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Kang MG, Kang M, Cho HJ, Min YS, Park JS. Efficacy of leuprorelin in spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy: a 3-year observational study. Neurol Sci 2024:10.1007/s10072-024-07410-1. [PMID: 38400888 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-024-07410-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/26/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to investigate the long-term effects and functional outcomes of androgen suppression therapy using leuprorelin among Korean patients with spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy (SBMA). METHODS This observational study enrolled patients with genetically confirmed SBMA who provided informed consent. Leuprorelin was administered via subcutaneous injection every 12 weeks. The primary outcome measure was the change in total Spinal and Bulbar Muscular Atrophy Functional Rating Scale (SBMAFRS) scores. RESULTS A total of 48 SBMA patients were evaluated in this study. Among them, 39 patients underwent androgen suppression therapy over a 3-year period. The total SBMAFRS score decreased from 41.72 ± 5.55 to 36.74 ± 7.74 (p < 0.001) in patients who completed their treatment. The subgroup with a baseline SBMAFRS score of ≥ 42 had a significantly lower decline in SBMAFRS score than did those with a baseline SBMAFRS score of ≤ 41. We determined that at a baseline, SBMAFRS cutoff value of 41.5 could predict good prognosis, with a corresponding area under the curve of 0.689. CONCLUSION Despite androgen suppression therapy, all enrolled participants exhibited a decrease in the overall SBMAFRS score. However, those with a baseline SBMAFRS of ≥ 42 showed a mild decrease in scores, indicating a more favorable prognosis. These findings suggest that a higher baseline motor function was a key prognostic indicator in SBMA treatment and that initiating early leuprorelin treatment in patients with high baseline function may lead to good clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Gu Kang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Minsung Kang
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Kyungpook National University Chilgok Hospital, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Hee-Jin Cho
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Kyungpook National University Chilgok Hospital, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Yu-Sun Min
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Kyungpook National University Chilgok Hospital, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Jin-Sung Park
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Kyungpook National University Chilgok Hospital, Daegu, South Korea.
- Brain Science & Engineering Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea.
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2
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Mackay AS, Maxwell JWC, Bedding MJ, Kulkarni SS, Byrne SA, Kambanis L, Popescu MV, Paton RS, Malins LR, Ashhurst AS, Corcilius L, Payne RJ. Electrochemical Modification of Polypeptides at Selenocysteine. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202313037. [PMID: 37818778 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202313037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
Mild strategies for the selective modification of peptides and proteins are in demand for applications in therapeutic peptide and protein discovery, and in the study of fundamental biomolecular processes. Herein, we describe the development of an electrochemical selenoetherification (e-SE) platform for the efficient site-selective functionalization of polypeptides. This methodology utilizes the unique reactivity of the 21st amino acid, selenocysteine, to effect formation of valuable bioconjugates through stable selenoether linkages under mild electrochemical conditions. The power of e-SE is highlighted through late-stage C-terminal modification of the FDA-approved cancer drug leuprolide and assembly of a library of anti-HER2 affibody conjugates bearing complex cargoes. Following assembly by e-SE, the utility of functionalized affibodies for in vitro imaging and targeting of HER2 positive breast and lung cancer cell lines is also demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angus S Mackay
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Joshua W C Maxwell
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Max J Bedding
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Sameer S Kulkarni
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Stephen A Byrne
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Lucas Kambanis
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Mihai V Popescu
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Robert S Paton
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Lara R Malins
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Anneliese S Ashhurst
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Leo Corcilius
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Richard J Payne
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
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3
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Poutanen M, Hagberg Thulin M, Härkönen P. Targeting sex steroid biosynthesis for breast and prostate cancer therapy. Nat Rev Cancer 2023:10.1038/s41568-023-00609-y. [PMID: 37684402 DOI: 10.1038/s41568-023-00609-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Matti Poutanen
- Research Centre for Integrative Physiology and Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.
- Turku Center for Disease Modelling, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
- FICAN West Cancer Center, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland.
| | - Malin Hagberg Thulin
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Pirkko Härkönen
- Research Centre for Integrative Physiology and Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- FICAN West Cancer Center, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
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4
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Nhàn NTT, Yamada T, Yamada KH. Peptide-Based Agents for Cancer Treatment: Current Applications and Future Directions. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12931. [PMID: 37629112 PMCID: PMC10454368 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241612931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Peptide-based strategies have received an enormous amount of attention because of their specificity and applicability. Their specificity and tumor-targeting ability are applied to diagnosis and treatment for cancer patients. In this review, we will summarize recent advancements and future perspectives on peptide-based strategies for cancer treatment. The literature search was conducted to identify relevant articles for peptide-based strategies for cancer treatment. It was performed using PubMed for articles in English until June 2023. Information on clinical trials was also obtained from ClinicalTrial.gov. Given that peptide-based strategies have several advantages such as targeted delivery to the diseased area, personalized designs, relatively small sizes, and simple production process, bioactive peptides having anti-cancer activities (anti-cancer peptides or ACPs) have been tested in pre-clinical settings and clinical trials. The capability of peptides for tumor targeting is essentially useful for peptide-drug conjugates (PDCs), diagnosis, and image-guided surgery. Immunomodulation with peptide vaccines has been extensively tested in clinical trials. Despite such advantages, FDA-approved peptide agents for solid cancer are still limited. This review will provide a detailed overview of current approaches, design strategies, routes of administration, and new technological advancements. We will highlight the success and limitations of peptide-based therapies for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyễn Thị Thanh Nhàn
- Department of Pharmacology & Regenerative Medicine, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60612, USA;
| | - Tohru Yamada
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60612, USA;
- Richard & Loan Hill Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Illinois College of Engineering, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
| | - Kaori H. Yamada
- Department of Pharmacology & Regenerative Medicine, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60612, USA;
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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5
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He X, Liu J, Song T, Sun Y, Lu X, Li N, Sun K. Effects of water-soluble additive on the release profile and pharmacodynamics of triptorelin loaded in PLGA microspheres. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2023:1-26. [PMID: 37191554 DOI: 10.1080/03639045.2023.2214822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
A satisfactory drug release profile for gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonist drugs is high initial release followed by small amount of drug release per day. In the present study, three water-soluble additives (NaCl, CaCl2 and glucose) were selected to improve the drug release profile of a model GnRH agonist drug-triptorelin from PLGA microspheres. The pore manufacturing efficiency of the three additives was similar. The effects of three additives on drug release were evaluated. Under the optimal initial porosity, the initial release amount of microspheres containing different additives was comparable, this ensured a good inhibitory effect on testosterone secretion in the early stage. For NaCl or CaCl2 containing microspheres, the drug remaining in the microsphere depleted rapidly after the initial release. The testosterone concentration gradually returned to an uncontrolled level. However, for glucose containing microspheres, it was found that the addition of glucose could not only increase the initial release of the drug but also assist in the subsequent controlled drug release. A good and long-time inhibitory effect on testosterone secretion was observed in this formulation. The underlying cause why the incorporation of glucose delayed the subsequent drug release was investigated. SEM results showed that considerable pores in glucose containing microspheres were healed during the microspheres incubation. After thermal analysis, an obvious glass transition temperature (Tg) depression was observed in this formulation. As Tg decreased, polymer chains are able to rearrange at lower temperatures. This, morphologic change was reflected in the gradual closure of the pores, and is the likely reason that drug release slowed down after the initial release.HighlightsThe addition of glucose could not only increase the burst release of the drug but also delay the subsequent drug release.High initial burst and a sustained drug release helped obtain a good inhibitory effect on testosterone secretion.As Tg decreased, polymer chain was prone to rearrange. Morphologic change was reflected in the gradual closure of the pores. This was the reason that drug release slowed down after the initial burst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan He
- School of Pharmacy, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation, Ministry of Education, Yantai University, Yantai, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiwei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Long-acting and Targeting Drug Delivery System, Yantai, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Song
- State Key Laboratory of Long-acting and Targeting Drug Delivery System, Yantai, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yiying Sun
- Yantai Saipute Analyzing Service Co. Ltd, Yantai, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyan Lu
- School of Pharmacy, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation, Ministry of Education, Yantai University, Yantai, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Nuannuan Li
- School of Pharmacy, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation, Ministry of Education, Yantai University, Yantai, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Kaoxiang Sun
- School of Pharmacy, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation, Ministry of Education, Yantai University, Yantai, Shandong, People's Republic of China
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Maiborodin IV, Pichigina AK, Maiborodina VI, Lushnikova EL. Physiological Aspects of the Application of Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Agonists in Clinical and Experimental Obstetrics and Gynecology. J EVOL BIOCHEM PHYS+ 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s0022093022060163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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7
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Virtual drug repurposing study for the CGRPR identifies pentagastrin and leuprorelin as putative candidates. J Mol Graph Model 2022; 116:108254. [PMID: 35803082 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2022.108254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Calcitonin gene-related peptide receptor (CGRPR) is a heterodimer consisting of CLR and RAMP1 proteins. Activation of the CGRPR with the endogenous peptide CGRP is known to play a crucial role in migraine pathophysiology. CGRP occupies two regions in the CGRPR upon binding, namely ectodomain and transmembrane sites (sites 1 and 2, respectively). The disruption of the CGRPR heterodimer interface is one of the main strategies to prevent CGRPR activation and its resulting effects. So far, FDA approved monoclonal antibodies and small molecule gepant inhibitors are considered for the treatment of acute or chronic migraine symptoms. However, most of these gepants have severe side effects. Thus, in this study, a virtual drug repurposing approach is applied to CGRPR to find alternative or better molecules that would have a potential to inhibit or block the CLR - RAMP1 interface compared to known gepant molecules. A small molecule library of FDA-approved molecules was screened in these two different binding sites, further simulations were performed and analyzed. The objectives of this study are (i) to repurpose an FDA-approved drug having more potent features for CGRPR inhibition compared to gepants, and (ii) to examine whether the transmembrane binding site (site 2) accepts small molecules or small peptide analogues for binding. As a result of this extensive in silico analysis, two molecules were identified, namely pentagastrin and leuprorelin. It is shown that FDA approved compound rimegepant and the identified pentagastrin molecules form and maintain the interactions through CLR W72 and RAMP1 W74, which are the residues revealed to have an important role in CGRPR antagonism at binding site 1. At binding site 2, the interactions needed to be formed for CGRP binding are not captured by rimegepant nor leuprorelin, yet leuprorelin forms more interactions throughout the simulations, meaning that small molecules are also capable of binding to site 2. Moreover, it is found that the crucial interactions for receptor signaling and heterodimerization occurred between CLR and RAMP1 interface are disrupted more with the ligands bound to ectodomain site, rather than the transmembrane domain. These findings of pentagastrin and leuprorelin molecules are recommended to be considered in further de novo drug development and/or experimental studies related to CGRPR signaling blockade and antagonism.
