - Ruibin Guo
- Northwest Normal University, School, Anning 967 Lanzhou 730070, P. R. China, 730070, Lanzhou, CHINA
| | - Nijuan Liu
- Northwest Normal University, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anning 967 Lanzhou 730070, P. R. China, 730070, Lanzhou, CHINA
| | - Zunli Mo
- Northwest Normal University, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anning 967 Lanzhou 730070, P. R. China, 730070, Lanzhou, CHINA
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2
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Oyaide M, Ishii C, Akita T, Kimura T, Sakai S, Mizui M, Mita M, Ide T, Isaka Y, Hamase K. Development of a three-dimensional HPLC system for the determination of serine, threonine and allo-threonine enantiomers in the plasma of patients with chronic kidney disease. J Chromatogr A 2024; 1719:464739. [PMID: 38401374 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2024.464739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/26/2024]
Abstract
A highly-selective three-dimensional high-performance liquid chromatographic (3D-HPLC) system was developed for the determination of serine (Ser), threonine (Thr) and allo-threonine (aThr) enantiomers in human plasma to screen the new biomarker of chronic kidney disease (CKD). d-Ser has been reported to be the candidate biomarker of CKD, however, multiple biomarkers are still required. Therefore, Ser analogs of hydroxy amino acids are the focus in the present study. For the sensitive analysis, the amino acids were derivatized with 4-fluoro-7-nitro-2,1,3-benzoxadiazole and detected by their fluorescence. The 3D-HPLC system consisted of a reversed-phase column (Singularity RP18, 1.0 × 250 mm), an anion-exchange column (Singularity AX, 1.0 × 150 mm) and a Pirkle-type chiral stationary phase (Singularity CSP-013S, 1.5 × 250 mm). The developed method was validated and applied to the human plasma samples obtained from 15 healthy volunteers and 165 CKD patients. The concentrations of the d-forms were 1.13-2.26 (Ser), 0.01-0.03 (Thr) and 0.04-0.10 μM (aThr) for the healthy volunteers and 0.95-19.0 (Ser), 0-0.57 (Thr) and 0.04-1.02 μM (aThr) for the CKD patients. The concentrations and the %d values of all the target d-amino acids were increased along with the decreasing of renal function and further investigation for clinical applications are expected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mai Oyaide
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Chiharu Ishii
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Takeyuki Akita
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Tomonori Kimura
- Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Sakai
- Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Masayuki Mizui
- Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Masashi Mita
- KAGAMI, Inc., 7-7-15 Saito-asagi, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0085, Japan
| | - Tomomi Ide
- Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Isaka
- Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kenji Hamase
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan.
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3
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Kodama K, Obata M, Hirose T. Enantioseparation via Chiral Supramolecular Gels Comprising Ambidextrous Gelators Based on β-Peptide-type Primary Amines. Chempluschem 2024:e202400021. [PMID: 38445837 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202400021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
While β-peptides have been paid attention due to their diverse secondary structures, their application to the design of low-molecular-weight gelators (LMWGs) is less explored. In this work, chiral cyclic β-amino acid-based β-peptides were developed as ambidextrous LMWGs, wherein multiple hydrogen bonds between the amide moieties led to high gelation ability. Their molecular assembly was elucidated using spectroscopies, microscopy, and X-ray analysis. Further, the supramolecular gel was used as a platform for the enantioselective extraction of (S)-naproxen from its racemate under optimized conditions. These findings have expanded the utility of β-peptides and shown the potential of supramolecular gels as a distinct dynamic medium for enantiomer separation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koichi Kodama
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-Okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama, 338-8570, Japan
| | - Masato Obata
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-Okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama, 338-8570, Japan
| | - Takuji Hirose
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-Okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama, 338-8570, Japan
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Mruc P, Olbrycht M, Korbetskyy M, Antos D. Altering the mobile phase composition to enhance self-disproportionation of enantiomers in achiral chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2024; 1715:464603. [PMID: 38168648 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.464603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
The influence of mobile phase composition on the efficiency of enantiomer separation by achiral chromatography (ACh) was investigated. The separation was induced by the phenomenon of self-disproportionation of enantiomers (SDE) triggered by their homo and hetero-chiral interactions in an achiral environment. Typically, SDE occurs in apolar mobile phases of weak elution strength, which causes the separation time to extend and the process productivity to deteriorate. To mitigate that effect, we altered the content of a strong solvent (modifier) in the mobile phase by use of a solvent gradient in which the target enantiomer was separated in the presence of the weak solvent, whereas the unresolved mixture of enantiomers was eluted by increasing the modifier content in the mobile phase. This enabled accelerating the solute elution while preserving the separation selectivity. The approach was examined for the separation of nonracemic mixtures of two structurally different compounds that exhibited the SDE effect in ACh, i.e., metalaxyl (MX) and methyl p-tolyl sulfoxide (MTSO). The target compound of the separation was the more abundant enantiomer in the enantiomeric mixture. The process realization was preceded by the determination of the effect of the modifier content on the separation yield for enantiomeric mixtures of MX and MTSO of different enantiomeric excess (ee). In the case of MX, yield of the pure target enantiomer varied from 2 %, for the maximum concentration of the modifier, to 45 % for the minimum modifier concentration and the largest ee used in the experiments. In the case of MTSO, the yield varied from minimum 40 % to maximum 66 %. To predict the process, we employed a dynamic model, in which underlying thermodynamic dependencies were implemented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrycja Mruc
- Doctoral School of the Rzeszów University of Technology/PL, Poland
| | - Maksymilian Olbrycht
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, Rzeszow University of Technology, Rzeszów, Poland
| | - Markiian Korbetskyy
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, Rzeszow University of Technology, Rzeszów, Poland
| | - Dorota Antos
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, Rzeszow University of Technology, Rzeszów, Poland.
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5
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Urdiain-Arraiza J, Desguin B. Versatile capillary electrophoresis method for the direct chiral separation of aliphatic and aromatic α-hydroxy acids, β-hydroxy acids and polyhydroxy acids using vancomycin as chiral selector. J Chromatogr A 2024; 1715:464611. [PMID: 38181629 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.464611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024]
Abstract
Hydroxy acids (HAs) are ubiquitous in nature and play significant roles in various industrial and biological processes. Most HAs harbor at least one chiral center, therefore the development of efficient chiral analysis techniques for HA stereoisomers is of crucial importance across a wide range of fields. A capillary electrophoresis (CE) method was developed for the chiral analysis and quantification of aliphatic and aromatic α‑hydroxy acid (AHA) enantiomers, aliphatic β‑hydroxy acid (BHA) enantiomers and aliphatic polyhydroxy acid (PHA) stereoisomers. Using a modified partial filling-counter current method with indirect UV detection, high resolution (Rs) was achieved with vancomycin as a chiral selector added to the background electrolyte composed of 10 mM of benzoic acid/L-histidine at pH 5 using a polyacrylamide-coated capillary. This method could be readily applied to the determination of the enantiomers of 12 aliphatic AHAs, 4 aromatic AHAs, 3 aliphatic BHAs, as well as to the determination of the stereoisomers of tartaric acid, 2,3-dihydroxybutanoic acid, 2,3,4,5-tetrahydroxypentanoic acid, and 2,3,4,5,6-pentahydroxyhexanoic acid without the need for sample derivatization. Finally, our study provides a robust and versatile strategy for the chiral and stereoselective analysis of a broad range of hydroxy acid compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Urdiain-Arraiza
- Louvain Institute of Biomolecular Science and Technology (LIBST), UCLouvain, 1348, Louvain-La-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Benoît Desguin
- Louvain Institute of Biomolecular Science and Technology (LIBST), UCLouvain, 1348, Louvain-La-Neuve, Belgium.
