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Rodriguez-Rodríguez S, Canet-Vintró M, Wee SO, Rodríguez-Sanz J, López-de-Celis C, Oviedo GR, Labata-Lezaun N, Pérez-Bellmunt A. Cognitive Enhancement Strategies for Older Adults: An Evaluation of Different Training Modalities to Improve Executive Function-A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Clin Med 2024; 13:1301. [PMID: 38592139 PMCID: PMC10931602 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13051301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: The aging population is expected to triple by 2050. Executive functions decline with age, impacting daily tasks, and this is associated with neurodegenerative diseases. Aerobic and resistance exercises positively affect cognitive function in older adults by influencing growth markers. However, the modalities of exercise and the optimal parameters for maximum cognitive benefits remain unclear. (2) Methods: A meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials (RCTs) was conducted. The systematic search was on slowing cognitive decline and performed in the PubMed/MEDLINE and Cochrane Library databases. Articles were included if participants were ≥65 years, healthy, and performing resistance or aerobic exercise, and they were excluded if there was a combination of training and if they have neurological disease or cognitive impairment. (3) Results: The search strategy found a total of 1635 studies. After removing duplicates and assessing the inclusion and exclusion criteria, eight articles were included in the meta-analysis, with a total of 463 healthy older adults analyzed. No significant differences between the intervention groups and the control groups after the aerobic or resistance programs were found. (4) Conclusions: Aerobic exercise interventions improved executive function more than resistance training in older adults, but without statistically significant differences. This can serve as a guide to see, with caution, whether we need a multidisciplinary approach to be more effective in improving the cortical health of older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergi Rodriguez-Rodríguez
- Basic Sciences Department, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, 08195 Barcelona, Spain; (S.R.-R.); (M.C.-V.); (J.R.-S.); (G.R.O.); (A.P.-B.)
- ACTIUM Functional Anatomy Research Group, Sant Cugat del Vallés, 08195 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Max Canet-Vintró
- Basic Sciences Department, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, 08195 Barcelona, Spain; (S.R.-R.); (M.C.-V.); (J.R.-S.); (G.R.O.); (A.P.-B.)
- ACTIUM Functional Anatomy Research Group, Sant Cugat del Vallés, 08195 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Sang Ouk Wee
- Department of Kinesiology. California State University, San Bernardino, CA 92407, USA;
| | - Jacobo Rodríguez-Sanz
- Basic Sciences Department, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, 08195 Barcelona, Spain; (S.R.-R.); (M.C.-V.); (J.R.-S.); (G.R.O.); (A.P.-B.)
- ACTIUM Functional Anatomy Research Group, Sant Cugat del Vallés, 08195 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Carlos López-de-Celis
- ACTIUM Functional Anatomy Research Group, Sant Cugat del Vallés, 08195 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Guillermo R. Oviedo
- Basic Sciences Department, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, 08195 Barcelona, Spain; (S.R.-R.); (M.C.-V.); (J.R.-S.); (G.R.O.); (A.P.-B.)
- ACTIUM Functional Anatomy Research Group, Sant Cugat del Vallés, 08195 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Noé Labata-Lezaun
- ACTIUM Functional Anatomy Research Group, Sant Cugat del Vallés, 08195 Barcelona, Spain;
- Department of Physiotherapy, Universidad de Vitoria-Gateiz (EUNEIZ), 01013 Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Albert Pérez-Bellmunt
- Basic Sciences Department, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, 08195 Barcelona, Spain; (S.R.-R.); (M.C.-V.); (J.R.-S.); (G.R.O.); (A.P.-B.)
- ACTIUM Functional Anatomy Research Group, Sant Cugat del Vallés, 08195 Barcelona, Spain;
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Zhang M, Jia J, Yang Y, Zhang L, Wang X. Effects of exercise interventions on cognitive functions in healthy populations: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Ageing Res Rev 2023; 92:102116. [PMID: 37924980 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2023.102116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/06/2023]
Abstract
Chronic exercise intervention is a non-pharmacological therapy suggested to improve cognitive function in various populations. However, few meta-analyses have assessed the cognitive benefits associated with all FITT-VP variables (exercise frequency, intensity, bout duration time, type, volume or total intervention length, and progression) in healthy populations by age. Thus, this meta-analysis assessed the effects of each FITT-VP variable on cognitive function in healthy children, adults, and older adults. This study followed PRISMA guidelines. After searching PubMed and the Web of Science, we included 54 randomized controlled trials to examined the effects of FITT-VP variables on five cognitive domains: global cognition, executive function, memory, attention, and information processing. Moderation analyses assessed the effects by age and by each exercise variables. Exercise benefitted overall cognition and all subcognitive domains. Aerobic and resistance exercise showed the greatest benefits on global cognition and executive function respectively, whereas mind-body exercise benefitted memory. Among all populations, older adults showed the greatest benefits of exercise on global cognition, executive function, and memory compared with controls. Additional studies are needed to assess the effects of exercise on attention and information processing. This meta-analysis offers new insights on the relationships between cognition and FITT-VP exercise variables in healthy populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minggang Zhang
- School of Psychology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Jiafeng Jia
- School of Psychology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Yang Yang
- School of Psychology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Lepu Zhang
- School of Psychology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Xiaochun Wang
- School of Psychology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China.
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Setayesh S, Mohammad Rahimi GR. The impact of resistance training on brain-derived neurotrophic factor and depression among older adults aged 60 years or older: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Geriatr Nurs 2023; 54:23-31. [PMID: 37703686 DOI: 10.1016/j.gerinurse.2023.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to investigate the impact of resistance training on brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and depression among older adults aged 60 years or older. METHOD Four electronic databases were systematically searched. RESULTS A total of 11 randomized controlled trials, with a pooled sample of 868 participants, met our inclusion criteria. Meta-analysis demonstrated that resistance training significantly improved circulating BDNF levels (mean difference; MD: 0.73 ng/ml; 95% CI [0.04, 1.42]; p = 0.04). Additionally, resistance training was associated with significant improvements in depression (standardized mean difference; SMD: -0.38; 95% CI [- 0.62, -0.14]; p = 0.002). DISCUSSION These findings suggest that resistance training may be an effective intervention for improving BDNF levels and reducing depression symptoms in older adults. Further research is needed to confirm these findings and to investigate the underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shayan Setayesh
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Sanabad Golbahar Institute of Higher Education, Golbahar, Iran
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Key MN, Szabo-Reed AN. Impact of Diet and Exercise Interventions on Cognition and Brain Health in Older Adults: A Narrative Review. Nutrients 2023; 15:2495. [PMID: 37299458 PMCID: PMC10255782 DOI: 10.3390/nu15112495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability to preserve cognitive function and protect brain structure from the effects of the aging process and neurodegenerative disease is the goal of non-pharmacologic, lifestyle interventions focused on brain health. This review examines, in turn, current diet and exercise intervention trends and the collective progress made toward understanding their impact on cognition and brain health. The diets covered in this review include the Mediterranean diet (MeDi), Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH), Mediterranean-DASH Intervention for Neurodegenerative Delay (MIND), ketogenic diet, intermittent fasting, and weight loss management. The exercise approaches covered in this review include endurance, resistance, combined exercise programs, yoga, tai chi, and high-intensity interval training. Although valuable evidence is building concerning how diet and exercise influence cognitive performance and brain structure, many of the open questions in the field are concerned with why we see these effects. Therefore, more strategically designed intervention studies are needed to reveal the likely multiple mechanisms of action in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mickeal N. Key
- KU Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Fairway, KS 66205, USA;
- Department of Neurology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Amanda N. Szabo-Reed
- KU Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Fairway, KS 66205, USA;
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Physical Activity and Weight Management, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
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Zeng Y, Wang J, Cai X, Zhang X, Zhang J, Peng M, Xiao D, Ouyang H, Yan F. Effects of physical activity interventions on executive function in older adults with dementia: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Geriatr Nurs 2023; 51:369-377. [PMID: 37127013 DOI: 10.1016/j.gerinurse.2023.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To date quantitative meta-analysis with large samples to investigate the effects and potential moderators of physical activity (PA) on executive function (EF) in older adults with dementia is insufficient. Therefore, we conducted this meta-analysis. DESIGN Meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs). PARTICIPANTS Old people with Alzheimer's disease (AD) or related dementia of varying types and severity as the primary diagnosis. METHODS PubMed, Web of Science, the Cochrane Library and Embase databases were searched for relevant studies published from 01 January, 2010 to 01 March, 2022. The results of executive function were reported in all RCTs. Random-effects meta-analysis was used to calculate the size of effects. Subgroup analyses of three moderators (including the specific sub-domains of EF, exercise prescription variables, and sample characteristics) were performed. RESULTS Eighteen RCTs were included with a combined sample size of 1366. Overall, PA interventions improved overall EF (standardized mean difference [SMD]=0.23, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.05 to 0.41, p<0.05). The EF sub-domain "planning" was significant moderator (SMD=0.31, 95%CI 0.11 to 1.51, p<0.01), but inhibitory control, working memory and cognitive flexibility were not significant. Regarding exercise prescription variables, type of resistance training; moderate intensity; total duration ≤24 weeks and short (once or twice a week) frequency improved overall EF performance. Session length may be a moderator. Regarding sample characteristics, old-old, AD and both dementia and AD had significant benefits. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS EF in older adults with AD or related dementia benefited from physical activity, and the benefit was affected by the type, intensity, total duration, frequency of exercise. Physical activity can be an alternative intervention in aging patients with dementia, to improve EF performance or prevent or EF decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuena Zeng
- School of Nursing, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, China
| | - Jinying Wang
- Department of Rehabilitation, Shenzhen Longgang District Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518172, China
| | - Xiaoyan Cai
- School of Nursing, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, China
| | - Xiaoying Zhang
- School of Medicine, Xizang Minzu University, Xianyang 712082, China
| | - Jiahui Zhang
- School of Nursing, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, China
| | - Mingmei Peng
- School of Nursing, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, China; Hemodialysis Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, China
| | - Duan Xiao
- Department of Rehabilitation, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, China
| | - Hui Ouyang
- Department of Rehabilitation, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, China.
| | - Fengxia Yan
- School of Nursing, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, China.
