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Macrae ML, Kleinman PJA, Osmond D, Shober A, Nelson N. The importance of consensus science to managing phosphorus in the environment: SERA-17 and the legacy of Andrew Sharpley. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY 2024. [PMID: 38339973 DOI: 10.1002/jeq2.20546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Phosphorus (P) loss from agricultural systems to surface waters, and ultimately, eutrophication, presents a wicked problem requiring transdisciplinary solutions. The mission of SERA-17 (Southern Extension and Research Advisory Information Exchange Group-17) has been to address this problem by developing "Innovative Solutions to Minimize Phosphorus Losses from Agriculture." Over the course of his career, Dr. Andrew Sharpley demonstrated a rare ability to collaboratively achieve consensus around issues related to the science and management of P. The SERA-17 organization served as the central community of experts and stakeholders where that consensus was built and applied. The consensus-based approach, demonstrated by Sharpley and at the core of the SERA-17 organization, was routinely applied to key areas of P science to produce applied outcomes that have been readily adopted: advance foundational science to resolve knowledge gaps and to promote innovation; promote consistency in methods to facilitate comprehensive investigations and conclusions across a diversity of systems; engage diverse stakeholders to prioritize research, and ultimately, ensure that outcomes reflect a plurality of perspectives; and deliver pragmatic solutions that reflect the best information available at a particular time. We review the history of SERA-17 in delivering new science and management recommendations for P, with an eye to elucidating Sharpley's role and legacy in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merrin L Macrae
- Department of Geography and Environmental Management, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Peter J A Kleinman
- USDA-ARS, Soil Management and Sugar Beet Research Unit, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Deanna Osmond
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Amy Shober
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA
| | - Nathan Nelson
- Department of Agronomy, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
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Cubello F, Polyakov V, Meding SM, Kadoya W, Beal S, Dontsova K. Movement of TNT and RDX from composition B detonation residues in solution and sediment during runoff. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 350:141023. [PMID: 38141674 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.141023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/25/2023]
Abstract
Energetics used in military exercises can potentially contaminate ground and surface waters. This study was conducted to evaluate the movement of Composition B, a formulation that includes TNT (2,4,6-trinitrotoluene), RDX (hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine), and HMX (octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine), in runoff. Mechanisms of transport we examined include movement of energetics dissolved in runoff, as particles and adsorbed to suspended sediment, and in infiltration. Rainfall simulations were conducted under controlled conditions with two rainfall rates (approximately 30 and 50 mm h-1), two soils with different infiltration capacities, and four energetic particle sizes (4.75-9.51 mm, 2.83-4.75 mm, 2-2.83 mm, and <2 mm). Particles remaining on the soil surface after rainfall were measured as well as energetics dissolved in runoff, in suspended sediment, and in infiltration. Greater concentrations of TNT than RDX and HMX were found dissolved in runoff due to its higher solubility and dissolution rates. We also found that particle transport in runoff increased with decrease in particle size. Smaller particle sizes also led to greater transport dissolved in solution. Relationships were found relating runoff and sediment yield to the transport of RDX and TNT. The results of this study allow improved prediction of Composition B transport in runoff and therefore its contamination potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Favianna Cubello
- Department of Environmental Science, The University of Arizona, 1177 E 4th St., Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA.
| | - Viktor Polyakov
- Southwest Watershed Research Center, USDA-ARS, 2000 E Allen Rd, Tucson, AZ, 85718, USA
| | - Stephen Mercer Meding
- Biosphere 2, The University of Arizona, 32540 S Biosphere Rd, Oracle, AZ, 85623, USA
| | - Warren Kadoya
- U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center, CRREL, 72 Lyme Road, Hanover, NH, 03755-1290, USA
| | - Samuel Beal
- U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center, CRREL, 72 Lyme Road, Hanover, NH, 03755-1290, USA
| | - Katerina Dontsova
- Department of Environmental Science, The University of Arizona, 1177 E 4th St., Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA; Biosphere 2, The University of Arizona, 32540 S Biosphere Rd, Oracle, AZ, 85623, USA
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Sohoulande CDD, Szogi AA, Stone KC, Sigua GC, Martin JH, Shumaker PD, Bauer PJ. Evaluation of phosphorus runoff from sandy soils under conservation tillage with surface broadcasted recovered phosphates. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2023; 328:117005. [PMID: 36508983 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.117005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Potential new sources of phosphorus (P) fertilizer are the recovered P from livestock wastewater through chemical precipitation and the ash from combusting animal manures. Although most of the research on P losses from conservation tillage include high water-soluble P compounds from commercial fertilizer sources, information on the use of non-conventional, low water-soluble, recycled P sources is scarce. Particularly for sandy soils of the United States (US) Southeastern Coastal Plain region, research driven information on P loss into the environment is needed to determine recommendations for a direct use of new recycled P sources as crop P fertilizers. The objective of this study is to investigate the potential P runoff from sandy soils under conservation tillage, fertilized with recovered P from liquid swine manure and turkey litter ash in comparison with commercial P fertilizer triple superphosphate (TSP). The field study included two typical sandy soils of the US Southeastern Coastal Plain region, the Noboco and Norfolk. Simulated rain corresponding to the annual 30-min rainfall in the study site (Florence County, South Carolina) was applied to plots treated with recovered P from liquid swine manure, turkey litter ash, and TSP, including a control with no P added. The runoff was monitored and sampled every 5 min during the test and composite soil samples were collected from the top (0-15 cm) and subsurface (15-30 cm) soil layers in each plot. Laboratory analyses were conducted to quantify both total P (TP) and soluble reactive P (SRP) in runoff samples, and the soil test P in the soil layers. Two-way analyses of variances show significant treatment effects on both TP and SRP runoff. The quantities of SRP runoff from plots treated with the recovered P from swine manure and turkey litter ash represent respectively 1% and 7-8% of SRP runoff from plots treated with TSP. Hence, the use of the recovered P materials as crop P fertilizers through surface broadcast application present less environmental risks compared to commercial TSP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clement D D Sohoulande
- USDA-ARS Coastal Plain Soil, Water and Plant Conservation Research Center, 2611 West Lucas Street, Florence, SC, 29501, USA.
| | - Ariel A Szogi
- USDA-ARS Coastal Plain Soil, Water and Plant Conservation Research Center, 2611 West Lucas Street, Florence, SC, 29501, USA.
| | - Kenneth C Stone
- USDA-ARS Coastal Plain Soil, Water and Plant Conservation Research Center, 2611 West Lucas Street, Florence, SC, 29501, USA.
| | - Gilbert C Sigua
- USDA-ARS Coastal Plain Soil, Water and Plant Conservation Research Center, 2611 West Lucas Street, Florence, SC, 29501, USA.
| | - Jerry H Martin
- USDA-ARS Coastal Plain Soil, Water and Plant Conservation Research Center, 2611 West Lucas Street, Florence, SC, 29501, USA.
| | - Paul D Shumaker
- USDA-ARS Coastal Plain Soil, Water and Plant Conservation Research Center, 2611 West Lucas Street, Florence, SC, 29501, USA.
| | - Phil J Bauer
- USDA-ARS Coastal Plain Soil, Water and Plant Conservation Research Center, 2611 West Lucas Street, Florence, SC, 29501, USA
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Raza A, Ahrends H, Habib-Ur-Rahman M, Hüging H, Gaiser T. Using the Taguchi experimental design for assessing within-field variability of surface run-off and soil erosion risk. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 828:154567. [PMID: 35302038 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Water erosion is one of the soil degradation processes driven by environmental and field factors such as rainfall intensity, slope gradient, dynamics of vegetation cover, soil characteristics, and management practices. Most of the studies assess the separate contribution of these factors under controlled conditions. However, there is a lack of adequate knowledge regarding the complex interactions between prevailing factors and soil erosion processes under heterogeneous field conditions. This study investigated 16 combinations of 5 factors at 4 levels of each factor on the soil erosion process using Taguchi's fractional factorial experiment design, identifying the factor combinations resulting in maximum sediment yield, runoff, organic carbon, and nitrogen losses. We considered the factors: Soil organic matter and silt content (SiltOM), vegetation cover (VC), slope steepness (SS), rainfall intensity (RI), and depth to a loamy layer (DLL). The interactive effects of these factors and their combinations were visualized from the analysis of signal-to-noise (S/N) responses. Results indicated that interactions between the selected factors and soil erosion processes exist and multiple linear regression models were developed to predict sediment yields, runoff, carbon, and nitrogen losses at the sub-field scale. Results revealed that 1) RI with 40.6% showed the highest contribution to sediment yield followed by SS (23.8%), VC (17.74%), SiltOM (14.77%), and DLL (3.17%), indicating a strong rainfall-erosion relationship; 2) the combination of levels of factors generating highest sediment yield was determined; 3) A simple multiple linear regression model developed for predicting local sediment yield showed the highest agreement with field observations (R2 = 82.5%). The findings suggest that Taguchi design could be used reliably for modeling soil erosion at field and sub-field scales. Using local calibration data such models have great potential for soil erosion risk assessments at the field scale, especially in areas where contributing factors and factor levels change at small spatial scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahsan Raza
- University of Bonn, Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation (INRES), Crop Science Group, Katzenburgweg 5, 53115 Bonn, Germany.
