1
|
Xi Y, Liu F, Yang J. Changes in mental health levels among Chinese athletes from 1995 to 2023. Front Psychol 2024; 15:1343522. [PMID: 38577125 PMCID: PMC10993696 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1343522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective In recent years, with the increasing intensity of sports competition and social pressure, the issue of mental health among athletes have gradually attracted attention. Understanding the changing trends of athletes' mental health is of great significance for formulating effective intervention measures and safeguarding the mental health of athletes. Methods A total of 306 articles were accumulated from September to November 2023 by selecting literature from databases that measured the mental health of Chinese athletes using the Symptom Checklist-90 (SCL-90). Based on the screening criteria, 28 articles (N = 4,227) were finally included. A cross-sectional historical meta-analysis of these 28 studies using the SCL-90 between 1995 and 2023 was conducted. Based on cross-sectional historical meta-analysis methods, specific statistical methods, such as correlation and regression analyses, were used to examine trends over time in the scores of the nine SCL-90 factors measured by the athletes in the studies, as well as athlete type and gender differences. Results (1) Athletes' scores on the depression, hostility, phobic anxiety, and paranoid ideation factors gradually increased with the change of era, and the explanation rate of the variation of each factor by era ranged from 18.8 to 27.2%; (2) During the period from 1995 to 2023, the mental health of athletes in China gradually deteriorated on the factors of depression, hostility, and phobic anxiety, the rate of change was rapid, with a medium to large magnitude (0.28-0.42); (3) The scores of female athletes on the depression and psychoticism factors scores showed a significant upward trend, while male mental health scores for each factor did not improve significantly over the years; (4) College athletes' scores on the depression, anxiety, hostility, phobic anxiety, paranoid ideation, and psychoticism factors showed an upward trend as the years changed. Conclusion Chinese athletes' mental health has been on a downward trend for the past 28 years, which needs to be a cause for concern.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yue Xi
- Key Laboratory of Adolescent Health Assessment and Exercise Intervention of Ministry of Education, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
- College of Physical Education and Health, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Fengbo Liu
- School of Physical Education, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Jian Yang
- Key Laboratory of Adolescent Health Assessment and Exercise Intervention of Ministry of Education, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
- College of Physical Education and Health, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Roberts SD, Champigny C, Feldman SJ, Flora DB, Wojtowicz M. Screening for Anxiety and Depression Symptoms Using Concussion Symptom Scales Among Varsity Athletes. Clin J Sport Med 2024; 34:105-111. [PMID: 37584442 DOI: 10.1097/jsm.0000000000001181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study examined associations between Sport Concussion Assessment Tool-5 (SCAT-5) symptom reporting and gold-standard measures of anxiety and depression, and explored the utility SCAT-5 symptom subscales to identify anxiety and depression symptomology. DESIGN Prospective cross-sectional study. SETTING York University in Toronto, Canada. PARTICIPANTS Preseason data were collected for varsity athletes (N = 296) aged between 17 and 25 years ( M = 20.01 years, SD = 1.69 years; 52% male). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The SCAT-5 symptom evaluation scale was used to assess baseline symptoms. The Generalized Anxiety Disorder Index-7 (GAD-7) and Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) were used to assess symptoms of anxiety and depression, respectively. RESULTS Endorsement of SCAT-5 symptoms of feeling anxious, sadness, irritability, and feeling more emotional had the strongest correlations with the GAD-7 ( r' s > 0.400; P' s < 0.001). Sadness, trouble falling asleep, concentration problems, feeling slowed down, anxious, irritability, mental fog, fatigue, and memory problems had the highest correlations with the PHQ-9 ( r' s >0 .400; P' s < 0.001). The Emotional subscale from the SCAT-5 predicted mild to severe anxiety on the GAD-7 ( P < 0.001). The Sleep, Cognitive, and Emotional subscales predicted mild to severe depression on the PHQ-9 ( P' s < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS These findings provide better delineation of symptoms endorsed on the SCAT-5 symptoms that aid in identification of athletes with symptoms of anxiety or depression who may be at risk for developing a clinical disorder or experiencing persistent symptoms after a concussion.