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Ishii C, Hamase K. Two-dimensional LC-MS/MS and three-dimensional LC analysis of chiral amino acids and related compounds in real-world matrices. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2023; 235:115627. [PMID: 37633168 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2023.115627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/28/2023]
Abstract
Amino acids normally have a chiral carbon and d/l-enantiomers are present. Due to the homochirality features on the present Earth, l-enantiomers are predominant in the living beings and the d-enantiomers are rare. Along with the progress and development of cutting edge analytical methods, several d-amino acids were found even in the higher animals including humans, and their biological functions and diagnostic values have also been reported. However, the amounts of these d-amino acids are much lower than the l-forms, and development/utilization of highly sensitive and selective methods are practically essential to avoid the disturbance from uncountable intrinsic substances. In the present review, multi-dimensional HPLC methods for the determination of chiral amino acids, especially two-dimensional LC-MS/MS and three-dimensional LC methods, and their applications to a variety of real-world matrices are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiharu Ishii
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Kenji Hamase
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan.
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Alawadi M, Fakhari AR, Bayatloo MR, Nojavan S. Carboxymethylated maltodextrin as a chiral selector for the separation of some basic drug enantiomers using capillary electrophoresis. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1708:464335. [PMID: 37696127 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.464335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
In this work, carboxymethylated maltodextrin (Cm-MD) was successfully synthesized as an efficient anionic chiral selector and applied for the enantiomer separation of some basic drugs including tramadol, venlafaxine, verapamil, hydroxyzine, citalopram, fluoxetine, and amlodipine by capillary electrophoresis (CE). The synthesized chiral selector was characterized by the nuclear magnetic resonance and Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometry. Under the optimized Cm-MD modified CE conditions (background electrolyte: phosphate buffer (pH 5.0, 50 mM) containing 5% (w/v) Cm-MD; applied voltage: 20 kV; and capillary column temperature: 25 °C), successful enantiomer separation of all studied chiral drugs were observed. By comparison of Cm-MD and MD for enantiomer separation of the model drugs, it was revealed that Cm-MD exhibits a higher resolution in comparison to the MD modified CE. This enhanced resolution could be attributed to the electrostatic interactions between the cationic drugs and anionic Cm-MD and opposite direction mobility of the host-guest complex relative to the chiral analyte. The optimized Cm-MD modified CE method was successfully used for the assay of the enantiomers of citalopram and venlafaxine in commercial tablets. The proposed method showed the linear range of 5.0-150.0 mg/L and 10.0-150.0 mg/L for both enantiomers of citalopram and venlafaxine, respectively. The limits of quantification were 5.0 and 10.0 mg/L for the enantiomers of citalopram and venlafaxine, respectively. The limit of detection for all enantiomers was found to be < 3.0 mg/L. Intra- and inter-day RSDs (n = 4) were less than 9.7%. The relative errors were less than 9.4% for all enantiomers. The obtained results in this research show that Cm-MD as a new, efficient and inexpensive chiral selector can be used for enantiomer separation of basic drugs using the CE technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Alawadi
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Pollutants, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Reza Fakhari
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Pollutants, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Reza Bayatloo
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Pollutants, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeed Nojavan
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Pollutants, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran.
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8
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Olbrycht M, Gumieniak J, Mruc P, Balawejder M, Piątkowski W, Antos D. Separation of non-racemic mixtures of enantiomers by achiral chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1693:463877. [PMID: 36854210 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.463877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/21/2023]
Abstract
The phenomenon of partial separation of enantiomeric mixtures in achiral chromatography (ACh) has already been documented for a wide variety of chiral compounds. It is attributed to the so-called effect of self-disproportionation of enantiomers (SDE). However, quantitative description of the SDE mechanism underlying adsorption of enantiomers on achiral surfaces is still incomplete, which hinders the application of that technique for large-scale separations. In this study, a mechanistic model for description of retention behavior of SDE-phoric compounds in silica-based ACh has been developed along with a procedure for fast determination of the model parameters. The model assumes formation of associates of chiral molecules, which occurs due to homo and hetero-chiral interactions in the adsorbed phase. The ability of the model to reproduce band profiles was verified for enantiomeric mixtures of three structurally different chiral compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maksymilian Olbrycht
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, Rzeszow University of Technology, Rzeszów, Poland
| | - Justyna Gumieniak
- Department of Component Manufacturing and Production Organization, Rzeszów University of Technology, Stalowa Wola, Poland
| | - Patrycja Mruc
- Doctoral School of Engineering and Technical Sciences at the Rzeszów University of Technology, Poland
| | - Maciej Balawejder
- Institute of Food Technology and Nutrition, The College of Natural Sciences, University of Rzeszów, Rzeszów, Poland
| | - Wojciech Piątkowski
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, Rzeszow University of Technology, Rzeszów, Poland
| | - Dorota Antos
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, Rzeszow University of Technology, Rzeszów, Poland.
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Li W, Huang Y, Xiang Y, Yan X, Li Y, Wu D. Vacuum-assisted thermal bonding of β-cyclodextrin and its derivatives as chiral stationary phases for high-performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1692:463845. [PMID: 36803769 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.463845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
In this work, the vacuum-assisted thermal bonding method was proposed for the covalent coupling of β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) (CD-CSP), hexamethylene diisocyanate cross-linked β-CD (HDI-CSP) and 3, 5-dimethylphenyl isocyanate modified β-CD (DMPI-CSP) onto the isocyanate silane modified silica gel. Under vacuum conditions, the side reaction due to the water residue from the organic solvent, air, reaction vessels and silica gel could be avoided, and the optimal temperature and time of vacuum-assisted thermal bonding method were determined as 160°C and 3 h. These three CSPs were characterized by FT-IR, TGA, elemental analysis and the nitrogen adsorption-desorption isotherms. The surface coverage of CD-CSP and HDI-CSP on silica gel was determined as ∼0.2 μmol m-2, respectively. The chromatographic performances of these three CSPs were systematically evaluated by separating 7 flavanones, 9 triazoles and 6 chiral alcohols enantiomers under the reversed-phase condition. It was found that the chiral resolution ability of CD-CSP, HDI-CSP and DMPI-CSP was complementary to each other. Among them, CD-CSP could separate all 7 flavanones enantiomers with the resolution of 1.09-2.48. HDI-CSP had a good separation performance for triazoles enantiomers with one chiral center. DMPI-CSP showed excellent separation performance for chiral alcohol enantiomers, among which the resolution of trans-1, 3-diphenyl-2-propen-1-ol reached 12.01. Generally, the vacuum-assisted thermal bonding had been demonstrated as a direct and efficient method for the preparation of chiral stationary phases of β-CD and its derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhui Li
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China
| | - Yu Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China
| | - Yuqian Xiang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China
| | - Xiaohui Yan
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China
| | - Yanshuo Li
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China
| | - Dapeng Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China.
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10
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Zheng Y, Wan M, Zhou J, Dai X, Yang H, Xia Z, Wang L. One-pot method for the synthesis of β-cyclodextrin and covalent organic framework functionalized chiral stationary phase with mixed-mode retention mechanism. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1662:462731. [PMID: 34915189 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.462731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
As a welcomed porous material, covalent organic frameworks (COFs) have many advantages and are widely used in various aspects. Particularly, COFs have aroused great attentions of scientists in chromatographic separation field due to their outstanding advantages, such as high stability, large specific surface area and multiple voids. However, endowing COFs with chirality to construct chiral stationary phase (CSP) function is still facing many challenges. Here, we firstly prepared a β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) and covalent organic framework functional silica CSP named as COF@CD@SiO2 by one-pot method to perform high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) chiral separation. The morphology and structure of the synthesized stationary phase were investigated by a variety of characterization methods including Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FT-IR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), N2 adsorption experiment, powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) and elemental analysis (EA). The prepared stationary phase realized fast separation of six enantiomers in a short time. The separation mechanism was mainly ascribed to the inclusion complexation of β-cyclodextrin and the mutli-interaction sites from COFs material. In conclusion, the prepared chiral column can be used to achieve fast separation of enantiomers with good stability and reproducibility. These results can open new avenue for using chiral COFs in liquid chromatographic separation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunchao Zheng
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China
| | - Meijun Wan
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China
| | - Jingqiu Zhou
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China
| | - Xuemei Dai
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China
| | - Honglin Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China
| | - Zhining Xia
- School of Pharmacy, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China.
| | - Lujun Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China; Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, Ministry of Education, Institute of Cardiovascular Research of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China.