| | - Hella Ahrends
- University of Helsinki, Department of Agricultural Sciences\, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Muhammad Habib-Ur-Rahman
- University of Bonn, Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation (INRES), Crop Science Group, Katzenburgweg 5, 53115 Bonn, Germany; Department of Agronomy, MNS- University of Agriculture, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Hubert Hüging
- University of Bonn, Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation (INRES), Crop Science Group, Katzenburgweg 5, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Thomas Gaiser
- University of Bonn, Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation (INRES), Crop Science Group, Katzenburgweg 5, 53115 Bonn, Germany
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Nash DM, Weatherley AJ, Kleinman PJA, Sharpley AN. Estimating dissolved phosphorus losses from legacy sources in pastures: The limits of soil tests and small-scale rainfall simulators. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY 2021; 50:1042-1062. [PMID: 34245460 DOI: 10.1002/jeq2.20265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
A legacy of using P fertilizers on grazed pastures has been enhanced soil fertility and an associated increased risk of P loss in runoff. Rainfall simulation has been extensively used to develop relationships between soil test P (STP) and dissolved P (DP) in runoff as part of modeling efforts scrutinizing the impact of legacy P. This review examines the applicability of rainfall simulation to draw inferences related to legacy P. Using available literature, we propose a mixing layer model with chemical transfer to describe DP mobilization from pasture soils where readily available P in the mixing layer is rapidly exhausted and contact time controls DP concentrations responsible for subsequent DP mobilization. That conceptual model was shown to be consistent with field monitoring data and then used to assess the likely effect of rainfall simulation protocols on DP mobilization, highlighting the influence of soil preparation, scale and measurement duration, and, most important, hydrology that can facilitate the physical transport of P into and out of surface flow. We conclude that rainfall simulation experimental protocols can have severe limitations for developing relationships between DP in runoff and STP that are subsequently used to estimate legacy P contributions to downstream water resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Nash
- School of Agriculture and Food, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The Univ. of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
- Soil and Allied Services Pty. Ltd., 48 Stewart Street, Port Welshpool, Victoria, 3965, Australia
| | - A J Weatherley
- School of Agriculture and Food, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The Univ. of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Peter J A Kleinman
- USDA-ARS, Soil Management and Sugar Beet Research Unit, Center for Agricultural Resources Research, Fort Collins, CO, 80526, USA
| | - Andrew N Sharpley
- Dep. of Crop Soil and Environmental Sciences, Univ. of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, 72701, USA
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Soil Erosion Susceptibility Mapping in Kozetopraghi Catchment, Iran: A Mixed Approach Using Rainfall Simulator and Data Mining Techniques. LAND 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/land9100368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Soil erosion determines landforms, soil formation and distribution, soil fertility, and land degradation processes. In arid and semiarid ecosystems, soil erosion is a key process to understand, foresee, and prevent desertification. Addressing soil erosion throughout watersheds scales requires basic information to develop soil erosion control strategies and to reduce land degradation. To assess and remediate the non-sustainable soil erosion rates, restoration programs benefit from the knowledge of the spatial distribution of the soil losses to develop maps of soil erosion. This study presents Support Vector Machine (SVM), Random Forest (RF), and adaptive boosting (AdaBoost) data mining models to map soil erosion susceptibility in Kozetopraghi watershed, Iran. A soil erosion inventory map was prepared from field rainfall simulation experiments on 174 randomly selected points along the Kozetopraghi watershed. In previous studies, this map has been prepared using indirect methods such as the Universal Soil Loss Equation to assess soil erosion. Direct field measurements for mapping soil erosion susceptibility have so far not been carried out in our study site in the past. The soil erosion rate data generated by simulated rainfall in 1 m2 plots at rainfall rate of 40 mmh−1 was used to develop the soil erosion map. Of the available data, 70% and 30% were randomly classified to calibrate and validate the models, respectively. As a result, the RF model with the highest area under the curve (AUC) value in a receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curve (0.91), and the lowest mean square error (MSE) value (0.09), has the most concordance and spatial differentiation. Sensitivity analysis by Jackknife and IncNodePurity methods indicates that the slope angle is the most important factor within the soil erosion susceptibility map. The RF susceptibility map showed that the areas located in the center and near the watershed outlet have the most susceptibility to soil erosion. This information can be used to support the development of sustainable restoration plans with more accuracy. Our methodology has been evaluated and can be also applied in other regions.
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Barrios RE, Khuntia HK, Bartelt-Hunt SL, Gilley JE, Schmidt AM, Snow DD, Li X. Fate and transport of antibiotics and antibiotic resistance genes in runoff and soil as affected by the timing of swine manure slurry application. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 712:136505. [PMID: 31931227 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.136505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Revised: 12/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Land application of swine manure slurry is a common practice to supplement nutrients to soil for crop production. This practice can introduce antibiotic residues and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) into the environment. Field testing is critical in identifying manure management practices effective in minimizing the environmental impacts of manure-borne antibiotic and ARGs. The objective of this study was to determine how the timing of swine manure application relative to rainfall events impacts the fate and transport of antibiotics and ARGs in surface runoff and manure-amended soil. Swine manure slurry was either broadcast or injected on test plots in the field. A set of three 30-min simulated rainfall events, 24 h apart, were initiated on manured plots 1 day, 1 week, 2 weeks, or 3 weeks after the manure application. Results showed that an interval longer than 2 weeks between application and rainfall often significantly reduced the levels of antibiotics and ARGs tested in runoff with the exception of tet(X). For soil samples from broadcast plots, concentrations of two of the three antibiotics tested (lincomycin and tiamulin) decreased substantially in the first two weeks after manure application. In contrast, concentrations of most of the ARGs tested (tet(Q), tet(X), and erm(A)) in soil did not change significantly during the test period. Information obtained from the study can be beneficial in designing manure management practices and estimating the environmental loading of antibiotics and ARGs resulting from manure application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renys E Barrios
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, United States
| | - Himanshu K Khuntia
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, United States
| | - Shannon L Bartelt-Hunt
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, United States
| | - John E Gilley
- USDA-ARS, Agroecosystem Management Research Unit, Lincoln, NE 68583, United States
| | - Amy M Schmidt
- Departments of Biological Systems Engineering and Animal Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, United States
| | - Daniel D Snow
- School of Natural Resources, Water Sciences Laboratory, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, United States
| | - Xu Li
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, United States.