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Nose D, Inoue H, Imaki K, Saku K, Miura SI. Effects of a 14-week community health program of exercise and learning/education in older adults: A single-arm pre-post comparison study. Geriatr Nurs 2023; 51:1-8. [PMID: 36871326 DOI: 10.1016/j.gerinurse.2023.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
This study was initiated in 2022 in Miyaki Town, Saga Prefecture, Japan, to determine the impact of an intervention that combined brain and physical function training and health education in older residents. Miyaki has a population of approximately 26,000, 35% of whom are considered to be aging. A 14-week program consisting of strength training, brain function training, and health lectures was conducted with 34 older residents of the community. Body composition, motor function, brain function, and various blood tests were evaluated before and after the intervention. Brain function was assessed using the Trail Making Test-A. Physical function was assessed by Open-Close Stepping, Functional Reach Test, Open-Leg Standing Time, and Two-Step Test. The intervention group showed significant improvements in brain function (p< 0.0001), physical function (p = 0.0037), body composition (p = 0.0053), and LDL-C (p = 0.017). This study provides substantial evidence that community-based combined programs can be beneficial for older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Nose
- Department of Cardiology, Fukuoka University School of Medicine, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan; Department of Cardiology, Fukuoka Heartnet Hospital, Fukuoka 819-0002, Japan.
| | - Hideki Inoue
- Health and Fitness Training Care Club, Medical Community Center, Miyaki, Saga 849-0111, Japan
| | - Kota Imaki
- Mizokami Pharmacy, Medical Community Center, Miyaki, Saga 849-0111, Japan
| | | | - Shin-Ichiro Miura
- Department of Cardiology, Fukuoka University School of Medicine, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan.
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Xu L, Gu H, Cai X, Zhang Y, Hou X, Yu J, Sun T. The Effects of Exercise for Cognitive Function in Older Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:1088. [PMID: 36673844 PMCID: PMC9858649 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20021088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Physical exercise can slow down the decline of the cognitive function of the older adults, yet the review evidence is not conclusive. The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of aerobic and resistance training on cognitive ability. METHODS A computerized literature search was carried out using PubMed, Cochrane Library, Embase SCOPUS, Web of Science, CNKI (China National Knowledge Infrastructure), Wanfang, and VIP database to identify relevant articles from inception through to 1 October 2022. Based on a preliminary search of the database and the references cited, 10,338 records were identified. For the measured values of the research results, the standardized mean difference (SMD) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were used to synthesize the effect size. RESULTS Finally, 10 studies were included in this meta-analysis. Since the outcome indicators of each literature are different in evaluating the old cognitive ability, a subgroup analysis was performed on the included literature. The study of results suggests that aerobic or resistance training interventions significantly improved cognitive ability in older adults compared with control interventions with the Mini-Mental State Examination (MD 2.76; 95% CI 2.52 to 3.00), the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MD 2.64; 95% CI 2.33 to 2.94), the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (MD 2.86; 95% CI 2.25 to 3.47), the Wechsler Memory Scale (MD 9.33; 95% CI 7.12 to 11.54), the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (MD 5.31; 95% CI 1.20 to 9.43), the Trail Making Tests (MD -8.94; 95% CI -9.81 to -8.07), and the Stroop Color and Word Test (MD -5.20; 95% CI -7.89 to -2.51). CONCLUSION Physical exercise improved the cognitive function of the older adults in all mental states. To improve cognitive ability, this meta-analysis recommended that patients perform at least moderate-intensity aerobic exercise and resistance exercise on as many days as possible in the week to comply with current exercise guidelines while providing evidence for clinicians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liya Xu
- Faculty of Sports and Human Sciences, Beijing Sports University, Beijing 100084, China
- Key Laboratory of Sports and Physical Health, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Hongyi Gu
- Faculty of Sports and Human Sciences, Beijing Sports University, Beijing 100084, China
- Key Laboratory of Sports and Physical Health, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xiaowan Cai
- Faculty of Sports and Human Sciences, Beijing Sports University, Beijing 100084, China
- Key Laboratory of Sports and Physical Health, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yimin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Sports and Physical Health, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100084, China
- China Institute of Sports and Health, Beijing Sports University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xiao Hou
- Faculty of Sports and Human Sciences, Beijing Sports University, Beijing 100084, China
- Key Laboratory of Sports and Physical Health, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jingjing Yu
- Key Laboratory of Sports and Physical Health, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100084, China
- China Institute of Sports and Health, Beijing Sports University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Tingting Sun
- Key Laboratory of Sports and Physical Health, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100084, China
- China Institute of Sports and Health, Beijing Sports University, Beijing 100084, China
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Khodadad Kashi S, Mirzazadeh ZS, Saatchian V. A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Resistance Training on Quality of Life, Depression, Muscle Strength, and Functional Exercise Capacity in Older Adults Aged 60 Years or More. Biol Res Nurs 2023; 25:88-106. [PMID: 35968662 DOI: 10.1177/10998004221120945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aging is generally associated with numerous metabolic and physical changes that augment susceptibility to several chronic conditions, disability, and diminished quality of life. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this meta-analysis was to investigate the efficacy of resistance training on quality of life, depression, muscle strength, and functional exercise capacity in older adults (≥60 years). DATA SOURCES A systematic search was conducted in PubMed, MEDLINE, Cochrane, Google Scholar, and Scopus up to December 20, 2021. RESULTS 21 studies (N = 1610) were included. Resistance training significantly improved physical functioning (standard mean differences (SMD), 0.31; p = 0.02), mental health (SMD, 0.44; p = 0.001), bodily pain (SMD, -0.52; p = 0.004), general health (SMD, 0.43; p = 0.002), social functioning (SMD, 0.25; p = 0.006), and mental component score (SMD, 0.51; p = 0.001) subscales. Moreover, depression (SMD, -1.13; p = 0.01), upper-limb muscle strength (mean difference (MD), 15.26 kg; p = 0.002), lower-limb muscle strength (MD, 48.46 kg; p = 0.02), and handgrip muscle strength (MD, 1.35 kg; p = 0.003) significantly improved following resistance training. No benefits were found for vitality, physical component score, total score of quality of life, and the 6-min walk distance. CONCLUSION Preliminary evidence reveals that resistance training can be effective for improving most domains of quality of life, upper- and lower-limb muscle strength, handgrip strength, and depression in aged people. More proof is hence needed to draw solid conclusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sholeh Khodadad Kashi
- Physical Education Department, 108871K.N. Toosi University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Sadat Mirzazadeh
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Department of Sport Management, 48440Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Vahid Saatchian
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, 305467Imam Reza International University, Mashhad, Iran
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Formica MB, Gianoudis J, Nowson CA, O'Connell SL, Milte C, Ellis KA, Daly RM. Effects of a Multi-component, Resistance-Based Exercise Program Combined with Additional Lean Red Meat on Health-Related Quality of Life in Older Adults: Secondary Analysis of a 6-Month Randomized Controlled Trial. J Nutr Health Aging 2023; 27:421-429. [PMID: 37357325 DOI: 10.1007/s12603-023-1915-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To assess whether consumption of lean red meat on three exercise training days per week can promote greater improvements than exercise alone in health-related quality of life (HR-QoL) in community-dwelling older adults. DESIGN This study is a secondary analysis from a 6 month, two-arm, parallel randomized controlled trial conducted in 2014 and 2015. SETTING Community-dwelling older adults living in metropolitan Melbourne, Australia. PARTICIPANTS One hundred and fifty-four men and women aged ≥65 years. INTERVENTION All participants were enrolled in a multi-component, resistance-based exercise program (3 d/week) and randomly allocated to either a group asked to consume lean red meat (2x80g cooked servings/day) on each of the three training days (Ex+Meat, n=77) or a control group asked to consume one serving of carbohydrates (1/2 cup rice/pasta or 1 medium potato; Ex+C, n=77). MEASUREMENTS HR-QoL was assessed using the Short-Form (SF)-36 health survey. RESULTS Overall 62% of the participants were female, the mean age was 70.7 years (range 65 to 84 years), approximately 67% of participants were classified as either overweight or obese, and the average number of chronic conditions was two. A total of 145 participants (94%) completed the study. Mean baseline HR-QoL scores were comparable to the mean for the Australian population [Global HR-QoL (mean ± SD): Ex+Meat, 49.99 ± 6.57; Ex+C, 50.49 ± 5.27]. General Linear Mixed Models examining within and between group changes over time revealed that after 6 months, there were no within-group changes in either Ex+Meat or Ex+C nor any between-group differences for any measure of HR-QoL, with the exception that the mental health subscale improved in Ex+C versus Ex+Meat [net difference for change, -2.32 (95% CI), -4.73, 0.09, P=0.048] after adjusting for relevant covariates and the physical function subscale improved in Ex+Meat relative to baseline [mean change (95% CI), 1.88 (0.37, 3.39), P=0.011]. CONCLUSION A multi-component resistance-based training program performed with and without the provision of lean red meat in line with current Australian dietary guidelines on each of the three training days, did not improve HR-QoL in healthy community-dwelling older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- M B Formica
- Professor Robin M. Daly, Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, 221 Burwood Highway, Burwood, Melbourne, VIC, Australia 3215, , ORCID ID: 0000-0002-9897-1598
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10
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Castaño LAA, Castillo de Lima V, Barbieri JF, de Lucena EGP, Gáspari AF, Arai H, Teixeira CVL, Coelho-Júnior HJ, Uchida MC. Resistance Training Combined With Cognitive Training Increases Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor and Improves Cognitive Function in Healthy Older Adults. Front Psychol 2022; 13:870561. [PMID: 36312128 PMCID: PMC9613948 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.870561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The present study compared the effects of a traditional resistance training (TRT) and resistance training combined with cognitive task (RT + CT) on body composition, physical performance, cognitive function, and plasma brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BNDF) levels in older adults. Methods Thirty community-dwelling older adults were randomized into TRT (70.0 ± 8.1; 25% men) and RT + CT (66.3 ± 4.6; 31% men). Exercise groups performed a similar resistance training (RT) program, twice a week over 16 weeks. Cognitive Training involved performing verbal fluency simultaneously with RT. Exercise sessions (eight resistance exercises) were performed 2–3 sets, 8–15 repetitions at 60%–70% of 1-repetition maximum (1RM). Body composition, physical function, cognitive performance, and BDNF levels were assessed before and after intervention period. Results The physical performance was similarly improved in response to both TRT and RT + CT (p = 0.001). However, exclusive improvements on cognitive function (p < 0.001) and BDNF levels (p = 0.001) were observed only after RT + CT. Conclusion The RT program associated with a cognitive task, improved physical and cognitive performance in healthy older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luz Albany Arcila Castaño
- Applied Kinesiology Laboratory, Department of Adapted Physical Activity, School of Physical Education, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Luz Albany Arcila Castaño,
| | - Vivian Castillo de Lima
- Applied Kinesiology Laboratory, Department of Adapted Physical Activity, School of Physical Education, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - João Francisco Barbieri
- Laboratory of Electromyography Studies, Department of Sport Science, School of Physical Education, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Erick Guilherme Peixoto de Lucena
- Applied Kinesiology Laboratory, Department of Adapted Physical Activity, School of Physical Education, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Arthur Fernandes Gáspari
- Laboratory of Electromyography Studies, Department of Sport Science, School of Physical Education, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Hidenori Arai
- National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu, Aichi, Japan
| | | | - Hélio José Coelho-Júnior
- Applied Kinesiology Laboratory, Department of Adapted Physical Activity, School of Physical Education, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Marco Carlos Uchida