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8
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Park J, Ngo HV, Jin HE, Lee KW, Lee BJ. Hydroxyl Group-Targeted Conjugate and Its Self-Assembled Nanoparticle of Peptide Drug: Effect of Degree of Saturation of Fatty Acids and Modification of Physicochemical Properties. Int J Nanomedicine 2022; 17:2243-2260. [PMID: 35615542 PMCID: PMC9124699 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s356804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To conjugate different degree of saturation of C18 fatty acids (stearic acid, oleic acid, and linoleic acid) with the hydroxyl groups of leuprolide acetate (LEU acetate) and to investigate the controlled release and enhanced permeability through self-assembled nanoparticles (L18FNs). Methods Yamaguchi esterification with benzoyl chloride and DMAP (4-Dimethylaminopyridine) allowed the conjugation of the fatty acid to the hydroxyl group of LEU. The three conjugates were then designated as stearic acid-conjugated LEU, LSC, oleic acid-conjugated LEU, LOC, and linoleic acid-conjugated LEU, LLC, respectively. The conjugates (L18FCs) were purified using preparative HPLC (Prep-HPLC) and identified through various instrumental analyses. Results The zeta potential, particle size, and morphology of each L18FNs were evaluated. In the case of LSNs, the zeta potential value was relatively low and the particle size was larger than LONs and LLNs owing to the higher hydrophobicity of saturated fatty chain, while the LLNs showed a higher zeta potential and smaller particle size. In human plasma, LLC showed the fastest degradation rate with the highest accumulative drug release. The permeability of L18FNs was analyzed through the Franz diffusion cell experiment, confirming that the degree of saturation of fatty acids affects the permeability of LFNs. While the permeability of LSNs was not significantly enhanced due to higher particle size after nanonization, LONs and LLNs increased 1.56 and 1.85 times in permeation, respectively, compared to LEU. Conclusion Utilization of different degree of saturation of fatty acids to conjugate a peptide drug could provide pharmaceutical versatility via self-assembly and modification of physicochemical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jisoo Park
- Bioavailability Control Laboratory, College of Pharmacy, Ajou University, Suwon, 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Hai V Ngo
- Bioavailability Control Laboratory, College of Pharmacy, Ajou University, Suwon, 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo-Eon Jin
- Bioavailability Control Laboratory, College of Pharmacy, Ajou University, Suwon, 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Kye Wan Lee
- Dongkook Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Beom-Jin Lee
- Bioavailability Control Laboratory, College of Pharmacy, Ajou University, Suwon, 16499, Republic of Korea
- Correspondence: Beom-Jin Lee, Bioavailability Control Laboratory, College of Pharmacy, Ajou University, Suwon, 16499, Republic of Korea, Tel +82 312193442, Fax +82 312193435, Email
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Tsukamura H. Kobayashi Award 2019: The neuroendocrine regulation of the mammalian reproduction. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2022; 315:113755. [PMID: 33711315 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2021.113755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 02/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Mammalian reproductive function is a complex system of many players orchestrated by the hypothalamus-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis. The hypothalamic gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and the consequent pituitary gonadotropin release show two modes of secretory patterns, namely the surge and pulse modes. The surge mode is triggered by the positive feedback action of estrogen secreted from the mature ovarian follicle to induce ovulation in females of most mammalian species. The pulse mode of GnRH release is required for stimulating tonic gonadotropin secretion to drive folliculogenesis, spermatogenesis and steroidogenesis and is negatively fine-tuned by the sex steroids. Accumulating evidence suggests that hypothalamic kisspeptin neurons are the master regulator for animal reproduction to govern the HPG axis. Specifically, kisspeptin neurons located in the anterior hypothalamus, such as the anteroventral periventricular nucleus (AVPV) in rodents and preoptic nucleus (POA) in ruminants, primates and others, and the neurons located in the arcuate nucleus (ARC) in posterior hypothalamus in most mammals are considered to play a key role in generating the surge and pulse modes of GnRH release, respectively. The present article focuses on the role of AVPV (or POA) kisspeptin neurons as a center for GnRH surge generation and of the ARC kisspeptin neurons as a center for GnRH pulse generation to mediate estrogen positive and negative feedback mechanisms, respectively, and discusses how the estrogen epigenetically regulates kisspeptin gene expression in these two populations of neurons. This article also provides the mechanism how malnutrition and lactation suppress GnRH/gonadotropin pulses through an inhibition of the ARC kisspeptin neurons. Further, the article discusses the programming effect of estrogen on kisspeptin neurons in the developmental brain to uncover the mechanism underlying the sex difference in GnRH/gonadotropin release as well as an irreversible infertility induced by supra-physiological estrogen exposure in rodent models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroko Tsukamura
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan.
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10
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In vitro and in vivo evaluations of a 3-month sustained-release microsphere depot formulation of leuprolide acetate. JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL INVESTIGATION 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s40005-021-00551-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Abstract
Peptidases generate bioactive peptides that can regulate cell signaling and mediate intercellular communication. While the processing of peptide precursors is initiated intracellularly, some modifications by peptidases may be conducted extracellularly. Thimet oligopeptidase (TOP) is a peptidase that processes neuroendocrine peptides with roles in mood, metabolism, and immune responses, among other functions. TOP also hydrolyzes angiotensin I to angiotensin 1–7, which may be involved in the pathophysiology of COVID-19 infection. Although TOP is primarily cytosolic, it can also be associated with the cell plasma membrane or secreted to the extracellular space. Recent work indicates that membrane-associated TOP can be released with extracellular vesicles (EVs) to the extracellular space. Here we briefly summarize the enzyme’s classical function in extracellular processing of neuroendocrine peptides, as well as its more recently understood role in intracellular processing of various peptides that impact human diseases. Finally, we discuss new findings of EV-associated TOP in the extracellular space.