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Pietrzak S, Pazikowska-Sapota G, Dembska G, Dzierzbicka-Glowacka LA, Juszkowska D, Majewska Z, Urbaniak M, Ostrowska D, Cichowska A, Galer-Tatarowicz K. Risk of phosphorus losses in surface runoff from agricultural land in the Baltic Commune of Puck in the light of assessment performed on the basis of DPS indicator. PeerJ 2020; 8:e8396. [PMID: 31938583 PMCID: PMC6953330 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.8396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In order to counteract the eutrophication of waterways and reservoirs, a basic risk assessment of phosphorus (P) losses in the surface runoff from agricultural land should be included in water management plans. A new method has been developed to assess the risk of P losses by estimating the degree of P saturation (DPS) based on the P concentration of the water extract water-soluble P. METHODS The risk of P losses in surface runoff from agricultural land in the Puck Commune on the Baltic Sea Coast was assessed with the DPS method. The results were compared to an agronomic interpretation of the soil test P concentration (STP). Research was conducted on mineral and organic soils from 50 and 11 separate agricultural plots with a total area of 133.82 and 37.23 ha, respectively. Phosphorus was extracted from the collected samples using distilled water on all soil samples, acid ammonium lactate on mineral soils, and an extract of 0.5 mol HCl·dm-3 on organic soils. The organic matter content and pH values were also determined. The results of the P content in the water extracted from the soils were converted into DPS values, which were then classified by appropriate limit intervals. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION There was a high risk of P losses from the soil via surface runoff in 96.7% of the agricultural parcels tested (96% of plots with mineral soils and 100% of plots with organic soils). Simultaneously, a large deficiency of plant-available P was found in soils from 62% of agricultural plots. These data indicate that the assessment of P concentration in soils made on the basis of an environmental soil P test conflicts with the assessment made based on STP and create a cognitive dissonance. The risk level of P losses through surface runoff from the analyzed plots as determined by the DPS indicator is uncertain. This uncertainty is increased as the DPS index is not correlated with other significant factors in P runoff losses, such as the type of crop and area inclination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Pietrzak
- Department of Water Quality, Institute of Technology and Life Sciences in Falenty, Raszyn, Poland
| | | | - Grażyna Dembska
- Department of Environmental Protection, Maritime Institute, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Lidia Anita Dzierzbicka-Glowacka
- Physical Oceanography Department, Eco-hydrodynamics Laboratory, Institute of Oceanology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Sopot, Poland
| | - Dominika Juszkowska
- Department of Water Quality, Institute of Technology and Life Sciences in Falenty, Raszyn, Poland
| | - Zuzanna Majewska
- Department of Water Quality, Institute of Technology and Life Sciences in Falenty, Raszyn, Poland
| | - Marek Urbaniak
- Department of Water Quality, Institute of Technology and Life Sciences in Falenty, Raszyn, Poland
| | - Dominika Ostrowska
- Department of Environmental Protection, Maritime Institute, Gdańsk, Poland
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Design of a Pressurized Rainfall Simulator for Evaluating Performance of Erosion Control Practices. WATER 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/w11112386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Construction site erosion and resulting sedimentation constitutes one of the greatest non-point source pollution threats to our nation’s waterways. Erosion control practices are important aspects of any construction project due to their ability to limit the process of erosion. Testing erosion control practices under simulated rainfall representative of conditions experienced on construction sites is important to better understand their erosion reduction capabilities. Full-scale testing using simulated rainfall has been shown to provide controllable and repeatable results, in comparison to field-testing under natural conditions. Therefore, the focus of this study was to design, construct, and calibrate a pressurized rainfall simulator testing apparatus capable of accurately and repeatedly simulating rainfall intensities of 50.8, 101.6, and 152.4 mm/hr (2.0, 4.0, and 6.0 in/hr) for 20-min intervals. The developed testing apparatus consisted of a 12 m (40 ft) long by 2.4 m (8.0 ft) earthen slope at a 3H:1V slope. Ten sprinkler risers at a height of 4.27 m (14 ft) were installed around the perimeter of the slope to create a uniform distribution of rainfall. Data collection procedures consisted of collecting and analyzing rainfall depth, drop size distributions, and sediment concentrations. The optimum location for each sprinkler riser, as well as the most accurate nozzle configuration, were determined through test procedures developed for this study. Through calibration testing, the simulator was found to produce accurate rainfall intensities with relative errors of 1.17–4.00% of the target intensities. Uniformity of rainfall distribution ranged from 85.7 to 87.5%. Average drop sizes were determined to be between 2.35 and 2.58 mm (0.093 to 0.102 in.).
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Brennan RB, Murnane JG, Sharpley AN, Herron S, Brye KR, Simmons T. Soil phosphorus dynamics following land application of unsaturated and partially saturated red mud and water treatment residuals. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2019; 248:109296. [PMID: 31376614 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.109296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The secondary use of P-sorbing industrial by-products as a fertilizer or soil conditioner is gaining increased attention, particularly in light of diminishing reserves of rock phosphate traditionally used to manufacture P fertilizer. This study examined applications of red mud (RM) and water treatment residuals (WTR) at two levels of P saturation (i.e. 'as received' and partially saturated) in a soil incubation and runoff plot study. When incubated with soils ranging in texture and initial P concentration, P-sorbing residuals that were less enriched with P decreased water-extractable soil P (WEP) concentration to a greater extent than more P saturated residuals. In contrast to WTR treatments, not all of the RM applications decreased soil WEP concentrations below those of the control soils. The runoff study investigated soil P dynamics when partially P-saturated RM and WTR's were surface applied to grass plots at 2 t ha-1 on Day 0, followed by three rainfall simulations (7 cm h-1 for 30 min, Days 2, 7 and 28) and at 3 t ha-1 on Day 70 followed by two more rainfall simulations (Days 77 and 96). Application of residuals at these rates did not significantly increase dissolved reactive P (DRP) in runoff compared with unamended controls during the study. Forage cuttings taken 90 days after the first rainfall simulation indicated that nutrient uptake was not compromised by the application of the residuals. Overall results indicate that WTRs may be a more suitable soil amendment than RM residuals given their greater ability to reduce soil WEP across a range of soils without simultaneously increasing Mehlich-3 extractable soil P concentrations above the upper threshold limit (150 mg P kg-1), and their minimal impact on plant nutrient uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- R B Brennan
- Dept. Crop, Soil, and Environmental Sciences, Division of Agriculture, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA; Civil Engineering, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - J G Murnane
- School of Engineering, University of Limerick, Ireland.
| | - A N Sharpley
- Dept. Crop, Soil, and Environmental Sciences, Division of Agriculture, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - S Herron
- Dept. Crop, Soil, and Environmental Sciences, Division of Agriculture, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - K R Brye
- Dept. Crop, Soil, and Environmental Sciences, Division of Agriculture, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - T Simmons
- Dept. Crop, Soil, and Environmental Sciences, Division of Agriculture, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
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11
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Cober JR, Macrae ML, Van Eerd LL. Winter Phosphorus Release from Cover Crops and Linkages with Runoff Chemistry. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY 2019; 48:907-914. [PMID: 31589693 DOI: 10.2134/jeq2018.08.0307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Cover crops (CC) have both agronomic and environmental benefits but also have the potential to increase losses of dissolved reactive P after freeze-thaw cycles (FTC). This field study, conducted over one nongrowing season (NGS) in Ontario, Canada, characterized water-extractable P (WEP) content in different CC species and compared observed changes in plant WEP content with changes in P content in soil, surface runoff, and shallow groundwater (5-25 cm). Five plots (0.4 ha) of cereal rye ( L.), oilseed radish ( L. var. Metzg Stokes), oat ( L.), and hairy vetch ( Roth) were established after winter wheat ( L.) harvest. Throughout the NGS (October-April), CC shoot tissues and surface soil were routinely sampled for WEP analyses, and groundwater and runoff water samples were collected after rain and snowmelt. Responses to FTC varied among CC species, with P released from frost-intolerant species but not frost-tolerant species. Although CC released P, the top 5 cm of soil contained greater WEP than plants at all times, and the changing WEP content in CC over the NGS was not reflected in soil or water P concentrations. These results suggest that the degree of frost exposure should be considered in the selection of CC species in cold regions; however, in temperate regions with snow cover that insulates the soil surface from heavy frost, P release from vegetation may not lead to increased P loss in runoff.