- Applied Kinesiology Laboratory, Department of Adapted Physical Activity, School of Physical Education, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
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11
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Zheng J, Su X, Xu C. Effects of exercise intervention on executive function of middle-aged and elderly people: A systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:960817. [PMID: 36034137 PMCID: PMC9413534 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.960817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Executive function will gradually decline with the increase of age, which will have a negative impact on the quality of life and general health. Exercise intervention can improve executive function and prevent its deterioration, but the evidence from randomized controlled trials is not consistent. Aim To assess the effect of exercise intervention on executive function of healthy middle-aged and elderly people, and briefly describe its mechanism. Methods A search was conducted using PubMed, Web of science and EBSCO. The searches were limited to English articles published from January 2010 to January 2022. The information is extracted from searched articles included or excluded based on certain criteria. Results The search returned 2,746 records, of which 11 articles were included in the systematic review, and 8 articles were supplemented according to the references included and related reviews. The results show that different types of exercise intervention have positive effects on the executive function of the middle-aged and elderly people. The intervention prescriptions in most studies are executed in medium to low frequency, medium intensity and medium duration, while only 11% of the studies were followed up. Conclusions The intervention, which was executed twice a week with 30-60 min single intervention time and over 12 weeks total duration, showed a good intervention effect. Exercise intervention is to improve executive function by affecting the activation of brain network and the synthesis of neurotransmitters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zheng
- School of Psychology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuan Su
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Chang Xu
- School of Psychology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
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12
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Szabo-Reed A, Clutton J, White S, Van Sciver A, White D, Morris J, Martin L, Lepping R, Shaw A, Puchalt JP, Montgomery R, Mahnken J, Washburn R, Burns J, Vidoni ED. COMbined Exercise Trial (COMET) to improve cognition in older adults: Rationale and methods. Contemp Clin Trials 2022; 118:106805. [PMID: 35636733 PMCID: PMC9354507 DOI: 10.1016/j.cct.2022.106805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Substantial evidence suggests physical exercise may sustain cognitive function and perhaps prevent Alzheimer's Disease (1, 2). Current public health recommendations call for older adults to do at least 150 min a week of aerobic exercise (e.g. walking) and twice a week resistance exercise (e.g. weight lifting) for physical health. Yet, much remains unknown about how these exercise modalities support brain health independently or in combination. The COMbined Exercise Trial (COMET) is designed to test the combined and independent effects of aerobic and resistance training specifically focusing on exercise-related changes in 1) cognitive performance, 2) regional brain volume, 3) physical function, and 4) blood-based factors. To explore these questions, we will enroll 280 cognitively normal older adults, age 65-80 years, into a 52-week community-based exercise program. Participants will be randomized into one of four arms: 1) flexibility/toning- control 2) 150 min of aerobic exercise only, 3) progressive resistance training only, or 4) combined aerobic and progressive resistance training. Outcomes assessed include a comprehensive cognitive battery, blood biomarkers, brain magnetic resonance imaging, physiological biomarkers, cardiorespiratory fitness, physical function, and battery of psychosocial questionnaires is assessed at baseline, 6 and 12-months. COMET will provide rigorous randomized controlled trial data to understand the effects of the most common exercise modalities, and their combination (i.e., the standard public health recommendation), on brain health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Szabo-Reed
- KU Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Fairway, KS, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Physical Activity and Weight Management, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA.
| | | | - Sydney White
- KU Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Fairway, KS, USA
| | | | - Dreu White
- KU Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Fairway, KS, USA
| | - Jill Morris
- KU Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Fairway, KS, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Laura Martin
- Department of Population Health, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA; Hoglund Biomedical Imaging Center, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kanas City, KS, USA
| | - Rebecca Lepping
- KU Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Fairway, KS, USA; Hoglund Biomedical Imaging Center, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kanas City, KS, USA
| | - Ashley Shaw
- KU Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Fairway, KS, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Jaime Perales Puchalt
- KU Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Fairway, KS, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Robert Montgomery
- Department of Biostatistics and Data Science, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Jonathan Mahnken
- Department of Biostatistics and Data Science, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Richard Washburn
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Physical Activity and Weight Management, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Jeffrey Burns
- KU Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Fairway, KS, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Eric D Vidoni
- KU Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Fairway, KS, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
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13
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Meneghini V, Barbosa AR, Lourenço CLM, Borgatto AF. Effects of Exergaming and Resistance Training on Reaction time and Intraindividual Variability in Older Adults: a Randomized Clinical Trial. AGEING INTERNATIONAL 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12126-022-09491-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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14
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Chen S, Malete L, Ling J. An examination of physical activity guidelines and health-related quality of life among U.S. older adults. Prev Med 2022; 156:106986. [PMID: 35150753 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2022.106986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Physical activity can help improve the poor health-related quality of life in older adult population. Although the Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans recommend both aerobic and muscle strengthening activities for adults, previous studies predominantly focused on aerobic activity with limited research on muscle strengthening activities. The purpose of this cross-sectional study was to examine the relationships between meeting physical activity guidelines (i.e., aerobic activity, muscle strengthening activity) and health-related quality of life in the older adult population. Data of 87,495 older adults aged ≥65 years from the U.S. 2019 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System were analyzed. Phone interviews and validated questionnaires were used to assess aerobic activity, muscle strengthening activity, and health-related quality of life. Binomial logistic regression was used to examine the relationships between meeting physical activity guidelines and health-related quality of life while adjusting for key covariates (i.e., age, sex, race, education, marital status, employment status, income, body mass index, smoking, drinking, and comorbidities). Participants meeting both or aerobic activity guideline only had significantly lower odds of reporting all components of health-related quality of life (i.e., general health, mental health, physical health, activity limitation) than those who met neither guideline (OR = 0.37-0.58) and those who met muscle strengthening activity guideline only (OR = 0.34 - 0.74). Given the stronger positive association between aerobic activity and health-related quality of life than that between muscle strengthening activity and health-related quality of life, future research should focus on promoting aerobic activity to increase health-related quality of life among older people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sisi Chen
- Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
| | | | - Jiying Ling
- Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
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15
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Chen FT, Etnier JL, Chan KH, Chiu PK, Hung TM, Chang YK. Effects of Exercise Training Interventions on Executive Function in Older Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Sports Med 2021; 50:1451-1467. [PMID: 32447717 PMCID: PMC7376513 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-020-01292-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Background Chronic exercise training has been shown be to positively associated with executive function (EF) in older adults. However, whether the exercise training effect on EF is affected by moderators including the specific sub-domain of EF, exercise prescription variables, and sample characteristics remains unknown. Objectives This systematic and meta-analytic review of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) investigated the effects of exercise training on EF in older adults and explored potential moderators underlying the effects of exercise training on EF. Methods In accordance with the PRISMA guidelines, the electronic databases MEDLINE (PubMed) and EMBASE (Scopus) were searched from January 2003 to November 2019. All studies identified for inclusion were peer-reviewed and published in English. To be included, studies had to report findings from older (> 55 years old), cognitively normal adults or adults with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) randomized to an exercise training or a control group. The risk of bias in each study was appraised using the Cochrane risk-of-bias tool. Fixed-effects models were used to compare the effects of exercise training and control conditions on EF assessed at baseline and post-intervention. In addition, subgroup analyses were performed for three moderators (i.e., the specific sub-domain of EF, exercise prescription variables, and sample characteristics). Results Thirty-three RCTs were included. Overall, exercise training was associated with a significant small improvement in EF [Q(106) = 260.09, Hedges’ g = 0.21; p < 0.01]. The EF sub-domain moderator was not significant [Q(2) = 4.33, p > 0.05], showing that the EF improvement in response to exercise is evident for measures of inhibition, updating, and shifting. Regarding exercise prescription variables, results were significantly moderated by frequency of exercise training [Q(1) = 10.86, p < 0.05], revealing that effect sizes (ESs) were larger for moderate frequency (g = 0.31) as compared to low frequency exercise (g = 0.15). The results also showed type of exercise training moderated the ESs [Q(4) = 26.18, p < 0.05], revealing that ESs were largest for other forms of exercise (g = 0.44), followed by Tai Chi and yoga (g = 0.38), resistance exercise (g = 0.22), aerobic exercise (g = 0.14), and combined exercise (g = 0.10). In addition, The results showed moderated length of training the ESs [Q(2) = 16.64, p < 0.05], revealing that ESs were largest for short length (g = 0.32), followed by mid length (g = 0.26) and long length (g = 0.09). No significant difference in effects was observed as a function of exercise intensity [Q(1) = 2.87 p > 0.05] and session time [Q(2) = 0.21, p > 0.05]. Regarding sample characteristics, the results were significantly moderated by age [Q(2) = 20.64, p < 0.05], with significant benefits for young-old (55–65 years old) (g = 0.30) and mid-old (66–75 years old) (g = 0.25), but no effect on EF for old-old (more than 75 years old). The results were also significantly moderated by physical fitness levels [Q(1) = 10.80, p < 0.05], revealing that ESs were larger for sedentary participants (g = 0.33) as compared to physically fit participants (g = 0.16). In addition, results were also significantly moderated by cognitive status [Q(1) = 11.44, p < 0.05], revealing that ESs were larger for participants with cognitively normal (g = 0.26) as compared to those with mild cognitive impairment (g = 0.08). No significant differences in effects were observed as a function of sex [Q(2) = 5.38, p > 0.05]. Conclusions Exercise training showed a small beneficial effect on EF in older adults and the magnitude of the effect was different across some moderators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng-Tzu Chen
- Graduate Institute of Sport, Leisure and Hospitality Management, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Jennifer L Etnier
- Department of Kinesiology, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC, USA
| | - Kuei-Hui Chan
- Graduate Institute of Athletics and Coaching Science, National Taiwan Sport University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Ping-Kun Chiu
- Graduate Institute of Athletics and Coaching Science, National Taiwan Sport University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Tsung-Ming Hung
- Department of Physical Education, National Taiwan Normal University, 162, Section 1, Heping E. Rd., Taipei, Taiwan, ROC.,Institute for Research Excellence in Learning Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yu-Kai Chang
- Department of Physical Education, National Taiwan Normal University, 162, Section 1, Heping E. Rd., Taipei, Taiwan, ROC. .,Institute for Research Excellence in Learning Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC.