Collapse
|
3
|
Rogers DL, Tanaka MJ, Cosgarea AJ, Ginsburg RD, Dreher GM. How Mental Health Affects Injury Risk and Outcomes in Athletes. Sports Health 2024; 16:222-229. [PMID: 37326145 PMCID: PMC10916780 DOI: 10.1177/19417381231179678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
CONTEXT The importance of mental health among athletes is becoming more recognized and valued. Athletes experience symptoms of depression, anxiety, and related mental health disorders at rates similar to those of the general population, but because athletes face unique cultural and environmental pressures, such disorders are exacerbated in the context of an injury. Furthermore, we review the less well-known evidence that mental health disorders in athletes are associated with an increased risk of injury. We discuss the increasing awareness of the deficiencies in mental health support for athletes, which has been especially highlighted during the COVID-19 pandemic as well as in prominent professional and Olympic athletes, and describe both internal and external barriers to appropriate care. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION We searched PubMed for pertinent peer-reviewed studies. STUDY DESIGN Clinical review. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level 5. RESULTS There is a known psychological response to injury that can prolong recovery from musculoskeletal injury; conversely, mental health disorders in athletes are not only associated with an increased injury risk but also portend poorer outcomes subsequently, including prolonged recovery times, increased rates of injury recurrence, decreased rates of return to sport, and reduced performance upon return. Because of inherent barriers to appropriate care of athletes, including identification, stigma, and resource availability, there are currently various ongoing efforts nationally to create and implement initiatives regarding athlete mental health screening, support systems, and directed interventions to address the inextricably linked physical and mental health of athletes. CONCLUSION Athletic injury negatively impacts the mental health of athletes. Likewise, mental health can and does influence athletic performance and is also intimately tied to the risk of athletic injury, thus creating a complex cycle with inability to separate physical and mental health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Davis L Rogers
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Miho J Tanaka
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Andrew J Cosgarea
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Richard D Ginsburg
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Geoffrey M Dreher
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Gill VS, Sullivan G, Stearns H, Tummala SV, Haglin JM, Economopoulos KJ, Marks L, Chauhan M. Mental Health in Elite Athletes: A Systematic Review of Suicidal Behaviour as Compared to the General Population. Sports Med 2024:10.1007/s40279-024-01998-2. [PMID: 38407749 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-024-01998-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Previous systematic reviews on mental health in athletes have found athletes to be at a potentially increased risk for mental health diagnoses compared to the public. Multiple cross-sectional studies have examined suicide behaviour within different athlete populations, but there is a need for a comprehensive review to synthesize and identify risk factors and epidemiology regarding suicide behaviour in the elite athlete population, especially as it compares to the general population. METHODS A systematic literature search was performed in MEDLINE, EMBASE, Scopus, and Web of Science from 1990 to January 2023. Inclusion criteria included original peer-reviewed research articles examining suicidal ideation, suicide attempt, or suicide completion within elite athlete populations. Exclusion criteria included athletes participating in high-school or Paralympic level sports, studies that did not report results regarding elite athletes and non-athletes separately, and non-peer reviewed work. All studies were screened for inclusion by two independent reviewers. The primary outcome variables extracted from included studies included rates, risk factors, and protective factors for suicide behaviour. The study quality and risk of bias was evaluated for each study using the Joanna-Briggs Institute (JBI) critical appraisal tools. RESULTS Of the 875 unique studies identified, 22 studies, all of which were cross-sectional in nature, met the inclusion criteria. Seven studies evaluated previous athletes, 13 studies evaluated current athletes, and two studies included a combination of previous and current athletes. Seven studies involved varsity college athletes, nine involved professional athletes of various sports, and six focused on international or Olympic level athletes. The rate of suicidal ideation in professional athletes ranged from 6.9 to 18% across four studies, while the rate in collegiate athletes ranged from 3.7 to 6.5% across three studies. Ten studies compared athletes to the general population, the majority of which found athletes to be at reduced risk of suicidal ideation, suicide attempt, and suicide completion. Only one study found athletes to have increased rates of suicide compared to matched non-athletes. Risk factors for suicide behaviour identified across multiple studies included male sex, non-white race, older age, and depression. Player position, athletic level, sport played, and injuries showed trends of having limited effect on suicide behaviour risk. CONCLUSION This review suggests that elite athletes generally demonstrate reduced risk of suicidal ideation, suicide attempt, and suicide completion compared to the general population. Coaches should remain aware of specific factors, such as male sex, non-white race, and higher athletic level, in order to better identify at-risk athletes. Limitations of this review include the heterogeneity in the methodology and athlete populations across the included studies. Therefore, future targeted research is essential to compare suicide behaviour between sports and identify sport-specific suicide risk factors. TRIAL REGISTRATION PROSPERO Registration: CRD42023395990.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vikram S Gill
- Mayo Clinic Alix School of Medicine, Scottsdale, AZ, USA.
- Mayo Clinic, 5777 East Mayo Boulevard, Phoenix, AZ, 85054, USA.
| | | | - Hunter Stearns
- Mayo Clinic Alix School of Medicine, Scottsdale, AZ, USA
| | | | - Jack M Haglin
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | | | - Lisa Marks
- Mayo Clinic Alix School of Medicine, Scottsdale, AZ, USA
| | - Mohit Chauhan
- Department of Psychiatry, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Uzzell KS, Knight CJ, Pankow K, Hill DM. Wellbeing in high-performance swimming: A grounded theory study. Psychol Sport Exerc 2024; 70:102557. [PMID: 37944742 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychsport.2023.102557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
The demands of elite sport have the potential to negatively impact on athletes' wellbeing (e.g., Arnold & Fletcher, 2012; Rice et al., 2016). Despite this, not all elite athletes experience detrimental effects, rather some individuals thrive in an elite sports environment. The reasons why some athletes experience positive wellbeing while others struggle remains unclear although, in part, due to methodological limitations of previous research. To overcome these limitations, the purpose of the current study was to examine how change in high-performance swimmers' wellbeing occurs. Grounded theory methodology was used to enable examination of processes of change. Semi-structured interviews with 22 current and five retired swimmers, eight coaches, and seven support staff were used to generate data alongside observations and field notes. The resultant theory illustrated how a dominant performance narrative influenced the development and maintenance of an exclusive swimmer identity that was tied to performance. Specifically, transitions were highlighted as critical points where wellbeing was likely to be affected, due to the increased potential for change and uncertainty to impact on performance and subsequently identity. However, the use of proactive coping strategies, such as anticipating and planning, as well as accessing and utilising appropriate support were shown to help minimise the impact on wellbeing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katie S Uzzell
- Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Swansea University, UK
| | - Camilla J Knight
- Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Swansea University, UK; Department of Sport Science and Physical Education, University of Agder, Norway.