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12
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Li X, McCarty GW. Use of Principal Components for Scaling Up Topographic Models to Map Soil Redistribution and Soil Organic Carbon. J Vis Exp 2018. [PMID: 30394378 PMCID: PMC6235549 DOI: 10.3791/58189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Landscape topography is a critical factor affecting soil formation and plays an important role in determining soil properties on the earth surface, as it regulates the gravity-driven soil movement induced by runoff and tillage activities. The recent application of Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) data holds promise for generating high spatial resolution topographic metrics that can be used to investigate soil property variability. In this study, fifteen topographic metrics derived from LiDAR data were used to investigate topographic impacts on redistribution of soil and spatial distribution of soil organic carbon (SOC). Specifically, we explored the use of topographic principal components (TPCs) for characterizing topography metrics and stepwise principal component regression (SPCR) to develop topography-based soil erosion and SOC models at site and watershed scales. Performance of SPCR models was evaluated against stepwise ordinary least square regression (SOLSR) models. Results showed that SPCR models outperformed SOLSR models in predicting soil redistribution rates and SOC density at different spatial scales. Use of TPCs removes potential collinearity between individual input variables, and dimensionality reduction by principal component analysis (PCA) diminishes the risk of overfitting the prediction models. This study proposes a new approach for modeling soil redistribution across various spatial scales. For one application, access to private lands is often limited, and the need to extrapolate findings from representative study sites to larger settings that include private lands can be important.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Li
- Department of Geographical Sciences, University of Maryland; Hydrology & Remote Sensing Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture
| | - Greg W McCarty
- Hydrology & Remote Sensing Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture;
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Lou H, Yang S, Zhao C, Shi L, Wu L, Wang Y, Wang Z. Detecting and analyzing soil phosphorus loss associated with critical source areas using a remote sensing approach. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 573:397-408. [PMID: 27572533 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.08.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Revised: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 08/06/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The detection of critical source areas (CSAs) is a key step in managing soil phosphorus (P) loss and preventing the long-term eutrophication of water bodies at regional scale. Most related studies, however, focus on a local scale, which prevents a clear understanding of the spatial distribution of CSAs for soil P loss at regional scale. Moreover, the continual, long-term variation in CSAs was scarcely reported. It is impossible to identify the factors driving the variation in CSAs, or to collect land surface information essential for CSAs detection, by merely using the conventional methodologies at regional scale. This study proposes a new regional-scale approach, based on three satellite sensors (ASTER, TM/ETM and MODIS), that were implemented successfully to detect CSAs at regional scale over 15years (2000-2014). The approach incorporated five factors (precipitation, slope, soil erosion, land use, soil total phosphorus) that drive soil P loss from CSAs. Results show that the average area of critical phosphorus source areas (CPSAs) was 15,056km2 over the 15-year period, and it occupied 13.8% of the total area, with a range varying from 1.2% to 23.0%, in a representative, intensive agricultural area of China. In contrast to previous studies, we found that the locations of CSAs with P loss are spatially variable, and are more dispersed in their distribution over the long term. We also found that precipitation acts as a key driving factor in the variation of CSAs at regional scale. The regional-scale method can provide scientific guidance for managing soil phosphorus loss and preventing the long-term eutrophication of water bodies at regional scale, and shows great potential for exploring factors that drive the variation in CSAs at global scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hezhen Lou
- State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, School of Geography, Beijing Normal University, Beijing Key Laboratory for Remote Sensing of Environment and Digital Cities, Beijing 100875,China
| | - Shengtian Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, School of Geography, Beijing Normal University, Beijing Key Laboratory for Remote Sensing of Environment and Digital Cities, Beijing 100875,China
| | - Changsen Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, School of Geography, Beijing Normal University, Beijing Key Laboratory for Remote Sensing of Environment and Digital Cities, Beijing 100875,China.
| | - Liuhua Shi
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Landmark Center 404-M, 401 Park Drive, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Linna Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, School of Geography, Beijing Normal University, Beijing Key Laboratory for Remote Sensing of Environment and Digital Cities, Beijing 100875,China; College of Resource and Environment Engineering, Guizhou University, Guizhou, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Yue Wang
- Department of Geography, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Zhiwei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, School of Geography, Beijing Normal University, Beijing Key Laboratory for Remote Sensing of Environment and Digital Cities, Beijing 100875,China
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Jokela W, Sherman J, Cavadini J. Nutrient Runoff Losses from Liquid Dairy Manure Applied with Low-Disturbance Methods. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY 2016; 45:1672-1679. [PMID: 27695757 DOI: 10.2134/jeq2015.09.0498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Manure applied to cropland is a source of phosphorus (P) and nitrogen (N) in surface runoff and can contribute to impairment of surface waters. Tillage immediately after application incorporates manure into the soil, which may reduce nutrient loss in runoff as well as N loss via NH volatilization. However, tillage also incorporates crop residue, which reduces surface cover and may increase erosion potential. We applied liquid dairy manure in a silage corn ( L.)-cereal rye ( L.) cover crop system in late October using methods designed to incorporate manure with minimal soil and residue disturbance. These include strip-till injection and tine aerator-band manure application, which were compared with standard broadcast application, either incorporated with a disk or left on the surface. Runoff was generated with a portable rainfall simulator (42 mm h for 30 min) three separate times: (i) 2 to 5 d after the October manure application, (ii) in early spring, and (iii) after tillage and planting. In the postmanure application runoff, the highest losses of total P and dissolved reactive P were from surface-applied manure. Dissolved P loss was reduced 98% by strip-till injection; this result was not statistically different from the no-manure control. Reductions from the aerator band method and disk incorporation were 53 and 80%, respectively. Total P losses followed a similar pattern, with 87% reduction from injected manure. Runoff losses of N had generally similar patterns to those of P. Losses of P and N were, in most cases, lower in the spring rain simulations with fewer significant treatment effects. Overall, results show that low-disturbance manure application methods can significantly reduce nutrient runoff losses compared with surface application while maintaining residue cover better than incorporation by tillage.
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Watts DB, Torbert HA. Influence of Flue Gas Desulfurization Gypsum on Reducing Soluble Phosphorus in Successive Runoff Events from a Coastal Plain Bermudagrass Pasture. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY 2016; 45:1071-1079. [PMID: 27136176 DOI: 10.2134/jeq2015.04.0203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Controlling the threat that pastures intensively managed with poultry litter (PL) pose to accelerating eutrophication is a major issue in the southeastern United States. Gypsum (CaSO) has been identified as a promising management tool for ameliorating litter P losses to runoff. Thus, research was conducted to elucidate gypsum's residual effects on P losses from a bermudagrass ( L.) pasture. Runoff events (60 min) were created using rainfall simulations. Treatments consisted of applying four flue gas desulfurization (FGD) gypsum rates (0, 2.2, 4.4, and 8.9 Mg ha) to bermudagrass fertilized with 13.4 Mg ha PL plus a nonfertilized check (no litter or gypsum) and 8.9 Mg ha FGD gypsum only as controls. Rainfall simulations (∼ 85 mm h) were conducted immediately, 5 wk, and 6 mo (i.e., at the end of growing season) after PL application to determine gypsum's effectiveness at controlling P loss over successive runoff events. The greatest dissolved P (DP) in runoff occurred immediately after PL application. Gypsum effectively reduced cumulative DP concentration losses (54%) compared with PL alone in initial runoff events. Gypsum reduced DP concentrations in succeeding runoff events also regardless of timing, suggesting that its effect is persistent and will not diminish over a growing season. Generally, maximum DP reductions were achieved with 8.9 Mg ha. However, it was surmised from this study that optimal P reduction in a bermudagrass pasture can be achieved with 4.4 Mg ha. Information ascertained from this study may be useful in aiding land managers making prescriptions for management practices that reduce DP losses from agricultural fields.