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16
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Torromino G, Maggi A, De Leonibus E. Estrogen-dependent hippocampal wiring as a risk factor for age-related dementia in women. Prog Neurobiol 2020; 197:101895. [PMID: 32781107 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2020.101895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Women are more prone than men to develop age-related dementia, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). This has been linked to the marked decrease in circulating estrogens during menopause. This review proposes to change this perspective and consider women's vulnerability to developing AD as a consequence of sex differences in the neurobiology of memory, focusing on the hippocampus. The hippocampus of cognitively impaired subjects tends to shrink with age; however, in many cases, this can be prevented by exercise or cognitive training, suggesting that if you do not use the hippocampus you lose it. We will review the developmental trajectory of sex steroids-regulated differences on the hippocampus, proposing that the overall shaping action of sex-steroids results in a lower usage of the hippocampus in females, which in turn makes them more vulnerable to the effects of ageing, the "network fragility hypothesis". To explain why women rely less on hippocampus-dependent strategies, we propose a "computational hypothesis" that is based on experimental evidence suggesting that the direct effects of estrogens on hippocampal synaptic and structural plasticity during the estrous-cycle confers instability to the memory-dependent hippocampal network. Finally, we propose to counteract AD with training and/or treatments, such as orienteering, which specifically favour the use of the hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Torromino
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), Telethon Foundation, Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy; Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology (IBBC), National Research Council, Monterotondo, Rome, Italy
| | - Adriana Maggi
- Center of Excellence on Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Elvira De Leonibus
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), Telethon Foundation, Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy; Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology (IBBC), National Research Council, Monterotondo, Rome, Italy.
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17
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Macaulay TR, Fisher BE, Schroeder ET. Potential Indirect Mechanisms of Cognitive Enhancement After Long-Term Resistance Training in Older Adults. Phys Ther 2020; 100:907-916. [PMID: 31944253 PMCID: PMC7530578 DOI: 10.1093/ptj/pzaa013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Revised: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The prevalence of dementia and other age-associated cognitive disorders is steadily increasing worldwide. With no cure after diagnosis, successful treatment likely requires maximum adherence to preventative countermeasures. Many potential risk factors are modifiable through exercise. Specifically, mounting evidence suggests that long-term resistance training (RT) can help maintain cognitive abilities with aging and have additional benefits to overall brain health. Physical therapists are uniquely positioned to administer such clinical interventions designed to slow disease progression. However, a neuroscientific foundation for these benefits must be established to justify the integration of RT for brain health into practice. The mechanisms of cognitive decline are commonly linked to fundamental processes of aging. Even healthy older adults experience decreases in physical capacity, vascular function, brain structure and function, glucose regulation, inflammation, mood, and sleep quality. Yet, clinical trials involving RT in older adults have consistently demonstrated improvements in each of these systems with concomitant enhancement of cognitive performance. Beneficial adaptations may indirectly or directly mediate benefits to brain function, and understanding this relationship can help us develop optimal intervention strategies for the aging population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy R Macaulay
- Clinical Exercise Research Center, Division of Biokinesiology and Physical Therapy, University of Southern California, 1540 East Alcazar St, CHP 149, Los Angeles, CA 90089 (USA). Address all correspondence to Mr Macaulay at:
| | - Beth E Fisher
- Clinical Exercise Research Center, Division of Biokinesiology and Physical Therapy, University of Southern California
| | - E Todd Schroeder
- Clinical Exercise Research Center, Division of Biokinesiology and Physical Therapy, University of Southern California
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18
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Importance of Frequency and Intensity of Strength Training for Reduced Musculoskeletal Pain in the Back, Neck-Shoulder, and Arm-Hand Among Physical Therapists. J Phys Act Health 2020; 17:723-728. [PMID: 32464597 DOI: 10.1123/jpah.2019-0408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 02/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Musculoskeletal pain (MP) is common among health care professionals, including physical therapists (PTs). The physically demanding nature of their work might contribute to increase MP rates. Strength training has a positive effect on musculoskeletal health and MP. However, no studies have evaluated the association of strength training during leisure time on MP among PTs. This study aims to analyze the association between frequency and intensity of strength training during leisure time and MP in the back, neck-shoulder, and arm-hand among PTs. METHODS Data on MP and intensity and frequency of strength training were obtained using a questionnaire responded by 1006 PTs. The odds for having lower level of MP as a function of intensity or frequency of the strength training were estimated using binary logistic regression. RESULTS High-intensity strength training showed strong associations with lower intensity of MP in neck-shoulder (odds ratio = 5.08; 95% confidence interval, 1.36-18.92), arm-hand (odds ratio = 5.22; 95% confidence interval, 1.11-24.51), and back (odds ratio = 5.22; 95% confidence interval, 1.41-19.28). However, frequency and lower intensities were not significantly associated with MP in any body part. CONCLUSIONS High-intensity strength training is strongly associated with lower levels of MP in arm-hand, neck-shoulder, and back, whereas no association was found with frequency or lower intensities.
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19
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García-Garro PA, Hita-Contreras F, Martínez-Amat A, Achalandabaso-Ochoa A, Jiménez-García JD, Cruz-Díaz D, Aibar-Almazán A. Effectiveness of A Pilates Training Program on Cognitive and Functional Abilities in Postmenopausal Women. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:E3580. [PMID: 32443744 PMCID: PMC7277224 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17103580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of a Pilates exercises program on the cognitive and physical functioning of older Spanish women. This study is a randomized clinical trial; a total of 110 women aged ≥60 years were initially allocated to either a Pilates group (PG, n = 55), who underwent a 12-week Pilates exercise program, or to a control group (CG, n = 55), who did not receive any intervention. Global cognitive function (Mini-Mental State Examination), verbal fluency (Isaacs test), executive function (Trail Making Test), functional flexibility (Back Scratch Test and Chair Sit-and-Reach Test), and lower-body strength (30 s Chair-Stand Test) were assessed before and immediately after the intervention period. The main findings of this study suggest that women in the PG (within-group differences) experienced improvements across all the variables examined except for global cognitive function. When compared with the CG (between-group differences), our analysis revealed significant benefits in the PG for all measures except for global cognitive function and functional flexibility (Back Scratch Test). In conclusion, our results suggest that Pilates has the potential to improve both cognitive and functional abilities among Spanish women aged 60 years and over.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Alexandra García-Garro
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Jaén, 23071 Jaén, Spain; (P.A.G.-G.); (F.H.-C.); (A.M.-A.); (D.C.-D.); (A.A.-A.)
| | - Fidel Hita-Contreras
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Jaén, 23071 Jaén, Spain; (P.A.G.-G.); (F.H.-C.); (A.M.-A.); (D.C.-D.); (A.A.-A.)
| | - Antonio Martínez-Amat
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Jaén, 23071 Jaén, Spain; (P.A.G.-G.); (F.H.-C.); (A.M.-A.); (D.C.-D.); (A.A.-A.)
| | - Alexander Achalandabaso-Ochoa
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Jaén, 23071 Jaén, Spain; (P.A.G.-G.); (F.H.-C.); (A.M.-A.); (D.C.-D.); (A.A.-A.)
| | - José Daniel Jiménez-García
- Department of Teaching Physical Education, Fine Arts and Music, University of Cádiz, 11003 Cádiz, Spain;
| | - David Cruz-Díaz
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Jaén, 23071 Jaén, Spain; (P.A.G.-G.); (F.H.-C.); (A.M.-A.); (D.C.-D.); (A.A.-A.)
| | - Agustín Aibar-Almazán
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Jaén, 23071 Jaén, Spain; (P.A.G.-G.); (F.H.-C.); (A.M.-A.); (D.C.-D.); (A.A.-A.)
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20
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Effects of Combined Resistance and Power Training on Cognitive Function in Older Women: A Randomized Controlled Trial. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17103435. [PMID: 32423126 PMCID: PMC7277751 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17103435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 05/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The present study compared the effects of traditional resistance training (TRT) and combined power training (PT) and TRT (PTRT) on cognitive parameters and serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels in non-demented, well-functioning, community-dwelling older women. Forty-five older women were randomized into one of three experimental groups: TRT, PTRT, and control group (CG). Cognitive tests explored global cognitive function, short-term memory, and dual-task performance. Serum BDNF levels were assessed at baseline and after the intervention. Exercise sessions were performed twice a week over 22 weeks. In TRT, exercise sessions were based on three sets of 8-10 repetitions at "difficult" intensity. In PTRT, the first session was based on PT (three sets of 8-10 repetitions at "moderate" intensity), while the second session was similar to the TRT. Our analyses indicated that overall cognitive function, short-term memory, and dual-task performance were similarly improved after TRT and PTRT. Serum BDNF concentrations were not altered by any training protocol. In conclusion, the two RT programs tested in the present trial improved global cognitive function, short-term memory and dual task performance in non-demented, well-functioning, community-dwelling older women. In addition, our findings suggest that mechanisms other than BDNF may be associated with such improvements.
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21
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Eckardt N, Braun C, Kibele A. Instability Resistance Training improves Working Memory, Processing Speed and Response Inhibition in Healthy Older Adults: A Double-Blinded Randomised Controlled Trial. Sci Rep 2020; 10:2506. [PMID: 32054896 PMCID: PMC7018952 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-59105-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging is associated with declines in physical and cognitive performance. While there is no doubt about beneficial effects of physical exercise on proxies of strength and balance, the overall evidence for positive effects of resistance and balance training on executive functions is rather inconsistent. Whether the simultaneous exercising of strength and balance, i.e., instability resistance training, promotes executive functions in older adults is unknown. In the present trial, we tested the effects of unstable vs. stable resistance training on executive functions. Sixty-eight healthy older adults aged 65–79 years were randomly assigned to either an instability free-weight resistance training or one of two stable machine-based resistance training programs. Each group exercised twice a week on non-consecutive days for 10 weeks. Four tests to evaluate specific domains of executive functions were administered prior and following training: working memory, processing speed, response inhibition and set-shifting. The instability resistance training group improved working memory, processing speed and response inhibition from pre to post-test. In contrast, we found no improvements in executive functions for both stable resistance training groups. Our results demonstrate that 10 weeks of instability resistance training suffice to improve executive functions in older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nils Eckardt
- University of Kassel, Institute of Sports and Sport Science, Department of Training and Movement Science, Kassel, 34121, Germany. .,Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, Institute of Sport Science, Department of Sport and Movement Science, Oldenburg, 26129, Germany.