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11
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Chen Y, Xia L, Lu Z, Li G, Hu Y. In situ fabrication of chiral covalent triazine frameworks membranes for enantiomer separation. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1654:462475. [PMID: 34438304 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.462475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Rapid and high-flux enantiomer separation is significant for drug development. Membrane separation technology provides promising approaches for enantiomer separations. Porous membrane with good selectivity and high permeability is an ideal choice for enantiomer separations. Herein, we demonstrate the preparation of a novel two-dimensional chiral covalent triazine frameworks (CCTF) membrane by "in situ growth" method. Inheriting the strong chirality and specific interactions from CCTF, the CCTF membranes exhibited good enantioselectivity for drug intermediates and drug, including (R)/(S)-1-phenylethanol, (R)/(S)-1,1'-binaphthol and (R)/(S)-ibuprofen. Under optimal separation conditions, the enantiomeric excess value (e.e %) was above 21.7 % for (R)/(S)-1-phenylethanol, 12.0% for (R)/(S)-1,1'-binaphthol and 9.7 % for (R)/(S)-ibuprofen. The mechanism of the CCTF recognizing enantiomers were simulated by quantum mechanical calculations. In addition, the mechanism was also proved by the separation of enantiomers using this CCTF-modified silica column in liquid chromatography. The CCTF membrane may bring about the potentially application for large-scale production of chiral compounds. Meanwhile, this work provides a theoretical guidance for the application of CCOFs in enantiomer separation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanlong Chen
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Ling Xia
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Zicheng Lu
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Gongke Li
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China.
| | - Yuling Hu
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China.
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12
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Deng H, Wang Y, Wang J, Liu S, Ji Y, Fan Z, Li Z, Yang F, Bian Z, Tang G. Separation of N'-nitrosonornicotine isomers and enantiomers by supercritical fluid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1641:461971. [PMID: 33626439 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.461971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
N'-nitrosonornicotine (NNN) is one of the most prevalent and toxic tobacco-specific nitrosoamines. A chiral center at its 2'-position results in R and S enantiomers, the partial double bond character of the NN = O group also results in E and Z isomers, therefore, NNN can form a total of four absolute configurations (E-(R)-NNN, E-(S)-NNN, Z-(R)-NNN, and Z-(S)-NNN). This study investigated the resolution of R/S enantiomers and E/Z isomers of NNN by supercritical fluid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (SFC-MS/MS). The baseline separation of E/Z-(R,S)-NNN isomers/enantiomers was accomplished through the optimization of chiral columns and co-solvents. Due to the lack of single standard of E/Z isomers, only R-NNN (sum of E-(R)-NNN and Z-(R)-NNN) and S-NNN (sum of E-(S)-NNN and Z-(S)-NNN) were further examined. Through the comprehensive optimization of SFC-MS/MS conditions, R-NNN and S-NNN were separated with a run time of 5 min, the developed method was validated, and its applicability to the determination of NNN enantiomers in burley tobacco samples was demonstrated. This study could be applied to preparative separation of single enantiomer and/or isomer of NNN, and could provide potential benefits to biologic activity studies on these enantiomers and isomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huimin Deng
- China National Tobacco Quality Supervision and Test Center, No.6 Cuizhu Street, High and New Technology Industries Development Zone, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Ying Wang
- China National Tobacco Quality Supervision and Test Center, No.6 Cuizhu Street, High and New Technology Industries Development Zone, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Jinbang Wang
- Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, No.2 Fengyang Street, High and New Technology Industries Development Zone, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Shanshan Liu
- China National Tobacco Quality Supervision and Test Center, No.6 Cuizhu Street, High and New Technology Industries Development Zone, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Yuan Ji
- China National Tobacco Quality Supervision and Test Center, No.6 Cuizhu Street, High and New Technology Industries Development Zone, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Ziyan Fan
- China National Tobacco Quality Supervision and Test Center, No.6 Cuizhu Street, High and New Technology Industries Development Zone, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Zhonghao Li
- Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, No.2 Fengyang Street, High and New Technology Industries Development Zone, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Fei Yang
- China National Tobacco Quality Supervision and Test Center, No.6 Cuizhu Street, High and New Technology Industries Development Zone, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Zhaoyang Bian
- China National Tobacco Quality Supervision and Test Center, No.6 Cuizhu Street, High and New Technology Industries Development Zone, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Gangling Tang
- China National Tobacco Quality Supervision and Test Center, No.6 Cuizhu Street, High and New Technology Industries Development Zone, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
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13
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Lee Y, Bang E, Lee W, Na YC. Simultaneous enantioselective separation method for thyroid hormones using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and its applications. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2021; 196:113904. [PMID: 33516122 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2021.113904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
An analytical method for the simultaneous determination of chiral thyroxine and the related iodinated chiral compounds using LC-MS/MS is introduced in this study. D-Thyroid hormones (THs), which are not commercially available, were produced through the racemization reaction of the L-THs in acetic acid solution containing salicylaldehyde. The solution containing D- and L-THs after the reaction was used for optimizing the chiral separation. The D- and L-THs were well separated enantiomerically under isocratic conditions in 70 % acetonitrile containing 0.1 % formic acid on a CROWNPAK® CR-I (+) column, but some peaks, such as those of diiodo-D-tyrosine (D-DIT)/monoiodo-L-tyrosine, diiodo-D-thyronine/diiodo-L-tyrosine and D-thyroxine/triiodo-L-thyronine, overlapped chromatographically, causing misinterpretation in impurity analysis. This was overcome by using the gradient condition providing the best chiral selectivity (α) and resolution (Rs) ranging from 1.14 to 1.37 and from 2.39 to 4.52, respectively. The linearity was above 0.999 and the detection limits ranged from 8.2 to 57.7 ng/mL by the separation method. This method was applied to identify and quantify chiral impurities in authentic standards and pharmaceuticals. As a result, D-enantiomers corresponding to the L-THs standards as well as L-DIT were commonly observed as impurities. In the stability test of DL-thyroxine under acidic conditions for identifying the distribution of chiral products, it was observed that the formation of DIT by hydrolysis increased over time. Additional products formed through esterification, including thyroxine methyl ester and diiodo-tyrosine methyl ester, were newly separated and identified using a C18 column.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunhee Lee
- Western Seoul Center, Korea Basic Science Institute, 150 Bugahyeon-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03759, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunjung Bang
- Western Seoul Center, Korea Basic Science Institute, 150 Bugahyeon-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03759, Republic of Korea
| | - Wonjae Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Chosun University, 309 Pilmun-dong, Dong-gu, Gwangju, 61452, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun-Cheol Na
- Western Seoul Center, Korea Basic Science Institute, 150 Bugahyeon-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03759, Republic of Korea.