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Zhou H, Xie J, Zhu X, Li X, Yu X, Zhang Y, Su Y, He C, Zhu M, Li XL, Liu Y, Chen J, Cheng D, Chen M, Wang Y, Ge Q, Fan L, Wang Y, Shao Z, Liu B, Shan R, Dai X, Wang H, Wang H. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic evaluation of the new prolonged-release leuprorelin acetate microspheres for injection compared with Enantone® in healthy Chinese male volunteers. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2021; 17:1149-1156. [PMID: 34372746 DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2021.1948534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To compare the pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and safety of the new prolonged-release leuprorelin acetate microspheres for injection (3.75 mg) with the reference product Enantone® (3.75 mg). METHOD 48 healthy male volunteers were enrolled and randomly received a single 3.75 mg dose of the test drug or Enantone®. RESULTS There were no significant differences in Cmax, AUC0-t and AUC0-48 between the test group and reference group (P > 0.05). The 90% confidence intervals of the two groups were 87.49%~112.74%, 97.15%~154.25%, and 80.85%~109.01%, respectively. Twenty-eight days after administration, both groups reached 100.0% castration level; there was no difference in the time from administration to reaching castration level between the two groups (P > 0.05); However, the difference between the two groups in the duration of castration level was statistically significant (P < 0.05). There were no major or serious adverse events, and the severity was mild to moderate. CONCLUSION The pharmacokinetic characteristics of leuprorelin in two groups were consistent. The two groups exhibited similar inhibitory effects on testosterone and more subjects in the test group maintained a longer castration time than those in the reference group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Zhou
- First-in-Human Clinical Trial Wards in the National Institute of Clinical Drug Trials, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu, Anhui, China.,School of Pharmacy, Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu, Anhui, China.,School of Public Foundation, Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu, Anhui, China
| | - Jing Xie
- First-in-Human Clinical Trial Wards in the National Institute of Clinical Drug Trials, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu, Anhui, China
| | - Xingyu Zhu
- First-in-Human Clinical Trial Wards in the National Institute of Clinical Drug Trials, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu, Anhui, China.,School of Pharmacy, Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu, Anhui, China
| | - Xiaoyi Li
- Zhaoke Pharmaceutical (Hefei) Co., Ltd, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Xiaohui Yu
- Zhaoke Pharmaceutical (Hefei) Co., Ltd, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- Zhaoke Pharmaceutical (Hefei) Co., Ltd, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Yue Su
- First-in-Human Clinical Trial Wards in the National Institute of Clinical Drug Trials, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu, Anhui, China.,School of Public Foundation, Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu, Anhui, China
| | - Cuixia He
- First-in-Human Clinical Trial Wards in the National Institute of Clinical Drug Trials, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu, Anhui, China.,School of Pharmacy, Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu, Anhui, China
| | - Minhui Zhu
- First-in-Human Clinical Trial Wards in the National Institute of Clinical Drug Trials, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu, Anhui, China.,School of Pharmacy, Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu, Anhui, China
| | - Xiao Li Li
- First-in-Human Clinical Trial Wards in the National Institute of Clinical Drug Trials, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu, Anhui, China
| | - Yuanyuan Liu
- First-in-Human Clinical Trial Wards in the National Institute of Clinical Drug Trials, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu, Anhui, China
| | - Juan Chen
- First-in-Human Clinical Trial Wards in the National Institute of Clinical Drug Trials, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu, Anhui, China
| | - Dongmei Cheng
- First-in-Human Clinical Trial Wards in the National Institute of Clinical Drug Trials, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu, Anhui, China
| | - Mengmeng Chen
- First-in-Human Clinical Trial Wards in the National Institute of Clinical Drug Trials, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu, Anhui, China
| | - Ying Wang
- First-in-Human Clinical Trial Wards in the National Institute of Clinical Drug Trials, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu, Anhui, China
| | - Qin Ge
- First-in-Human Clinical Trial Wards in the National Institute of Clinical Drug Trials, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu, Anhui, China
| | - Ling Fan
- First-in-Human Clinical Trial Wards in the National Institute of Clinical Drug Trials, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu, Anhui, China
| | - Ying Wang
- First-in-Human Clinical Trial Wards in the National Institute of Clinical Drug Trials, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu, Anhui, China
| | - ZhongHuan Shao
- First-in-Human Clinical Trial Wards in the National Institute of Clinical Drug Trials, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu, Anhui, China
| | - Bingyan Liu
- First-in-Human Clinical Trial Wards in the National Institute of Clinical Drug Trials, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu, Anhui, China
| | - Rongfang Shan
- First-in-Human Clinical Trial Wards in the National Institute of Clinical Drug Trials, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu, Anhui, China
| | - Xiangrong Dai
- Zhaoke Pharmaceutical (Hefei) Co., Ltd, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Hongju Wang
- First-in-Human Clinical Trial Wards in the National Institute of Clinical Drug Trials, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu, Anhui, China
| | - Huaxue Wang
- First-in-Human Clinical Trial Wards in the National Institute of Clinical Drug Trials, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu, Anhui, China.,Department of Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu, Anhui, China
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13
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Direct evidence that KNDy neurons maintain gonadotropin pulses and folliculogenesis as the GnRH pulse generator. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2009156118. [PMID: 33500349 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2009156118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) pulse is fundamental for mammalian reproduction: GnRH pulse regimens are needed as therapies for infertile women as continuous GnRH treatment paradoxically inhibits gonadotropin release. Circumstantial evidence suggests that the hypothalamic arcuate KNDy neurons expressing kisspeptin (encoded by Kiss1), neurokinin B (encoded by Tac3), and d ynorphin A serve as a GnRH pulse generator; however, no direct evidence is currently available. Here, we show that rescuing >20% KNDy neurons by transfecting Kiss1 inside arcuate Tac3 neurons, but not outside of these neurons, recovered folliculogenesis and luteinizing hormone (LH) pulses, an indicator of GnRH pulses, in female global Kiss1 knockout (KO) rats and that >90% conditional arcuate Kiss1 KO in newly generated Kiss1-floxed rats completely suppressed LH pulses. These results first provide direct evidence that KNDy neurons are the GnRH pulse generator, and at least 20% of KNDy neurons are sufficient to maintain folliculogenesis via generating GnRH/gonadotropin pulses.
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14
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Łagiewka J, Girek T, Ciesielski W. Cyclodextrins-Peptides/Proteins Conjugates: Synthesis, Properties and Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:1759. [PMID: 34072062 PMCID: PMC8198514 DOI: 10.3390/polym13111759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclodextrins (CDs) are a family of macrocyclic oligosaccharides mostly composed of six, seven, or eight α-D-glucopyranose units with α-1,4-glycosidic bonds to form toroidal structures. The CDs possess a hydrophilic exterior and hydrophobic interior with the ability to form an inclusion complex, especially with hydrophobic molecules. However, most existing studies are about conjugation CDs with peptide/protein focusing on the formation of new systems. The CD-peptide/protein can possess new abilities; particularly, the cavity can be applied in modulation properties of more complexed proteins. Most studies are focused on drug delivery, such as targeted delivery in cell-penetrating peptides or co-delivery. The co-delivery is based mostly on polylysine systems; on the other hand, the CD-peptide allows us to understand biomolecular mechanisms such as fibryllation or stem cell behaviour. Moreover, the CD-proteins are more complexed systems with a focus on targeted therapy; these conjugates might be controllable with various properties due to changes in their stability. Finally, the studies of CD-peptide/protein are promising in biomedical application and provide new possibilities for the conjugation of simple molecules to biomolecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Łagiewka
- Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science, Jan Dlugosz University in Czestochowa, Armii Krajowej Ave., 13/15, 42 201 Czestochowa, Poland; (T.G.); (W.C.)
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Losacco GL, DaSilva JO, Liu J, Regalado EL, Veuthey JL, Guillarme D. Expanding the range of sub/supercritical fluid chromatography: Advantageous use of methanesulfonic acid in water-rich modifiers for peptide analysis. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1642:462048. [PMID: 33744606 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.462048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this work was to expand the applicability range of UHPSFC to series of synthetic and commercialized peptides. Initially, a screening of different column chemistries available for UHPSFC analysis was performed, in combination with additives of either basic or acidic nature. The combination of an acidic additive (13 mM TFA) with a basic stationary phase (Torus DEA and 2-PIC) was found to be the best for a series of six synthetic peptides possessing either acidic, neutral or basic isoelectric points. Secondly, methanesulfonic acid (MSA) was evaluated as a potential replacement for TFA. Due to its stronger acidity, MSA gave better performance than TFA at the same concentration level. Furthermore, the use of reduced percentages of MSA, such as 8 mM, yielded similar results to those observed with 15 mM of MSA. The optimized UHPSFC method was, then, used to compare the performance of UHPSFC against RP-UHPLC for peptides with different pI and with increasing peptide chain length. UHPSFC was found to give a slightly better separation of the peptides according to their pI values, in few cases orthogonal to that observed in UHPLC. On the other hand, UHPSFC produced a much better separation of peptides with an increased amino acidic chain compared to UHPLC. Subsequently, UHPSFC-MS was systematically compared to UHPLC-MS using a set of linear and cyclic peptides commercially available. The optimized UHPSFC method was able to generate at least similar, and in some cases even better performance to UHPLC with the advantage of providing complementary information to that given by UHPLC analysis. Finally, the analytical UHPSFC method was transferred to a semipreparative scale using a proprietary cyclic peptide, demonstrating excellent purity and high yield in less than 15 min.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gioacchino Luca Losacco
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, CMU - Rue Michel-Servet 1, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland; Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, CMU - Rue Michel-Servet 1, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Jimmy Oliviera DaSilva
- Analytical Research and Development, MRL, Merck & Co, Inc., 126 E. Lincoln Ave, Rahway, NJ 07065, United States
| | - Jinchu Liu
- Analytical Research and Development, MRL, Merck & Co, Inc., 126 E. Lincoln Ave, Rahway, NJ 07065, United States
| | - Erik L Regalado
- Analytical Research and Development, MRL, Merck & Co, Inc., 126 E. Lincoln Ave, Rahway, NJ 07065, United States
| | - Jean-Luc Veuthey
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, CMU - Rue Michel-Servet 1, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland; Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, CMU - Rue Michel-Servet 1, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Davy Guillarme
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, CMU - Rue Michel-Servet 1, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland; Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, CMU - Rue Michel-Servet 1, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland.