| | - Claudia Braun
- University of Kassel, Institute of Sports and Sport Science, Department of Training and Movement Science, Kassel, 34121, Germany
| | - Armin Kibele
- University of Kassel, Institute of Sports and Sport Science, Department of Training and Movement Science, Kassel, 34121, Germany
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22
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Yang Y, Chen T, Shao M, Yan S, Yue GH, Jiang C. Effects of Tai Chi Chuan on Inhibitory Control in Elderly Women: An fNIRS Study. Front Hum Neurosci 2020; 13:476. [PMID: 32038205 PMCID: PMC6988574 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2019.00476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2019] [Accepted: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Inhibitory control is a sub-ability of executive function and plays an important role in the entire cognitive process. However, declines in inhibitory control during aging significantly impair the quality of life of elderly people. Investigating methods to delay the decline of inhibitory control has become a focal point in current research. Tai Chi Chuan (TCC) is one effective method used to delay cognitive declines in older adults. However, the specific effects of TCC on inhibitory control and the mechanisms through which TCC may improve cognition in older adults have not been comprehensively investigated. Objective The study explores possible neurological mechanisms related to the effects of TCC interventions on inhibitory control in older people using a functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) technique and reaction times (RTs). Methods A total of 26 healthy, elderly people who had not received TCC training completed all study procedures. The subjects were randomized to either the TCC group or the control group. Subjects in the TCC group were taught TCC by a certified instructor and trained for 8 weeks. The control group continued to perform general daily activities. The Flanker task was administered to every participant to evaluate inhibitory control pre- and post-intervention. While participants were performing the Flanker task, fNIRS data were collected. Results Post-intervention, significant differences for incongruent flankers were found only for the TCC intervention group. Faster RTs were observed for the incongruent flankers in the TCC group than in the control group (p < 0.05). Analysis of the fNIRS data revealed an increase in oxy-Hb in the prefrontal cortex during the incongruent flankers after the TCC exercise intervention. Conclusion The TCC intervention significantly improved inhibitory control in older adults, suggesting that TCC is an effective, suitable exercise for improving executive function and neurological health in elderly people. Clinical Trial Registration Chinese Clinical Trial Register, ChiCTR1900028457.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Yang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness Evaluation and Technical Analysis, Capital University of Physical Education and Sports, Beijing, China.,The Center of Neuroscience and Sports, Capital University of Physical Education and Sports, Beijing, China
| | - Tingting Chen
- School of Education, Beijing Dance Academy, Beijing, China
| | - Mingming Shao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness Evaluation and Technical Analysis, Capital University of Physical Education and Sports, Beijing, China.,The Center of Neuroscience and Sports, Capital University of Physical Education and Sports, Beijing, China
| | - Shoufu Yan
- School of Kinesiology and Health, Capital University of Physical Education and Sports, Beijing, China
| | - Guang H Yue
- Center for Mobility and Rehabilitation Engineering, Kessler Foundation, West Orange, NJ, United States.,Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, United States
| | - Changhao Jiang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness Evaluation and Technical Analysis, Capital University of Physical Education and Sports, Beijing, China.,The Center of Neuroscience and Sports, Capital University of Physical Education and Sports, Beijing, China.,School of Kinesiology and Health, Capital University of Physical Education and Sports, Beijing, China
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23
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Physical Exercise Training Improves Quality of Life in Healthy Older Adults: A Meta-Analysis. J Aging Phys Act 2020; 28:81-93. [PMID: 31629357 DOI: 10.1123/japa.2018-0436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Revised: 04/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The current meta-analysis first aimed to quantify the overall effect of physical exercise training on the quality of life (QoL) in healthy older adults. Second, the effects on the social, physical, and psychological QoL were assessed. In total, 16 randomized controlled trials were included. The primary analysis showed a medium effect of physical exercise training on QoL in healthy older adults (standard mean difference [SMD] = 0.38, confidence interval, CI, [0.18, 0.59], p < .05). The secondary analyses showed a positive medium effect of physical exercise training on the physical component of QoL (SMD = 0.39, CI [0.17, 0.60], p < .05), and a positive medium effect of physical exercise training on the psychological component of QoL (SMD = 0.348, CI [0.125, 0.570], p < .05), and no significant effect of physical exercise training on the social component of QoL was observed (SMD = 0.16, CI [-0.07, 0.38], p = .17). These findings warrant implementation efforts pertaining to exercise training for older adults to improve the QoL in our aging societies.
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Pucci GCMF, Neves EB, Santana FSD, Neves DDA, Saavedra FJF. Efeito do Treinamento Resistido e do Pilates na Qualidade de vida de Idosas: um ensaio clínico randomizado. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE GERIATRIA E GERONTOLOGIA 2020. [DOI: 10.1590/1981-22562020023.200283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Resumo Objetivo comparar os efeitos do treinamento resistido (TR) e Pilates na qualidade de vida (QV) de idosas. Foi realizado um estudo de delineamento experimental com intervenção de 12 semanas. Métodos Foram avaliadas mulheres idosas (≥60 anos) que não praticavam nenhum tipo de exercício físico regularmente há pelo menos 3 meses. Participaram do estudo 41 idosas que foram aleatoriamente divididas em três grupos:1- grupo Pilates (GP), 2- grupo treinamento resistido (GTR) e 3- grupo controle (GC). Para avaliar a QV, foram utilizados os questionários WHOQOL-OLD, WHOQOL-BREF e SF-36. Foi utilizado o teste de Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney para analisar a evolução das variáveis intragrupo e o teste de Kruskal-Wallis com post hoc de Dunn para as análises intergrupos. Para a comparação das variáveis de caracterização da amostra entre os grupos foi utilizado o teste qui-quadrado. Resultados Observou-se melhora do domínio Participação Social para o GP (p=0,016). No GTR, foi encontrada diferença significativa para o domínio Saúde Mental (p=0,019). No GC, observou-se melhora do domínio Participação Social (p=0,044) e Escore Total do WHOQOL-OLD (p=0,044). Nas comparações intergrupos, observou-se diferença do Escore Total do WHOQOL-BREF do GP e GTR, com o GP apresentando uma melhor QV no início do estudo (p=0,039). A Vitalidade (p=0,010) e Saúde Mental (p=0,024) do GTR melhorou em relação ao GP. Conclusão Os grupos analisados melhoraram sua QV após o período de intervenção.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Francisco José Felix Saavedra
- Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), Portugal; Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), Portugal
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25
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The impact of behavioral interventions on cognitive function in healthy older adults: A systematic review. Ageing Res Rev 2019; 52:32-52. [PMID: 31002885 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2019.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Revised: 04/06/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Behavioral interventions to improve cognitive function in older adults are widespread and can vary from theater classes to cognitive training programs. However, the effectiveness in maintaining different cognitive domains varies greatly both across and within intervention types. To date, no systematic reviews have synthesized findings across more than a few types of interventions (e.g., cognitive vs. exercise). This systematic review examined 11 types of behavioral interventions and the respective transfer to 19 cognitive domains, as well as transfer to everyday function. Study inclusion criteria were: peer-reviewed articles in English, samples of healthy adults aged 65 and older, and randomized controlled trials of behavioral interventions with reported cognitive outcomes. The 2017 search yielded 75 eligible articles comprising cognitive training, exercise training, combination interventions, cognitively-stimulating activities, and action video games. In general, process- (n = 26) and strategy-based (n = 16) cognitive training improved the trained domains but had weak transfer to non-trained domains. Aerobic training (n = 13) most consistently improved executive function, and strength/resistance (n = 8) and aerobic/resistance combination training (n = 6) most consistently improved cognitive inhibition and visual working memory. Combination interventions (n = 15 nonfactorial, n = 3 factorial) showed promise in improving verbal delayed recall and executive function. Few studies examined cognitively-stimulating activities or action video games, leaving inconclusive results about their effect on cognitive function. Few studies examined everyday function (n = 9), however, process- and strategy-based training demonstrated notable long-term transfer. Recommendations for future research and practice are highlighted.
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Multicomponent Exercise on Physical Function, Cognition and Hemodynamic Parameters of Community-Dwelling Older Adults: A Quasi-Experimental Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16122184. [PMID: 31226762 PMCID: PMC6616426 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16122184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Revised: 04/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
This paper reports on a quasi-experimental study that aimed to identify changes in muscle function (i.e., mobility, maximal walking speed, lower limb muscle strength, balance, and transfer capacity), cognition (i.e., executive function) and hemodynamic parameters of community-dwelling Brazilian older adults during a six-month multicomponent exercise program (MCEP). A total of 436 community-dwelling older adults performed functional, cognitive and hemodynamic assessments before and after a six-month MCEP. The program of exercise was performed twice a week over 26 weeks at moderate intensity. Results indicate that balance, mobility (i.e., usual and maximal walking speeds) and transfer capacity (p < 0.05) were significantly improved after the MCEP. Moreover, all hemodynamic parameters (i.e., systolic, diastolic and mean arterial pressures), except for heart rate (p > 0.05), were significantly reduced after the intervention. The current findings indicate that a six-month MCEP may provide physical and hemodynamic benefits in community-dwelling older adults. Nevertheless, our findings need to be confirmed in larger samples and better designed studies.
