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Freeley SJ, Giorgini A, Tulone C, Popat RJ, Horsfield C, Robson MG. Toll-like receptor 2 or toll-like receptor 4 deficiency does not modify lupus in MRLlpr mice. PLoS One 2013; 8:e74112. [PMID: 24086313 PMCID: PMC3782491 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0074112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2013] [Accepted: 08/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus is an autoimmune disease with a high morbidity and nephritis is a common manifestation. Previous studies in murine lupus models have suggest a role for Toll-like receptor 2 and 4. We examined the role of these molecules in MRL lpr mice which is one of the most established and robust murine models. We compared disease parameters in Toll-like receptor 2 or Toll-like receptor 4 deficient mice with their littermate controls. We found no difference in the severity of glomerulonephritis as assessed by histology, serum creatinine and albuminuria when Toll-like receptor 2 or Toll-like receptor 4 deficient MRLlpr mice were compared with Toll-like receptor sufficient controls. We also found similar levels of anti-dsDNA and anti-ssDNA antibodies. These results show that Toll-like receptor 2 and Toll-like receptor 4 do not play a significant role in MRLlpr mice, and therefore they may not be important in human lupus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon J. Freeley
- MRC Centre for Transplantation King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Angela Giorgini
- MRC Centre for Transplantation King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Calogero Tulone
- MRC Centre for Transplantation King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Reena J. Popat
- MRC Centre for Transplantation King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Catherine Horsfield
- Department of Histopathology, Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Michael G. Robson
- MRC Centre for Transplantation King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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2
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE Hypomethylated CpG-containing DNA, which is recognized by Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR-9), has been strongly implicated in the pathogenesis of autoantibody-mediated diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus. This study was undertaken to determine the role of TLR-9 in the MRL/+ and MRL/lpr models of murine lupus. METHODS TLR-9-deficient MRL mice were generated by backcrossing a TLR-9-deficient allele against the MRL backgrounds by a speed congenic technique. Parameters of murine lupus were examined by routine methods. Regulatory T cell activity was assessed by autologous mixed lymphocyte reaction (AMLR), an in vitro assay for autoreactivity. RESULTS Surprisingly, TLR-9-deficient animals of both the MRL/+ and the MRL/lpr backgrounds developed more severe lupus, as judged by anti-DNA and rheumatoid factor autoantibodies, total serum Ig isotypes, lymphadenopathy, inflammatory infiltrates in the salivary gland and kidney, proteinuria, and mortality, in comparison with their TLR-9-sufficient littermates. In vitro, regulatory T cells from TLR-9-deficient animals were impaired in their ability to suppress the AMLR. CONCLUSION In the MRL model of murine lupus, TLR-9 signaling plays a protective role, perhaps by modulating the activity of regulatory T cells. These results contrast with findings of recent studies that implicate TLR-9 in the pathogenesis of anti-DNA responses, based in part on investigations in incompletely backcrossed TLR-9-deficient MRL/lpr mice in vivo or transgenic B cells in vitro. The present results highlight the need for caution in the assessment of disease paradigms based on the study of isolated cell populations in vitro, as well as in vivo studies of knockout animals involving non-ideal genetic models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobo Wu
- Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
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Desrosiers MP, Kielczewska A, Loredo-Osti JC, Adam SG, Makrigiannis AP, Lemieux S, Pham T, Lodoen MB, Morgan K, Lanier LL, Vidal SM. Epistasis between mouse Klra and major histocompatibility complex class I loci is associated with a new mechanism of natural killer cell-mediated innate resistance to cytomegalovirus infection. Nat Genet 2005; 37:593-9. [PMID: 15895081 PMCID: PMC1200556 DOI: 10.1038/ng1564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2004] [Accepted: 04/07/2005] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Experimental infection with mouse cytomegalovirus (MCMV) has been used to elucidate the intricate host-pathogen mechanisms that determine innate resistance to infection. Linkage analyses in F(2) progeny from MCMV-resistant MA/My (H2 (k)) and MCMV-susceptible BALB/c (H2 (d)) and BALB.K (H2 (k)) mouse strains indicated that only the combination of alleles encoded by a gene in the Klra (also called Ly49) cluster on chromosome 6, and one in the major histocompatibility complex (H2) on chromosome 17, is associated with virus resistance. We found that natural killer cell-activating receptor Ly49P specifically recognized MCMV-infected cells, dependent on the presence of the H2 (k) haplotype. This binding was blocked using antibodies to H-2D(k) but not antibodies to H-2K(k). These results are suggestive of a new natural killer cell mechanism implicated in MCMV resistance, which depends on the functional interaction of the Ly49P receptor and the major histocompatibility complex class I molecule H-2D(k) on MCMV-infected cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Pierre Desrosiers
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 1B1, Canada
- McGill Centre for the Study of Host Resistance, McGill University, 1650 Cedar Avenue, Montreal, Quebec, H3G 1A4, Canada
| | - Agnieszka Kielczewska
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 1B1, Canada
- McGill Centre for the Study of Host Resistance, McGill University, 1650 Cedar Avenue, Montreal, Quebec, H3G 1A4, Canada
| | - J-C Loredo-Osti
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 1B1, Canada
| | - Sonia Girard Adam
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 1B1, Canada