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16
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Kang MG, Gwak DW, Cho HJ, Min YS, Park JS. Effect of leuprorelin in bulbar function of spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy patients: observational study for 1 year. J Neurol 2021; 268:3344-3351. [PMID: 33675422 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-021-10503-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aimed to investigate the effect of androgen suppression therapy using leuprorelin focused on the bulbar function of patients with spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy (SBMA). METHODS Genetically confirmed SBMA patients who consented to participate in this observational study were enrolled. Leuprorelin was subcutaneously injected every 12 weeks. Videofluoroscopic swallowing study was performed at baseline and after androgen suppression therapy for 1 year. The primary outcome measures were the changes in the vallecular residue and pyriform sinus residue. The videofluoroscopic swallowing study data were analyzed and interpreted by two experienced physiatrists. RESULTS A total of 40 patients with SBMA were analyzed in this study. The inter-rater reliability testing showed good agreement for the pharyngeal residue (ICC = 0.84) and videofluoroscopic dysphagia scale (ICC = 0.75). The vallecular residue and pyriform sinus residue after swallowing 9 mL yogurt were significantly reduced (26.8 ± 22.6 to 14.6 ± 14.5, p < 0.001, 14.9 ± 16.9 to 7.6 ± 9.9, p < 0.001, respectively). The swallowing subscore of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis functional rating scale-revised improved after androgen suppression therapy (3.3 ± 0.5 to 3.5 ± 0.6, p = 0.041). CONCLUSIONS Leuprorelin significantly reduced the pharyngeal residue in patients with SBMA after 1 year of treatment without any serious adverse events and longitudinal studies are needed to confirm these results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Gu Kang
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Dong-A University College of Medicine, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae-Won Gwak
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Kyungpook National University Chilgok Hospital, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Jin Cho
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Kyungpook National University Chilgok Hospital, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu-Sun Min
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Kyungpook National University Chilgok Hospital, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Sung Park
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Kyungpook National University Chilgok Hospital, Daegu, Republic of Korea.
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Uenoyama Y, Nagae M, Tsuchida H, Inoue N, Tsukamura H. Role of KNDy Neurons Expressing Kisspeptin, Neurokinin B, and Dynorphin A as a GnRH Pulse Generator Controlling Mammalian Reproduction. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:724632. [PMID: 34566891 PMCID: PMC8458932 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.724632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence accumulated during the past two decades has demonstrated that the then-novel kisspeptin, which was discovered in 2001, the known neuropeptides neurokinin B and dynorphin A, which were discovered in 1983 and 1979, respectively, and their G-protein-coupled receptors, serve as key molecules that control reproduction in mammals. The present review provides a brief historical background and a summary of our recent understanding of the roles of hypothalamic neurons expressing kisspeptin, neurokinin B, and dynorphin A, referred to as KNDy neurons, in the central mechanism underlying gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) pulse generation and subsequent tonic gonadotropin release that controls mammalian reproduction.
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18
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Li Z, Mu H, Larsen SW, Jensen H, Østergaard J. Initial Leuprolide Acetate Release from Poly(d,l-lactide-co-glycolide) in Situ Forming Implants as Studied by Ultraviolet–Visible Imaging. Mol Pharm 2020; 17:4522-4532. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.0c00625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhuoxuan Li
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 København Ø, Denmark
| | - Huiling Mu
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 København Ø, Denmark
| | - Susan Weng Larsen
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 København Ø, Denmark
| | - Henrik Jensen
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 København Ø, Denmark
| | - Jesper Østergaard
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 København Ø, Denmark
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19
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Brik T, Vrouenraets LJJJ, de Vries MC, Hannema SE. Trajectories of Adolescents Treated with Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Analogues for Gender Dysphoria. ARCHIVES OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 2020; 49:2611-2618. [PMID: 32152785 PMCID: PMC7497424 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-020-01660-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Revised: 02/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogues (GnRHa) are recommended as initial treatment for adolescents diagnosed with gender dysphoria, providing time to follow gender identity development and consider further treatment wishes without distress caused by unwanted pubertal changes. This has been described as an extended diagnostic phase. However, there are also concerns about the physical, neurocognitive, and psychosocial effects of this treatment. In this retrospective study, we document trajectories after the initiation of GnRHa and explore reasons for extended use and discontinuation of GnRHa. Treatment was considered appropriate in 143 (67%) of the 214 adolescents eligible for GnRHa treatment by virtue of their age/pubertal status, and all started GnRHa (38 transgirls, 105 transboys; median age, 15.0 years [range, 11.1-18.6] and 16.1 years [range, 10.1-17.9]). After a median duration of 0.8 years (0.3-3.8) on GnRHa, 125 (87%) started gender-affirming hormones (GAH). Nine (6%) discontinued GnRHa, five of whom no longer wished gender-affirming treatment. Thirteen had used GnRHa for longer than required by protocol for reasons other than logistics and regularly met with a mental health professional during this time, supporting the use of GnRHa treatment as an extended diagnostic phase. In conclusion, the vast majority who started GnRHa proceeded to GAH, possibly due to eligibility criteria that select those highly likely to pursue further gender-affirming treatment. Due to the observational character of the study, it is not possible to say if GnRHa treatment itself influenced the outcome. Few individuals discontinued GnRHa, and only 3.5% no longer wished gender-affirming treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tessa Brik
- Department of Pediatrics, Leiden University Medical Centre, P.O. Box 9600, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Lieke J J J Vrouenraets
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Psychiatry, Curium-Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department of Medical Ethics and Health Law, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Martine C de Vries
- Department of Pediatrics, Leiden University Medical Centre, P.O. Box 9600, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department of Medical Ethics and Health Law, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Sabine E Hannema
- Department of Pediatrics, Leiden University Medical Centre, P.O. Box 9600, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands.
- Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Sophia Children's Hospital, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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20
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Kawate N, Kanuki R, Hannan MA, Weerakoon WWPN. Inhibitory effects of long-term repeated treatments of a sustainable GnRH antagonist, degarelix acetate, on caprine testicular functions. J Reprod Dev 2020; 66:587-592. [PMID: 32830151 PMCID: PMC7768175 DOI: 10.1262/jrd.2020-035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the effects of long-term repeated treatments with a sustainable gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) antagonist, degarelix acetate, on
testicular hormonal secretion, size, ultrasound images, histology and spermatogenesis in goats to assess its efficacy as a chemical castration method. Male
Shiba goats (3–6 months of age) were treated subcutaneously with degarelix acetate every 4 weeks for 24 weeks. Plasma testosterone and insulin-like peptide 3
concentrations decreased (P < 0.05) within 2 days after the first treatment and remained low until 29 weeks (P < 0.05). Scrotal circumference and
testicular pixel intensity were lower from 2–6 months and from 1–6 months, respectively, compared to the pretreatment values (P < 0.05). The testis and
epididymis weights were lower at 24 weeks compared to those in untreated goats (P < 0.05). There were no sperm in the seminiferous tubules of testicular
tissue sections or in homogenates of the epididymis at 24 weeks. These results suggest that repeated treatment with degarelix acetate is an effective chemical
castration method for goats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noritoshi Kawate
- Department of Advanced Pathobiology, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Osaka 598-8531, Japan
| | - Ryota Kanuki
- Department of Advanced Pathobiology, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Osaka 598-8531, Japan
| | - M A Hannan
- Department of Advanced Pathobiology, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Osaka 598-8531, Japan.,Present: Faculty of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Khulna Agricultural University, Bangladesh
| | - Weerakoon W P N Weerakoon
- Department of Advanced Pathobiology, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Osaka 598-8531, Japan
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21
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Shi NQ, Zhou J, Walker J, Li L, Hong JKY, Olsen KF, Tang J, Ackermann R, Wang Y, Qin B, Schwendeman A, Schwendeman SP. Microencapsulation of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone agonist in poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) microspheres by spray-drying. J Control Release 2020; 321:756-772. [PMID: 31935481 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2020.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2019] [Revised: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A spray drying technique was developed to prepare injectable and biodegradable poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) microspheres encapsulating a model luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone agonist (LHRHa)-based peptide, leuprolide. Various spray drying parameters were evaluated to prepare 1-month controlled release formulations with a similar composition to the commercial Lupron Depot® (LD). A single water-in-oil emulsion of aqueous leuprolide/gelatin solution in PLGA 75/25 acid capped (13 kDa Mw) dissolved in methylene chloride (DCM) was spray-dried before washing the microspheres in cold ddH2O and freeze-drying. The spray-drying microencapsulation was characterized by: particle size/distribution (span), morphology, drug/gelatin loading, encapsulation efficiency, and residual DCM and water content. Long-term release was tested over 9 weeks in PBS + 0.02% Tween 80 + 0.02% sodium azide pH 7.4 (PBST) at 37 °C. Several physical-chemical parameters were monitored simultaneously for selected formulations, including: water uptake, mass loss, dry and hydrated glass transition temperature, to help understand the related long-term release profiles and explore the underlying controlled-release mechanisms. Compared with the commercial LD microspheres, some of the in-house spray-dried microspheres presented highly similar or even improved long-term release profiles, providing viable long-acting release (LAR) alternatives to the LD. The in vitro release mechanism of the peptide was shown to be controlled either by kinetics of polymer mass loss or by a second process, hypothesized to involve peptide desorption from the polymer. These data indicate spray drying can be optimized to prepare commercially relevant PLGA microsphere formulations for delivery of peptides, including the LHRHa, leuprolide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nian-Qiu Shi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, 2800 Plymouth Rd., Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; School of Pharmacy, Jilin Medical University, Jilin 132013, Jilin Province, China
