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Lindahl A, Reichenberger S, Pohlert T, Multsch S, Boström G, Gönczi M, Stenemo F, Kreuger J, Markensten H, Jarvis N. A web-based pesticide risk assessment tool for drinking water protection zones in Sweden. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2024; 357:120700. [PMID: 38565029 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.120700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
To protect human health, wildlife and the aquatic environment, "safe uses" of pesticides are determined at the EU level while product authorization and terms of use are established at the national level. In Sweden, extra precaution is taken to protect drinking water, and permits are therefore required for pesticide use within abstraction zones. This paper presents MACRO-DB, a tool for assessing pesticide contamination risks of groundwater and surface water, used by authorities to support their decision-making for issuing such permits. MACRO-DB is a meta-model based on 583,200 simulations of the physically-based MACRO model used for assessing pesticide leaching risks at EU and national level. MACRO-DB is simple to use and runs on widely available input data. In a qualitative comparative assessment for two counties in Sweden, MACRO-DB outputs were in general agreement with groundwater monitoring data and matched or were more protective than the national risk assessment procedure for groundwater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Lindahl
- Department of Soil and Environment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 7050, SE-75007, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | | | - Thorsten Pohlert
- Knoell Germany GmbH, Konrad-Zuse-Ring 25, 68163, Mannheim, Germany
| | | | - Gustaf Boström
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 7050, SE-75007, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mikaela Gönczi
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 7050, SE-75007, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Jenny Kreuger
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 7050, SE-75007, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Hampus Markensten
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 7050, SE-75007, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Nicholas Jarvis
- Department of Soil and Environment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 7050, SE-75007, Uppsala, Sweden
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Wang Z, Pu Q, Li Y. Bidirectional selection of the functional properties and environmental friendliness of organophosphorus (OP) pesticide derivatives: Design, screening, and mechanism analysis. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 879:163043. [PMID: 36963678 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.163043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphorus pesticides (OPs) are widely used in agricultural production, but the resulting pollution and drug resistance have sparked widespread concern. Therefore, this paper built a model to design OP substitute molecules with high functionality and environmental friendliness, as well as conducted various human health and ecological environment evaluations, synthetic accessibility screening, and easy detection screening. The functionality of the two OP substitute molecules, DIM-100 and DIM-164, increased by 22.79 % and 22.18 %, respectively, and the environmental friendliness increased by 18.07 % and 24.02 %, respectively. The human health risk and ecological, environmental risks were significantly reduced. Both molecules are easy to synthesize, and their detection sensitivity is 9.85 % and 11.24 % higher than that of the target molecule, respectively. Furthermore, significant changes in the distribution of electrons and holes near the C8 and S1 atoms of the OP substitute molecule resulted in easier breakage of the C8-S1 bond, enhancing its photodegradation ability. The charge transfer ability between the atoms of the molecule (as increasing the electron-withdrawing group led to an increase in charge of the P atom) and the volume of the cholinesterase active pocket both affect the functionality of the DIM substitute molecule. That is, the volume of the cholinesterase active pocket of the bee is smaller than that of the brown planthopper and is more affected by the volume of the OP molecule. Furthermore, the mutual verification analysis of the bidirectional selectivity effect of OP substitute molecules between the BayesianRidge model and the 3D-QS(A2 + ∀3)R model reveals that the overall charge transfer degree of DIM substitute molecules is the main reason for the increase in the bidirectional selectivity effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhonghe Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China; MOE Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental System Optimization, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Qikun Pu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China; MOE Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental System Optimization, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Yu Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China; MOE Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental System Optimization, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China.
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3
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Du J, Izquierdo D, Naoum J, Ohlund L, Sleno L, Beisner BE, Lavaud J, Juneau P. Pesticide responses of Arctic and temperate microalgae differ in relation to ecophysiological characteristics. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2023; 254:106323. [PMID: 36435012 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2022.106323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Polar ecosystems play an important role in global primary production. Microalgae have adaptations that enable them to live under low temperature environments where irradiance and day length change drastically. Their adaptations, leading to different ecophysiological characteristics relative to temperate species, could also alter their sensitivity to pollutants such as pesticides. This study's objective was to understand how different ecophysiological characteristics influence the response of Arctic phytoplankton to pesticides in relation to the responses of their temperate counterparts. Ecophysiological endpoints were related to growth, cell biovolume, pigment content, photosynthetic activity, photoprotective mechanisms (NPQ, antioxidant enzyme activities), and reactive oxygen species (ROS) content. The Arctic species Micromonas polaris was more resistant to atrazine and simazine than its temperate counterpart Micromonas bravo. However, the other Arctic species Chaetoceros neogracilis was more sensitive to these herbicides than its temperate counterpart Chaetoceros neogracile. With respect to two other pesticide toxicity, both temperate microalgae were more sensitive to trifluralin, while Arctic microalgae were more sensitive to chlorpyrifos (insecticide). All differences could be ascribed to differences in the eco-physiological features of the two microalgal groups, which can be explained by cell size, pigment content, ROS content and protective mechanisms (NPQ and antioxidant enzymes).