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Sui Y, Ou Y, Yan B, Xu X, Rousseau AN, Zhang Y. Assessment of Micro-Basin Tillage as a Soil and Water Conservation Practice in the Black Soil Region of Northeast China. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0152313. [PMID: 27031339 PMCID: PMC4816346 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0152313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 03/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Micro-basin tillage is a soil and water conservation practice that requires building individual earth blocks along furrows. In this study, plot experiments were conducted to assess the efficiency of micro-basin tillage on sloping croplands between 2012 and 2013 (5°and 7°). The conceptual, optimal, block interval model was used to design micro-basins which are meant to capture the maximum amount of water per unit area. Results indicated that when compared to the up-down slope tillage, micro-basin tillage could increase soil water content and maize yield by about 45% and 17%, and reduce runoff, sediment and nutrients loads by about 63%, 96% and 86%, respectively. Meanwhile, micro-basin tillage could reduce the peak runoff rates and delay the initial runoff-yielding time. In addition, micro-basin tillage with the optimal block interval proved to be the best one among all treatments with different intervals. Compared with treatments of other block intervals, the optimal block interval treatments increased soil moisture by around 10% and reduced runoff rate by around 15%. In general, micro-basin tillage with optimal block interval represents an effective soil and water conservation practice for sloping farmland of the black soil region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Sui
- Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Environment, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130102, China
- Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yang Ou
- Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Environment, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130102, China
- * E-mail:
| | - Baixing Yan
- Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Environment, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130102, China
| | - Xiaohong Xu
- Soil and Water Conservation Research Institute of Jilin Province, Changchun 130033, China
| | - Alain N. Rousseau
- Centre Eau Terre Environnement, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS-ETE), 490 de la Couronne, Québec, Qc, Canada
| | - Yu Zhang
- Soil and Water Conservation Research Institute of Jilin Province, Changchun 130033, China
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Thomas Sims J, Kleinman PJ. Managing Agricultural Phosphorus for Environmental Protection. AGRONOMY MONOGRAPHS 2015. [DOI: 10.2134/agronmonogr46.c31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Murnane JG, Brennan RB, Healy MG, Fenton O. Use of Zeolite with Alum and Polyaluminum Chloride Amendments to Mitigate Runoff Losses of Phosphorus, Nitrogen, and Suspended Solids from Agricultural Wastes Applied to Grassed Soils. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY 2015; 44:1674-1683. [PMID: 26436284 DOI: 10.2134/jeq2014.07.0319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Diffuse pollutant losses containing phosphorus (P), nitrogen (N), and suspended solids (SS) can occur when agricultural wastes are applied to soil. This study aimed to mitigate P, N, and SS losses in runoff from grassed soils, onto which three types of agricultural wastes (dairy slurry, pig slurry, and dairy-soiled water [DSW]), were applied by combining amendments of either zeolite and polyaluminum chloride (PAC) with dairy and pig slurries or zeolite and alum with DSW. Four treatments were investigated in rainfall simulation studies: (i) control soil, (ii) agricultural wastes, (iii) dairy and pig slurries amended with PAC and DSW amended with alum, and (iv) dairy and pig slurries amended with zeolite and PAC and DSW amended with zeolite and alum. Our data showed that combined amendments of zeolite and PAC applied to dairy and pig slurries reduced total P (TP) in runoff by 87 and 81%, respectively, compared with unamended slurries. A combined amendment of zeolite and alum applied to DSW reduced TP in runoff by 50% compared with unamended DSW. The corresponding reductions in total N (TN) were 56% for dairy slurry and 45% for both pig slurry and DSW. Use of combined amendments reduced SS in runoff by 73 and 44% for dairy and pig slurries and 25% for DSW compared with unamended controls, but these results were not significantly different from those using chemical amendments only. The findings of this study are that combined amendments of zeolite and either PAC or alum reduce TP and TN losses in runoff to a greater extent than the use of single PAC or alum amendments and are most effective when used with dairy slurry and pig slurry but less effective when used with DSW.
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Li W, Zhang Y, Cui L, Zhang M, Wang Y. Modeling total phosphorus removal in an aquatic environment restoring horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetland based on artificial neural networks. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 22:12347-12354. [PMID: 25903184 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-4527-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2014] [Accepted: 04/09/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetland (HSSF-CW) was designed to improve the water quality of an artificial lake in Beijing Wildlife Rescue and Rehabilitation Center, Beijing, China. Artificial neural networks (ANNs), including multilayer perceptron (MLP) and radial basis function (RBF), were used to model the removal of total phosphorus (TP). Four variables were selected as the input parameters based on the principal component analysis: the influent TP concentration, water temperature, flow rate, and porosity. In order to improve model accuracy, alternative ANNs were developed by incorporating meteorological variables, including precipitation, air humidity, evapotranspiration, solar heat flux, and barometric pressure. A genetic algorithm and cross-validation were used to find the optimal network architectures for the ANNs. Comparison of the observed data and the model predictions indicated that, with careful variable selection, ANNs appeared to be an efficient and robust tool for predicting TP removal in the HSSF-CW. Comparison of the accuracy and efficiency of MLP and RBF for predicting TP removal showed that the RBF with additional meteorological variables produced the most accurate results, indicating a high potentiality for modeling TP removal in the HSSF-CW.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- Institute of Wetland Research, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Haidian District, Beijing, 100091, China
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Weber JS, Goyne KW, Luxton TP, Thompson AL. Phosphate Treatment of Lead-Contaminated Soil: Effects on Water Quality, Plant Uptake, and Lead Speciation. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY 2015; 44:1127-1136. [PMID: 26437094 DOI: 10.2134/jeq2014.10.0447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Water quality threats associated with using phosphate-based amendments to remediate Pb-contaminated soils are a concern, particularly in riparian areas. This study investigated the effects of P application rates to a Pb-contaminated alluvial soil on Pb and P loss via surface water runoff, Pb accumulation in tall fescue ( Schreb; Kentucky 31), and Pb speciation. An alluvial soil was treated with triple superphosphate at P to Pb molar ratios of 0:1 (control), 4:1, 8:1, and 16:1. After a 6-mo reaction period, rainfall simulation (RFS) studies were conducted, followed by tall fescue establishment and a second set of RFS studies (1 yr after treatment). Results from the first RFS study (unvegetated) demonstrated that the total Pb and P concentrations in the effluents of 8:1 and 16:1 (P:Pb molar ratio) treatment levels were significantly greater ( < 0.05) than the control. One year after P treatment and 6 mo after vegetation establishment, total P and Pb concentrations of the effluents from a second RFS decreased by one to three orders of magnitude. Total and dissolved P concentration in runoff from the 16:1 P:Pb treatment remained significantly greater than all other treatments. However, total Pb concentration in the runoff was comparable among the treatments. Phosphorus treatment also reduced Pb uptake into tall fescue by >55%. X-ray absorption near-edge structure spectroscopy data showed that pyromorphite [Pb(PO)OH,Cl,F] abundance ranged from 0% (control) to 32% (16:1 P:Pb; 1 yr after treatment) of the total soil Pb. Although P treatment stimulated pyromorphite formation, pyromorphite abundance was comparable between the P-treated soils. These findings suggest that a 4:1 (P:Pb molar ratio) P treatment may be a sufficient means of reducing Pb bioavailability while minimizing concerns related to P loss in an alluvial setting.
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Soni B, Bartelt-Hunt SL, Snow DD, Gilley JE, Woodbury BL, Marx DB, Li X. Narrow grass hedges reduce tylosin and associated antimicrobial resistance genes in agricultural runoff. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY 2015; 44:895-902. [PMID: 26024269 DOI: 10.2134/jeq2014.09.0389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Agricultural runoff from areas receiving livestock manure can potentially contaminate surface water with antimicrobials and antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs). The objective of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of narrow grass hedges (NGHs) on reducing the transport of antimicrobials and ARGs in runoff after land application of swine manure slurry. Plot-scale rainfall simulation tests were conducted on 0.75 m by 4.0 m plots designed to test three treatment factors: manure amendment (control plots receiving no manure vs. amended plots receiving manure based on 3 times N requirement), NGH (plots with a NGH vs. plots without a NGH), and rainfall events (days 1-3). Runoff generated during three 30-min simulated rainfall events was sampled and analyzed for antimicrobials and ARGs. Manure amendment was responsible for the presence of antimicrobial tylosin ( < 0.0001) and tylosin resistance gene (B) ( < 0.0001) in runoff. Narrow grass hedges proved to be effective in reducing tylosin ( < 0.0001) and (B) ( < 0.0347) in runoff. Manure amendment was responsible for the introduction of tylosin ( < 0.0482) and (B) ( = 0.0128) into the soil; however, it had no significant impact on the abundance of the 16S rRNA gene in soil. Results from this study suggest that NGHs could be a best management practice to control the transport of antimicrobials and ARGs in agricultural runoff.