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14
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Iwasaki
- Laboratory of Biopharmaceutics and Analytical Science, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hoshi University, 2-4-41 Ebara, Shinagawa, Tokyo, 142-8501, Japan
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15
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Hsiao SW, Ishii C, Furusho A, Hsieh CL, Shimizu Y, Akita T, Mita M, Okamura T, Konno R, Ide T, Lee CK, Hamase K. Determination of phenylalanine enantiomers in the plasma and urine of mammals and ᴅ-amino acid oxidase deficient rodents using two-dimensional high-performance liquid chromatography. Biochim Biophys Acta Proteins Proteom 2020; 1869:140540. [PMID: 32971287 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2020.140540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
A two-dimensional (2D) HPLC system focusing on the determination of phenylalanine (Phe) enantiomers in mammalian physiological fluids has been developed. ᴅ-Phe is indicated to have potential values as a disease biomarker and therapeutic molecule in several neuronal and metabolic disorders, thus the regulation of ᴅ-Phe in mammals is a matter of interest. However, the precise determination of amino acid enantiomers is difficult in complex biological samples, and the development of an analytical method with practically acceptable sensitivity, selectivity and throughput is expected. In the present study, a 2D-HPLC system equipped with a reversed-phase column in the 1st dimension and an enantioselective column in the 2nd dimension has been designed, following the fluorescence derivatization of the target amino acid enantiomers with 4-fluoro-7-nitro-2,1,3-benzoxadiazole (NBD-F). The analytical method was validated using both plasma and urine samples, and successfully applied to human, rat and mouse fluids. Trace levels of ᴅ-Phe were determined in the plasma, and the %ᴅ values were around 0.1% for all species. In the urine, relatively large amounts of ᴅ-Phe were observed, and the %ᴅ values for humans, rats and mice were 3.99, 1.76 and 5.25%, respectively. The relationships between the enzymatic activity of ᴅ-amino acid oxidase (DAO) and the amounts of intrinsic ᴅ-Phe have also been clarified, and high ᴅ-Phe amounts were observed (around 0.3% in the plasma and around 50% in the urine) in the DAO deficient rats and mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sui-Wen Hsiao
- Program in Biotechnology Research and Development, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, 250 WuXing Street, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Chiharu Ishii
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Aogu Furusho
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Chin-Ling Hsieh
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Yukiko Shimizu
- Department of Laboratory Animal Medicine, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, 1-21-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8655, Japan
| | - Takeyuki Akita
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Masashi Mita
- KAGAMI, Inc., 7-7-15, Saito-asagi, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0085, Japan
| | - Tadashi Okamura
- Department of Laboratory Animal Medicine, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, 1-21-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8655, Japan
| | - Ryuichi Konno
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, International University of Health and Welfare, 2600-1 Kitakanemaru, Ohtawara, Tochigi 324-8501, Japan
| | - Tomomi Ide
- Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Ching-Kuo Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, 250 WuXing Street, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Kenji Hamase
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan; College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, 250 WuXing Street, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
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16
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Furusho A, Akita T, Mita M, Naraoka H, Hamase K. Three-dimensional high-performance liquid chromatographic analysis of chiral amino acids in carbonaceous chondrites. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1625:461255. [PMID: 32709316 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A three-dimensional (3D) HPLC system in combination with fluorescence derivatization has been developed for the highly sensitive and selective analysis of chiral amino acids in extraterrestrial samples. As the targets, alanine (Ala), 2-aminobutyric acid (2AB), valine (Val), norvaline (nVal) and isovaline (iVal), frequently found chiral amino acids in the carbonaceous chondrites, were selected. These amino acids were pre-column derivatized with 4-fluoro-7-nitro-2,1,3-benzoxadiazole (NBD-F), and the target analytes were separated from other amino acids and organic compounds by a reversed-phase column in the first dimension. The targets were further separated from interferences by an anion-exchange column in the second dimension, and their enantiomers were separated and determined in the third dimension by a Pirkle-type enantioselective column. The present 3D-HPLC system was validated and applied to the Murchison meteorite and the Antarctic meteorites, and all of the target amino acid enantiomers were clearly observed (0.78-22.33 nmol/g in the Murchison meteorite and 1.79-78.84 nmol/g in the Antarctic meteorites) without severe interferences. The %L values of the non-proteinogenic amino acids were almost 50% in both meteorites, and even the proteinogenic amino acids were almost racemic in the Antarctic meteorites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aogu Furusho
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higasi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Takeyuki Akita
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higasi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Masashi Mita
- KAGAMI Inc., 7-7-15 Saito-asagi, Ibaraki 567-0085, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Naraoka
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Kenji Hamase
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higasi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan.
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17
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Liu S, Fu X, Löffler R, Lämmerhofer M. In-situ photopolymerized polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane-derived monolithic capillary columns with quinidine functionality for enantioseparation by nano-liquid chromatography. Electrophoresis 2019; 40:3132-3139. [PMID: 31591731 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201900316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Revised: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The successful fabrication of monolithic capillary columns for enantiomer separations was achieved within vinylized fused silica capillaries via fast "one-pot" photo-initiated free radical polymerization reaction. A mixture consisting of polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane, O-[2-(methacryloyloxy)ethylcarbamoyl]-10,11-dihydroquinidine was copolymerized in the presence of n-butanol, ethylene glycol and photo-initiator 2,2-dimethoxy-2-phenylacetophenone. The morphology of the resultant polymeric hybrid inorganic-organic material and its permeability as well as porosity can be controlled by adjusting the composition of the monomers and binary porogenic solvent. The chromatographic characteristics of the columns have been investigated. Separation factors of N-acetyl-phenylalanine (Ac-Phe) and dichlorprop dropped with decrease of chiral functional monomer. Permeability was better when the macroporogen ethyleneglycol was present at higher concentrations during the polymerization. In general, the chiral compounds were well separated (dichlorprop: α = 1.53, Rs up to 4.14; Ac-Phe: α = 1.36, Rs up to 2.69) by nano-HPLC with an optimized enantioselective monolithic capillary column which can be prepared within a few minutes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyao Liu
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmaceutical (Bio-)Analysis, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Xinyue Fu
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmaceutical (Bio-)Analysis, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ronny Löffler
- Center for Light-Matter Interaction, Sensors & Analytics (LISA+), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Michael Lämmerhofer
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmaceutical (Bio-)Analysis, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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18
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Carradori S, Secci D, Guglielmi P, Pierini M, Cirilli R. High-performance liquid chromatography enantioseparation of chiral 2-(benzylsulfinyl)benzamide derivatives on cellulose tris(3,5-dichlorophenylcarbamate) chiral stationary phase. J Chromatogr A 2019; 1610:460572. [PMID: 31606155 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.460572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Revised: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Recently it has been reported that immobilized chlorinated-type chiral stationary phases based on cellulose tris(3,5-dichlorophenylcarbamate) are able to express an outstanding enantioselectivity towards the structure of 2-(benzylsulfinyl)benzamide. We now introduce two homologue series of chiral sulfoxides based on the same 2-(sulfinyl)benzoyl core as the prototype of new selectands for HPLC, whose enantioselectivity could be modulable through the replacement of the benzyl group with an unbranched alkyl chain varying in length from 1 to 5 carbon atoms. HPLC parameters such as mobile phase composition and column temperature have been carefully evaluated in order to get pertinent structure-enantioselectivity relationships. The enantiomer elution order was unambiguously determined by a combined strategy involving theoretical and experimental procedures. Two cases of temperature-dependent inversion of the elution order of enantiomers in the operative temperature range of chiral chromatographic support were observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Carradori
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università "G. d'Annunzio" di Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Daniela Secci
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, "Sapienza" Università di Roma, P.le A. Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Paolo Guglielmi
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, "Sapienza" Università di Roma, P.le A. Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Pierini
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, "Sapienza" Università di Roma, P.le A. Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Roberto Cirilli
- Centro nazionale per il controllo e la valutazione dei farmaci, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy.