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Du
- Department of Biological Sciences, Université du Québec à Montréal, GRIL-TOXEN, Succ Centre-Ville, Montreal, Quebec H3C 3P8, Canada
| | - Disney Izquierdo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Université du Québec à Montréal, GRIL-EcotoQ-TOXEN, Succ Centre-Ville, Montreal, Quebec H3C 3P8, Canada
| | - Jonathan Naoum
- Department of Biological Sciences, Université du Québec à Montréal, GRIL-EcotoQ-TOXEN, Succ Centre-Ville, Montreal, Quebec H3C 3P8, Canada
| | - Leanne Ohlund
- Chemistry Department, Université du Québec à Montréal, EcotoQ-TOXEN, Succ Centre-Ville, Montreal, Quebec H3C 3P8, Canada
| | - Lekha Sleno
- Chemistry Department, Université du Québec à Montréal, EcotoQ-TOXEN, Succ Centre-Ville, Montreal, Quebec H3C 3P8, Canada
| | - Beatrix E Beisner
- Department of Biological Sciences, Groupe de recherche interuniversitaire en limnologie (GRIL), Université du Québec à Montréal, Succ Centre-Ville, Montreal, Quebec H3C 3P8, Canada
| | - Johann Lavaud
- TAKUVIK International Research Laboratory IRL3376, Université Laval (Canada) - CNRS (France), Pavillon Alexandre-Vachon, 1045 av. de la Médecine, local 2064, G1V 0A6 Québec, Canada; LEMAR-Laboratory of Environmental Marine Sciences, UMR6539, CNRS/Univ Brest/Ifremer/IRD, Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer, Technopôle Brest-Iroise, rue Dumont d'Urville, 29280 Plouzané, France
| | - Philippe Juneau
- Department of Biological Sciences, Université du Québec à Montréal, GRIL-EcotoQ-TOXEN, Succ Centre-Ville, Montreal, Quebec H3C 3P8, Canada.
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Ghavamifar S, Naidu R, Mozafari V, Li Z. Can calcite play a role in the adsorption of glyphosate? A comparative study with a new challenge. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 311:136922. [PMID: 36273612 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.136922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Calcite as a sorbent can interact with both inorganic and organic substances through their functional groups. To measure its adsorption ability, another sorbent, saponite was selected because it can sorb glyphosate, an organic compound with a polar molecule and widely used as a herbicide. In this study, the two sorbents calcite and saponite were saturated by calcium chloride, and characterized by SEM-EDX, X-ray diffraction, and Zeta Potential Analyzer to investigate their capacity to sorb glyphosate. After saturation, the saponite became homoionic Ca-saponite with minor changes in morphology and specific surface area. But, the morphology of calcite transformed from rhombohedron to scalenohedron, with an increase of 75-folds in its specific surface, and the zeta potential became positive in alkaline pH, which contradicts the results of all previous research. The modified sorbents (Ca-calcite and Ca-saponite) were added to two soil samples to investigate each sorbent's effect on glyphosate sorption. Adsorption isotherm and percentage of glyphosate desorbed revealed the difference in binding and adsorption sites. The Langmuir and Temkin models fitted isotherm data in low concentrations better and suggested chemosorption for the uptake of glyphosate. FTIR analyses of samples with and without glyphosate were compared and results suggested that the bulk of adsorption happened in siloxane groups and on calcium carbonates surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Ghavamifar
- Department of Soil Science, College of Agricultural Science, Vali-e-Asr University of Rafsanjan, Iran.