| | - Jia Zhou
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, 2800 Plymouth Rd., Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Jennifer Walker
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, 2800 Plymouth Rd., Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Li Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Liaoning University, Jilin 132013, Jilin Province, China
| | - Justin K Y Hong
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, 2800 Plymouth Rd., Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Karl F Olsen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, 2800 Plymouth Rd., Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Jie Tang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, 2800 Plymouth Rd., Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Rose Ackermann
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, 2800 Plymouth Rd., Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Yan Wang
- Office of Research and Standards, Office of Generic Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Ave., Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Bin Qin
- Office of Research and Standards, Office of Generic Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Ave., Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Anna Schwendeman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, 2800 Plymouth Rd., Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Steven P Schwendeman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, 2800 Plymouth Rd., Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, 2800 Plymouth Rd., Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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Zhou J, Walker J, Ackermann R, Olsen K, Hong JKY, Wang Y, Schwendeman SP. Effect of Manufacturing Variables and Raw Materials on the Composition-Equivalent PLGA Microspheres for 1-Month Controlled Release of Leuprolide. Mol Pharm 2020; 17:1502-1515. [PMID: 32074448 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.9b01188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The 1-month Lupron Depot (LD) is a 75/25 acid-capped poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) microsphere product encapsulating water-soluble leuprolide acetate with no generic products available in the U.S. Composition-equivalent PLGA microsphere formulations to the LD as a function of raw material and manufacturing variables were developed by using the solvent evaporation encapsulation method. The following variables were adjusted: polymer supplier/polymerization type, gelatin supplier/bloom number, polymer concentration, first homogenization speed and time, volume of primary water phase, second homogenization time, volume of secondary water phase, and stirring rate. The loading and encapsulation efficiency (EE) of leuprolide and gelatin were determined to identify a large number of composition-equivalent formulations within a ±10% specification of the LD. Key physical-chemical properties of the formulations (e.g., morphology, particle size distribution, glass transition temperature (Tg), residual moisture and solvent, and porosity) were characterized to determine the effect of manufacturing variables on the product attributes. The EE of gelatin across all formulations prepared (101 ± 1%) was observed to be much higher than the EE of leuprolide (57 ± 1%). Judicious adjustment of polymer concentration, second homogenization time, and volume of second water phase was key to achieving high EE of leuprolide, although EE higher than 70% was not easily achievable owing to the difficulty of emulsifying highly viscous primary emulsion into homogeneous small droplets that could prevent peptide loss during the second homogenization under the conditions and equipment used. The in vitro release kinetics of the formulations was highly similar to the LD in a zero-order manner after ∼20% initial burst release, indicating a critical role of the composition on peptide release in this formulation. The characterization of composition-equivalent formulations described here could be useful for further development of generic leuprolide PLGA microspheres and for guiding decisions on the influence of process variables on product physicochemical attributes and release performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Zhou
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, 2800 Plymouth Road, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Jennifer Walker
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, 2800 Plymouth Road, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Rose Ackermann
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, 2800 Plymouth Road, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Karl Olsen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, 2800 Plymouth Road, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Justin K Y Hong
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, 2800 Plymouth Road, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Yan Wang
- Office of Research and Standards, Office of Generic Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993, United States
| | - Steven P Schwendeman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, 2800 Plymouth Road, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, 2200 Bonisteel Boulevard, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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Vergneau-Grosset C, Peña L, Cluzel C, Hawkins M, Maccolini E, Sinclair K, Graham J, Sadar M, Guzman DSM, Lair S, Langlois I, Paul-Murphy J. Evaluation of deslorelin implant on subsequent mammary tumors of rats (Rattus norvegicus). J Exot Pet Med 2019. [DOI: 10.1053/j.jepm.2019.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Poor adherence to oral antiretroviral formulations remains the major barrier to the success of long-term treatment and prevention strategies. Although a number of approaches have been developed for long-acting parenteral delivery of antiretroviral drugs, subcutaneous implants are a particularly promising technology as they may be able to provide protective drugs concentrations for a year or longer following a single implant. This review addresses the current status of preclinical and clinical development of antiretroviral implants. RECENT FINDINGS Subcutaneous implants have been widely used for hormonal contraception and the treatment of hormonally driven malignancies for more than 3 decades. These implants are economical to manufacture and deliver, but require special procedures for insertion and removal. They are generally well tolerated and can remain in place for as long as 5 years. A small number of investigational implants are under development for the delivery of antiretroviral drugs. The most advanced of these, containing the investigational antiretroviral MK-8591 (4'-ethynyl-2-fluoro-2'-deoxyadenosine), a potent nucleoside analog reverse transcriptase translocation inhibitor that demonstrates particular promise for subcutaneous implantation, is closest to testing in human subjects. Investigational implants containing tenofovir alafenamide and nevirapine have also been developed and tested in animal models. SUMMARY Long-acting antiretroviral implants are a promising new technology, but are in very early stages of development. Potential advantages of these systems include more consistent and predictable drug release than intramuscular injections, and the fact that implants can be removed in the case of adverse events or the desire to stop treatment.
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25
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Peptide release from SEDDS containing hydrophobic ion pair therapeutic peptides measured by Taylor dispersion analysis. Int J Pharm 2019; 559:228-234. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2019.01.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Revised: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Abstract
Antiretroviral drugs have revolutionized the treatment and prevention of HIV infection; however, adherence is critical for sustained efficacy. Current HIV treatment consists of three-drug regimens, and current HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) consists of a two-drug regimen; both generally require adherence to once-daily dosing. Long-acting formulations are useful in the treatment and prevention of other conditions (e.g., contraceptives, antipsychotics) and help promote adherence. Newer long-acting formulations of approved and investigational antiretroviral drugs in existing and newer mechanistic classes are under study for HIV treatment and prevention, including some phase III trials. Although long-acting antiretroviral drugs hold promise, some clinical challenges exist, including managing side effects, drug-drug interactions, pregnancy, and long-lasting drug concentrations that could lead to the development of drug resistance. This review aims to summarize currently available information on long-acting antiretroviral drugs for HIV treatment and prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roy M Gulick
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA;
| | - Charles Flexner
- Divisions of Clinical Pharmacology and Infectious Diseases, Long Acting/Extended Release Antiretroviral Resource Program, School of Medicine and Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21287-5554, USA;
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Zhou J, Hirota K, Ackermann R, Walker J, Wang Y, Choi S, Schwendeman A, Schwendeman SP. Reverse Engineering the 1-Month Lupron Depot®. AAPS J 2018; 20:105. [PMID: 30280294 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-018-0253-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The 1-month Lupron Depot® (LD) encapsulating water-soluble leuprolide in poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) microspheres is a benchmark product upon which modern long-acting release products are often compared. Despite expiration of patent coverage, no generic product for the LD has been approved in the USA, likely due to the complexity of components and manufacturing processes involved in the product. Here, we describe the reverse engineering of the LD composition and important product attributes. Specific attributes analyzed for microspheres were as follows: leuprolide content by three methods; gelatin content, type, and molecular weight distribution; PLGA content, lactic acid/glycolic acid ratio, and molecular weight distribution; mannitol content; in vitro drug release; residual solvent and moisture content; particle size distribution and morphology; and glass transition temperature. For the diluent, composition, viscosity, and specific gravity were analyzed. Analyzed contents of the formulation and the determined PLGA characteristics matched well with the official numbers stated in the package insert and those found in literature, respectively. The gelatin was identified as type B consistent with ~ 300 bloom. The 11-μm volume-median microspheres in the LD slowly released the drug in vitro in a zero-order manner after ~ 23% initial burst release. Very low content of residual moisture (< 0.5%) and methylene chloride (< 1 ppm) in the product indicates in-water drying is capable of removing solvents to extremely low levels during manufacturing. The rigorous approach of reverse engineering described here may be useful for development of generic leuprolide-PLGA microspheres as well as other new and generic PLGA microsphere formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Zhou
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, 2800 Plymouth Rd., Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109, USA
| | - Keiji Hirota
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, 2800 Plymouth Rd., Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109, USA
- Production Engineering Department, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 5-5-1, Ukima, Kita-ku, Tokyo, 115-8543, Japan
| | - Rose Ackermann
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, 2800 Plymouth Rd., Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109, USA
| | - Jennifer Walker
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, 2800 Plymouth Rd., Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109, USA
| | - Yan Wang
- Office of Generic Drugs, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Ave., Silver Spring, Maryland, 20993, USA
| | - Stephanie Choi
- Office of Generic Drugs, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Ave., Silver Spring, Maryland, 20993, USA
| | - Anna Schwendeman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, 2800 Plymouth Rd., Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109, USA
| | - Steven P Schwendeman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, 2800 Plymouth Rd., Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, 2800 Plymouth Rd., Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109, USA.