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19
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Abstract
Despite the fact that high-performance liquid chromatography is the predominant technique for analytical and preparative enantioseparations, chiral thin-layer chromatography (TLC) may represent an alternative, especially if fast analysis with simple equipment is required. This chapter describes several approaches in chiral TLC for the separation of amino acids and basic drugs using DL-selenomethionine and β-adrenergic drugs as examples. Analytical approaches include the impregnation of the adsorbent with a chiral selector using pre-coated as well as custom-prepared TLC plates and addition of the selector to the mobile phase directly as well as in the form of copper metal complex. (-)-Quinine and L-amino acids were used as chiral selectors in different manners for enantioseparations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rituraj Dubey
- Department of Chemistry, Badri Narayan Mukteshwar College Barhiya, Munger University, Bihar, India
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Ravi Bhushan
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, India.
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20
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Ilisz I, Bajtai A, Péter A, Lindner W. Cinchona Alkaloid-Based Zwitterionic Chiral Stationary Phases Applied for Liquid Chromatographic Enantiomer Separations: An Overview. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 1985:251-277. [PMID: 31069739 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9438-0_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
For the early 2000s, chromatographic methods applying chiral stationary phases (CSPs) became the most effective techniques for the resolution of chiral compounds on both analytical and preparative scales. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) employing various types of chiral selectors covalently bonded to silica-based supports offers a state-of-the-art methodology for "chiral analysis." Although a large number of CSPs are available nowadays, the design and development of new "chiral columns" are still needed since it is obvious that in practice one needs a good portfolio of different columns to face the challenging task of enantiomeric resolutions. The development of the unique chiral anion, cation, and zwitterion exchangers achieved by Lindner and his partners serves as an expansion of the range of the efficiently applicable CSPs.In this context this overview chapter discusses and summarizes direct enantiomer separations of chiral acids and ampholytes applying zwitterionic ion exchangers derived from Cinchona alkaloids. Our aim is to provide comprehensive information on practical solutions with focus on the molecular recognition and methodological variables.
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Affiliation(s)
- István Ilisz
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Analysis, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary.
| | - Attila Bajtai
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Analysis, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Antal Péter
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Analysis, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Wolfgang Lindner
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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21
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Ilisz I, Bajtai A, Lindner W, Péter A. Liquid chromatographic enantiomer separations applying chiral ion-exchangers based on Cinchona alkaloids. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2018; 159:127-152. [PMID: 29980014 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2018.06.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Revised: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
As the understanding of the various biological actions of compounds with different stereochemistry has grown, the necessity to develop methods for the analytical qualification and quantification of chiral products has become particularly important. The last quarter of the century has seen a vast growth of diverse chiral technologies, including stereocontrolled synthesis and enantioselective separation and analysis concepts. By the introduction of covalently bonded silica-based chiral stationary phases (CSPs), the so-called direct liquid chromatographic (LC) methods of enantiomer separation became the state-of-the-art methodology. Although a large number of CSPs is available nowadays, the design and development of new chiral selectors and CSPs are still needed since it is obvious that in practice one needs a good portfolio of different CSPs and focused "chiral columns" to tackle the challenging tasks. This review discusses and summarizes direct enantiomer separations of chiral acids and ampholytes applying anionic and zwitterionic ion-exchangers derived from Cinchona alkaloids with emphasis on literature data published in the last 10 years. Our aim is to provide an overview of practical solutions, while focusing on the integration of molecular recognition and methodological variables.
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Affiliation(s)
- István Ilisz
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Szeged, Dóm tér 7, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary; Institute of Pharmaceutical Analysis, University of Szeged, Somogyi utca 4, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary.
| | - Attila Bajtai
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Szeged, Dóm tér 7, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Wolfgang Lindner
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Strasse 83, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Antal Péter
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Szeged, Dóm tér 7, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
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22
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Hellinghausen G, Roy D, Wang Y, Lee JT, Lopez DA, Weatherly CA, Armstrong DW. A comprehensive methodology for the chiral separation of 40 tobacco alkaloids and their carcinogenic E/Z-(R,S)-tobacco-specific nitrosamine metabolites. Talanta 2018; 181:132-141. [PMID: 29426492 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2017.12.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Revised: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The predominant enantiomer of nicotine found in nature is (S)-nicotine and its pharmacology has been widely established. However, pharmacologic information concerning individual enantiomers of nicotine-related compounds is limited. Recently, a modified macrocyclic glycopeptide chiral selector was found to be highly stereoselective for most tobacco alkaloids and metabolites. This study examines the semi-synthetic and native known macrocyclic glycopeptides for chiral recognition, separation, and characterization of the largest group of nicotine-related compounds ever reported (tobacco alkaloids, nicotine metabolites and derivatives, and tobacco-specific nitrosamines). The enantioseparation of nicotine is accomplished in less than 20s for example. All liquid chromatography separations are mass spectrometry compatible for the tobacco alkaloids, as well as their metabolites. Ring-closed, cyclized structures were identified and separated from their ring-open, straight chain equilibrium structures. Also, E/Z-tobacco-specific nitrosamines and their enantiomers were directly separated. E/Z isomers also are known to have different physical and chemical properties and biological activities. This study provides optimal separation conditions for the analysis of nicotine-related isomers, which in the past have been reported to be ineffectively separated which can result in inaccurate results. The methodology of this study could be applied to cancer studies, and lead to more information about the role of these isomers in other diseases and as treatment for diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garrett Hellinghausen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, USA
| | - Daipayan Roy
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, USA
| | - Yadi Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, USA
| | - Jauh T Lee
- AZYP LLC, 700 Planetarium Place, Arlington, TX 76019, USA
| | - Diego A Lopez
- AZYP LLC, 700 Planetarium Place, Arlington, TX 76019, USA
| | - Choyce A Weatherly
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, USA
| | - Daniel W Armstrong
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, USA; AZYP LLC, 700 Planetarium Place, Arlington, TX 76019, USA.