| | - Ravi Naidu
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation (GCER), College of Engineering Science and Environment, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia; CRC for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment (CRC CARE), The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia
| | - Vahid Mozafari
- Department of Soil Science, College of Agricultural Science, Vali-e-Asr University of Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Zhaohui Li
- Department of Geosciences, University of Wisconsin - Parkside, Kenosha, WI, 53144, USA
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Heinen M, Beltman WHJ, Massop HTL, Groenendijk P, Dik PE, Sur R. Modeling effectiveness of two runoff mitigation measures in the Netherlands. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 839:156190. [PMID: 35618125 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Rainfall that exceeds the soil's maximum infiltration rate is prone to runoff, and the excess rainfall will flow toward open water systems. Nutrients, pesticides or other contaminants may be transported along with this overland flow, thus contaminating surface waters. There are various measures that can be implemented to prevent or reduce runoff, which involve either improving the soil's infiltration capacity or temporarily storing more water at the field scale. The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of two mitigation measures, i.e., micro-dams and edge-of-field trenches, in reducing the total number of runoff events and the runoff volume for specific rainfall events. For this purpose, numerical simulations were performed with a deterministic soil-water-atmosphere-plant model for reference situations and for situations involving either of the two mitigation measures. The mitigation measures are implemented as a change in the ponding threshold height above which the model predicts runoff. For this purpose, we considered several soil / groundwater level / crop / intrinsic field soil surface storage situations that are common in the Netherlands. For ridge-furrow cropping systems, micro-dams are more effective than edge-of-field trenches. Depending on the soil type (excluding sand), the minimum effectiveness is 70% and may be >90% in specific situations. For the edge-of-field trench, the reduction in runoff events was mostly in the 24-35% range, while the effectiveness for the runoff volume for a rainfall event that typically occurs once per year was in the 13-48% range (excluding sand). Due to the relatively high hydraulic conductivity at saturation for the sandy soils, runoff was simulated in only a few cases for these soils. The effectiveness was evidently dependent on intrinsic field soil surface storage and soil types, varied slightly between crop types and was very similar across the groundwater level classes considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marius Heinen
- Wageningen Environmental Research, PO Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Wim H J Beltman
- Wageningen Environmental Research, PO Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Harry T L Massop
- Wageningen Environmental Research, PO Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Piet Groenendijk
- Wageningen Environmental Research, PO Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Pim E Dik
- Wageningen Environmental Research, PO Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Robin Sur
- Bayer AG - Crop Science Division, Monheim, Germany
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Schönenberger UT, Beck B, Dax A, Vogler B, Stamm C. Pesticide concentrations in agricultural storm drainage inlets of a small Swiss catchment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:43966-43983. [PMID: 35124778 PMCID: PMC9200698 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-18933-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Agricultural pesticides transported to surface waters pose a major risk for aquatic ecosystems. Modelling studies indicate that the inlets of agricultural storm drainage systems can considerably increase the connectivity of surface runoff and pesticides to surface waters. These model results have however not yet been validated with field measurements. In this study, we measured discharge and concentrations of 51 pesticides in four out of 158 storm drainage inlets of a small Swiss agricultural catchment (2.8 km2) and in the receiving stream. For this, we performed an event-triggered sampling during 19 rain events and collected plot-specific pesticide application data. Our results show that agricultural storm drainage inlets strongly influence surface runoff and pesticide transport in the study catchment. The concentrations of single pesticides in inlets amounted up to 62 µg/L. During some rain events, transport through single inlets caused more than 10% of the stream load of certain pesticides. An extrapolation to the entire catchment suggests that during selected events on average 30 to 70% of the load in the stream was transported through inlets. Pesticide applications on fields with surface runoff or spray drift potential to inlets led to increased concentrations in the corresponding inlets. Overall, this study corroborates the relevance of such inlets for pesticide transport by establishing a connectivity between fields and surface waters, and by their potential to deliver substantial pesticide loads to surface waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urs T Schönenberger
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland.
| | - Birgit Beck
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Anne Dax
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Bernadette Vogler
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Christian Stamm
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland
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7
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Schönenberger UT, Simon J, Stamm C. Are spray drift losses to agricultural roads more important for surface water contamination than direct drift to surface waters? THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 809:151102. [PMID: 34688746 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Spray drift is considered a major pesticide transport pathway to surface waters. Current research and legislation usually only considers direct spray drift. However, also spray drift on roads and subsequent wash-off to surface waters was identified as a possible transport pathway. Hydraulic shortcuts (storm drainage inlets, channel drains, ditches) have been shown to connect roads to surface waters, thus increasing the risk of drift wash-off to surface waters. However, the importance of this pathway has never been assessed on larger scales. To address this knowledge gap, we studied 26 agricultural catchments with a predominance of arable cropping (n = 17) and vineyards (n = 9). In these study sites, we assessed the occurrence of shortcuts by field mapping. Afterwards, we modelled the areas of roads drained to surface waters using a high-resolution digital elevation model (0.5 m resolution) and a multiple flow algorithm. Finally, we modelled drift deposition to drained roads and surface waters using a spatially explicit, georeferenced spray drift model. Our results show that for most sites, the drift to drained roads is much larger than the direct drift to surface waters. In arable land sites, drift to roads exceeds the direct drift by a factor of 4.5 to 18, and in vineyard sites by 35 to 140. In arable land sites, drift to drained roads is rather small (0.0015% to 0.0049% of applied amount) compared to typical total pesticide losses to surface waters. However, substantial drift to drained roads in vineyard sites was found (0.063% to 0.20% of applied amount). Current literature suggests that major fractions of the drift deposited on roads can be washed off during rain events, especially for pesticides with low soil adsorption coefficients. For such pesticides and particularly in vineyards, spray drift wash-off from drained roads is therefore expected to be a major transport pathway to surface waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urs T Schönenberger
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Janine Simon
- Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Fahnenbergplatz, 79085 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Christian Stamm
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland.