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Chang M, Ramel A, Jonsson PV, Thorsdottir I, Geirsdottir OG. The effect of cognitive function on mobility improvement among community-living older adults: A 12-week resistance exercise intervention study. AGING NEUROPSYCHOLOGY AND COGNITION 2019; 27:385-396. [PMID: 31156030 DOI: 10.1080/13825585.2019.1623167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of the study was to investigate the association between baseline cognitive function and improvement in mobility after 12 weeks of resistance training (3 times/week; 3 sets, 6-8 repetitions at 75-80% of the 1-repetition maximum) among community-dwelling older adults in Iceland (N=205, 73.5±5.7 years, 57.0% female). Body composition, physical activity status, cardiovascular risk factors, 6-minute walk test (6MWT), and Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) were measured. The linear regression model was used to examine the association between baseline MMSE and mobility improvement. Mean distance of 6MWT was 462.8±71.6 meter at baseline and mean change after the exercise intervention was 33.7±34.9 meter. The mean MMSE score at baseline was 27.6±1.9. After adjusting for baseline covariates, we found that baseline MMSE score was significantly associated with improvement in mobility among older adults after the exercise intervention. Cognitive function strongly influences the effect of exercise intervention on mobility among older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milan Chang
- Faculty of Health Promotion, Sports and Leisure Studies, School of Education, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland.,National University Hospital of Iceland & Faculty of Medicine, The Icelandic Gerontological Research Institute, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Alfons Ramel
- National University Hospital of Iceland & Faculty of Medicine, The Icelandic Gerontological Research Institute, Reykjavik, Iceland.,Unit for Nutrition Research, National University Hospital of Iceland & Faculty of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - P V Jonsson
- Faculty of Health Promotion, Sports and Leisure Studies, School of Education, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - I Thorsdottir
- Unit for Nutrition Research, National University Hospital of Iceland & Faculty of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Olof Gudny Geirsdottir
- National University Hospital of Iceland & Faculty of Medicine, The Icelandic Gerontological Research Institute, Reykjavik, Iceland.,Unit for Nutrition Research, National University Hospital of Iceland & Faculty of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
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28
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Batmyagmar D, Kundi M, Ponocny-Seliger E, Lukas I, Lehrner J, Haslacher H, Winker R. High intensity endurance training is associated with better quality of life, but not with improved cognitive functions in elderly marathon runners. Sci Rep 2019; 9:4629. [PMID: 30874592 PMCID: PMC6420638 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-41010-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Impairment of cognitive functions in advanced age leads to a reduced quality of life and impaired ability to perform everyday tasks. The positive impact of physical exercise on the quality of life and well-being, also at a later age, is well established. However, the effect of endurance exercises, including long distance running and cycling, on cognitive function and mental health within the elderly population has still to be elucidated. To this end, elderly active marathoners (N = 50) aged over 60 years and non-athlete controls (N = 49) were followed for four years. Cognitive function was assessed using the CERAD test battery. In addition, the Short Form Health Survey (SF-36) was applied to assess self-reported physical, mental, and emotional health. Except for age, sex and education-corrected z-values of the test “Word list recall”, with marathon runners showing a decline compared to an improvement in controls (p < 0.05), there was no statistically significant difference in time trend between groups. In contrast, concerning self-reported health, scores in all eight domains of the SF-36 remained stable over time and, in nearly all of them, marathon runners showed higher self-reported health than controls. The results indicated that extensive endurance exercise is associated with improved subjective health but does not lead to better scores in cognitive performance tests in elderly persons.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Batmyagmar
- Centre for Public Health, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - M Kundi
- Centre for Public Health, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - I Lukas
- Health and Prevention Centre, Sanatorium Hera, Vienna, Austria
| | - J Lehrner
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - H Haslacher
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
| | - R Winker
- Health and Prevention Centre, Sanatorium Hera, Vienna, Austria
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Hart PD, Buck DJ. The effect of resistance training on health-related quality of life in older adults: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Health Promot Perspect 2019; 9:1-12. [PMID: 30788262 PMCID: PMC6377696 DOI: 10.15171/hpp.2019.01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Resistance training (RT) is recommended as part of our national physical activity guidelines which includes working all major muscle groups on two or more days a week.Older adults can gain many health benefits from RT, such as increased muscle strength,increased muscle mass, and maintenance of bone density. Additionally, certain dimensions of health-related quality of life (HRQOL) have been shown to improve in older adults due to RT intervention. The purpose of this study was to use systematic review and meta-analytic techniques to examine the effect of RT on HRQOL in older adults. Methods: A systematic review of current studies (2008 thru 2017) was conducted using PubMed. Studies were included if they used a randomized controlled design, had RT as an intervention, measured HRQOL using the SF-36/12 assessment, and included adults 50+ years of age. Eight dimension scores (physical functioning, bodily pain, physical role function, general health, mental health, emotional role function, social function, and vitality) and two summary scores (physical component and mental component) were extracted. Ten meta-analyses were performed using standardized mean effect sizes and random effects models. Study quality,moderator and sensitivity analyses were conducted. Results: A total of 16 studies were included in the analyses with a mean Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro) score of 4.9 (SD=1.0). Among the mental health measures, RT had the greatest effect on mental health (Effect size [ES]=0.64, 95% CI: 0.30-0.99, I2=79.7). Among the physical health measures, RT had the largest effect on body pain (ES=0.81, 95% CI: 0.26-1.35, I2=85.9).Initially, RT did not significantly affect measures of emotional role function, social function or physical role function. However, after removing a single study, RT significantly increased all HRQOL measures. Conclusion: The meta-analytic evidence presented in this research clearly supports the promotion of RT in improving HRQOL in older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter D Hart
- Health Promotion Program, Montana State University - Northern, Havre, MT 59501, USA.,Kinesmetrics Lab, Montana State University - Northern, Havre, MT 59501, USA
| | - Diona J Buck
- Health Promotion Program, Montana State University - Northern, Havre, MT 59501, USA
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30
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Sanders LMJ, Hortobágyi T, la Bastide-van Gemert S, van der Zee EA, van Heuvelen MJG. Dose-response relationship between exercise and cognitive function in older adults with and without cognitive impairment: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0210036. [PMID: 30629631 PMCID: PMC6328108 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0210036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
This systematic review and meta-analysis examined the dose-response relationship between exercise and cognitive function in older adults with and without cognitive impairments. We included single-modality randomized controlled aerobic, anaerobic, multicomponent or psychomotor exercise trials that quantified training frequency, session and program duration and specified intensity quantitatively or qualitatively. We defined total exercise duration in minutes as the product of program duration, session duration, and frequency. For each study, we grouped test-specific Hedges' d (n = 163) and Cohen's d (n = 23) effect sizes in the domains Global cognition, Executive function and Memory. We used multilevel mixed-effects models to investigate dose-related predictors of exercise effects. In healthy older adults (n = 23 studies), there was a small positive effect of exercise on executive function (d = 0.27) and memory (d = 0.24), but dose-parameters did not predict the magnitude of effect sizes. In older adults with cognitive impairments (n = 13 studies), exercise had a moderate positive effect on global cognition (d = 0.37). For older adults with cognitive impairments, we found evidence for exercise programs with a short session duration and high frequency to predict higher effect sizes (d = 0.43-0.50). In healthy older adults, dose-parameters did not predict the magnitude of exercise effects on cognition. For older adults with cognitive impairments, exercise programs with shorter session duration and higher frequency may generate the best cognitive results. Studies are needed in which different exercise doses are directly compared among randomized subjects or conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianne M. J. Sanders
- Center for Human Movement Sciences, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Tibor Hortobágyi
- Center for Human Movement Sciences, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sacha la Bastide-van Gemert
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Eddy A. van der Zee
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences (GELIFES), University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marieke J. G. van Heuvelen
- Center for Human Movement Sciences, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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Landrigan JF, Bell T, Crowe M, Clay OJ, Mirman D. Lifting cognition: a meta-analysis of effects of resistance exercise on cognition. PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2019; 84:1167-1183. [PMID: 30627769 DOI: 10.1007/s00426-019-01145-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 01/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The health benefits of resistance exercises are well established; however, the effects of resistance training on cognition are not as well understood. The purpose of this meta-analysis was to evaluate the evidence of resistance exercise's effects on cognition. A systematic search identified 24 studies that were included in the analyses. These articles ranged in the protocols utilized and in how they studied the effects of resistance training on cognition. Four primary analyses were carried out to assess the effects of resistance exercise on cognitive outcomes: (1) composite cognitive scores, (2) screening measures of cognitive impairment, (3) measures of executive functions, and (4) measures of working memory. Results revealed positive effects of resistance training on composite cognitive scores (SMD 0.71, 95% CI 0.30-1.12), screening measures of cognitive impairment (SMD 1.28, 95% CI 0.39-2.18), and executive functions (SMD 0.39, 95% CI 0.04-0.74), but no effect on measures of working memory (SMD 0.151, 95% CI - 0.21 to 0.51). High heterogeneity was observed in all analyses. Resistance training appears to have positive effects on cognition; however, future research will need to determine why the effects are so variable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon-Frederick Landrigan
- Department of Psychology, Drexel University, Stratton Hall Rm. 308, 3201 Chestnut St, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
| | - Tyler Bell
- Department of Psychology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1300 University Blvd, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Michael Crowe
- Department of Psychology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1300 University Blvd, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Olivio J Clay
- Department of Psychology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1300 University Blvd, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Daniel Mirman
- Department of Psychology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1300 University Blvd, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
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Santos TDS, Rocha SV, Vasconcelos LRC, Queiroz BMD, Oliveira SCD, Coutinho APP. The effect of physical exercise on the memory of elderly - an intervention study. MOTRIZ: REVISTA DE EDUCACAO FISICA 2019. [DOI: 10.1590/s1980-6574201900040020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Li Z, Peng X, Xiang W, Han J, Li K. The effect of resistance training on cognitive function in the older adults: a systematic review of randomized clinical trials. Aging Clin Exp Res 2018; 30:1259-1273. [PMID: 30006762 DOI: 10.1007/s40520-018-0998-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aging is often accompanied by decline in aspects of cognitive function. Cognitive decline has harmful effects on living independence and general health. Resistance training is seen as a promising intervention to prevent or delay cognitive deterioration, yet the evidence from reviews is less consistent. AIM To assess the effect of resistance training on cognition in the elderly with and without mild cognitive impairment and to provide an up-to-date overview. METHODS A search was conducted using PUBMED, Web of science, MEDLINE, CINAHL, Cochrane Library, EMBASE, Wan Fang, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure. The searches were limited to articles published in English or Chinese from January 2010 to September 2017. RESULTS The search returned 2634 records, of which 12 articles were included in the systematic review. Main results showed that resistance training had positive effects on the executive function and global cognitive function of the elderly, and short-term interventions had little positive effect on memory and attention. Secondary results demonstrated that there was a significant benefit of triweekly resistance training in global cognitive function and biweekly in executive function of the elderly. CONCLUSIONS Resistance training had positive effects on the executive cognitive ability and global cognitive function among the elderly; however, it had a weak-positive impact on memory. No significant improvement was found in attention. Triweekly resistance training has a better effect on general cognitive ability than biweekly. Further studies are needed focusing on the development and application of resistance training among the elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihui Li
- School of Nursing, Jilin University, 965 Xinjiang Street, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Xin Peng
- School of Nursing, Jilin University, 965 Xinjiang Street, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Wei Xiang
- School of Nursing, Jilin University, 965 Xinjiang Street, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Jiaqi Han
- School of Nursing, Jilin University, 965 Xinjiang Street, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Kun Li
- School of Nursing, Jilin University, 965 Xinjiang Street, Changchun, 130021, China.
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Rodrigues EV, Guimarães ATB, Gallo LH, Melo Filho J, Pintarelli VL, Gomes ARS. Supervised dance intervention based on video game choreography increases quadriceps cross sectional area and peak of torque in community dwelling older women. MOTRIZ: REVISTA DE EDUCACAO FISICA 2018. [DOI: 10.1590/s1980-6574201800020010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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The beneficial effects of different types of exercise interventions on motor and cognitive functions in older age: a systematic review. Eur Rev Aging Phys Act 2017; 14:20. [PMID: 29276545 PMCID: PMC5738846 DOI: 10.1186/s11556-017-0189-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The decline in cognitive and motor functions with age affects the performance of the aging healthy population in many daily life activities. Physical activity appears to mitigate this decline or even improve motor and cognitive abilities in older adults. The current systematic review will focus mainly on behavioral studies that look into the dual effects of different types of physical training (e.g., balance training, aerobic training, strength training, group sports, etc.) on cognitive and motor tasks in older adults with no known cognitive or motor disabilities or disease. Our search retrieved a total of 1095 likely relevant articles, of which 41 were considered for full-text reading and 19 were included in the review after the full-text reading. Overall, observations from the 19 included studies conclude that improvements on both motor and cognitive functions were found, mainly in interventions that adopt physical-cognitive training or combined exercise training. While this finding advocates the use of multimodal exercise training paradigms or interventions to improve cognitive-motor abilities in older adults, the sizeable inconsistency among training protocols and endpoint measures complicates the generalization of this finding.