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23
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Quiliano M, Pabón A, Moles E, Bonilla-Ramirez L, Fabing I, Fong KY, Nieto-Aco DA, Wright DW, Pizarro JC, Vettorazzi A, López de Cerain A, Deharo E, Fernández-Busquets X, Garavito G, Aldana I, Galiano S. Structure-activity relationship of new antimalarial 1-aryl-3-susbtituted propanol derivatives: Synthesis, preliminary toxicity profiling, parasite life cycle stage studies, target exploration, and targeted delivery. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 152:489-514. [PMID: 29754074 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.04.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2018] [Revised: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Design, synthesis, structure-activity relationship, cytotoxicity studies, in silico drug-likeness, genotoxicity screening, and in vivo studies of new 1-aryl-3-substituted propanol derivatives led to the identification of nine compounds with promising in vitro (55, 56, 61, 64, 66, and 70-73) and in vivo (66 and 72) antimalarial profiles against Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium berghei. Compounds 55, 56, 61, 64, 66 and 70-73 exhibited potent antiplasmodial activity against chloroquine-resistant strain FCR-3 (IC50s < 0.28 μM), and compounds 55, 56, 64, 70, 71, and 72 showed potent biological activity in chloroquine-sensitive and multidrug-resistant strains (IC50s < 0.7 μM for 3D7, D6, FCR-3 and C235). All of these compounds share appropriate drug-likeness profiles and adequate selectivity indexes (77 < SI < 184) as well as lack genotoxicity. In vivo efficacy tests in a mouse model showed compounds 66 and 72 to be promising candidates as they exhibited significant parasitemia reductions of 96.4% and 80.4%, respectively. Additional studies such as liver stage and sporogony inhibition, target exploration of heat shock protein 90 of P. falciparum, targeted delivery by immunoliposomes, and enantiomer characterization were performed and strongly reinforce the hypothesis of 1-aryl-3-substituted propanol derivatives as promising antimalarial compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Quiliano
- Universidad de Navarra, Instituto de Salud Tropical (ISTUN), Campus Universitario, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; Universidad de Navarra, Facultad de Farmacia y Nutrición, Departamento de Química Orgánica y Farmacéutica, Campus Universitario, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Adriana Pabón
- Grupo Malaria, Universidad de Antioquía, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Ernest Moles
- Nanomalaria Group, Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), Baldiri Reixac 10-12, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Barcelona Center for International Health Research (CRESIB, Hospital Clínic-Universitat de Barcelona), Rosselló 149-153, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Institute (IN2UB), University of Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Isabelle Fabing
- Laboratoire de Synthese et Physicochimie de Molécules d'Intéret Biologique SPCMIB-UMR5068, CNRS - Université Paul Sabatier, 118, route de Narbonne, 31062, Toulouse Cedex 09, France
| | - Kim Y Fong
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Station B 351822, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
| | - Diego A Nieto-Aco
- Universidad de Navarra, Instituto de Salud Tropical (ISTUN), Campus Universitario, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; Universidad de Navarra, Facultad de Farmacia y Nutrición, Departamento de Química Orgánica y Farmacéutica, Campus Universitario, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - David W Wright
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Station B 351822, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
| | - Juan C Pizarro
- Department of Tropical Medicine, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University USA; Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases Research Center, Tulane University USA
| | - Ariane Vettorazzi
- Universidad de Navarra, Facultad de Farmacia y Nutrición, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Campus Universitario, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Adela López de Cerain
- Universidad de Navarra, Facultad de Farmacia y Nutrición, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Campus Universitario, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Eric Deharo
- UMR 152 PHARMA-DEV, Université Toulouse, IRD, UPS, 31062, Toulouse, France
| | - Xavier Fernández-Busquets
- Nanomalaria Group, Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), Baldiri Reixac 10-12, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Barcelona Center for International Health Research (CRESIB, Hospital Clínic-Universitat de Barcelona), Rosselló 149-153, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Institute (IN2UB), University of Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Giovanny Garavito
- Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Sede Bogotá, Facultad de Ciencias, Departamento de Farmacia (DFUNC), Grupo de investigación FaMeTra (Farmacología de la Medicina tradicional y popular), Carrera 30 45-03, Bogotá D.C., Colombia
| | - Ignacio Aldana
- Universidad de Navarra, Instituto de Salud Tropical (ISTUN), Campus Universitario, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; Universidad de Navarra, Facultad de Farmacia y Nutrición, Departamento de Química Orgánica y Farmacéutica, Campus Universitario, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Silvia Galiano
- Universidad de Navarra, Instituto de Salud Tropical (ISTUN), Campus Universitario, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; Universidad de Navarra, Facultad de Farmacia y Nutrición, Departamento de Química Orgánica y Farmacéutica, Campus Universitario, 31008 Pamplona, Spain.
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Tang S, Mei X, Chen W, Huang SH, Bai ZW. A high-performance chiral selector derived from chitosan (p-methylbenzylurea) for efficient enantiomer separation. Talanta 2018; 185:42-52. [PMID: 29759222 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2018.03.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Revised: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
N-Methoxycarbonyl chitosan was prepared by selectively modifying the amino group at the 2-position of chitosan with methyl chloroformate, which was further functionalized with p-methylbenzylamine to produce chitosan (p-methylbenzylurea). Then, the hydroxyl groups at the 3- and 6-positions of the glucose skeleton were modified with various phenyl isocyanates, affording a series of chitosan 3,6-bis(arylcarbamate)-2-(p-methylbenzylurea)s, which were characterized and proposed as chiral selectors for enantiomer separation. Nineteen racemates, most of which are drugs or intermediates for drugs, were selected as the model analytes to evaluate the enantioseparation performance. The structure-performance relationship of the chiral selectors was investigated in detail. It was found that the methyl-substituted chiral selectors possessed more preferable enantioseparation performance compared with the chloro-substituted ones, and the chiral selectors containing a methyl substituent at the 4-position of the benzene ring showed the best chiral recognition and separation ability with 17 racemates being recognized and 13 racemates being baseline separated. The prepared chiral separation materials derived from these chiral selectors exhibited favorable solvent tolerance towards ethyl acetate, acetone, chloroform and a low proportion of tetrahydrofuran in normal phase. To sum up, this work provided a useful reference for the design and preparation of high-performance chiral separation materials for efficient enantiomer separation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Tang
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China
| | - Xiaomeng Mei
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China
| | - Wei Chen
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China
| | - Shao-Hua Huang
- Key Laboratory of Biobased Materials, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China
| | - Zheng-Wu Bai
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China.
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Orosz T, Grecsó N, Lajkó G, Szakonyi Z, Fülöp F, Armstrong DW, Ilisz I, Péter A. Liquid chromatographic enantioseparation of carbocyclic β-amino acids possessing limonene skeleton on macrocyclic glycopeptide-based chiral stationary phases. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2017; 145:119-126. [PMID: 28654779 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2017.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Revised: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Polar-ionic and reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic separations of limonene-based cyclic β-amino acid enantiomers were carried out by using macrocyclic glycopeptide-based chiral selectors applying Chirobiotic T, TAG and R columns. The effects of additives, concentration of the co- and counter-ions and the temperature in polar-ionic mobile phase systems were studied. The influence of pH, MeOH content and alcohol additives were investigated in the reversed-phase mode. The difference in the change in standard enthalpy Δ(ΔH°), entropy Δ(ΔS°), and free energy Δ(ΔG°) was calculated from the linear van't Hoff plots derived from the ln α vs 1/T curves in the temperature range 5-40°C. Unusual temperature behavior was observed on Chirobiotic TAG for most of the analytes: decreased retention times were accompanied with increased separation factors with increasing temperature, and separation was entropically-driven. For two of the studied analytes enthalpically-driven enantioseparations were observed. The elution sequence was determined in all cases, but no general rule could be established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tímea Orosz
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Szeged, H-6720 Szeged, Dóm tér 7, Hungary
| | - Nóra Grecsó
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Szeged, H-6720 Szeged, Dóm tér 7, Hungary; Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Szeged, H-6720 Szeged, Eötvös u. 6, Hungary
| | - Gyula Lajkó
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Szeged, H-6720 Szeged, Dóm tér 7, Hungary; Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Szeged, H-6720 Szeged, Eötvös u. 6, Hungary
| | - Zsolt Szakonyi
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Szeged, H-6720 Szeged, Eötvös u. 6, Hungary
| | - Ferenc Fülöp
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Szeged, H-6720 Szeged, Eötvös u. 6, Hungary
| | - Daniel W Armstrong
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019-0065, USA
| | - István Ilisz
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Szeged, H-6720 Szeged, Dóm tér 7, Hungary.
| | - Antal Péter
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Szeged, H-6720 Szeged, Dóm tér 7, Hungary
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West C, Konjaria ML, Shashviashvili N, Lemasson E, Bonnet P, Kakava R, Volonterio A, Chankvetadze B. Enantioseparation of novel chiral sulfoxides on chlorinated polysaccharide stationary phases in supercritical fluid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1499:174-182. [PMID: 28404372 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.03.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Revised: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Asymmetric sulfoxides is a particular case of chirality that may be found in natural as well as synthetic products. Twenty-four original molecules containing a sulfur atom as a centre of chirality were analyzed in supercritical fluid chromatography on seven polysaccharide-based chiral stationary phases (CSP) with carbon dioxide - methanol mobile phases. While all the tested CSP provided enantioseparation for a large part of the racemates, chlorinated cellulosic phases proved to be both highly retentive and highly enantioselective towards these species. Favourable structural features were determined by careful comparison of the enantioseparation of the probe molecules. Molecular modelling studies indicate that U-shaped (folded) conformations were most favorable to achieve high enantioresolution on these CSP, while linear (extended) conformations were not so clearly discriminated. For a subset of these species adopting different conformations, a broad range of mobile phase compositions, ranging from 20 to 100% methanol in carbon dioxide, were investigated. While retention decreased continuously in this range, enantioseparation varied in a non-monotonous fashion. Abrupt changes in the tendency curves of retention and selectivity were observed when methanol proportion reaches about 60%, suggesting that a change in the conformation of the analytes and/or chiral selector is occurring at this point.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline West
- Institut de Chimie Organique et Analytique (ICOA), Université d'Orléans et CNRS, UMR7311, BP 6759, 45067 Orléans, France.