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Balashova N, Hiscock KM, Reid BJ, Reynolds R. Trends in metaldehyde concentrations and fluxes in a lowland, semi-agricultural catchment in the UK (2008-2018). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 795:148858. [PMID: 34237530 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Metaldehyde, a widely used molluscicide, is one of the most commonly detected pesticides in aquatic environments in the UK. In this study, metaldehyde concentrations and fluxes in stream water over a ten-year period (2008-2018) are reported for the River Colne catchment (Essex, southeast England), and the influence of hydrological conditions and application regimes are assessed. In general, peaks in metaldehyde concentration in river water occasionally exceeded 0.25 μg L-1, and concentrations did not typically exceed the European Union Drinking Water Directive (EU DWD) regulatory limit of 0.1 μg L-1. Metaldehyde concentration peaks displayed a seasonal pattern. Metaldehyde concentrations during periods when the molluscicide was not applied to agricultural land (January, July) and during the spring-summer application period (February to June) were generally low (0.01-0.03 μg L-1). Peaks in metaldehyde concentration mainly occurred during the autumn-winter application season (August to December), and were typically associated with high intensity hydrological regimes (daily rainfall ≥10 mm; stream flow up to 18 m3 s-1). Where metaldehyde concentrations exceeded the EU DWD regulatory limit, this was short-lived. The annual flux at the top of the Colne catchment (0.2-0.6 kg a-1) tended to be lower than in the middle of the catchment (0.3-1.4 kg a-1), with maximum flux values observed at the bottom of the catchment (0.5-25.8 kg a-1). Metaldehyde losses from point of application to surface water varied between 0.01 and 0.25%, with a maximum of 1.18% (2012). Annual flux was primarily controlled by the annual precipitation and stream flow (R2 = 0.9) rather than annual metaldehyde use (kg active applied). Precipitation explained 37% and 81% of variability in metaldehyde concentration and flux, respectively. Annual ranges in metaldehyde concentration were greater in the years 2012 and 2014 with an overall reduction in the range of metaldehyde concentrations evident over the period 2015-2018. It is the expectation that metaldehyde concentrations in stream water will continue to decrease following the withdrawal of metaldehyde for outdoor use in the UK from March 2022.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Balashova
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK.
| | - Kevin M Hiscock
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Brian J Reid
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Richard Reynolds
- Catchment, Coastal and Biodiversity Management Team, Anglian Water Services Ltd., Thorpe Wood House, Peterborough PE3 6WT, UK
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Tegenaw A, Sorial GA, Sahle-Demessie E. Effect of colloid-size copper-based pesticides and wood-preservatives against microbial activities of Gram-positive Bacillus species using five-day biochemical oxygen demand test. J Environ Sci (China) 2021; 105:71-80. [PMID: 34130841 PMCID: PMC8217730 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2020.12.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Copper-based pesticides and wood preservatives could end up in the environment during production, use, and end-of-life via different pathways that could cause unintended ecological and adverse health effects. This paper provides the effect of colloid-size Cu-based pesticides (CuPRO and Kocide), micronized Cu azole (MCA-1 and MCA-2) and alkaline Cu quaternary (ACQ) treated woods, Cu2+, Cu2+ spiked untreated wood (UTW), and CuCO3 solutions against Gram-positive Bacillus species using five-day biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5) standard test. The total Cu leached from MCA-1, MCA-2, and ACQ in Milli-Q water after 5 days were ~0.1, ~0.11, and ~0.64 g/kg of wood, respectively. However, the form of Cu leached from MCA woods was mostly ionic (> 90%). The total organic carbon (TOC) content of any tested wood (UTW/MCA-1/MCA-2/ACQ) was ~99% of its corresponding total carbon (TC) content, whereas the TOC of any tested wood sawdust exceeded that of its corresponding piece/block by > 300%. The dissolved oxygen (DO) consumption value in the presence of Cu2+, CuCO3, CuPRO, and Kocide solutions was significantly influenced by Cu particles/ions. However, the DO consumption value in the presence of UTW/MCA-1/MCA-2/ACQ woods was significantly influenced by organics leached from woods. On the other hand, the DO consumption of MCA sawdust was greater than (300%) that of MCA pieces/block. The findings of this study provide more insight into how organics leached from woods significantly reduce the toxic effects of Cu ions against Gram-positive Bacillus species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayenachew Tegenaw
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering and Applied Science, 701 Engineering Research Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221-0012, USA.