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28
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Hori JI, Koga D, Kakizaki H, Watanabe T. Differential effects of depot formulations of GnRH agonist leuprorelin and antagonist degarelix on the seminiferous epithelium of the rat testis. Biomed Res 2018; 39:197-214. [PMID: 30101840 DOI: 10.2220/biomedres.39.197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Despite their pharmacologically opposite actions, long-acting depot formulations of both GnRH agonists and antagonists have been clinically applied for treatment of androgen-sensitive prostate cancer. Sustained treatment with GnRH analogues commonly suppresses both the synthesis and release of gonadotropins, leading to depletion of testicular testosterone. To clarify the underlying differences in the effects of GnRH agonists and antagonists on spermatogenesis, we compared histological changes in the seminiferous epithelium after administration of depot formulations of GnRH agonist leuprorelin and antagonist degarelix to male rats. Testicular weight had markedly declined by 28 days after administration of both GnRH analogues, although the testicular weight was decreased more promptly by leuprorelin compared with degarelix. Shortly after administration, massive exfoliation of premature spermatids and anomalous multinucleated giant cells was observed in seminiferous tubules of leuprorelin-treated rats, probably via the initial hyperstimulatory effects on the hypothalamic-pituitary-testicular axis, whereas no discernible changes were found in those of degarelix-treated rats. Long term treatment with both types of GnRH analogues similarly induced a marked reduction in the height of the epithelium and deformation of apical cytoplasm in Sertoli cells, resulting in premature detachment of spermatids from the epithelium. Lipid droplets had accumulated progressively in Sertoli cells, especially in those of degarelix-treated rats. These findings clearly demonstrate the differences in the effects of GnRH agonists and antagonists on the spermatogenic process. This study suggests that an appropriate choice of GnRH analogues is necessary to minimize their adverse effects on spermatogenesis when reproductive functions should be preserved in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Ichi Hori
- Department of Microscopic Anatomy and Cell Biology, Asahikawa Medical University.,Department of Renal and Urologic Surgery, Asahikawa Medical University
| | - Daisuke Koga
- Department of Microscopic Anatomy and Cell Biology, Asahikawa Medical University
| | - Hidehiro Kakizaki
- Department of Renal and Urologic Surgery, Asahikawa Medical University
| | - Tsuyoshi Watanabe
- Department of Microscopic Anatomy and Cell Biology, Asahikawa Medical University
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Schoemaker NJ. Gonadotrophin-Releasing Hormone Agonists and Other Contraceptive Medications in Exotic Companion Animals. Vet Clin North Am Exot Anim Pract 2018; 21:443-464. [PMID: 29655478 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvex.2018.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The use of a gonadotrophin-releasing hormone agonist slow-release implant (GnRH A-SRI) has become increasingly popular as an alternative for surgical contraception in many species. Although these implants have proven to be very effective in some species (eg, ferrets, rats, chicken, psittacines, and iguanas), they have been found less effective in other species (eg, male guinea pigs and rabbits, veiled chameleons, slider turtles, and leopard geckos). This review provides an overview of the available literature on the effects of GnRH A-SRIs in companion exotic animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nico J Schoemaker
- Division of Zoological Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 108, Utrecht 3584 CM, Netherlands.
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Nakase I, Ueno N, Katayama M, Noguchi K, Takatani-Nakase T, Kobayashi NB, Yoshida T, Fujii I, Futaki S. Receptor clustering and activation by multivalent interaction through recognition peptides presented on exosomes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2017; 53:317-320. [PMID: 27853769 DOI: 10.1039/c6cc06719k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
We demonstrate a novel system for inducing clustering of cell surface receptors via recognition peptide segments displayed on exosomes, leading to receptor activation. With this system, targeting of receptor-expressing cells and facilitation of the endocytic uptake of exosomes, which contained the anti-cancer protein saporin, were successfully achieved, leading to cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Nakase
- Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Research Center, Research Organization for the 21st Century, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-2, Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Osaka 599-8570, Japan.
| | - N Ueno
- Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Research Center, Research Organization for the 21st Century, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-2, Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Osaka 599-8570, Japan. and Graduate School of Science, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-1, Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Osaka 599-8531, Japan
| | - M Katayama
- Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Research Center, Research Organization for the 21st Century, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-2, Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Osaka 599-8570, Japan. and Graduate School of Science, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-1, Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Osaka 599-8531, Japan
| | - K Noguchi
- Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Research Center, Research Organization for the 21st Century, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-2, Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Osaka 599-8570, Japan. and Graduate School of Science, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-1, Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Osaka 599-8531, Japan
| | - T Takatani-Nakase
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mukogawa Women's University, 11-68, Koshien Kyuban-cho, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 663-8179, Japan
| | - N B Kobayashi
- Keio Advanced Research Centers (KARC), Keio University, 2, Okubo, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 300-2611, Japan and Institute for Advanced Sciences, Toagosei Co., Ltd, 2, Okubo, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 300-2611, Japan
| | - T Yoshida
- Keio Advanced Research Centers (KARC), Keio University, 2, Okubo, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 300-2611, Japan and Institute for Advanced Sciences, Toagosei Co., Ltd, 2, Okubo, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 300-2611, Japan
| | - I Fujii
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-1, Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Osaka 599-8531, Japan
| | - S Futaki
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
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31
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Corripio R, Soriano-Guillén L, Herrero FJ, Cañete R, Castro-Feijoó L, Escribano A, Espino R, Labarta JI, Argente J. Changes in Body Mass Index in Girls with Idiopathic Central Precocious Puberty under Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Analogue Therapy: The Spanish Registry. Horm Res Paediatr 2017; 86:154-160. [PMID: 27529349 DOI: 10.1159/000448552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The influence of gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogue (GnRHa) treatment on body mass index (BMI) evolution in girls with idiopathic central precocious puberty (CPP) is unclear. Hence, we aimed to evaluate the effect of GnRHa treatment on BMI-standard deviation score (SDS) from diagnosis of idiopathic CPP until adult height. METHODS An observational study of girls diagnosed with CPP in Spain was carried out between January 2008 and December 2014. A computer program was designed to process clinical and biological data from patients treated in 55 departments of pediatric endocrinology throughout the country. The inclusion criteria were (1) girls diagnosed with CPP before 8 years of age; (2) born after 1992; (3) with a difference between bone and chronological age of at least 1 year, and (4) with a luteinizing hormone peak >7 U/l during luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone testing. The influence of GnRHa treatment on BMI-SDS evolution was analyzed. RESULTS Data from 333 girls (22.2% adopted) were evaluated. We report follow-up data at 6, 12, 24, 36, 48 and 60 months and adult height from 269, 232, 198, 153, 105, 56 and 49 girls, respectively. During treatment, there was an increase in BMI-SDS of 0.43 ± 1.17 (95% CI: 0.20-0.64). At adult height (n = 49), BMI-SDS was 1.51 ± 1.38, which was 0.60 ± 1.09 higher than at diagnosis (95% CI: 0.43-0.75). CONCLUSIONS During treatment with GnRHa, girls experience a significant increase in BMI-SDS that persists after therapy is stopped and adult height has been reached. © 2016 S. Karger AG, Basel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Corripio
- Pediatric Endocrine Department, Corporació Parc Taulí, Sabadell Hospital, Institut Universitari Parc Taulí, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
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Park S, Kim DH, Kim Y, Park JH, Lee M, Song IS, Shim CK. Comparative in vitro release and clinical pharmacokinetics of leuprolide from Luphere 3M Depot, a 3-month release formulation of leuprolide acetate. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2016; 43:441-447. [PMID: 27824264 DOI: 10.1080/03639045.2016.1258409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
A 3-month depot formulation of leuprolide acetate (Luphere 3M Depot) with a mean microsphere diameter of 22.3 μm was prepared aseptically by spray-drying glacial acetic acid solution of the drug and polylactic acid, and lyophilization in a d-mannitol solution. The encapsulation efficiency and loading content of the drug in the Luphere 3M Depot were 94.7% and 9.92% (w/w), respectively. The in vitro release of leuprolide from the depot was substantially delayed and the release profile was similar to that of Lucrin Depot (Abbott Korea, Korea). The safety and pharmacokinetics of leuprolide were investigated over a period of 42 days in 20 prostate cancer patients following a subcutaneous injection of Luphere 3M or Lucrin Depot suspensions (leuprolide acetate dose of 11.25 mg) in a multi-center, randomized, single dose, parallel study. Both formulations were well tolerated by the patients and no serious adverse effects were observed during and after the study. No significant differences were observed in the maximum serum concentration (Cmax) and area under the curve (AUClast) of leuprolide between the two formulations. The results suggest comparable safety and efficacy profiles of Luphere 3M Depot and Lucrin Depot in clinical situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunghoon Park
- a Daewoong Pharmaceutical , Life Science Institute , Yongin , Gyeonggi-Do , South Korea
| | - Dong-Hwan Kim
- a Daewoong Pharmaceutical , Life Science Institute , Yongin , Gyeonggi-Do , South Korea
| | - Yoon Kim
- a Daewoong Pharmaceutical , Life Science Institute , Yongin , Gyeonggi-Do , South Korea
| | - Jeong Hwa Park
- a Daewoong Pharmaceutical , Life Science Institute , Yongin , Gyeonggi-Do , South Korea
| | - MinSeok Lee
- a Daewoong Pharmaceutical , Life Science Institute , Yongin , Gyeonggi-Do , South Korea
| | - Im-Sook Song
- b College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Kyungpook National University , Daegu , South Korea
| | - Chang-Koo Shim
- a Daewoong Pharmaceutical , Life Science Institute , Yongin , Gyeonggi-Do , South Korea.,c College of Pharmacy , Seoul National University , Seoul , South Korea
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Rahimi M, Mobedi H, Behnamghader A. In situ-forming PLGA implants loaded with leuprolide acetate/β-cyclodextrin complexes: mathematical modelling and degradation. J Microencapsul 2016; 33:355-64. [DOI: 10.1080/02652048.2016.1194905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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COMPARISON OF TWO 4.7-MILLIGRAM TO ONE 9.4-MILLIGRAM DESLORELIN ACETATE IMPLANTS ON EGG PRODUCTION AND PLASMA PROGESTERONE CONCENTRATIONS IN JAPANESE QUAIL (COTURNIX COTURNIX JAPONICA). J Zoo Wildl Med 2016; 46:789-97. [PMID: 26667535 DOI: 10.1638/2014-0210.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Reproductive disease in captive avian species is common, and medical management is often chosen over surgical removal of the reproductive tract. In a previous study with Japanese quail, a single 4.7-mg deslorelin acetate implant reversibly decreased egg production in 6 out 10 birds for 70 days. The objective of the current study was to evaluate the effects of two 4.7-mg deslorelin acetate implants versus one 9.4-mg implant on egg production and plasma progesterone concentrations in Japanese quail ( Coturnix coturnix japonica). Following a 10-day period of consistent egg laying, 30 adult female Japanese quail were anesthetized and received two 4.7-mg deslorelin implants (n = 10), one 9.4-mg deslorelin implant (n = 10), or a single, identical placebo implant (n = 10) s.c. between the scapulae. Egg production was monitored daily, and plasma progesterone concentrations were measured on days 0, 14, 29, 120, 148, and 182 via enzyme-linked immunoassay. All birds were weighed periodically and euthanized at day 182, after which their reproductive tracts were evaluated at gross necropsy. Seven out of 10 birds treated with two 4.7-mg implants ceased egg laying 1 wk after implantation and remained nonovulatory for approximately 100 days. Cessation of egg laying for the 9.4-mg treatment group occurred in 7 out of 10 birds; onset was variable (weeks 5-12) and continued for the remainder of the study period. Plasma progesterone concentrations for deslorelin treatment groups were not significantly different compared to the placebo group at any time point. In conclusion, the two 4.7-mg and the one 9.4-mg implant treatments ceased egg laying in a similar number of birds, but the 9.4-mg implant had a slower onset of action and the effects on egg laying were inconsistent throughout the study period. Further studies evaluating use of deslorelin acetate in other avian species are needed.