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The effects of strength exercise on hippocampus volume and functional fitness of older women. Exp Gerontol 2017; 97:22-28. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2017.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2017] [Revised: 06/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Tsai CL, Pan CY, Chen FC, Tseng YT. Open- and Closed-Skill Exercise Interventions Produce Different Neurocognitive Effects on Executive Functions in the Elderly: A 6-Month Randomized, Controlled Trial. Front Aging Neurosci 2017; 9:294. [PMID: 28959200 PMCID: PMC5604064 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2017.00294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to explore the effects of open- and closed-skill exercise interventions on the neurocognitive performance of executive functions in the elderly. Sixty-four healthy elderly males were randomly assigned to either a closed-skill (bike riding or brisk walking/jogging, n = 22), open-skill (table tennis, n = 21), or control (n = 21) group. Various neuropsychological [e.g., accuracy rates (AR) and reaction time (RT)] and electrophysiological [e.g., event-related potential (ERP) P3 component] measures were assessed during a variant of the task-switching paradigm, as well as an N-back task at baseline and after either a 6-month exercise intervention or control period. The results showed that, when performing the task-switching paradigm, the two exercise groups relative to control group showed significantly faster RTs in the switch trials after the exercise intervention. However, the RT facilitation in the non-switch and switch trials post-exercise relative to pre-exercise only emerged in the open-skill group. In terms of the N-back task, the two exercise groups significantly increased ARs in the 1-back condition after the exercise intervention, and the beneficial AR effect on the 2-back condition only emerged in the closed-skill group. In addition, the two exercise groups exhibited significantly larger P3 amplitudes on the frontal-to-parietal cortex areas after the exercise intervention relative to the baseline when performing the two cognitive tasks. These neurocognitive results still remained unchanged even when the confounding factors (e.g., cardiorespiratory fitness, social participation, and BMI) were controlled for. The present study concluded that, although 6-month open- and closed-skill exercise interventions facilitate overall electrophysiological effects (i.e., increased ERP P3 amplitudes) on the frontal-to-parietal cortices in the elderly, the two exercise modes produced different levels of neuropsychologically beneficial effects on RTs of the task-switching paradigm (i.e., lessened RTs) and ARs of the N-back task (i.e., enhanced ARs). The distinctive neurocognitive changes induced by open- and closed-skill exercise have implications for task switching and working memory in elderly individuals, especially with such cognitive functioning impairments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Liang Tsai
- Institute of Physical Education, Health and Leisure Studies, National Cheng Kung UniversityTainan, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Yu Pan
- Department of Physical Education, National Kaohsiung Normal UniversityKaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Fu-Chen Chen
- Department of Physical Education, National Kaohsiung Normal UniversityKaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ting Tseng
- Institute of Physical Education, Health and Leisure Studies, National Cheng Kung UniversityTainan, Taiwan.,School of Kinesiology, University of MinnesotaMinneapolis, MN, United States
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Sáez de Asteasu ML, Martínez-Velilla N, Zambom-Ferraresi F, Casas-Herrero Á, Izquierdo M. Role of physical exercise on cognitive function in healthy older adults: A systematic review of randomized clinical trials. Ageing Res Rev 2017; 37:117-134. [PMID: 28587957 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2017.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Revised: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Cognitive impairment has a harmful effect on quality of life, is associated with functional limitations and disability in older adults. Physical activity (PA) has shown to have beneficial effects on cognition but the results and conclusions of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) are less consistent. Update of knowledge was necessary to examine the effects on cognitive function of new training modalities developed in recent years, such as multicomponent exercise training. Therefore, the purpose of this review was to examine the role of multicomponent training versus aerobic or resistance training alone on cognition in healthy older adults (>65 years) without known cognitive impairment. The mean differences (MD) of the parameters from pre-intervention to post-intervention between groups were pooled using a random-effects model. Twenty-one RCTs published between 2002 and 2016 were included. Multicomponent exercise training may have the most positive effects on cognitive function in older adults. The small number of included studies and the large variability in study populations, study design, exercise protocols, adherence rates and outcome measures complicate the interpretation of the results and contribute to discrepancies within the exercise research literature.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Álvaro Casas-Herrero
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Mikel Izquierdo
- Department of Health Sciences, Public University of Navarre, Pamplona, Spain
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Sex differences in exercise efficacy to improve cognition: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials in older humans. Front Neuroendocrinol 2017; 46:71-85. [PMID: 28442274 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2017.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Revised: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 04/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Exercise is a non-pharmacological strategy to mitigate the deleterious effects of aging on brain health. However, a large amount of variation exists in its efficacy. Sex of participants and exercise type are two possible factors contributing to this variation. To better understand this, we conducted a concurrent systematic review and meta-analysis of cognitively healthy older adults. Executive functions, episodic memory, visuospatial function, word fluency, processing speed and global cognitive function were examined for exercise- and sex-dependent effects. For executive functions, three types of exercise interventions - aerobic training, resistance training, and multimodal training (i.e., both aerobic and resistance training) - were associated with larger effect sizes in studies comprised of a higher percentage of women compared to studies with a lower percentage of women. This suggests that women's executive processes may benefit more from exercise than men. Regardless of sex, compared to control, all three exercise training approaches enhanced visuospatial function, but only multimodal training enhanced episodic memory. Overall, aerobic training led to greater benefits than resistance training in global cognitive function and executive functions, while multimodal combined training led to greater benefits than aerobic training for global cognitive function, episodic memory, and word fluency. Possible underlying mechanisms, including brain-derived neurotrophic factor and sex steroid hormones, are discussed.
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Rathore A, Lom B. The effects of chronic and acute physical activity on working memory performance in healthy participants: a systematic review with meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Syst Rev 2017; 6:124. [PMID: 28666470 PMCID: PMC5493123 DOI: 10.1186/s13643-017-0514-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Understanding how physical activity (PA) influences cognitive function in populations with cognitive impairments, such as dementia, is an increasingly studied topic yielding numerous published systematic reviews. In contrast, however, there appears to be less interest in examining associations between PA and cognition in cognitively healthy individuals. Therefore, the objective of this review was to evaluate and synthesize randomized controlled trial (RCT) studies that investigated the effects of both chronic and acute PA on working memory performance (WMP) in physically and cognitively healthy individuals. METHODS Following the preferred reporting items for systematic review and meta-analysis (PRISMA) guidelines, a systematic review of studies published between August 2009 and December 2016 was performed on RCTs investigating the effects of chronic and acute PA on WMP with healthy participants as the sample populations. Searches were conducted in Annual Reviews, ProQuest, PsycARTICLES, PsycINFO, PubMed, and Web of Science. Main inclusion criteria stipulated (1) healthy sample populations, (2) PA interventions, (3) WMP as an outcome, and (4) RCT designs. Descriptive statistics included cohort and intervention characteristics and a risk of bias assessment. Analytical statistics included meta-analyses and moderation analyses. RESULTS From 7345 non-duplicates, 15 studies (eight chronic PA and seven acute PA studies) met the inclusion criteria and were evaluated. Overall, there was noticeable variance between both cohort and intervention characteristics. Sample populations ranged from primary school children to retirement community members with PA ranging from cycling to yoga. The majority of studies were characterized by "low" or "unclear" risk of selection, performance, detection, attrition, reporting, or other biases. Meta-analysis of chronic PA revealed a significant, small effect size while analysis of acute PA revealed a non-significant, trivial result. Age and intensity were significant moderators while allocation concealment, blinding, and intervention length were not. CONCLUSIONS Chronic PA can significantly improve WMP while acute PA cannot. The limiting factors for acute PA studies point to the diversity of working memory instruments utilized, unequal sample sizes between studies, and the sample age groups. Large-scale, high-quality RCTs are needed in order to provide generalizable and more powerful analysis between PA and WMP in a systematic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azeem Rathore
- Department of Biology, Davidson College, Davidson, NC USA
| | - Barbara Lom
- Department of Biology, Davidson College, Davidson, NC USA
- Program in Neuroscience, Davidson College, Davidson, NC USA
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Haraldstad K, Rohde G, Stea TH, Lohne-Seiler H, Hetlelid K, Paulsen G, Berntsen S. Changes in health-related quality of life in elderly men after 12 weeks of strength training. Eur Rev Aging Phys Act 2017; 14:8. [PMID: 28572857 PMCID: PMC5450110 DOI: 10.1186/s11556-017-0177-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Muscular strength is associated with functional ability in elderly, and older adults are recommended to perform muscle-strengthening exercise. Understanding how improved muscle strength and -mass influence general and specific domains of quality of life is important when planning health promotion efforts targeting older adults. The aims of the present study were to describe changes in health-related quality of life (HRQOL) in older men participating in 12 weeks of systematic strength training, and to investigate whether improvements in muscle strength and muscle mass are associated with enhancements in HRQOL. Methods We recruited 49 men aged 60–81 years to participate in an intervention study with pre-post assessment. The participants completed a 12-week strength training program consisting of three sessions per week. Tests and measurements aimed at assessing change in HRQOL, and changes in physical performance (maximal strength) and physiological characteristics. HRQOL was measured using the 12-item short-form survey (SF-12). Muscle mass was assessed based on changes in lean mass (leg, trunk, arm, and total), and strength was measured as one-repetition maximum in leg extension, leg press, and biceps curl. Results Two of the eight HRQOL SF-12 scores, role physical and general health, and the physical component summary scores, increased significantly during the intervention period. Small significant positive correlations were identified between improvements in muscle strength, and better physical and social function. Moreover, a significant increase in total muscle mass was seen during the intervention period. Conclusions The positive, findings from this study would suggest that systematic strength training seems to be a beneficial intervention to improve HRQOL, muscle strength and muscle mass in older men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin Haraldstad
- Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Agder, Kristiansand, Norway
| | - Gudrun Rohde
- Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Agder, Kristiansand, Norway
| | - Tonje Holte Stea
- Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Agder, Kristiansand, Norway
| | - Hilde Lohne-Seiler
- Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Agder, Kristiansand, Norway
| | - Ken Hetlelid
- Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Agder, Kristiansand, Norway
| | - Gøran Paulsen
- Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway.,The Norwegian Olympic and Paralympic Committee and Confederation of Sport, Oslo, Norway
| | - Sveinung Berntsen
- Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Agder, Kristiansand, Norway
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Northey JM, Cherbuin N, Pumpa KL, Smee DJ, Rattray B. Exercise interventions for cognitive function in adults older than 50: a systematic review with meta-analysis. Br J Sports Med 2017; 52:154-160. [DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2016-096587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 542] [Impact Index Per Article: 77.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BackgroundPhysical exercise is seen as a promising intervention to prevent or delay cognitive decline in individuals aged 50 years and older, yet the evidence from reviews is not conclusive.ObjectivesTo determine if physical exercise is effective in improving cognitive function in this population.DesignSystematic review with multilevel meta-analysis.Data sourcesElectronic databases Medline (PubMed), EMBASE (Scopus), PsychINFO and CENTRAL (Cochrane) from inception to November 2016.Eligibility criteriaRandomised controlled trials of physical exercise interventions in community-dwelling adults older than 50 years, with an outcome measure of cognitive function.ResultsThe search returned 12 820 records, of which 39 studies were included in the systematic review. Analysis of 333 dependent effect sizes from 36 studies showed that physical exercise improved cognitive function (0.29; 95% CI 0.17 to 0.41; p<0.01). Interventions of aerobic exercise, resistance training, multicomponent training and tai chi, all had significant point estimates. When exercise prescription was examined, a duration of 45–60 min per session and at least moderate intensity, were associated with benefits to cognition. The results of the meta-analysis were consistent and independent of the cognitive domain tested or the cognitive status of the participants.ConclusionsPhysical exercise improved cognitive function in the over 50s, regardless of the cognitive status of participants. To improve cognitive function, this meta-analysis provides clinicians with evidence to recommend that patients obtain both aerobic and resistance exercise of at least moderate intensity on as many days of the week as feasible, in line with current exercise guidelines.