| | - George A Sorial
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering and Applied Science, 701 Engineering Research Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221-0012, USA
| | - Endalkachew Sahle-Demessie
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Center for Environmental Solution and Emergency Response, Cincinnati, OH 45268, USA
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Tauchnitz N, Kurzius F, Rupp H, Schmidt G, Hauser B, Schrödter M, Meissner R. Assessment of pesticide inputs into surface waters by agricultural and urban sources - A case study in the Querne/Weida catchment, central Germany. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 267:115186. [PMID: 32889519 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Pesticide inputs into surface waters may cause harmful effects on aquatic life communities and substantially contribute to environmental pollution. The present study aimed at evaluating the input pathways in the Querne/Weida catchment (central Germany) to efficiently target mitigation measures of pesticide losses. Relevant pesticide substances were measured in surface waters in agricultural and urban surroundings and in soil samples within the catchment area. Pesticides application data from farmers were analyzed. Additionally, batch tests were performed to determine sorption and degradation of relevant pesticides for site specific soil properties. Frequency of detection, number of pesticides and maximum concentrations were much higher in the surface water samples in mainly urban surroundings compared to those in agricultural surrounding. The most frequently detected substances were glyphosate, AMPA, diflufenican and tebuconazole in surface water samples and diflufenican, boscalid, tebuconazole and epoxiconazole in the topsoil samples. Glyphosate and AMPA contributed to the highest concentrations in surface water samples (max. 58 μg L-1) and soil samples (max. 0.19 mg kg-1). In most cases, pesticide detections in surface water and soil were not consistent with application data from farmers, indicating that urban sources may affect water quality in the catchment area substantially. However, it was observed that pesticide substances remain in the soil over a long time supported by sorption on the soil matrix. Therefore, delayed inputs into surface waters could be suspected. For the implementation of reduction measures, both urban and agricultural sources should be considered. Novel findings of the study: pesticide detections were not consistent with application data from farmers, urban sources contributed substantially to pesticide pollution of surface waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Tauchnitz
- State Institute for Agriculture and Horticulture Saxony-Anhalt, Centre for Agronomy and Crop Production, Strenzfelder Allee 22, 06406, Bernburg, Germany.
| | - Florian Kurzius
- BGD ECOSAX GmbH, Tiergartenstraße 48, 01219, Dresden, Germany
| | - Holger Rupp
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Dept. of Soil System Science, Lysimeter Station, Falkenberg 55, D-39615, Altmärkische Wische, Germany
| | - Gerd Schmidt
- Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Faculty of Natural Sciences III, Institute of Geosciences and Geography, Geology, Von-Seckendorff-Platz 4, 06120, Halle (S.), Germany
| | - Barbara Hauser
- State Institute for Agriculture and Horticulture Saxony-Anhalt, Centre for Agricultural Analyses, Schiepziger Strasse 29, 06120, Halle (S.), Germany
| | - Matthias Schrödter
- State Institute for Agriculture and Horticulture Saxony-Anhalt, Centre for Agronomy and Crop Production, Strenzfelder Allee 22, 06406, Bernburg, Germany
| | - Ralph Meissner
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Dept. of Soil System Science, Lysimeter Station, Falkenberg 55, D-39615, Altmärkische Wische, Germany
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11
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Sun Y, Cao Y, Tong L, Tao F, Wang X, Wu H, Wang M. Exposure to prothioconazole induces developmental toxicity and cardiovascular effects on zebrafish embryo. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 251:126418. [PMID: 32443233 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 02/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Prothioconazole is a fungicide that has been widely used in general agriculture and livestock husbandry. This study evaluated the acute toxicity of prothioconazole to zebrafish embryos by assessing their hatching rate and malformation when exposed to different concentrations of prothioconazole. The 96 h-LC50 value of zebrafish embryos was 1.70 mg/L. Upon exposure to 0.85 mg/L, the mortality rate of the embryos significantly increased while their hatching rate decreased significantly. At prothioconazole concentrations higher than 0.43 mg/L, developmental morphologic abnormalities such as heart and yolk-sac edema, spine curvature, tail deformity, shortened body length and decreased eye area were observed. The heart rate of embryos decreased in a dose-dependent fashion during the exposure time. Prothioconazole exposure also resulted in increased rates of cardiac malformation detected by significant increase in the distance between the sinus venosus and bulbus arteriosus and the pericardium area. Moreover, the expression levels of genes related to cardiac development (amhc, vmhc, fli1, hand2, gata4, nkx2.5, tbx5 and atp2a2a) were significantly altered after exposure to prothioconazole. Indeed, this study revealed the adverse effects on the developmental and cardiovascular system of zebrafish embryo caused by prothioconazole. It further elucidated the risk of prothioconazole exposure to vertebrate cardiovascular toxicity. As such, it provides a theoretical foundation for pesticide risk management measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongqi Sun
- School of Agricultural and Food Science, Zhejiang Agriculture & Forestry University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yi Cao
- School of Agricultural and Food Science, Zhejiang Agriculture & Forestry University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lili Tong
- School of Agricultural and Food Science, Zhejiang Agriculture & Forestry University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fangyi Tao
- School of Agricultural and Food Science, Zhejiang Agriculture & Forestry University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaonan Wang