| | - Kurtis Pankow
- Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Swansea University, UK
| | - Denise M Hill
- Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Swansea University, UK
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Reardon CL, Gorczynski P, Hainline B, Hitchcock M, Rice S. Anxiety Disorders in Athletes. Clin Sports Med 2024; 43:33-52. [PMID: 37949513 DOI: 10.1016/j.csm.2023.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Athletes and non-athletes experience many anxiety-related symptoms and disorders at comparable rates. Contributory factors may include pressure to perform, public scrutiny, sporting career dissatisfaction, injury, and harassment and abuse in sport. Anxiety may negatively impact sport performance. Specific types of anxiety may have unique presentations in athletes. It is important to rule out general medical and substance-related causes of anxiety symptoms. Psychotherapy and pharmacology treatment options should be considered, bearing in mind athletes' environmental circumstances and physiologies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claudia L Reardon
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, 6001 Research Park Boulevard, Madison, WI 53719, USA.
| | - Paul Gorczynski
- Psychology and Counselling, School of Human Sciences, University of Greenwich, Old Royal Naval College, Park Row, Greenwich SE10 9LS, UK
| | - Brian Hainline
- National Collegiate Athletic Association, 700 West Washington Street, PO Box 6222, Indianapolis, IN 46206, USA
| | - Mary Hitchcock
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Ebling Library for the Health Sciences, 2339 Health Sciences Learning Center, 750 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Simon Rice
- Orygen, 35 Poplar Road, Parkville, Melbourne, Australia; Centre for Youth Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Locked Bag 10, Parkville, Melbourne, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Edwards CD. Management of Mental Health Challenges in Athletes: Screening, Pharmacology, and Behavioral Approaches. Clin Sports Med 2024; 43:13-31. [PMID: 37949507 DOI: 10.1016/j.csm.2023.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Athletes are incredibly motivated and perpetually pursuing dominance in skill, strength, endurance, and execution-often while balancing many additional responsibilities. Despite the appearance of living fun, luxurious, care-free lifestyles, they are vulnerable to exceptional stressors and the same mental health challenges as the general population. The use of screening tools and assessment guided by a biopsychosocial framework can assist in understanding the factors that contribute to the athlete's mental health status. This can facilitate the development of a targeted management approach to mental health challenges.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carla D Edwards
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton West 5th Campus, Administration B3, 100 West 5th Street, Hamilton, Ontario L8N 3K7, Canada. https://twitter.com/Edwards10Carla
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Abstract
Though research is inconclusive in being able to determine if young athletes are more or less likely to suffer from mental health disorders compared with their non-athlete peers, there are important psychological considerations that are unique to the athletic population. This includes depression in the context of overtraining and burnout, performance anxiety, perfectionism, psychological sequalae of concussion, and injury as an independent risk factor for depression, anxiety, post-traumatic stress, and high-risk behaviors. Optimization of mental health care in youth athletes requires continued efforts to improve mental health literacy, decrease stigma, encourage help-seeking behaviors, and advance the routine implementation of effective screening practices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mary M Daley
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Division of Sports Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, 3401 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - Claudia L Reardon
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, 6001 Research Park Boulevard, Madison, WI 53719, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Abstract
Depressive disorders in athletes are thought to be at least as common as the general population. However, athletes have a unique set of risk factors that can affect the likelihood of developing depression. Screening tools have been developed specifically for athletes such as the Sport Mental Health Assessment Tool (SMHAT). The management of the depressed athlete should involve an individualized approach, with methods such as counseling, interpersonal therapy, or cognitive behavioral therapy being used. Some may require antidepressant medication. Depressive disorders are also linked to sucidality in athletes, and the team physician and sporting organisation should have a crisis management plan in place for mental health emergencies. Tackling the stigma that remains in sport is a key part to improving mental wellbeing for all athletes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Beable
- High Performance Sport New Zealand, Axis Sports Medicine Specialists, 15/5 Hawthorne Drive, Queenstown 9304, New Zealand.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Stewart AJ, Charles Malveaux WMS, Vieux U. Sports Psychiatry: Assuring a Diverse Workforce in an Area of Increasing Professional Interest. Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am 2024; 33:e1-e15. [PMID: 38342555 DOI: 10.1016/j.chc.2023.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/13/2024]
Abstract
Athletes at all levels of participation, including athletes of color, have no natural immunity to mental health challenges. There is considerable evidence to support that no matter the level of participation, athletic identity including race, may be linked to psychological distress. This article provides the clinical context needed to offer therapeutic interventions to athletes and recommendations for how training programs can prepare psychiatrists for this work and opportunities for future development and inclusion of psychiatrists as members of the "medical" team, especially when working to address the needs of the increasingly diverse population of athletes today.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Altha J Stewart
- Women's National Basketball Association (WNBA), University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 66 North Pauline Street, Suite 205, Memphis, TN 38163, USA.