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Somgird C, Homkong P, Sripiboon S, Brown JL, Stout TA, Colenbrander B, Mahasawangkul S, Thitaram C. Potential of a gonadotropin-releasing hormone vaccine to suppress musth in captive male Asian elephants (Elephas maximus). Anim Reprod Sci 2016; 164:111-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2015.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Revised: 11/13/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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36
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Rahimi M, Mobedi H, Behnamghader A. In situforming poly(lactic acid-co-glycolic acid) implants containing leuprolide acetate/β-cyclodextrin complexes: preparation, characterization, andin vitrodrug release. INT J POLYM MATER PO 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/00914037.2015.1055633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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37
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Hintzen F, Perera G, Hauptstein S, Müller C, Laffleur F, Bernkop-Schnürch A. In vivo evaluation of an oral self-microemulsifying drug delivery system (SMEDDS) for leuprorelin. Int J Pharm 2014; 472:20-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2014.05.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2014] [Revised: 05/22/2014] [Accepted: 05/26/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Abstract
Many transgender youth experience significant amounts of emotional distress regarding the incongruence between their internal gender identity and their physical body. Cross-gender hormonal medical treatments, as managed by a multidisciplinary medical/mental health team, assist patients in transitioning to their desired gender by aligning the physical body to match the gender identity. The World Professional Association for Transgender Health Standards of Care and the Endocrine Society's Clinical Practice Guidelines provide a basic road map for practitioners. Expectations of the youth and the concerns of the family must be addressed and the youth psychologically supported during the transition period. Issues around future fertility should be explored as well. The goal of this article is to introduce the general pediatrician to cross-gender hormone treatments, their management, monitoring laboratory tests and clinical effects, and the issues surrounding their use in adolescents.
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Mostafa NM, Chwalisz K, Larsen L, Mattia-Goldberg C, Spitz A, Pradhan RS. Evaluation of the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of two leuprolide acetate 45 mg 6-month depot formulations in patients with prostate cancer. Clin Pharmacol Drug Dev 2014; 3:270-5. [DOI: 10.1002/cpdd.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2012] [Accepted: 02/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nael M. Mostafa
- Pharmaceutical Development; AbbVie Inc.; North Chicago IL USA
| | | | - Lois Larsen
- Pharmaceutical Development; AbbVie Inc.; North Chicago IL USA
| | | | - Aaron Spitz
- South Orange County Medical Research Center; Laguna Hills CA USA
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Watanabe T, Bochimoto H, Koga D, Hosaka M, Ushiki T. Functional implications of the Golgi and microtubular network in gonadotropes. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2014; 385:88-96. [PMID: 24121198 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2013.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2013] [Revised: 09/30/2013] [Accepted: 10/01/2013] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
In contrast to the widely accepted images of the Golgi apparatus as a cup-like shape, the Golgi in pituitary gonadotropes is organized as a spherical shape in which the outer and inner faces are cis- and trans-Golgi elements, respectively. At the center of the spherical Golgi, a pair of centrioles is situated as a microtubule-organizing center from which radiating microtubules isotropically extend toward the cell periphery. This review focuses on the significance of the characteristic organization of the Golgi and microtubule network in gonadotropes, considering the roles of microtubule-dependent membrane transport in the formation and maintenance of the Golgi structure. Because the highly symmetrical organization of the Golgi is possibly perturbed in response to experimental treatments of gonadotropes, monitoring of the Golgi structure in gonadotropes under various experimental conditions will be a novel in vivo approach to elucidate the biogenesis of the Golgi apparatus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsuyoshi Watanabe
- Department of Microscopic Anatomy and Cell Biology, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Japan.
| | - Hiroki Bochimoto
- Department of Microscopic Anatomy and Cell Biology, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Japan
| | - Daisuke Koga
- Division of Microscopic Anatomy and Bio-imaging, Department of Cellular Function, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Masahiro Hosaka
- Laboratory of Molecular Life Sciences, Department of Biotechnology, Akita Prefectural University, Akita, Japan
| | - Tatsuo Ushiki
- Division of Microscopic Anatomy and Bio-imaging, Department of Cellular Function, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
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Lama G, Papi M, Angelucci C, Maulucci G, Sica G, De Spirito M. Leuprorelin acetate long-lasting effects on GnRH receptors of prostate cancer cells: an atomic force microscopy study of agonist/receptor interaction. PLoS One 2013; 8:e52530. [PMID: 23326338 PMCID: PMC3541369 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0052530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2011] [Accepted: 11/19/2012] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
High cell-surface GnRH receptor (GnRH-R) levels have been shown to have a major influence on the extent of GnRH agonist-mediated tumor growth inhibition. The ability of the GnRH agonist leuprorelin acetate (LA) to induce a post-transcriptional upregulation of GnRH-R at the plasma membrane of androgen-sensitive (LNCaP) and -insensitive (PC-3) prostate cancer (PCa) cells has been previously demonstrated by Western blotting. Here we performed single molecule force spectroscopy by using Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM), which has proven to be a powerful tool allowing for investigation of living cell surface biological features, such as the so far unclear GnRH agonist/receptor interaction. Thus, in the hormone-insensitive PC-3 cells, we characterized the strength of the LA-receptor binding, and the amount and distribution of the functional receptor molecules on the cell surface. The effect of a long and continuous treatment (up to 30 days) with the agonist (10−11 and 10−6 M) on the same parameters was also investigated. A GnRH-R increase was observed, reaching the maximum (∼80%) after 30 days of treatment with the highest dose of LA (10−6 M). The analogue-induced increase in GnRH-R was also demonstrated by Western blotting. In addition, two different receptor bound strengths were detected by AFM, which suggests the existence of two GnRH-R classes. A homogeneous distribution of the unbinding events has been found on untreated and treated PC-3 cell surfaces. The persistence of high receptor levels at the membrane of these living cells may warrant the maintenance of the response to LA also in androgen-unresponsive PCa. Moreover, the determination of ligand/receptor bond strength could shed light on the poorly understood event of LA/GnRH-R interaction and/or address structural/chemical agonist optimizations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gina Lama
- Istituto di Istologia ed Embriologia, Facoltà di Medicina e Chirurgia “A. Gemelli”, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Roma, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Papi
- Istituto di Fisica, Facoltà di Medicina e Chirurgia “A. Gemelli”, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Roma, Italy
| | - Cristiana Angelucci
- Istituto di Istologia ed Embriologia, Facoltà di Medicina e Chirurgia “A. Gemelli”, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Roma, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Maulucci
- Istituto di Fisica, Facoltà di Medicina e Chirurgia “A. Gemelli”, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Roma, Italy
| | - Gigliola Sica
- Istituto di Istologia ed Embriologia, Facoltà di Medicina e Chirurgia “A. Gemelli”, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Roma, Italy
- * E-mail:
| | - Marco De Spirito
- Istituto di Fisica, Facoltà di Medicina e Chirurgia “A. Gemelli”, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Roma, Italy
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Puras G, Salvador A, Igartua M, Hernández R, Pedraz J. Encapsulation of Aβ1–15 in PLGA microparticles enhances serum antibody response in mice immunized by subcutaneous and intranasal routes. Eur J Pharm Sci 2011; 44:200-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2011.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2011] [Revised: 06/08/2011] [Accepted: 07/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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43
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Hembree WC. Guidelines for pubertal suspension and gender reassignment for transgender adolescents. Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am 2011; 20:725-32. [PMID: 22051008 DOI: 10.1016/j.chc.2011.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Pubertal suppression at Tanner stage 2 should be considered in adolescents with persistent gender identity disorder (GID). Issues related to achievement of adult height, timing of initiating sex steroid treatment, future fertility options, preventing uterine bleeding, and required modifications of genital surgery remain concerns. Concerns have been raised about altering neuropsychological development during cessation of puberty and reinitiation of puberty by the sex steroid opposite those determined by genetic sex. Collaborative assessment and treatment of dysphoric adolescents with persistent GID resolves these concerns and deepens our understanding of gender development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wylie C Hembree
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Medical Center, 101 Central Park West, New York, NY 10023, USA.