| | - Mari-Luiza Konjaria
- Institute of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, School of Exact and Natural Sciences, Tbilisi State University, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Natia Shashviashvili
- Institute of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, School of Exact and Natural Sciences, Tbilisi State University, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Elise Lemasson
- Institut de Chimie Organique et Analytique (ICOA), Université d'Orléans et CNRS, UMR7311, BP 6759, 45067 Orléans, France
| | - Pascal Bonnet
- Institut de Chimie Organique et Analytique (ICOA), Université d'Orléans et CNRS, UMR7311, BP 6759, 45067 Orléans, France
| | - Rusudan Kakava
- Institut de Chimie Organique et Analytique (ICOA), Université d'Orléans et CNRS, UMR7311, BP 6759, 45067 Orléans, France
| | - Alessandro Volonterio
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "G. Natta", Politecnico di Milano, Via Mancinelli 7, 20131, Milan, Italy; CNR Istituto di Chimica del Riconoscimento Moleculare (ICRM), Via Mancinelli 7, 20131 Milan, Italy
| | - Bezhan Chankvetadze
- Institute of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, School of Exact and Natural Sciences, Tbilisi State University, Tbilisi, Georgia
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Hyun MH. Liquid chromatographic enantioseparations on crown ether-based chiral stationary phases. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1467:19-32. [PMID: 27473514 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.07.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Revised: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Various liquid chromatographic chiral stationary phases (CSPs) have been developed for the resolution of racemic compounds. In particular, CSPs based on chiral crown ethers have been known to be useful in the resolution of racemic compounds containing a primary amino group. In this paper, the development of two types of CSPs based on the chiral crown ethers containing 1,1'-binaphthyl unit(s) or tartaric acid units as chiral barrier(s) and their applications to the resolution of various racemic compounds were reviewed. The structural characteristics of eleven CSPs and their chromatographic behaviors for the resolution of racemic primary amino and non-primary amino compounds were included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myung Ho Hyun
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute for Functional Materials, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, South Korea.
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28
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Matsunaga H, Haginaka J. Separation of enantiomers on chiral stationary phase based on cellulase: Effect of preparation method and silica particle diameters on chiral recognition ability. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1467:155-162. [PMID: 27266335 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.05.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2016] [Revised: 05/19/2016] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Cellulase (Cel) was immobilized onto aminopropyl-silica gels via its amino and carboxy groups, respectively, using N,N'-disuccinimidyl carbonate, and 1-ethyl-3-(3'-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodimide and N-hydroxysulfosuccinimide. They were termed N-Cel and C-Cel, respectively. Despite their smaller retention factors on a C-Cel column, the enantioseparation factors and resolution of β-blockers, propranolol, alprenolol, oxprenolol and pindolol, were similar with N- and C-Cel columns. In addition, C-Cel was prepared using aminopropyl-silica gels, whose nominal particle diameters were 5 and 3, and 2.1μm, respectively. A C-Cel column prepared with 2.1-μm aminopropyl-silica gels gave the highest enantioselectivity and column efficiency among three C-Cel columns. Furthermore, the influence of N,N-dimethyl-n-octylamine (DMOA) or cellobiose concentrations on the retentivity and enantioselectivity for β-blockers on a C-Cel column was investigated. The results indicate that single-site competition of β-blockers with DMOA or cellobiose on the catalytic binding site of Cel and the further bindings at the secondary site in a non-competitive fashion could occur. Furthermore, the enantioselective bindings of β-blockers could occur at the catalytic biding cite of Cel and at the secondary binding site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisami Matsunaga
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mukogawa Women's University, 11-68, Koshien Kyuban-cho, Nishinomiya 663-8179, Japan
| | - Jun Haginaka
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mukogawa Women's University, 11-68, Koshien Kyuban-cho, Nishinomiya 663-8179, Japan.
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Abstract
Stereospecific recognition of chiral molecules is an important issue in various aspects of life sciences and chemistry including analytical separation sciences. The basis of analytical enantioseparations is the formation of transient diastereomeric complexes driven by hydrogen bonds or ionic, ion-dipole, dipole-dipole, van der Waals as well as π-π interactions. Recently, halogen bonding was also described to contribute to selector-selectand complexation. Besides structure-separation relationships, spectroscopic techniques, especially NMR spectroscopy, as well as X-ray crystallography have contributed to the understanding of the structure of the diastereomeric complexes. Molecular modeling has provided the tool for the visualization of the structures. The present review highlights recent contributions to the understanding of the binding mechanism between chiral selectors and selectands in analytical enantioseparations dating between 2012 and early 2016 including polysaccharide derivatives, cyclodextrins, cyclofructans, macrocyclic glycopeptides, proteins, brush-type selectors, ion-exchangers, polymers, crown ethers, ligand-exchangers, molecular micelles, ionic liquids, metal-organic frameworks and nucleotide-derived selectors. A systematic compilation of all published literature on the various chiral selectors has not been attempted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerhard K E Scriba
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Philosophenweg 14, 07743 Jena, Germany.
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Bao JJ, Jia F, Li Y, Liang Q, Wang Y. Synthesis and applications of sulfopropyl ether γ-cyclodextrin polymer as chiral selector in capillary electrophoresis. Anal Bioanal Chem 2016; 408:3639-49. [PMID: 26993309 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-016-9452-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Revised: 02/14/2016] [Accepted: 02/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
A novel sulfopropyl ether γ-cyclodextrin polymer (SPE-γ-CDP) through polycondensating sulfated cyclodextrins (SCDs) was synthesized. This synthesis approach also has the potential of preparing other derived cyclodextrins (CDs) polymers. The polymerized SCDs took on both the properties of SCDs and certain characteristics of polymers, such as chiral selectivity and high viscosity. Synthesis parameters, including reactions sequence, sulfation, and polycondensation conditions were investigated systematically. The product was characterized by elemental analysis, infrared spectroscopy (IR), and indirect UV detections prior to use as background electrolytes additive. The separation conditions, including the concentration of SPE-γ-CDP, the concentration and pH of running buffer, separation voltage, as well as the additional organic solution were optimized during chiral separation of neutral, acidic, and basic enantiomers in capillary electrophoresis (CE). SPE-γ-CDP was proven to be an effective chiral resolving agent in CE with the advantages of simple synthesis process, low cost, similar ratio of charge-to-mass, low current, great reproducibility, and reusability. Graphical Abstract Synthesis and applications of sulfopropyl ether γ-cyclodextrin polymer.