| | | | - Ulrick Vieux
- Child and Adolescent Training and Education at Hackensack University Medical Center (HMH), 87 Route 17 North, Suite 1-118, Maywood, NJ 07607, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Colangelo J, Smith A, Buadze A, Liebrenz M. "There just isn't any other option-so we just have to put up with it": mental health in women's cycling and the necessity of structural change. Front Sports Act Living 2023; 5:1270957. [PMID: 38033654 PMCID: PMC10687357 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2023.1270957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Historically, bicycle riding connoted freedom, independence, and enhanced mental and physical wellbeing for women. Persevering through criticism and moral panic, female cyclists have been competitive since the late 19th century-many earning substantial prize money and prestige. Unfortunately, this progress was not linear in its trajectory and contemporary professional women's cycling continues to be pervaded by structural and cultural challenges, which can have deleterious effects on athlete mental health. Notably, socioeconomic pressures endure, like unstable employment terms, limited team support, and role conflicts. Furthermore, sexual harassment, body shaming, and manipulation may characterize women's experiences with their coaches and teams. Sizable investment gaps between men's and women's teams and competitions often underpin these scenarios of disadvantage. Alongside hindering the development of women's cycling, these adverse circumstances may induce psychosocial risk factors. Within this context, by highlighting sport-specific and sex-specific considerations, the emerging subdiscipline of sports psychiatry can be valuable for protecting and promoting athlete welfare in women's cycling. Raising awareness about extant symptoms, vulnerabilities, contributing behaviours, and systemic issues, can bolster efforts to develop better conditions and care equivalence. To that end, this perspective article draws upon anecdotal and scholarly evidence to provide an overview of psychiatric concerns in women's professional cycling. This informs recommended strategies to improve mental health and advance equality within the sport, which should involve actions from several stakeholders, such as athletes, teams, and governing bodies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jill Colangelo
- Department of Forensic Psychiatry, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Alexander Smith
- Department of Forensic Psychiatry, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Anna Buadze
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michael Liebrenz
- Department of Forensic Psychiatry, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Putukian M, Yeates KO. Clinical Commentary: Depression and Anxiety in Adolescent and Young Adult Athletes. J Athl Train 2023; 58:681-686. [PMID: 37971042 DOI: 10.4085/1062-6050-0658.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Mental health (MH) symptoms and disorders are common in adolescents and young adults, and athletes may be at risk due to sport-specific triggers such as injury or illness as well as stressors related to performance, transition, or retirement from sport. Anxiety and depression are reported frequently in this age group, and early recognition and treatment can improve outcomes. The medical team (eg, athletic trainers or therapists, team physicians) should be familiar with the symptoms of depression and anxiety, recognize "red flags" for these symptoms and disorders, and seek to provide screening assessments and develop MH plans and MH emergency action plans. As a part of their scope of practice, team physicians should have the initial assessment and management of patients with these MH conditions and appreciate the importance of referrals to other MH providers with expertise caring for athletes. Athletic trainers are often the first point of contact for athletes who may be experiencing MH symptoms and therefore play a key role in early recognition and referrals to team physicians for early diagnosis and treatment. Additional resources that provide more in-depth information regarding the treatment and management of anxiety and depression are provided herein.
Collapse
|
13
|
Donohue B, Scott J, Goodwin G, Barchard KA, Bohall G, Allen DN. Initial examination of the mental health disorders: screening instrument for athletes. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1029229. [PMID: 37599751 PMCID: PMC10436329 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1029229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction There is a need to psychometrically develop assessment instruments capable of screening mental health disorders in athlete populations. The current study was conducted to determine reliability, validity and clinical utility of the Mental Health Disorders Screening Instrument for Athletes (MHDSIA). Methods and results 259 collegiate athletes completed the MHDSIA. Factor analysis determined a single factor with good internal consistency, and this factor was positively correlated with an established measure of psychiatric symptomology (Symptom Checklist 90-R), demonstrating its concurrent validity. An optimum clinical cutoff score (i.e., 32) was determined using Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) analyses to assist appropriate mental health referrals. Discussion Results suggest the MHSIA is a reliable, valid, and relatively quick and easy to interpret screen for the broad spectrum of mental health disorders in collegiate athletes. As expected, NCAA athletes reported lower MHDSIA scores than club and intramural athletes, while males reported similar severity scores as females.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brad Donohue
- Department of Psychology, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV, United States
| | - Jesse Scott
- Department of Psychology, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV, United States
| | - Grace Goodwin
- Department of Psychology, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV, United States
| | - Kimberly A. Barchard
- Department of Psychology, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV, United States
| | - Greg Bohall
- The Chicago School of Professional Psychology, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Daniel N. Allen
- Department of Psychology, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV, United States
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Vasiliu O. Current trends and perspectives in the exploration of anorexia athletica-clinical challenges and therapeutic considerations. Front Nutr 2023; 10:1214398. [PMID: 37528996 PMCID: PMC10389266 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1214398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Elite athletes are exposed to a considerable amount of physical and psychological stress throughout their entire professional life, but the exploration of the consequences of this stressful regimen on mental health is still in its early stages. Eating disorders (EDs), substance use disorders, and behavioral addictions represent only several domains that are worth more investigation in this vulnerable population, in order to find preventative and therapeutic strategies. The exploration of EDs in athletes is important because this population is very vulnerable to the impact that weight and body shape may have on their professional performances, and epidemiological studies support this concern, i.e., the prevalence of EDs in athletes is significantly higher than in the general population. This article is dedicated to the synthesis of available data regarding a specific pathology reported in elite athletes, i.e., anorexia athletica (AA), based on a narrative reviewing methodology. The information about risk factors, pathophysiology, positive and differential diagnosis, epidemiology, structured evaluation, and treatment of AA have been summarized and future research directions have been highlighted. While tentative diagnostic criteria for AA and a self-administered questionnaire exist, its pathophysiology is still insufficiently explored, and the treatment is not based on good-quality trials. According to the retrieved data, more research targeting the physical and mental health of elite athletes, especially those practicing esthetic sports, is needed, in order to implement adequate screening and early intervention programs. Future studies targeting various sub-populations of elite athletes, i.e., esthetic vs. non-esthetic sports, individuals presenting a history of ED vs. those without such a history, and those practicing individual sports vs. team sports are needed to reach the objective of improving the quality of life in this population.