- McGill Centre for the Study of Host Resistance, McGill University, 1650 Cedar Avenue, Montreal, Quebec, H3G 1A4, Canada
| | - Andrew P Makrigiannis
- Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal (IRCM), Montreal, Quebec, H2W 1R7, Canada
| | | | - Trung Pham
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, the Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program and the Cancer Research Institute, University of California San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Avenue, Box 0414, San Francisco, California 94143-0414, USA
| | - Melissa B Lodoen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, the Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program and the Cancer Research Institute, University of California San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Avenue, Box 0414, San Francisco, California 94143-0414, USA
| | - Kenneth Morgan
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 1B1, Canada
- McGill Centre for the Study of Host Resistance, McGill University, 1650 Cedar Avenue, Montreal, Quebec, H3G 1A4, Canada
- Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Lewis L Lanier
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, the Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program and the Cancer Research Institute, University of California San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Avenue, Box 0414, San Francisco, California 94143-0414, USA
| | - Silvia M Vidal
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 1B1, Canada
- McGill Centre for the Study of Host Resistance, McGill University, 1650 Cedar Avenue, Montreal, Quebec, H3G 1A4, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 2B4, Canada
- Correspondence should be addressed to S.M.V. ()
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Abstract
Both the type I (IFN-alpha beta) and type II (IFN-gamma) IFNs have been heavily implicated in the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus. To test the relative roles of these systems, congenic lupus-prone MRL/CD95(lpr/lpr) (MRL/lpr) mice lacking the type I IFN receptor (IFN-RI), type II IFN receptor (IFN-RII), or both, were derived. As expected, deficiency for IFN-RII protected MRL/lpr mice from the development of significant autoimmune-associated lymphadenopathy, autoantibodies, and renal disease. However, deficiency for the IFN-RI surprisingly worsened lymphoproliferation, autoantibody production, and end organ disease; animals doubly deficient for IFN-RI and IFN-RII developed an autoimmune phenotype intermediate between wild-type and IFN-RII-deficient animals, all correlating with an ability of type I IFN to suppress MRL B cell activation. Thus, type I IFNs protect against both the humoral and end organ autoimmune syndrome of MRL/lpr mice, independent of IFN-gamma. These findings warrant caution in the use of type I IFN antagonists in the treatment of autoimmune diseases and suggest further investigation into the interplay between the types I and II IFNs during the ontogeny of pathogenic autoantibodies.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Antinuclear/biosynthesis
- Autoimmune Diseases/genetics
- Autoimmune Diseases/pathology
- Autoimmune Diseases/physiopathology
- Autoimmune Diseases/prevention & control
- B-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Crosses, Genetic
- Disease Models, Animal
- Female
- Interferon-alpha/physiology
- Interferon-beta/physiology
- Kidney Glomerulus/pathology
- Liver/pathology
- Lung/pathology
- Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/genetics
- Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/pathology
- Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/physiopathology
- Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/prevention & control
- Lupus Nephritis/pathology
- Lupus Nephritis/physiopathology
- Lupus Nephritis/prevention & control
- Lymphocyte Activation
- Lymphoproliferative Disorders/genetics
- Lymphoproliferative Disorders/physiopathology
- Male
- Membrane Proteins
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred MRL lpr
- Receptor, Interferon alpha-beta
- Receptors, Interferon/deficiency
- Receptors, Interferon/genetics
- Receptors, Interferon/physiology
- Rheumatoid Factor/biosynthesis
- Salivary Glands/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan D Hron
- Department of Internal Medicine , Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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Kong PL, Zhu T, Madaio MP, Craft J. Role of the H-2 haplotype inFas-intact lupus-prone MRL mice: association with autoantibodies but not renal disease. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003; 48:2992-5. [PMID: 14558109 DOI: 10.1002/art.11308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Philip L Kong
- Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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Molano ID, Redmond S, Sekine H, Zhang XK, Reilly C, Hutchison F, Ruiz P, Gilkeson GS. Effect of genetic deficiency of terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase on autoantibody production and renal disease in MRL/lpr mice. Clin Immunol 2003; 107:186-97. [PMID: 12804532 DOI: 10.1016/s1521-6616(03)00035-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT) places non-template-coded nucleotides (N additions) in the VH CDR3 of T cell receptors and immunoglobulins. Amino acids coded for by N additions are important in autoantibody binding of dsDNA in lupus. We hypothesized that a genetic lack of TdT would modulate disease in lupus-prone mice. To test this hypothesis, we derived TdT-deficient MRL/lpr mice. Serum levels of anti-dsDNA antibodies and anti-dsDNA producing splenocytes were significantly lower in the TdT(-) versus TdT(+) littermates. Albuminuria, glomerular IgG deposition, and pathologic renal disease were significantly reduced in the TdT(-) mice. Sequence analysis of anti-dsDNA hybridomas derived from TdT(-) mice revealed a lack of N additions, short VH CDR3 segments, yet the presence of VH CDR3 arginines. Thus, the genetic absence of TdT reduces autoantibody production and clinical disease in MRL/lpr mice, confirming the importance of N additions in the autoimmune response in these mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan D Molano
- Medical Research Service, Ralph H. Johnson VAMC, and the Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA.