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Weidhaas J, Garner E, Basden T, Harwood VJ. Run-off studies demonstrate parallel transport behaviour for a marker of poultry fecal contamination and Staphylococcus aureus. J Appl Microbiol 2014; 117:417-29. [PMID: 24833433 DOI: 10.1111/jam.12543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2014] [Revised: 04/24/2014] [Accepted: 05/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To determine whether poultry litter marker gene LA35 is correlated with pathogens and fecal indicator bacteria (FIB) in run-off from poultry litter-amended plots. METHODS AND RESULTS A rainfall simulator with various vegetative filter strip lengths was employed to evaluate the correlation of a microbial source tracking (MST) marker for poultry feces/litter (the 16S rRNA gene of Brevibacterium sp. LA35 [LA35] measured by quantitative PCR) with pathogens and FIB in run-off. LA35 was correlated with Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Enterococcus spp. and Bacteroidales levels. Salmonella was present at low concentration in litter, but became undetectable by qPCR in run-off. Escherichia coli, LA35 and Staph. aureus exhibited mass-based first flush behaviour in the run-off. CONCLUSIONS Correlation of LA35 with FIB and pathogens in run-off from poultry litter-amended fields suggest comparable transport mechanisms and that LA35 is a useful tracer for harmful bacteria in the environment released from poultry litter. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY To protect human health, an effective marker for poultry fecal contamination should exhibit similar fate and transport characteristics compared to pathogens. This study is among the first to demonstrate such a relationship in run-off for a MST marker.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Weidhaas
- Civil and Environmental Engineering, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
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Larney FJ, Olson AF, Miller JJ, Tovell BC. Nitrogen and phosphorus in runoff from cattle manure compost windrows of different maturities. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY 2014; 43:671-680. [PMID: 25602668 DOI: 10.2134/jeq2013.06.0230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Manure composting has become commonplace in the beef cattle ( L.) feedlot industry in Alberta. However, the nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) characteristics of runoff from windrows subjected to heavy rainfall at different compost maturities are unknown. On Days 18, 26, 40, 54, 81, 109, and 224 of composting, a rainfall simulator generated runoff, which was collected in timed 5-L increments, creating the variable "time during runoff event" (TDRE). The volumetric runoff coefficient of windrows increased from 24% of incident rainfall on Day 0 to 69% by Day 90. Ammonium-nitrogen showed a significant maturity × TDRE interaction on Day 18, increasing from 46 mg L for the 0- to 5-L increment to 172 mg L for the 25- to 30-L increment, as did total dissolved phosphorus (TDP), increasing from 36 to 61 mg L. Nitrate-nitrogen had a runoff export coefficient of 19.5 mg m min on Day 224, which was significantly higher than 1.8 to 6.3 mg m min on Days 18 to 54. Across the 224-d composting period, compost NO-N concentration explained 87% of runoff NO-N, whereas compost water-soluble P explained 68% of runoff TDP. The occurrence and duration of rainfall events relative to the compost maturity spectrum has implications for the magnitude of N and P mobility and overall nutrient losses.
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Joy SR, Bartelt-Hunt SL, Snow DD, Gilley JE, Woodbury BL, Parker DB, Marx DB, Li X. Fate and transport of antimicrobials and antimicrobial resistance genes in soil and runoff following land application of swine manure slurry. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2013; 47:12081-12088. [PMID: 24044357 DOI: 10.1021/es4026358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Due to the use of antimicrobials in livestock production, residual antimicrobials and antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) could enter the environment following the land application of animal wastes and could further contaminate surface and groundwater. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of various manure land application methods on the fate and transport of antimicrobials and ARGs in soil and runoff following land application of swine manure slurry. Swine manure slurries were obtained from facilities housing pigs that were fed chlortetracyline, tylosin or bacitracin and were land applied via broadcast, incorporation, and injection methods. Three rainfall simulation tests were then performed on amended and control plots. Results show that land application methods had no statistically significant effect on the aqueous concentrations of antimicrobials in runoff. However, among the three application methods tested broadcast resulted in the highest total mass loading of antimicrobials in runoff from the three rainfall simulation tests. The aqueous concentrations of chlortetracyline and tylosin in runoff decreased in consecutive rainfall events, although the trend was only statistically significant for tylosin. For ARGs, broadcast resulted in significantly higher erm genes in runoff than did incorporation and injection methods. In soil, the effects of land application methods on the fate of antimicrobials in top soil were compound specific. No clear trend was observed in the ARG levels in soil, likely because different host cells may respond differently to the soil environments created by various land application methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacey R Joy
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln , Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, United States
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Cardoso F, Shelton D, Sadeghi A, Shirmohammadi A, Pachepsky Y, Dulaney W. Effectiveness of vegetated filter strips in retention of Escherichia coli and Salmonella from swine manure slurry. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2012; 110:1-7. [PMID: 22705854 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2012.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2011] [Revised: 03/13/2012] [Accepted: 05/15/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Vegetated filter strips (VFS) are commonly recommended as a best management practice to prevent manure-borne microorganisms from reaching surface water resources. However, relatively little is known about the efficacy of VFS in mitigating bacterial runoff from land-applied swine manure. A field lysimeter study was designed to evaluate the effect of surface soil hydrologic conditions and vegetation on the retention of swine manure-borne Escherichia coli and Salmonella under simulated rainfall conditions. Experimental plots (6.5 m × 3.9 m) were set on a 5% slope lysimeter with loamy topsoil, clay loam or loam subsoil and a controllable groundwater level. Three small flow-intercepting miniflumes were installed 4.5 m from the plot's top, while all remaining runoff was collected in a gutter at the bottom. Plots were divided into bare soil and grass vegetation and upper surface soil moisture before rainfall events was controlled by the subsurface groundwater level. Swine manure slurry inoculated with E. coli and Salmonella, and with added bromide tracer, was applied on the top of the plots and simultaneously initiated the simulated rainfall. Runoff was collected and analyzed every 5 min. No substantial differences between retention of E. coli and Salmonella were found. In initially wet soil surface conditions, there was limited infiltration both in bare and in vegetated plots; almost all bromide and about 30% of bacteria were recovered in runoff water. In initially dry soil surface conditions, there were substantial discrepancies between bare and vegetated plots. In bare plots, recoveries of runoff water, bromide and bacteria under dry conditions were comparable to wet conditions. However, in dry vegetated plots, from 50% to 75% of water was lost to infiltration, while bromide recoveries ranged from 14 to 36% and bacteria recovery was only 5%. Substantial intraplot heterogeneity was revealed by the data from miniflumes. GIS analysis of the plot microtopography showed that miniflumes located in the zones of flow convergence collected the majority of bacteria. Overall, the efficiency of VFS, with respect to the retention of swine manure bacteria, varied dramatically depending upon the hydrologic soil surface condition. Consequently, VFS recommendations should account for expected amounts of surface soil water saturation as well as the relative soil water storage capacity of the VFS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatima Cardoso
- University of Maryland, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, College Park, MD, USA
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Thompson JJD, Doody DG, Flynn R, Watson CJ. Dynamics of critical source areas: does connectivity explain chemistry? THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2012; 435-436:499-508. [PMID: 22889750 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.06.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2012] [Revised: 06/27/2012] [Accepted: 06/28/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Critical source area approaches to catchment management are increasingly being recognised as effective tools to mitigate sediment and nutrient transfers. These approaches often assume hydrological connectivity as a driver for environmental risk, however this assumption has rarely been tested. Using high resolution monitoring, 14 rainfall events of contrasting intensity were examined in detail for spatial and temporal dynamics of overland flow generation at a hydrologically isolated grassland hillslope in Co. Down, Northern Ireland. Interactions between overland flow connectivity and nutrient transfers were studied to test the critical source area hypothesis. While total and soluble phosphorus loads were found to be representative of the size of the overland flow contributing area (P=<0.05), the dynamics of concentrations throughout storm hydrographs were found to be complex and storm dependant. Near linear relationships were observed between the contributing area and total overland flow volumes (R(2)=0.86). Export coefficients (kg ha(-1)) calculated using plot size were found to under estimate annual losses of total phosphorus by a factor of 17, when compared to those calculated using the contributing area. This study shows that current critical source area definitions for implementing mitigation measures may be overlooking the importance of storm characteristics in determining nutrient transfers and hence may be insufficient in determining catchment scale risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J D Thompson
- Agri-Environment Division, The Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, 18a Newforge Lane, Malone Upper, Belfast BT9 5PX, Northern Ireland.