Collapse
|
15
|
Brown KR, Quinton ML, Tidmarsh G, Cumming J. Athletes' access to, attitudes towards and experiences of help-seeking for mental health: a scoping review protocol. BMJ Open 2023; 13:e062279. [PMID: 37024251 PMCID: PMC10083771 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2022-062279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Athletes are not immune to mental health issues but are less likely to seek help than non-athletes and experience barriers including lack of access to services, lack of knowledge as to how to access services and negative past experiences for help-seeking. Formal (eg, university counsellors, general practitioners and psychologists) and semi-formal (eg, academic tutor, sports coach and physiotherapist) sources of support provided in healthcare, the sport context and higher education are key places for athletes to seek help for mental health, and there is a need to synthesise the evidence on athletes' access, attitudes to and experiences of these services, to understand how to improve these services specific to athletes' mental health needs. This protocol outlines a scoping review that will be used to map the evidence, identify gaps in the literature and summarise findings on athletes' access, attitudes to and experiences of help-seeking for their mental health. METHODS AND ANALYSIS The methodological frameworks of Arksey and O'Malley (2005), Levac et al (2010) and the Joanna Briggs Institute (2020 and 2021) were used to inform this scoping review protocol alongside the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic review and Meta-Analysis Protocols checklist and published scoping review protocols within sport and health. The six stages of Arksey and O'Malley's (2005) framework have been used for this scoping review. The searches were conducted between 30 March 2022 and 3 April 2022 in the following databases: APA PsycINFO (via OVID), Embase (via Ovid), MEDLINE (via Ovid), APA PsycArticles Full Text (via OVID), Web of Science Core Collection, SPORTDiscus (via EBSCO), CINAHL (via EBSCO), Scopus, ProQuest (Education Database), ProQuest (Education Collection), ProQuest (Health & Medical Collection), ProQuest (Nursing & Allied Health database), ProQuest (Psychology Database), ProQuest (Public Health Database) and ProQuest (Sports Medicine & Education). The main inclusion criteria of this review are: papers that focus on past help-seeking behaviour, attitudes towards help-seeking and future behavioural intentions, papers that refer to formal and semi-formal sources of support and peer-reviewed literature, primary research articles, systematic or scoping reviews and interventions. During title and abstract screening and full-text review, at least two reviewers will be involved. Data to be extracted from studies includes: details of the study population, whether the paper focuses on formal and/or semi-formal sources of support and whether the focus is on access, attitudes or experiences to help-seeking for mental health. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION The evidence will be mapped numerically and through content analysis to describe studies and highlight key concepts, themes and gaps in the literature. The published scoping review will be disseminated to relevant stakeholders and policymakers including those in healthcare, the sporting context and the higher education system. The resulting outputs will be in the form of both peer-reviewed and non-peer reviewed publications (eg, multimedia in the form of a blog post and at conferences). The dissemination plan will be informed by patient and public involvement. Ethics approval was not required for this study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kirsty R Brown
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Mary L Quinton
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Grace Tidmarsh
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Jennifer Cumming
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Institute of Mental Health, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Ma H, Tian Q. Application of nitrogen-doped carbon particles modified electrode for electrochemical determination of tetrazepam as muscle relaxant drug. INT J ELECTROCHEM SC 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijoes.2023.100084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
|
17
|
Neumann DL, Piatkowski TM, Moffitt RL, Minahan CL. The mental health of elite athletes in developing nations of the greater Oceania region. Australian Psychologist 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/00050067.2022.2130027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David L. Neumann
- School of Applied Psychology, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia
| | - Timothy M. Piatkowski
- School of Applied Psychology, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia
- College of Health & Human Sciences, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Australia
| | | | - Clare L. Minahan
- School of Health Sciences & Social Work, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Muacevic A, Adler JR. Mental Health and Substance Use in NCAA Athletes in the Context of the COVID-19 Pandemic and Lockdown. Cureus 2022; 14:e29836. [PMID: 36337773 PMCID: PMC9625076 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.29836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Although the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic had pervasive effects on the lives of individuals, its influence on the mental health of collegiate athletes remains unknown. This study aimed to assess changes in mental health and substance use in National Collegiate Athlete Association (NCAA) Division I athletes in Southern California during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methodology An online survey was created using the Qualtrics software (Qualtrics, Provo, Utah). NCAA Division I athletes in Southern California completed preseason surveys querying indices of mental health, substance use, and injury in the year before the COVID-19 pandemic (March 2019 to March 2020) and during the pandemic (March 2020 to March 2021). The athletes filled out the survey from June 2021 to September 2021. Participants were asked how likely they were to agree with the following statements: I have felt physically prepared for athletic competitions, I have been satisfied with my mental health, and I have had adequate sleep. Participants were also asked to compare their substance use between the two time periods. Sociodemographic information regarding participants' age, gender, sports team, as well as year in sport and school was also collected. Group comparison analyses were performed using Fisher's exact test. Correlations between mental health measures and other variables were examined using Spearman's correlation coefficients. Results A total of 189 athletes completed the survey (out of the 259 surveys that were started). Females were significantly less likely to feel satisfied with mental health (p < 0.01) and physically prepared for sport (p < 0.01). Across all respondents, satisfaction with mental health was positively correlated with adequate sleep (p < 0.01) and physical preparedness for sport (p < 0.01) and negatively correlated with injury (p < 0.05). There was no significant correlation between mental health status and history of COVID-19 infection (p = 0.84). The vast majority of athletes reported no significant change in substance use pre- to post-pandemic, with no differences according to sex. Conclusions The COVID-19 pandemic had a differential impact on the mental health of female versus male NCAA athletes. Mental health was correlated with sleep, physical preparedness, and being injury-free but not with a history of COVID-19 infection. Despite reports indicating increased substance use in the general population, athletes in this group reported no change in licit and illicit substance use.