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Sekine H, Reilly CM, Molano ID, Garnier G, Circolo A, Ruiz P, Holers VM, Boackle SA, Gilkeson GS. Complement component C3 is not required for full expression of immune complex glomerulonephritis in MRL/lpr mice. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2001; 166:6444-51. [PMID: 11342671 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.166.10.6444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Complement activation and tissue deposition of complement fragments occur during disease progression in lupus nephritis. Genetic deficiency of some complement components (e.g., Factor B) and infusion of complement inhibitors (e.g., Crry, anti-C5 Ab) protect against inflammatory renal disease. Paradoxically, genetic deficiencies of early components of the classical complement pathway (e.g., C1q, C4, and C2) are associated with an increased incidence of lupus in humans and lupus-like disease in murine knockout strains. Complement protein C3 is the converging point for activation of all three complement pathways and thus plays a critical role in biologic processes mediated by complement activation. To define the role of C3 in lupus nephritis, mice rendered C3 deficient by targeted deletion were backcrossed for eight generations to MRL/lpr mice, a mouse strain that spontaneously develops lupus-like disease. We derived homozygous knockout (C3(-/-)), heterozygous (C3(+/-)), and C3 wild-type (C3(+/+)) MRL/lpr mice. Serum levels of autoantibodies and circulating immune complexes were similar among the three groups. However, there was earlier and significantly greater albuminuria in the C3(-/-) mice compared with the other two groups. Glomerular IgG deposition was also significantly greater in the C3(-/-) mice than in the other two groups, although overall pathologic renal scores were similar. These results indicate that C3 and/or activation of C3 is not required for full expression of immune complex renal disease in MRL/lpr mice and may in fact play a beneficial role via clearance of immune complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Sekine
- Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina and the Medical Research Service, Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
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Finkenzeller D, Fischer B, McLaughlin J, Schrewe H, Ledermann B, Zimmermann W. Trophoblast cell-specific carcinoembryonic antigen cell adhesion molecule 9 is not required for placental development or a positive outcome of allotypic pregnancies. Mol Cell Biol 2000; 20:7140-5. [PMID: 10982830 PMCID: PMC86267 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.20.19.7140-7145.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) family consists of a large group of evolutionarily divergent glycoproteins. The secreted pregnancy-specific glycoproteins constitute a subgroup within the CEA family. They are predominantly expressed in trophoblast cells throughout placental development and are essential for a positive outcome of pregnancy, possibly by protecting the semiallotypic fetus from the maternal immune system. The murine CEA gene family member CEA cell adhesion molecule 9 (Ceacam9) also exhibits a trophoblast-specific expression pattern. However, its mRNA is found only in certain populations of trophoblast giant cells during early stages of placental development. It is exceptionally well conserved in the rat (over 90% identity on the amino acid level) but is absent from humans. To determine its role during murine development, Ceacam9 was inactivated by homologous recombination. Ceacam9(-/-) mice on both BALB/c and 129/Sv backgrounds developed indistinguishably from heterozygous or wild-type littermates with respect to sex ratio, weight gain, and fertility. Furthermore, the placental morphology and the expression pattern of trophoblast marker genes in the placentae of Ceacam9(-/-) females exhibited no differences. Both backcross analyses and transfer of BALB/c Ceacam9(-/-) blastocysts into pseudopregnant C57BL/6 foster mothers indicated that Ceacam9 is not needed for the protection of the embryo in a semiallogeneic or allogeneic situation. Taken together, Ceacam9 is dispensable for murine placental and embryonic development despite being highly conserved within rodents.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Finkenzeller
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, University of Freiburg, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