- School of Agricultural and Food Science, Zhejiang Agriculture & Forestry University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Huiming Wu
- School of Agricultural and Food Science, Zhejiang Agriculture & Forestry University, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Mengcen Wang
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Pesticide & Environmental Toxicology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
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12
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Tegenaw A, Sorial GA, Sahle-Demessie E, Han C. Influence of water chemistry on colloid-size Cu-based pesticides particles: A case of Cu(OH) 2 commercial fungicide/bactericide. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 239:124699. [PMID: 31494324 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.124699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Revised: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The intensive, widespread, and ever-increasing applications of Cu-based pesticides in agriculture could potentially increase environmental exposures via different routes. Unlike ionic/bulk forms, the fate, transport, and toxicity of colloid-size Cu-based pesticides are not well studied. This paper provides evaluation outcomes of granule and dispersion characterizations, stability, and dissolution of colloid-size particles of Cu(OH)2 commercial pesticide product at a range of water chemistry. The evaluated product contained about 35% weight of metallic Cu equivalent and Cu(OH)2 particles with sizes < 1 μm of which a fraction of nanoscale particles exist. The presence of Ca2+ at ionic strengths of >0.01 M and 0.001-0.2 M significantly influenced (p < 0.001) particle size (PS) and ζ-potential values, respectively at all investigated pH values. Cu dissolution at pH 5.5 was significant (p < 0.001) and exceeded Cu dissolutions at pH 7.0 by 87-90% and at pH 8.5 by 87-95% in all dispersions. The order of Cu dissolution was pH 5.5 > pH 7.0 > pH 8.5 in all dispersions. Cu dissolution was relatively reduced by 53% by increasing HA from 0 to 5 mg L-1 and enhanced by 55% by increasing HA from 5 to 15 mg L-1, however, the overall Cu dissolution was decreased by 27% by increasing HA from 0 to 15 mg L-1. Thus, HAs reduced the dissolution of Cu at pH < 7. The findings provide an insight into how water chemistry influences the fate and transport of colloid-size Cu-based pesticides particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayenachew Tegenaw
- Environmental Engineering Program, Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Cincinnati, 701 Engineering Research Center, 2901 Woodside Drive P.O. Box 210012, Cincinnati, OH, 45221-0012, United States
| | - George A Sorial
- Environmental Engineering Program, Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Cincinnati, 701 Engineering Research Center, 2901 Woodside Drive P.O. Box 210012, Cincinnati, OH, 45221-0012, United States.
| | - Endalkachew Sahle-Demessie
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, National Risk Management Research Laboratory, 26 W. Martin Luther Drive, Cincinnati, OH, 45268, United States
| | - Changseok Han
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, INHA University, 100 Inharo, Nam-gu Incheon, 22212, South Korea
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13
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Dupraz V, Ménard D, Akcha F, Budzinski H, Stachowski-Haberkorn S. Toxicity of binary mixtures of pesticides to the marine microalgae Tisochrysis lutea and Skeletonema marinoi: Substance interactions and physiological impacts. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2019; 211:148-162. [PMID: 30981038 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2019.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Revised: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
This study screened binary mixtures of pesticides for potential synergistic interaction effects on growth of the marine microalgae Tisochrysis lutea and Skeletonema marinoi. It also examined the single and combined effects of three of the most toxic substances on microalgal physiology. Single substances were first tested on each microalgal species to determine their respective EC50 and concentration-response relationships. The toxicity of six and seven binary mixtures was then evaluated in microplate experiments on the growth of T. lutea and S. marinoi, respectively, using two mixture modelling approaches: isobolograms and the MIXTOX tool, based on Concentration Addition (CA) or Independent Action (IA) models. Significant cases of antagonism (for both species) and synergism (for S. marinoi) were observed for the mixtures of isoproturon and spiroxamine, and isoproturon and metazachlor, respectively. These two mixtures, together with that of isoproturon and diuron, for which additivity was observed, were further studied for their impacts on the physiology of each species. Exposures were thus made in culture flasks at three concentrations, or concentration combinations for mixtures, selected to cause 25%, 50% and 75% growth rate inhibition. The effects of the selected pesticides singly and in combination were evaluated at three perceived effect concentrations on esterase metabolic activity, relative lipid content, cytoplasmic membrane potential and reactive oxygen species (ROS) content by flow cytometry, and on photosynthetic quantum yield (ϕ'M) by PAM-fluorescence. Isoproturon and diuron singly and in mixtures induced 20-40% decreases in ϕ'M which was in turn responsible for a significant decrease in relative lipid content for both species. Spiroxamine and metazachlor were individually responsible for an increase in relative lipid content (up to nearly 300% for metazachlor on S. marinoi), as well as cell depolarization and increased ROS content. The mixture of isoproturon and metazachlor tested on S. marinoi caused a 28-34% decrease in ϕ'M that was significantly higher than levels induced by each of substances when tested alone. This strong decrease in ϕ'M could be due to a combined effect of these substances on the photosynthetic apparatus, which is likely the cause of the synergy found for this mixture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentin Dupraz
- Ifremer, Laboratoire d'Écotoxicologie, rue de l'île d'Yeu, BP 21105, F-44311, Nantes cedex 03, France; Université de Nantes, UFR Sciences et Techniques, 2, rue de la Houssinière, BP 92208, 44322, Nantes Cedex 03, France.