Collapse
|
19
|
Jasser J, Patel DR, Beenen KT. The Role of Psychologists in Sport Medicine Practice. Pediatr Clin North Am 2022; 69:975-988. [PMID: 36207107 DOI: 10.1016/j.pcl.2022.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Young athletes face a unique set of stressors from nonathletes that require careful screening and management. Internalizing disorders, substance use, overtraining, eating disorders, the female athlete triad, and sport-related injury are some psychological issues related to sports participation. Young athletes experiencing these conditions may experience functional impairment and distress on and off the field and management of these concerns includes routine screening and intervention. Embedding a psychologist within a pediatric sports medicine clinic improves patients' access to psychological screenings, early identification, and early intervention for these concerns athletes face.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Judy Jasser
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Western Michigan University, Homer Stryker M.D. School of Medicine, 1000 Oakland Drive, Kalamazoo, MI 49008, USA.
| | - Dilip R Patel
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Western Michigan University, Homer Stryker M.D. School of Medicine, 1000 Oakland Drive, Kalamazoo, MI 49008, USA
| | - Katherine T Beenen
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Western Michigan University, Homer Stryker M.D. School of Medicine, 1000 Oakland Drive, Kalamazoo, MI 49008, USA
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Greydanus DE, Ergun-Longmire B, Cabral MD, Patel DR, Dickson CA. Psychosocial aspects of sports medicine in pediatric athletes: Current concepts in the 21 st century. Dis Mon 2022;:101482. [PMID: 36100481 DOI: 10.1016/j.disamonth.2022.101482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Behavioral aspects of organized sports activity for pediatric athletes are considered in a world consumed with winning at all costs. In the first part of this treatise, we deal with a number of themes faced by our children in their sports play. These concepts include the lure of sports, sports attrition, the mental health of pediatric athletes (i.e., effects of stress, anxiety, depression, suicide in athletes, ADHD and stimulants, coping with injuries, drug use, and eating disorders), violence in sports (i.e., concepts of the abused athlete including sexual abuse), dealing with supervisors (i.e., coaches, parents), peers, the talented athlete, early sports specialization and sports clubs. In the second part of this discussion, we cover ergolytic agents consumed by young athletes in attempts to win at all costs. Sports doping agents covered include anabolic steroids (anabolic-androgenic steroids or AAS), androstenedione, dehydroepiandrostenedione (DHEA), human growth hormone (hGH; also its human recombinant homologue: rhGH), clenbuterol, creatine, gamma hydroxybutyrate (GHB), amphetamines, caffeine and ephedrine. Also considered are blood doping that includes erythropoietin (EPO) and concepts of gene doping. In the last section of this discussion, we look at disabled pediatric athletes that include such concepts as athletes with spinal cord injuries (SCIs), myelomeningocele, cerebral palsy, wheelchair athletes, and amputee athletes; also covered are pediatric athletes with visual impairment, deafness, and those with intellectual disability including Down syndrome. In addition, concepts of autonomic dysreflexia, boosting and atlantoaxial instability are emphasized. We conclude that clinicians and society should protect our precious pediatric athletes who face many challenges in their involvement with organized sports in a world obsessed with winning. There is much we can do to help our young athletes find benefit from sports play while avoiding or blunting negative consequences of organized sport activities.
Collapse
|
21
|
Jacobs E, Keegan RJ. Sustaining optimal performance when the stakes could not be higher: Emotional awareness and resilience in emergency service personnel (with learnings for elite sport). Front Psychol 2022; 13:891585. [PMID: 36118503 PMCID: PMC9472212 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.891585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Emergency services personnel are a high stress occupation, being frequently confronted with highly consequential stressors and expected to perform: without fault; under high pressure; and in unpredictable circumstances. Research often invokes similarities between the experiences of emergency services personnel and elite athletes, opening up the possibility of transferring learnings between these contexts. Both roles involve genuine risks to emotional wellbeing because their occupations involve significant stress. Similarly, both roles face obstacles and injury, and their “success” is dependent on high-quality execution of their skills under pressure. As such, both occupations are required to have resilience and effective coping abilities to ensure psychological well-being. Researchers suggest emotional awareness may be a key variable in the management and maintenance of resilience. This study: (1) explored the experiences of emergency services personnel; (2) characterised connections between emotional awareness and resilience; and (3) reflected on the ways these findings can be extrapolated to elite athletes. We analysed 11 interviews with emergency services personnel. Participants identified resilience as crucial when coping with stress, however, many defined resilience as remaining unaffected by stress rather than, for example, managing and responding to it. Participants defined emotional awareness as understanding their emotions, and they recognised associated benefits for coping, resilience, and burnout. Nevertheless, most participants did not engage in practices to improve their emotional awareness. Barriers, such as maladaptive beliefs and help-seeking stigma, interfered with participants’ ability to cultivate emotional awareness, to promote resilience. In contrast, some participants described profound improvements in resilience and coping following the cultivation of emotional awareness. This finding illustrates that systemic change must target the individual, team, and organisation to correct misperceptions about resilience, emotional awareness, and psychological help-seeking. Developing emotional awareness may help emergency services personnel and other high stress occupations like elite athletes process difficult experiences and enhance their resilience, promoting well-being, and career longevity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emily Jacobs
- Faculty of Health, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT, Australia
- *Correspondence: Emily Jacobs,
| | - Richard J. Keegan
- Faculty of Health, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT, Australia
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise, Faculty of Health, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Ströhle A, Bendau A, Augustin N, Esch AD, Große J, Kaminski J, Petzold MB, Plag J, Schmidt M, Schütte M, Strehle N, Wendt N. [Sports psychiatry and psychotherapy]. Nervenarzt 2022; 93:742-753. [PMID: 35781520 DOI: 10.1007/s00115-022-01342-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Sports psychiatry and psychotherapy is a relatively young field and is comprised of two key segments: the special features of the diagnostics and therapy of mental disorders in elite athletes and the use of exercise and sports in the development and treatment of mental disorders. Although all mental disorders can in principle also occur in (elite) athletes, there are additionally sport-specific mental disorders, such as anorexia athletica and other eating disorders, chronic traumatic encephalopathy, misuse of and dependency on performance-enhancing substances (doping) and muscle dysmorphia. Many high-quality clinical trials over the past two decades have been able to demonstrate a therapeutic efficacy of physical activity and sport in the treatment of various mental disorders. All clinicians active in psychiatry and psychotherapy should possess a basic knowledge of sports psychiatry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Ströhle
- Klinik für Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Deutschland.