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Iqbal J, Shahnaz G, Perera G, Hintzen F, Sarti F, Bernkop-Schnürch A. Thiolated chitosan: development and in vivo evaluation of an oral delivery system for leuprolide. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2011; 80:95-102. [PMID: 21964316 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2011.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2010] [Revised: 09/08/2011] [Accepted: 09/15/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to develop an oral delivery system for the peptide drug leuprolide. Gel formulations based on unmodified chitosan/reduced glutathione (GSH) and chitosan-thioglycolic acid (chitosan-TGA)/GSH were prepared, and their effect on the absorption of leuprolide was evaluated in vitro and in vivo in male Sprague Dawley rats. Transport studies were performed with freshly excised rat intestinal mucosa mounted in Ussing-type chambers. Due to the addition of gel formulations comprising 0.5% (m/v) unmodified chitosan/0.5% (m/v) GSH and 0.5% (m/v) chitosan-TGA/0.5% (m/v) GSH, the transport of leuprolide across excised mucosa was improved up to 2.06-fold and 3.79-fold, respectively, in comparison with leuprolide applied in buffer (P(app)=2.87 ± 0.77 × 10⁻⁶ cm/s). In vivo, the addition of oral gel formulation comprising 8 mg of unmodified chitosan, 1mg of GSH and 1mg of leuprolide increased the area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC₀₋₈) of leuprolide 1.39-fold in comparison with leuprolide having been administered just in saline. Moreover, the administration of oral gel formulation comprising 8 mg of chitosan-TGA, 1mg of GSH and 1mg of leuprolide resulted in a further enhanced leuprolide plasma concentration, and the area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC₀₋₈) of leuprolide was increased 3.72-fold in comparison with the control. With the oral gel formulation comprising 8 mg of chitosan-TGA, a relative bioavailability (versus s.c. injection) of 4.5% was achieved in contrast to the control displaying a relative bioavailability of 1.2%. Thus, according to the achieved results, it is suggested that chitosan-TGA in combination with GSH is a valuable tool for improving the oral bioavailability of the peptide drug leuprolide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javed Iqbal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Innsbruck, Josef Möller Haus, Innsbruck, Austria
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Katsuno M, Banno H, Suzuki K, Takeuchi Y, Kawashima M, Yabe I, Sasaki H, Aoki M, Morita M, Nakano I, Kanai K, Ito S, Ishikawa K, Mizusawa H, Yamamoto T, Tsuji S, Hasegawa K, Shimohata T, Nishizawa M, Miyajima H, Kanda F, Watanabe Y, Nakashima K, Tsujino A, Yamashita T, Uchino M, Fujimoto Y, Tanaka F, Sobue G. Efficacy and safety of leuprorelin in patients with spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy (JASMITT study): a multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet Neurol 2010; 9:875-84. [PMID: 20691641 DOI: 10.1016/s1474-4422(10)70182-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy is a hereditary motor neuron disease caused by the expansion of a polyglutamine tract in the androgen receptor. At present there are no treatments for spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy, although leuprorelin suppressed the accumulation of pathogenic androgen receptors in a phase 2 trial. We aimed to assess the efficacy and safety of leuprorelin for spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy. METHODS The Japan SBMA Interventional Trial for TAP-144-SR (JASMITT) was a 48-week, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial done at 14 hospitals between August, 2006, and March, 2008. Patients with spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy were randomly assigned (1:1) by minimisation to subcutaneous 11.25 mg leuprorelin or identical placebo every 12 weeks. Patients and investigators were masked to treatment allocation. The primary endpoint was pharyngeal barium residue, which indicates incomplete bolus clearance, measured at week 48 by videofluorography. All patients who were randomly assigned and who were assessed with videofluorography at least once were included in the analyses. This study is registered with the JMACCT clinical trials registry, number JMA-IIA00009, and the UMIN clinical trials registry, number UMIN000000465. FINDINGS 204 patients were randomly assigned and 199 started treatment: 100 with leuprorelin and 99 with placebo. At week 48, the pharyngeal barium residue after initial swallowing had changed by -5.1% (SD 21.0) in the leuprorelin group and by 0.2% (18.2) in the placebo group (difference between groups -5.3%; 95% CI -10.8 to 0.3; p=0.063). The mean difference in pharyngeal barium residue after piecemeal deglutition at week 48 was -3.2% (-6.4 to 0.0; p=0.049), but there was no significant difference between the groups after covariate adjustment for the baseline data (-4.1 to 1.6; p=0.392). In a predefined subgroup analysis, leuprorelin treatment was associated with a greater reduction in barium residue after initial swallowing than was placebo in patients with a disease duration less than 10 years (difference between groups -9.8, -17.1 to -2.5; p=0.009). There were no significant differences in the number of drug-related adverse events between groups (57 of 100 in the leuprorelin group and 54 of 99 in the placebo group; p=0.727). INTERPRETATION 48 weeks of treatment with leuprorelin did not show significant effects on swallowing function in patients with spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy, although it was well tolerated. Disease duration might influence the efficacy of leuprorelin and thus further clinical trials with sensitive outcome measures should be done in subpopulations of patients. FUNDING Large Scale Clinical Trial Network Project, Japan and Takeda Pharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahisa Katsuno
- Department of Neurology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
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Effectiveness, pharmacokinetics, and safety of a new sustained-release leuprolide acetate 3.75-mg depot formulation for testosterone suppression in patients with prostate cancer: A phase III, open-label, international multicenter study. Clin Ther 2010; 32:744-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinthera.2010.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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BOUTELLE SM, BERTSCHINGER HJ. Reproductive management in captive and wild canids: contraception challenges. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-1090.2009.00107.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Cleverly K, Wu TJ. Is the metalloendopeptidase EC 3.4.24.15 (EP24.15), the enzyme that cleaves luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH), an activating enzyme? Reproduction 2010; 139:319-30. [DOI: 10.1530/rep-09-0117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
LHRH (GNRH) was first isolated in the mammalian hypothalamus and shown to be the primary regulator of the reproductive neuroendocrine axis comprising of the hypothalamus, pituitary and gonads. LHRH acts centrally through its initiation of pituitary gonadotrophin release. Since its discovery, this form of LHRH (LHRH-I) has been shown to be one of over 20 structural variants with a variety of roles in both the brain and peripheral tissues. LHRH-I is processed by a zinc metalloendopeptidase EC 3.4.24.15 (EP24.15) that cleaves the hormone at the fifth and sixth bond of the decapeptide (Tyr5-Gly6) to form LHRH-(1–5). We have previously reported that the auto-regulation of LHRH-I (GNRH1) gene expression and secretion can also be mediated by itself and its processed peptide, LHRH-(1–5), centrally and in peripheral tissues. In this review, we present the evidence that EP24.15 is the main enzyme of LHRH metabolism. Following this, we look at the metabolism of other neuropeptides where an active peptide fragments is formed during degradation and use this as a platform to postulate that EP24.15 may also produce an active peptide fragment in the process of breaking down LHRH. We close this review by the role EP24.15 may have in regulation of the complex LHRH system.
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Guerra Y, Lacuesta E, Marquez F, Raksin PB, Utset M, Fogelfeld L. Apoplexy in non functioning pituitary adenoma after one dose of leuprolide as treatment for prostate cancer. Pituitary 2010; 13:54-9. [PMID: 19842040 DOI: 10.1007/s11102-009-0202-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
We report the case of a 60 year old male who complained of headache and blurry vision--that progressed to left ophthalmoplegia and ptosis--after receiving a dose of leuprolide for Prostate cancer therapy. Imaging showed a hemorrhagic sellar mass. The patient underwent transsphenoidal debulking, and the tissue obtained demonstrated immunohistochemical staining for LH. A literature review revealed nine previously reported cases of pituitary apoplexy after GnRH agonist therapy for prostate cancer. In most cases, the sellar tissues stained for LH, consistent with a gonadotropinoma. The pathophysiology of these events is unclear, but recent animal models suggest possible explanations. The predominance of gonadotropinomas is important because they do not usually present with hypersecretory symptoms. Particular attention to clinical findings suggestive of a non functioning pituitary tumor in patients receiving GnRH agonist therapy is critical as routine screening with MRI is not practical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yannis Guerra
- Hospital of Cook County/Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA.
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Designing bioresorbable polyester matrices for controlled doxorubicin release in glioma therapy. Int J Pharm 2009; 382:124-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2009.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2009] [Revised: 08/19/2009] [Accepted: 08/20/2009] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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