| | - Dominique Ménard
- Ifremer, Laboratoire d'Écotoxicologie, rue de l'île d'Yeu, BP 21105, F-44311, Nantes cedex 03, France
| | - Farida Akcha
- Ifremer, Laboratoire d'Écotoxicologie, rue de l'île d'Yeu, BP 21105, F-44311, Nantes cedex 03, France
| | - Hélène Budzinski
- Université de Bordeaux, UMR 5805, EPOC, Laboratoire de Physico Toxico Chimie de l'environnement, 351 Cours de la Libération, CS 10004, F-33405, Talence Cedex, France; CNRS, UMR 5805, EPOC, Laboratoire de Physico Toxico Chimie de l'environnement, 351 Cours de la Libération, CS 10004, F-33405, Talence Cedex, France
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Reichenberger S, Sur R, Kley C, Sittig S, Multsch S. Recalibration and cross-validation of pesticide trapping equations for vegetative filter strips (VFS) using additional experimental data. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 647:534-550. [PMID: 30086504 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.07.429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Revised: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Vegetative filter strips (VFS) are widely used for mitigating pesticide inputs into surface waters via surface runoff and erosion. To simulate the effectiveness of VFS the model VFSMOD is frequently used. While VFSMOD simulates infiltration and sedimentation mechanistically, the reduction of pesticide load in surface runoff by the VFS is calculated with the empirical Sabbagh equation. This multiple regression equation has not been widely accepted by regulatory authorities, because its reliability has not been sufficiently demonstrated yet. A major drawback is the small number of calibration data points (n = 47). To corroborate and improve the predictive capability of the Sabbagh equation, additional experimental VFS data were compiled from the available literature. The enlarged dataset (n = 244) was used to recalibrate the Sabbagh equation, the recently proposed Chen equation and a set of "reduced" Sabbagh equations with fewer independent variables, with ordinary least squares (OLS) regression and to test an alternative, regression-free mass balance approach. The Sabbagh equation fitted the dataset slightly better than the Chen equation (coefficient of determination R2 = 0.82 vs. 0.79). The purely predictive mass balance approach performed slightly worse (Nash-Sutcliffe Efficiency NSE = 0.74), but significantly better than the Sabbagh and Chen equations with their old coefficients. In a k-fold cross validation analysis to assess the predictive capability of the various regression equations, both the full Sabbagh and the reduced Sabbagh equations with two or more variables outperformed the Chen equation. Finally, a maximum-likelihood-based calibration and uncertainty analysis were conducted for the Sabbagh equation using the DREAM_ZS algorithm and two different likelihood functions. The DREAM simulations corroborated the parameter values obtained with OLS regression. The study confirmed the suitability of the Sabbagh equation for regulatory modelling of pesticide trapping in VFS. However, the regression-free mass balance approach turned out to be a viable alternative.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Stephan Sittig
- knoell Germany GmbH, Konrad-Zuse-Ring 25, 68163 Mannheim, Germany
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15
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Holten R, Bøe FN, Almvik M, Katuwal S, Stenrød M, Larsbo M, Jarvis N, Eklo OM. The effect of freezing and thawing on water flow and MCPA leaching in partially frozen soil. JOURNAL OF CONTAMINANT HYDROLOGY 2018; 219:72-85. [PMID: 30466740 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconhyd.2018.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Revised: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Limited knowledge and experimental data exist on pesticide leaching through partially frozen soil. The objective of this study was to better understand the complex processes of freezing and thawing and the effects these processes have on water flow and pesticide transport through soil. To achieve this we conducted a soil column irrigation experiment to quantify the transport of a non-reactive tracer and the herbicide MCPA in partially frozen soil. In total 40 intact topsoil and subsoil columns from two agricultural fields with contrasting soil types (silt and loam) in South-East Norway were used in this experiment. MCPA and bromide were applied on top of all columns. Half the columns were then frozen at -3 °C while the other half of the columns were stored at +4 °C. Columns were then subjected to repeated irrigation events at a rate of 5 mm artificial rainwater for 5 h at each event. Each irrigation was followed by 14-day periods of freezing or refrigeration. Percolate was collected and analysed for MCPA and bromide. The results show that nearly 100% more MCPA leached from frozen than unfrozen topsoil columns of Hov silt and Kroer loam soils. Leaching patterns of bromide and MCPA were very similar in frozen columns with high concentrations and clear peaks early in the irrigation process, and with lower concentrations leaching at later stages. Hardly any MCPA leached from unfrozen topsoil columns (0.4-0.5% of applied amount) and concentrations were very low. Bromide showed a different flow pattern indicating a more uniform advective-dispersive transport process in the unfrozen columns with higher concentrations leaching but without clear concentration peaks. This study documents that pesticides can be preferentially transported through soil macropores at relatively high concentrations in partially frozen soil. These findings indicate, that monitoring programs should include sampling during snow melt or early spring in areas were soil frost is common as this period could imply exposure peaks in groundwater or surface water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger Holten
- Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research (NIBIO), Division of Biotechnology and Plant Health, Department of Pesticides and Natural Products Chemistry, P.O. Box 115, NO-1431 Ås, Norway; Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Faculty of Bio Sciences, Department of Plant Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, N-1432 Ås, Norway.
| | - Frederik Norheim Bøe
- Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research (NIBIO), Division of Environment and Natural Resources, Department of Soil and Land Use, P.O. Box 115, NO-1431 Ås, Norway.
| | - Marit Almvik
- Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research (NIBIO), Division of Biotechnology and Plant Health, Department of Pesticides and Natural Products Chemistry, P.O. Box 115, NO-1431 Ås, Norway.
| | - Sheela Katuwal
- Aarhus University, Department of Agroecology, Blichers Allé 20, P.O. Box 50, DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark.
| | - Marianne Stenrød
- Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research (NIBIO), Division of Biotechnology and Plant Health, Department of Pesticides and Natural Products Chemistry, P.O. Box 115, NO-1431 Ås, Norway.
| | - Mats Larsbo
- Swedish Agricultural University, Department of Soil and Environment, P.O. Box 7014 75007, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Nicholas Jarvis
- Swedish Agricultural University, Department of Soil and Environment, P.O. Box 7014 75007, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Ole Martin Eklo
- Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research (NIBIO), Division of Biotechnology and Plant Health, Department of Pesticides and Natural Products Chemistry, P.O. Box 115, NO-1431 Ås, Norway; Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Faculty of Bio Sciences, Department of Plant Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, N-1432 Ås, Norway.
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16
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Sandin M, Piikki K, Jarvis N, Larsbo M, Bishop K, Kreuger J. Spatial and temporal patterns of pesticide concentrations in streamflow, drainage and runoff in a small Swedish agricultural catchment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 610-611:623-634. [PMID: 28822930 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.08.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Revised: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A better understanding of the dominant source areas and transport pathways of pesticide losses to surface water is needed for targeting mitigation efforts in a more cost-effective way. To this end, we monitored pesticides in surface water in an agricultural catchment typical of one of the main crop production regions in Sweden. Three small sub-catchments (88-242ha) were selected for water sampling based on a high-resolution digital soil map developed from proximal sensing methods and soil sampling; one sub-catchment had a high proportion of clay soils, another was dominated by coarse sandy soils while the third comprised a mix of soil types. Samples were collected from the stream, from field drains discharging into the stream and from within-field surface runoff during spring and early summer in three consecutive years. These samples were analyzed by LC-MS/MS for 99 compounds, including most of the polar and semi-polar pesticides frequently used in Swedish agriculture. Information on pesticide applications (products, doses and timing) was obtained from annual interviews with the farmers. There were clear and consistent differences in pesticide occurrence in the stream between the three sub-catchments, with both the numbers of detected compounds and concentrations being the largest in the area with a high proportion of clay soils and with very few detections in the sandy sub-catchment. Macropore flow to drains was most likely the dominant loss pathway in the studied area. Many of the compounds that were detected in drainage and stream water samples had not been applied for several years. This suggests that despite the predominant role of fast flow pathways in determining losses to the stream, long-term storage along the transport pathways also occurs, presumably in subsoil horizons where degradation is slow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Sandin
- Department of Soil and Environment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 7014, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Kristin Piikki
- Department of Soil and Environment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 7014, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Nicholas Jarvis
- Department of Soil and Environment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 7014, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mats Larsbo
- Department of Soil and Environment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 7014, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Kevin Bishop
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 7050, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jenny Kreuger
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 7050, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
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