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Costagliola S, Many MC, Denef JF, Pohlenz J, Refetoff S, Vassart G. Genetic immunization of outbred mice with thyrotropin receptor cDNA provides a model of Graves' disease. J Clin Invest 2000; 105:803-11. [PMID: 10727449 PMCID: PMC377458 DOI: 10.1172/jci7665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We performed genetic immunization of outbred NMRI mice, using a cDNA encoding the human thyrotropin receptor (TSHr). All mice produced antibodies capable of recognizing the recombinant receptor expressed at the surface of stably transfected Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells, and sera from most of the immunized mice blocked TSH-dependent stimulation of cAMP accumulation in cells expressing the TSHr. Five out of 29 female mice showed sign of hyperthyroidism including elevated total T4 and suppressed TSH levels. The serum of these mice contained thyroid-stimulating activity, as measured in a classic assay using CHO cells expressing recombinant TSHr. In contrast, only 1 male out of 30 had moderately elevated serum total T4 with undetectable TSH values. The hyperthyroid animals had goiters with extensive lymphocytic infiltration, characteristic of a Th2 immune response. In addition, these animals displayed ocular signs reminiscent of Graves' ophthalmopathy, including edema, deposit of amorphous material, and cellular infiltration of their extraocular muscles. Our results demonstrate that genetic immunization of outbred NMRI mice with the human TSHr provides the most convincing murine model of Graves' disease available to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Costagliola
- Institut de Recherche en Biologie Humaine et Nucléaire (IRIBHN), Faculté de Médecine, University of Brussels, B-1070 Brussels, Belgium
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Watanabe H, Garnier G, Circolo A, Wetsel RA, Ruiz P, Holers VM, Boackle SA, Colten HR, Gilkeson GS. Modulation of renal disease in MRL/lpr mice genetically deficient in the alternative complement pathway factor B. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2000; 164:786-94. [PMID: 10623824 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.164.2.786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In systemic lupus erythematosus, the renal deposition of complement-containing immune complexes initiates an inflammatory cascade resulting in glomerulonephritis. Activation of the classical complement pathway with deposition of C3 is pathogenic in lupus nephritis. Although the alternative complement pathway is activated in lupus nephritis, its role in disease pathogenesis is unknown. To determine the role of the alternative pathway in lupus nephritis, complement factor B-deficient mice were backcrossed to MRL/lpr mice. MRL/lpr mice develop a spontaneous lupus-like disease characterized by immune complex glomerulonephritis. We derived complement factor B wild-type (B+/+), homozygous knockout (B-/-), and heterozygous (B+/-) MRL/lpr mice. Compared with B+/- or B+/+ mice, MRL/lpr B-/- mice developed significantly less proteinuria, less glomerular IgG deposition, and decreased renal scores as well as lower IgG3 cryoglobulin production and vasculitis. Serum C3 levels were normal in the B-/- mice compared with significantly decreased levels in the other two groups. These results suggest that: 1) factor B plays an important role in the pathogenesis of glomerulonephritis and vasculitis in MRL/lpr mice; and 2) activation of the alternative pathway, either by the amplification loop or by IgA immune complexes, has a prominent effect on serum C3 levels in this lupus model.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Watanabe
- Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
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Fatenejad S, Peng SL, Disorbo O, Craft J. Central T Cell Tolerance in Lupus-Prone Mice: Influence of Autoimmune Background and the lpr Mutation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1998. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.161.11.6427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Lupus-prone mice develop a systemic autoimmune disease that is dependent upon the B cell help provided by autoreactive αβ CD4+ T cells. Since autoreactive T cells with high affinity for self peptides are normally deleted in the thymus, their presence in these mice suggests the possibility that intrathymic negative selection may be defective. Here, we directly compared central T cell tolerance in response to a conventional peptide Ag in lupus-prone MRL/MpJ mice with a nonautoimmune strain using an MHC class II-restricted TCR transgene. Our results did not demonstrate any defects after Ag exposure in the induction of intrathymic deletion of immature CD4+CD8+ thymocytes, in TCR down-regulation, or in the number of apoptotic thymocytes in MRL/MpJ compared with nonautoimmune mice. Furthermore, we found that the lpr mutation had no influence upon the Ag-induced thymic deletion of immature thymocytes. These data support the notion that T cell autoreactivity in MRL/MpJ mice is caused by defects in peripheral control mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeed Fatenejad
- Section of Rheumatology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520
| | - Stanford L. Peng
- Section of Rheumatology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520
| | - Olimpia Disorbo
- Section of Rheumatology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520
| | - Joe Craft
- Section of Rheumatology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520
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