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Bartley R, Speirs WJ, Ellis TW, Waters DK. A review of sediment and nutrient concentration data from Australia for use in catchment water quality models. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2011; 65:101-16. [PMID: 21889170 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2011.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2011] [Revised: 07/01/2011] [Accepted: 08/08/2011] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Land use (and land management) change is seen as the primary factor responsible for changes in sediment and nutrient delivery to water bodies. Understanding how sediment and nutrient (or constituent) concentrations vary with land use is critical to understanding the current and future impact of land use change on aquatic ecosystems. Access to appropriate land-use based water quality data is also important for calculating reliable load estimates using water quality models. This study collated published and unpublished runoff, constituent concentration and load data for Australian catchments. Water quality data for total suspended sediments (TSS), total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) were collated from runoff events with a focus on catchment areas that have a single or majority of the contributing area under one land use. Where possible, information on the dissolved forms of nutrients were also collated. For each data point, information was included on the site location, land use type and condition, contributing catchment area, runoff, laboratory analyses, the number of samples collected over the hydrograph and the mean constituent concentration calculation method. A total of ∼750 entries were recorded from 514 different geographical sites covering 13 different land uses. We found that the nutrient concentrations collected using "grab" sampling (without a well defined hydrograph) were lower than for sites with gauged auto-samplers although this data set was small and no statistical analysis could be undertaken. There was no statistically significant difference (p<0.05) between data collected at plot and catchment scales for the same land use. This is most likely due to differences in land condition over-shadowing the effects of spatial scale. There was, however, a significant difference in the concentration value for constituent samples collected from sites where >90% of the catchment was represented by a single land use, compared to sites with <90% of the upstream area represented by a single land use. This highlights the need for more single land use water quality data, preferably over a range of spatial scales. Overall, the land uses with the highest median TSS concentrations were mining (∼50,000mg/l), horticulture (∼3000mg/l), dryland cropping (∼2000mg/l), cotton (∼600mg/l) and grazing on native pastures (∼300mg/l). The highest median TN concentrations are from horticulture (∼32,000μg/l), cotton (∼6500μg/l), bananas (∼2700μg/l), grazing on modified pastures (∼2200μg/l) and sugar (∼1700μg/l). For TP it is forestry (∼5800μg/l), horticulture (∼1500μg/l), bananas (∼1400μg/l), dryland cropping (∼900mg/l) and grazing on modified pastures (∼400μg/l). For the dissolved nutrient fractions, the sugarcane land use had the highest concentrations of dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN), dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) and dissolved organic phosphorus (DOP). Urban land use had the highest concentrations of dissolved inorganic phosphorus (DIP). This study provides modellers and catchment managers with an increased understanding of the processes involved in estimating constituent concentrations, the data available for use in modelling projects, and the conditions under which they should be applied. Areas requiring more data are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Bartley
- CSIRO Land and Water, EcoSciences Precinct, 41 Boggo Road, Dutton Park 4102, Australia.
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Effects of animal diet, manure application rate, and tillage on transport of microorganisms from manure-amended fields. Appl Environ Microbiol 2011; 77:6715-7. [PMID: 21803913 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02995-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Manure from cattle fed distillers' grain or corn diets was applied to fields, and the fields were subjected to rainfall simulation tests. Manure was added at three rates on till and no-till plots. Correlations between microbial transport and runoff characteristics were identified. Results indicate that diet affects phage but not bacterial transport from manure-amended fields.
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Watts DB, Way TR, Torbert HA. Subsurface application of poultry litter and its influence on nutrient losses in runoff water from permanent pastures. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY 2011; 40:421-430. [PMID: 21520749 DOI: 10.2134/jeq2010.0089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Environmental pressure to reduce nutrient losses from agricultural fields has increased in recent years. To abate this nutrient loss to the environment, better management practices and new technologies need to be developed. Thus, research was conducted to evaluate if subsurface banding poultry litter (PL) would reduce nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) loss in surface water runoff using a four-row prototype implement. Rainfall simulations were conducted to create a 40-min runoff event in an established bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon L.) pasture on soil types common to the Coastal Plain and Piedmont regions. The Coastal Plain soil type was a Marvyn loamy sand (fine-loamy, kaolinitic, thermic Typic Kanhapludults) and the Piedmont soil type was a Hard Labor loamy sand (fine, kaolinitic, thermic Oxyaquic Kanhapludults). Treatments consisted of surface- and subsurface-applied PL at a rate of 9 Mg ha(-1), surface broadcast-applied commercial fertilizer (CF; urea and triple superphosphate blend) at the equivalent N (330 kg N ha(-1)) and P (315 kg N ha(-1)) content of PL, and a nonfertilized control. The greatest loss for inorganic N, total N, dissolved reactive P (DRP), and total P occurred with the surface broadcast treatments, with CF contributing to the greatest loss. Nutrient losses from the subsurface banded treatment reduced N and P in surface water runoff to levels of the control. Subsurface banding of PL reduced concentrations of inorganic N 91%, total N 90%, DRP 86%, and total P 86% in runoff water compared with surface broadcasted PL. These results show that subsurface band-applied PL can greatly reduce the impact of N and P loss to the environment compared with conventional surface-applied PL and CF practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- D B Watts
- USDA-ARS, National Soil Dynamics Laboratory, Auburn, AL 36832, USA.
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Kim M, McGhee J, Lee S, Thurston J. Comparative prediction schemes using conventional and advanced statistical analysis to predict microbial water quality in runoff from manured fields. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2011; 46:1392-1400. [PMID: 21942392 DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2011.606713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Accurate estimations of indicator microorganisms' concentrations are necessary to properly monitor water quality and manage contamination from agricultural land runoffs. In this study, Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) and Multiple Regression Analysis (MRA) statistical methods were compared for accuracy in the prediction of manure-borne microorganisms' concentrations in runoffs from agricultural plots (0.75 m × 2 m) treated with cattle or swine manure. Field rainfall simulation tests were initiated on days 4, 32, 62, 123, and 354 between June 2002 and May 2003. Each rainfall event produced 35 mm rainfall for 30 min at the intensity of 70 mm hr(-1) at 24-intervals. Concentrations of microbial indicators were correlated with hydrological and environmental water quality parameters including water runoff, erosion, air temperature, relative humidity, solar radiation, pH, electric conductivity (EC) and turbidity to determine their impacts on microbial fate and transport. ANNs demonstrated a better ability to model the nonlinearity of land application of manure to ensure the safety of agricultural water environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minyoung Kim
- Agricultural Safety Engineering Division, Department of Agricultural Engineering, National Academy of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration, Gwonson-gu, Suwon, Republic of Korea.
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Griffin TS, Honeycutt CW. Effectiveness and efficacy of conservation options after potato harvest. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY 2009; 38:1627-1635. [PMID: 19549939 DOI: 10.2134/jeq2008.0272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Soil erosion and phosphorus (P) runoff can be severe in potato production systems in the Northeast USA, which are characterized by intensive tillage, minimal ground cover, low crop residue return, and steep slopes. We used rainfall simulators in the greenhouse and field to assess sediment and P movement associated with two conservation practices: straw mulching and application of polyacrylamide (PAM). In the greenhouse, a Nokomis sandy loam soil (fine-loamy, mixed, frigid Typic Haplorthods) was packed into 0.2 by 1.0 m boxes and subjected to four rainfall events at an intensity of 70 mm h(-1). Runoff amount, sediment concentration, and inorganic and sediment-bound P were measured for 30 min after initiation of runoff. Linear increases in straw mulch biomass (up to equivalent of 3000 kg ha(-1)) resulted in exponential decreases in sediment and P loss. Mulch applied at rates as low as 600 kg ha(-1) provided nearly 50% ground cover and reduced sediment movement and sediment-bound P concentration and loss by >50%. Higher application rates reduced sediment loss by up to 95% but contributed dissolved reactive P (DRP) to runoff water. Field observations using simulated rainfall on mulch-covered and bare soil were consistent with greenhouse results. Linear increases in PAM application rate (to 20 kg ha(-1)) also reduced sediment loss. The efficacy of this practice decreases slightly with successive rainfall events but still had significant benefit through four simulated rainfalls on soil packed into boxes. This was not the case in the field where the effect of PAM was limited to the first two rainfall events. In general, runoff volume was not strongly influenced by any of these practices, and most of the P loss was comprised of sediment-bound P. Both conservation practices are effective at reducing soil and nutrient loss in intensive potato systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy S Griffin
- Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts Univ., Boston MA 02111, USA.