| | - Antonia Bendau
- Klinik für Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Deutschland
- HMU Health and Medical University Potsdam, Potsdam, Deutschland
| | - Noah Augustin
- Klinik für Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Deutschland
| | - Anna Dania Esch
- Klinik für Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Deutschland
| | - Julia Große
- Klinik für Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Deutschland
| | - Jan Kaminski
- Klinik für Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Deutschland
- Psychologisches Institut, Deutsche Sporthochschule Köln, Köln, Deutschland
| | - Moritz Bruno Petzold
- Klinik für Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Deutschland
| | - Jens Plag
- Klinik für Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Deutschland
- Klinik für Psychiatrie, Psychotherapie und Psychosomatik, Alexianer Krankenhaus Hedwigshöhe, Berlin, Deutschland
| | - Maike Schmidt
- Klinik für Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Deutschland
| | - Martina Schütte
- Klinik für Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Deutschland
- Zentrum für praktische Sportpsychologie, Universität Potsdam, Potsdam, Deutschland
| | - Nicola Strehle
- Klinik für Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Deutschland
| | - Nora Wendt
- Klinik für Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Deutschland
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Forys WJ, Tokuhama-Espinosa T. The Athlete’s Paradox: Adaptable Depression. Sports (Basel) 2022; 10:sports10070105. [PMID: 35878116 PMCID: PMC9320389 DOI: 10.3390/sports10070105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
We proposed that an athlete’s depressive symptoms may be different from the general population in etiology if considered from the context of a depressive disorder. By shifting focus from a limited notion of symptoms onto a comprehensive model of depression, the full scope of the phenomenon becomes clearer. This paper investigated the relationship between neurotransmitters and allostatic load to explain the incidence of depression among elite athletes. This literature review extensively analyzed exercise-induced neurohormonal imbalance resulting in depressive states among athletes. The research revealed that 5-HTTLPR polymorphism, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), extensive psychological demands, social stigma, and overtraining syndrome (OTS) may all contribute to a unique version of depression. The research revealed that the biological standards of athletes differ from those of non-athletes, to the point that the new model may be useful, thereby introducing the new term “Adaptable Depression (AD)” to the literature. This framework suggests a new direction for future research to precisely measure the neurotransmitter-related brain changes that result in “Adaptable Depression” in athletes and to establish a better understanding of the depressive tipping point.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weronika Jasmina Forys
- Division of Continuing Education, Harvard University, 51 Brattle Street, Cambridge, MA 01238, USA
- Correspondence:
| | - Tracey Tokuhama-Espinosa
- Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Extension School, Harvard University, 51 Brattle Street, Cambridge, MA 01238, USA;
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Voravuth N, Chua EW, Tuan Mahmood TM, Lim MC, Wan Puteh SE, Safii NS, Wong JE, Jamil AT, Jamal JA, Shamsuddin AF, Mhd Ali A. Engaging community pharmacists to eliminate inadvertent doping in sports: A study of their knowledge on doping. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0268878. [PMID: 35687540 PMCID: PMC9187095 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0268878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the community pharmacists’ knowledge of tackling the issue of inadvertent doping in Malaysia. A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 384 community pharmacists working in Malaysia using a self-administered questionnaire. All the respondents were pharmacists fully registered with the Pharmacy Board of Malaysia and had been working in the community setting for at least one year. Of the 426 community pharmacists approached, 384 community pharmacists participated in this study, giving a response rate of 90.14%. The majority of the respondents were females (63.5%), graduated from local universities (74.9%), with median years of practising as a community pharmacist of six years (interquartile range, IQR = 9 years). The respondents were found to have moderate levels of doping-related knowledge (median score of 52 out of 100). Anabolic steroids (95.8%), stimulants (78.6%) and growth factors (65.6%) were recognised as prohibited substances by most of the respondents. Around 65.9% did not recognise that inadvertent doping is also considered a doping violation. Most of them (90%) also have poor levels of knowledge of doping scenarios in the country. Community pharmacists in Malaysia have limited knowledge in the field of doping. More programmes and activities related to doping and drugs in sports should be held to enhance the community pharmacists’ knowledge on the issue of inadvertent doping.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nontharit Voravuth
- Centre for Quality Management of Medicines, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Eng Wee Chua
- Drug and Herbal Research Centre, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Tuan Mazlelaa Tuan Mahmood
- Centre for Quality Management of Medicines, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Ming Chiang Lim
- Centre for Quality Management of Medicines, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Hospital Sultan Haji Ahmad Shah, Temerloh, Pahang, Ministry of Health, Malaysia
| | | | - Nik Shanita Safii
- Centre for Community Health Studies, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Jyh Eiin Wong
- Centre for Community Health Studies, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Ahmad Taufik Jamil
- Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Sungai Buloh Campus, Sungai Buloh, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Jamia Azdina Jamal
- Drug and Herbal Research Centre, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Ahmad Fuad Shamsuddin