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Affiliation(s)
- James J Bao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery and High-Efficiency, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Feifei Jia
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery and High-Efficiency, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Youxin Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery and High-Efficiency, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300072, China.
| | - Qinggang Liang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery and High-Efficiency, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery and High-Efficiency, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300072, China
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Abstract
Capillary electrophoresis (CE) is a versatile and flexible technique for analytical enantioseparations. This is due to the large variety of chiral selectors as well as the different operation modes including electrokinetic chromatography, micellar electrokinetic chromatography, and microemulsion electrokinetic chromatography. The chiral selector, which is added to the background electrolyte, represents a pseudostationary phase with its own electrophoretic mobility allowing a variety of different separation protocols. The present chapter briefly addresses the basic fundamentals of CE enantioseparations as well as the most frequently applied chiral selectors and separation modes. The practical example illustrates the separation of the enantiomers of a positively charged analyte using native and charged cyclodextrin derivatives as chiral selectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerhard K E Scriba
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Jena, Philosophenweg 14, Jena, 07743, Germany.
| | - Henrik Harnisch
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Jena, Philosophenweg 14, Jena, 07743, Germany
| | - Qingfu Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, Wichita State University, 1845 Fairmount St, Wichita, KS, 67260, USA
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Sugimoto H, Kakehi M, Jinno F. Method development for the determination of D- and L-isomers of leucine in human plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry and its application to animal plasma samples. Anal Bioanal Chem 2015; 407:7889-98. [PMID: 26345443 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-015-8999-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2015] [Revised: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 07/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
We developed a highly sensitive and specific high-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry method with an electrospray ionization for the determination of D- and L-isomers of leucine in human plasma. Phosphate-buffered saline was used as the surrogate matrix for preparation of calibration curves and quality control samples. The extraction of D- and L-leucine in plasma samples (100 μL) was performed using cationic exchange solid-phase extraction. The enantiomer separation of D- and L-leucine was successfully achieved without derivatization using a CHIRALPAK ZWIX(-) with an isocratic mobile phase comprised of methanol/acetonitrile/1 mol/L ammonium formate/formic acid (500:500:25:2, v/v/v/v) at a flow rate of 0.5 mL/min. In addition, the discrimination of DL-leucine from structural isomers DL-isoleucine and DL-allo-isoleucine was performed using the unique precursor and product ion pair transition of DL-leucine (m/z 132.1 > 43.0) and DL-leucine-d 7 (m/z 139.2 > 93.0) in positive electrospray ionization mode. The standard curves were linear throughout the calibration range from 0.001 to 1 μg/mL for D-leucine and from 1 to 1000 μg/mL for L-leucine, respectively, with acceptable intra- and inter-day precision and accuracy. The stability of D- and L-leucine in human plasma and solvents was confirmed. The endogenous level of D- and L-leucine in human plasma was 0.00197~0.00591 and 9.63~24.7 μg/mL, respectively. This method was also successfully applied to investigate the species difference in the ratios of D-leucine to total leucine from individual plasma concentrations in humans and various animals. The plasma D-leucine concentrations or their ratio to total leucine in rodents was much higher than that in humans.
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Hancu G, Cârje A, Iuga I, Fülöp I, Szabó ZI. Cyclodextrine screening for the chiral separation of carvedilol by capillary electrophoresis. Iran J Pharm Res 2015; 14:425-33. [PMID: 25901149 PMCID: PMC4403058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Carvedilol is administered as a racemic mixture of the R(+)- and S(-)-enantiomers, although it was demonstrated that the two enantiomers exhibit different pharmacological effects and stereoselective pharmacokinetics. The aim of this study was the evaluation of several native and derivatized cyclodextrines as chiral selectors for the separation of carvedilol enantiomers. Stereoselective interactions were observed with four cyclodextrines (β-CD, hydroxypropyl-β-CD, randomly methylated β-CD and sulfobuthyl ether- β-CD). The effects of CD concentration, pH value and composition of the background electrolyte, capillary temperature, running voltage and injection parameters have been investigated. The method was validated for precision of peak-area response, linearity range and limits of detection and quantification. An efficient stereoselective capillary zone electrophoretic method was developed for the determination of carvedilol enantiomers using a simple 25 mM phosphate buffer at a pH = 2.5 and 10 mM β-CD as chiral selector, resulting in baseline separation of the two enantiomers with sharp peaks and relatively short analysis time. Highly satisfactory results were obtained from the analysis of carvedilol from tablets, indicating that the method is suitable for routine analysis of carvedilol in pharmaceutical products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Hancu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Târgu Mureş, Romania.,e-mail:
| | - Anca Cârje
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Târgu Mureş, Romania.
| | - Ileana Iuga
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Târgu Mureş, Romania.
| | - Ibolya Fülöp
- Department of Toxicology and Biofarmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Târgu Mureş, Romania.
| | - Zoltán-István Szabó
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Târgu Mureş, Romania.
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Miyoshi Y, Nagano M, Ishigo S, Ito Y, Hashiguchi K, Hishida N, Mita M, Lindner W, Hamase K. Chiral amino acid analysis of Japanese traditional Kurozu and the developmental changes during earthenware jar fermentation processes. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2014; 966:187-92. [PMID: 24582151 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2014.01.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2013] [Revised: 01/22/2014] [Accepted: 01/23/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Enantioselective amino acid metabolome analysis of the Japanese traditional black vinegars (amber rice vinegar, Kurozu) was performed using two-dimensional high-performance liquid chromatography combining a microbore-monolithic ODS column and narrowbore-enantioselective columns. d-Amino acids, the enantiomers of widely observed l-amino acids, are currently paid attention as novel physiologically active substances, and the foodstuffs and beverages containing high amounts of d-amino acids are the subjects of interest. In the present study, the amino acid enantiomers were determined by two-dimensional HPLC techniques after pre-column fluorescence derivatization with 4-fluoro-7-nitro-2,1,3-benzoxadiazole. In the first dimension, the amino acid enantiomers are separated as their d plus l mixtures by the reversed-phase mode, then the d-amino acids and their l-counterparts are separately determined in the second dimension by the enantioselective columns. As a result, large amounts of d-Ala (800-4000nmol/mL), d-Asp (200-400nmol/mL) and d-Glu (150-500nmol/mL) were observed in some of the traditionally produced Kurozu vinegars. Relatively large or small amounts of d-Ser (50-100nmol/mL), d-Leu (10-50nmol/mL) and d-allo-Ile (less than 20nmol/mL) were also present in these samples. Developmental changes in the d-amino acid amounts during the fermentation and aging processes have also been investigated.
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Balamurugan K, Gokulakrishnan K, Prakasam T. Preparation and evaluation of molecularly imprinted polymer liquid chromatography column for the separation of Cathine enantiomers. Saudi Pharm J 2011; 20:53-61. [PMID: 23960776 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2011.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2011] [Accepted: 06/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study molecular imprinting technology was employed to prepare a specific affinity sorbent for the resolution of Cathine, a chiral drug product. The molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) was prepared by non-covalent molecular imprinting with either (+) or (-)-Cathine (threo-2-amino-1-hydroxy-1-phenyl propane; norpseudoephedrine) as the template. Methacrylic acid and ethylene glycol di-methacrylate were copolymerized in the presence of the template molecule. The bulk polymerization was carried out in chloroform with 2,2'-azobisisobutyronitrile as the initiator, at 5 °C and under UV radiation. The resulting MIP was ground into powders, which were slurry packed into analytical columns. After removal of template molecules, the MIP-packed columns were found to be effective for the resolution of (±)-Cathine racemates. The separation factor for the enantiomers ranged between 1.5 and 2.4 when the column was packed with MIP prepared with (+)-Cathine as the template. A separation factor ranging from 1.6 to 2.9 could be achieved from the column packed with MIP, prepared with (-)-Cathine as the template. Although the separation factor was higher with that previously obtained from reversed-phase column chromatography following derivatization with a chiral agent, elution peaks were broader due to the heterogeneity of binding sites on MIP particles and the possible non-specific interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishnamoorthy Balamurugan
- Research and Development Centre, Malladi Drugs and Pharmaceuticals Ltd., No. 788/1, Irulapalayam, Kuthambakkam 602 107, India ; Department of Chemistry, PRIST University, East Campus, Thanjavur 613 403, India
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