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Wagner DJ, Elliott HA, Brandt RC, Jaiswal D. Managing biosolids runoff phosphorus using buffer strips enhanced with drinking water treatment residuals. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY 2008; 37:1567-1574. [PMID: 18574189 DOI: 10.2134/jeq2007.0338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Vegetated buffers strips typically have limited ability to reduce delivery of dissolved phosphorus (DP) from agricultural fields to surface waters. A field study was conducted to evaluate the ability of buffer strips enhanced with drinking water treatment residuals (WTRs) to control runoff P losses from surface-applied biosolids characterized by high water-extractable P (4 g kg(-)(1)). Simulated rainfall (62.4 mm h(-1)) was applied to grassed plots (3 m x 10.7 m including a 2.67 m downslope buffer) surface-amended with biosolids at 102 kg P ha(-1) until 30 min of runoff was collected. With buffer strips top-dressed with WTR (20 Mg ha(-1)), runoff total P (TP = 2.5 mg L(-1)) and total DP (TDP = 1.9 mg L(-1)) were not statistically lower (alpha = 0.05) compared to plots with unamended grass buffers (TP = 2.7 mg L(-1); TDP = 2.6 mg L(-1)). Although the applied WTR had excess capacity (Langmuir P maxima of 25 g P kg(-1)) to sorb all runoff P, kinetic experiments suggest that sheet flow travel time across the buffers ( approximately 30 s) was insufficient for significant P reduction. Effective interception of dissolved P in runoff water by WTR-enhanced buffer strips requires rapid P sorption kinetics and hydrologic flow behavior ensuring sufficient runoff residence time and WTR contact in the buffer. Substantial phosphate-adsorbent contact opportunity may be more easily achieved by incorporating WTRs into P-enriched soils or blending WTRs with applied P sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Wagner
- Agricultural and Biological Engineering Dep., Pennsylvania State Univ., University Park, PA 16802, USA
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Srinivasan MS, Kleinman PJA, Sharpley AN, Buob T, Gburek WJ. Hydrology of small field plots used to study phosphorus runoff under simulated rainfall. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY 2007; 36:1833-1842. [PMID: 17965386 DOI: 10.2134/jeq2007.0017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Use of small plots and rainfall simulators to extrapolate trends in runoff water quality requires careful consideration of hydrologic process represented under such conditions. A modified version of the National Phosphorus Runoff Project (NPRP) protocol was used to assess the hydrology of paired 1 x 2 m plots established on two soils with contrasting hydrologic properties (somewhat poorly drained vs. well drained). Rain simulations (60 mm h(-1)) were conducted to generate 30 min of runoff. For the somewhat poorly drained soil, simulations were conducted in October and May to contrast dry conditions typically targeted by NPRP protocols with wet conditions generally associated with natural runoff. For the well-drained soil, only dry conditions (October) were evaluated. Under dry antecedent moisture conditions, an average of 64 mm of rainfall was applied to the somewhat poorly drained soil to generate 30 min of runoff, as opposed to 96 mm to the well-drained soil. At an extreme, differences in rainfall were equivalent to a 50-yr rainfall-return period. An absence of detectable spatial trends in surface soil moisture suggests uniformity of runoff processes within the plots. No differences in applied rainfall were evident between wet and dry antecedent conditions for the somewhat poorly drained soil. However, significant differences in runoff generation processes were observed in dissolved P concentrations between wet and dry conditions. As natural runoff from the somewhat poorly drained soil is largely under wet antecedent conditions, this study highlights the need for care in interpreting findings from generalized protocols that favor infiltration-excess runoff mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Srinivasan
- Pasture Systems and Watershed Management Research Unit, USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Building 3702 Curtin Road, University Park, PA 16802, USA
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Udeigwe TK, Wang JJ, Zhang H. Predicting runoff of suspended solids and particulate phosphorus for selected Louisiana soils using simple soil tests. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY 2007; 36:1310-7. [PMID: 17636292 DOI: 10.2134/jeq2006.0314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
This study was conducted to evaluate the relationships among total suspended solids (TSS) and particulate phosphorus (PP) in runoff and selected soil properties. Nine Louisiana soils were subjected to simulated rainfall events, and runoff collected and analyzed for various parameters. A highly significant relationship existed between runoff TSS and runoff turbidity. Both runoff TSS and turbidity were also significantly related to runoff PP, which on average accounted for more than 98% of total P (TP) in the runoff. Runoff TSS was closely and positively related to soil clay content in an exponential fashion (y=0.10e0.01x, R2=0.91, P<0.001) while it was inversely related to soil electrical conductivity (EC) (y=0.02 x(-3.95), R2=0.70, P<0.01). A newly-devised laboratory test, termed "soil suspension turbidity" (SST) which measures turbidity in a 1:200 soil/water suspension, exhibited highly significant linear relationships with runoff TSS (y=0.06x-4.38, R2=0.82, P<0.001) and PP (y=0.04x+2.68, R2=0.85, P<0.001). In addition, SST alone yielded similar R2 value to that of combining soil clay content and EC in a multiple regression, suggesting that SST was able to account for the integrated effect of clay content and electrolytic background on runoff TSS. The SST test could be used for assessment and management of sediment and particulate nutrient losses in surface runoff.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theophilus K Udeigwe
- School of Plant, Environmental, and Soil Sciences, Sturgis Hall, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
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Butler DM, Franklin DH, Ranells NN, Poore MH, Green JT. Ground cover impacts on sediment and phosphorus export from manured riparian pasture. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY 2006; 35:2178-85. [PMID: 17071887 DOI: 10.2134/jeq2005.0351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Maintaining pasture ground cover is important in preventing environmental degradation of grasslands and associated riparian areas. The objective of this work was to determine the effect of ground cover on sediment and P export from pastured riparian areas under simulated rainfall events. Plots were established on two sites in the North Carolina Piedmont: a 10% slope with Appling sandy loam soils (fine, kaolinitic, thermic Typic Kanhapludults) and a 20% slope with Wedowee sandy loam soils (fine, kaolinitic, thermic Typic Kanhapludults), both with mixed tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.)-dallisgrass (Paspalum dilatatum Poir.) vegetation. Existing forage stands were modified to represent a range of ground cover levels: 0, 45, 70, and 95% (bare ground, low, medium, and high cover, respectively), and amended with beef steer (Bos taurus) feces and urine (about 10 kg P ha(-1)). Mean runoff volume from bare ground was generally twice that observed from low, medium, and high levels of cover, which were similar. For all rainfall events combined, export of dissolved reactive P was greatest (P < 0.1) at bare ground and was reduced 31% at low cover, which did not differ from medium or high cover. Mean total Kjeldahl P export was greater (P < 0.001) from bare ground than from other cover levels. Results indicate that riparian bare areas can contribute substantial sediment (>215 kg ha(-1)) and P (0.7 kg P ha(-1)) to surface waters during heavy rainfall, whereas export may be reduced equally well by low cover (45%) as by high cover.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Butler
- Department of Crop Science, North Carolina State University, Box 7620, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
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Guidry AR, Schindler FV, German DR, Gelderman RH, Gerwing JR. Using simulated rainfall to evaluate field and indoor surface runoff phosphorus relationships. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY 2006; 35:2236-43. [PMID: 17071894 DOI: 10.2134/jeq2006.0156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
While numerous studies have evaluated the efficacy of outdoor rainfall simulations to predict P concentrations in surface runoff, few studies have linked indoor rainfall simulations to P concentrations in surface runoff from agricultural fields. The objective of this study was to evaluate the capacity of indoor rainfall simulation to predict total dissolved P concentrations [TP(<0.45)] in field runoff for four dominant agricultural soils in South Dakota. Surface runoff from 10 residue-free field plots (2 m wide by 2 m long, 2-3% slope) and packed soil boxes (1 m long by 20 cm wide by 7.5 cm high, 2-3% slope) was compared. Surface runoff was generated via rainfall simulation at an intensity of 65 mm h(-1) and was collected for 30 min. Packed boxes produced approximately 24% more runoff (range = 2.8-3.4 cm) than field plots (range = 2.3-2.7 cm) among all soils. No statistical differences in either TP(<0.45) concentration or TP(<0.45) loss was observed in runoff from packed boxes and field plots among soil series (0.17 < P < 0.83). Three of four soils showed significantly more total P lost from packed boxes than field plots. The TP(<0.45) concentration in surface runoff from field plots can be predicted from TP(<0.45) concentration in surface runoff from the packed boxes (0.68 < r(2) < 0.94). A single relationship was derived to predict field TP(<0.45) concentration in surface runoff using surface runoff TP(<0.45) concentration from packed boxes. Evidence is provided that indoor runoff can adequately predict TP(<0.45) concentration in field surface runoff for select soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Guidry
- East Dakota Water Development District, 132 B Airport Drive, Brookings, SD 57006, USA
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