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Müller P, Schmicker M, Müller NG. [Preventive strategies for dementia]. Z Gerontol Geriatr 2017; 50:89-95. [PMID: 28243736 DOI: 10.1007/s00391-017-1202-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Revised: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
In the context of the demographically induced increase in the prevalence of dementia and the simultaneous lack of causal pharmacological therapies, preventive approaches are gaining in importance. By reducing risk factors and with measures which induce neuroplasticity successful aging can be supported. This article summarizes the current developments in preventing dementia by modification of life style factors. The main focus lies on the impact of cognitive and physical activity on neuroprotection. A promising approach combines both activities within a dance training program. Further studies that meet the demanding criteria of a randomized clinical trial are urgently needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Müller
- AG Neuroprotektion, Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen (DZNE), Leipziger Str. 44/Haus 64, 39120, Magdeburg, Deutschland.
| | - Marlen Schmicker
- AG Neuroprotektion, Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen (DZNE), Leipziger Str. 44/Haus 64, 39120, Magdeburg, Deutschland
| | - Notger G Müller
- AG Neuroprotektion, Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen (DZNE), Leipziger Str. 44/Haus 64, 39120, Magdeburg, Deutschland.,Universitätsklinik für Neurologie, Otto-von-Guericke-Universität, Magdeburg, Deutschland.,Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences (CBBS), Magdeburg, Deutschland
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Signorile JF. TARGETED RESISTANCE TRAINING TO IMPROVE INDEPENDENCE AND REDUCE FALL RISK IN OLDER CLIENTS. ACSMS HEALTH & FITNESS JOURNAL 2016. [DOI: 10.1249/fit.0000000000000238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Liu S, Lebeau JC, Tenenbaum G. Does Exercise Improve Cognitive Performance? A Conservative Message from Lord's Paradox. Front Psychol 2016; 7:1092. [PMID: 27493637 PMCID: PMC4954852 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Although extant meta-analyses support the notion that exercise results in cognitive performance enhancement, methodology shortcomings are noted among primary evidence. The present study examined relevant randomized controlled trials (RCTs) published in the past 20 years (1996-2015) for methodological concerns arise from Lord's paradox. Our analysis revealed that RCTs supporting the positive effect of exercise on cognition are likely to include Type I Error(s). This result can be attributed to the use of gain score analysis on pretest-posttest data as well as the presence of control group superiority over the exercise group on baseline cognitive measures. To improve accuracy of causal inferences in this area, analysis of covariance on pretest-posttest data is recommended under the assumption of group equivalence. Important experimental procedures are discussed to maintain group equivalence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sicong Liu
- Department of Educational Psychology and Learning System, Florida State University Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Jean-Charles Lebeau
- Department of Educational Psychology and Learning System, Florida State University Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Gershon Tenenbaum
- Department of Educational Psychology and Learning System, Florida State University Tallahassee, FL, USA
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Profiles of resistance training behavior and sedentary time among older adults: Associations with health-related quality of life and psychosocial health. Prev Med Rep 2016; 2:773-6. [PMID: 26844148 PMCID: PMC4721378 DOI: 10.1016/j.pmedr.2015.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The primary objective of this study was to gain a better understanding of the associations of health-related quality of life (HRQoL) and psychosocial factors (e.g., satisfaction with life, level of self-esteem, anxiety, depression) with resistance training and sedentary behavior profiles. Methods For this cross-sectional study, 358 older adults (≥ 55 years of age) across Alberta, Canada, completed self-reported measures of resistance training behavior, sedentary time, HRQoL, and psychosocial health (e.g., depression, anxiety, self-esteem, satisfaction with life). Participants were placed into one of four profiles with respect to their sedentary and resistance training behaviors. Data were collected in Alberta, Canada between August 2013 and January 2014. Results Pairwise comparisons indicated that those in the low SED/low RT group had a higher mental health composite (MHC) score compared to those in the high SED/low RT group (Mdiff = 3.9, p = 0.008). Compared to those in the high SED/low RT group, those in the low SED/high RT groups had significantly higher MHC scores (Mdiff = 4.8, p < 0.001). Those in the low SED/high RT group reported significantly higher physical health composite scores (PHC) (Mdiff = 3.7, p = 0.019), compared to the high SED/low RT group. Lower depression symptom scores were observed in the low SED/high RT groups compared to the high SED/low RT group, (Mdiff = − 0.60, p < 0.001). Conclusion Resistance training, regardless of sedentary time, was significantly associated with HRQoL and psychosocial health. No studies have considered resistance training and sedentary behaviors. High sedentary time was related to poorer HRQoL and psychosocial health. Older adults should limit time spent in sedentary pursuits.
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Age Moderates the Association of Aerobic Exercise with Initial Learning of an Online Task Requiring Cognitive Control. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 2015; 21:802-15. [PMID: 26581792 DOI: 10.1017/s1355617715000685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to examine whether people differed in change in performance across the first five blocks of an online flanker task and whether those trajectories of change were associated with self-reported aerobic or resistance exercise frequency according to age. A total of 8752 men and women aged 13-89 completed a lifestyle survey and five 45-s games (each game was a block of ~46 trials) of an online flanker task. Accuracy of the congruent and incongruent flanker stimuli was analyzed using latent class and growth curve modeling adjusting for time between blocks, whether the blocks occurred on the same or different days, education, smoking, sleep, caffeinated coffee and tea use, and Lumosity training status ("free play" or part of a "daily brain workout"). Aerobic and resistance exercise were unrelated to first block accuracies. For the more cognitively demanding incongruent flanker stimuli, aerobic activity was positively related to the linear increase in accuracy [B=0.577%, 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.112 to 1.25 per day above the weekly mean of 2.8 days] and inversely related to the quadratic deceleration of accuracy gains (B=-0.619% CI, -1.117 to -0.121 per day). An interaction of aerobic activity with age indicated that active participants younger than age 45 had a larger linear increase and a smaller quadratic deceleration compared to other participants. Age moderates the association between self-reported aerobic, but not self-reported resistance, exercise and changes in cognitive control that occur with practice during incongruent presentations across five blocks of a 45-s online, flanker task.
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Burich R, Teljigović S, Boyle E, Sjøgaard G. Aerobic training alone or combined with strength training affects fitness in elderly: Randomized trial. Eur J Sport Sci 2015; 15:773-83. [PMID: 26681630 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2015.1060262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate if combined strength and aerobic training can enhance aerobic capacity in the elderly to a similar extent as aerobic training alone when training duration is matched. METHODS Elderly men and women (age 63.2 ± 4.7) were randomized into two intervention groups: an aerobic group (AG, n = 17) and a combined group (CG, n = 16). Subjects trained 40 minutes three times a week for 12 weeks. Both groups trained 20 minutes at 65% of heart rate reserve on ergometer cycles followed by another 20 minutes on the ergometer cycles for AG and 20-minute strength training for the lower body for CG. The primary outcome was VO2max. Secondary outcomes were maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) in isometric knee extension, 1 repetition maximum in three leg exercises, body fat, waist-to-hip ratio, blood pressure and score on the Health Survey Short Form 36 (SF-36). RESULTS Both groups improved VO2max (p < .01) and MVC (p < .001). VO2max increased 17% confidence interval (CI) [7.4-26] in CG and 26% CI [14.1-38.2] in AG, with no significant difference between groups. MVC increased 22% CI [16.3-27.7] in CG and 9% CI [4.6-13.5] in AG with CG improving MVC more than AG (p < .01). CG's score on the general health dimension on the SF-36 health survey improved more than AG's score. CONCLUSION Elderly can substitute a part of their aerobic training with strength training and still improve VO2max to a clinically significant degree when strength training is performed with large muscle groups subsequently to the aerobic training. Combined training additionally improves strength and self-assessed general health more than aerobic training alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasmus Burich
- a Institute of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics , University of Southern Denmark , Odense , Denmark
| | - Sanel Teljigović
- a Institute of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics , University of Southern Denmark , Odense , Denmark.,b Fysium ApS , 66 Sct. Jørgens Park, Næstved , Denmark
| | - Eleanor Boyle
- a Institute of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics , University of Southern Denmark , Odense , Denmark.,c Dalla Lana School of Public Health , University of Toronto , 155 College Street, 6th Floor, Toronto , Canada
| | - Gisela Sjøgaard
- a Institute of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics , University of Southern Denmark , Odense , Denmark
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Campos de Oliveira L, Gonçalves de Oliveira R, Pires-Oliveira DADA. Effects of Pilates on muscle strength, postural balance and quality of life of older adults: a randomized, controlled, clinical trial. J Phys Ther Sci 2015; 27:871-6. [PMID: 25931749 PMCID: PMC4395733 DOI: 10.1589/jpts.27.871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2014] [Accepted: 11/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
[Purpose] The aim of the present study was to determine the effects of Pilates on lower
leg strength, postural balance and the health-related quality of life (HRQoL) of older
adults. [Subjects and Methods] Thirty-two older adults were randomly allocated either to
the experimental group (EG, n = 16; mean age, 63.62 ± 1.02 years), which performed two
sessions of Pilates per week for 12 weeks, or to the control group (CG, n = 16; mean age,
64.21 ± 0.80), which performed two sessions of static stretching per week for 12 weeks.
The following evaluations were performed before and after the interventions: isokinetic
torque of knee extensors and flexors at 300°/s, the Timed Up and Go (TUG) test, the Berg
Balance Scale, and the Health Survey assessment (SF-36). [Results] In the intra-group
analysis, the EG demonstrated significant improvement in all variables. In the inter-group
analysis, the EG demonstrated significant improvement in most variables. [Conclusion]
Pilates exercises led to significant improvement in isokinetic torque of the knee
extensors and flexors, postural balance and aspects of the health-related quality of life
of older adults.
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