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Universiti Kuala Lumpur Royal College of Medicine Perak, Ipoh, Perak, Malaysia
- * E-mail: (AMA); (AFS)
| | - Adliah Mhd Ali
- Centre for Quality Management of Medicines, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- * E-mail: (AMA); (AFS)
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Timpka T, Dahlström Ö, Fagher K, Adami PE, Andersson C, Jacobsson J, Svedin CG, Bermon S. Vulnerability and stressors on the pathway to depression in a global cohort of young athletics (track and field) athletes. Sci Rep 2022; 12:7901. [PMID: 35552502 PMCID: PMC9098515 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-12145-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
This research set out to identify pathways from vulnerability and stressors to depression in a global population of young athletes. Retrospective data were collected at age 18-19 years from Athletics athletes (n = 1322) originating from Africa, Asia, Europe, Oceania, and the Americas. We hypothesised that sports-related and non-sports-related stressors in interaction with structural vulnerability instigate depression. Path modelling using Maximum likelihood estimation was employed for the data analysis. Depression caseness and predisposition were determined using the WHO-5 instrument. Thirty-six percent of the athletes (n = 480) returned complete data. Eighteen percent of the athletes reported lifetime physical abuse, while 11% reported sexual abuse. Forty-five percent of the athletes had recently sustained an injury. The prevalence of depression caseness was 5.6%. Pathways to depression caseness were observed from female sex (p = 0.037) and injury history (p = 0.035) and to predisposition for depression also through exposure to a patriarchal society (p = 0.046) and physical abuse (p < 0.001). We conclude that depression in a global population of young athletes was as prevalent as previously reported from general populations, and that universal mental health promotion in youth sports should include provision of equal opportunities for female and male participants, injury prevention, and interventions for abuse prevention and victim support.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Toomas Timpka
- Athletics Research Center, Linköping University, 581 83, Linköping, Sweden.
- Department of Health, Medicine, and Caring Sciences, Linköping University, 581 83, Linköping, Sweden.
| | - Örjan Dahlström
- Athletics Research Center, Linköping University, 581 83, Linköping, Sweden
- Department of Behavioural Sciences and Learning, Linköping University, 581 83, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Kristina Fagher
- Athletics Research Center, Linköping University, 581 83, Linköping, Sweden
- Department of Health Sciences, Rehabilitation Medicine Research Group, Lund University, 221 00, Lund, Sweden
| | - Paolo Emilio Adami
- World Athletics, Health and Science Department, 98007, Monte Carlo, Monaco
- University of Rome "Foro Italico", 00135, Rome, Italy
| | - Christer Andersson
- Athletics Research Center, Linköping University, 581 83, Linköping, Sweden
- Department of Health, Medicine, and Caring Sciences, Linköping University, 581 83, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Jenny Jacobsson
- Athletics Research Center, Linköping University, 581 83, Linköping, Sweden
- Department of Health, Medicine, and Caring Sciences, Linköping University, 581 83, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Carl Göran Svedin
- Athletics Research Center, Linköping University, 581 83, Linköping, Sweden
- Department of Social Science, Marie Cederschiöld University, 100 61, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Stéphane Bermon
- World Athletics, Health and Science Department, 98007, Monte Carlo, Monaco
- LAMHESS, Université Côte d'Azur, 06205, Nice Cedex 03, France
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Kremžar Jovanović B, Smrdu M, Holnthaner R, Kajtna T. Elite Sport and Sustainable Psychological Well-Being. Sustainability 2022; 14:2705. [DOI: 10.3390/su14052705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
There is conflicting evidence that sport plays a protective role in the development of psychopathological disorders and contributes to the sustainability of mental health. The aim of the present study was to determine the prevalence of mental disorders among elite Slovenian athletes. We were interested in the prevalence of depression, anxiety, suicide risk, substance abuse, and eating disorders among athletes of both sexes and among athletes of individual and team sports aged 18 years or older. A total of 97 elite athletes participated in the study. We used PAI and EDI-3 questionnaires, and the study also included a control group of 90 non-athletes, matched in gender and age to the target group of elite athletes. Testing was conducted in 2020 and 2021. The comparison between elite athletes and the normative group showed a similar expression of depressive and anxious symptomatology. The athletes have a more pronounced drive for thinness and are more expansive, self-confident, and confident of their abilities compared to the control group. A total of 14% of the athletes show self-confidence to the point of self-grandiosity. Male athletes are more likely to use alcohol and other psychoactive substances and are also more impulsive and risk-taking, while female athletes are at higher risk of developing eating disorders. The study suggests that the prevalence of mental disorders in elite athletes is as high as in the general population. There is an urgent need to sustainably ensure the psychological well-being of athletes.
Collapse
|
27
|
Abstract
OBJECTIVES There is overlap between the typical age of onset of bipolar disorder (BD) and the age of peak athletic success. Additionally, eating disorders (EDs) are prevalent psychiatric disorders in athletes. Despite the relevance of both disorders in this population, there remains a need for treatment guidelines, especially when present as comorbidities given the complex interplay between them. METHODS This report provides background information and utilizes a case report to explore the presentation and treatment of BD comorbid with an ED in an athlete. It specifically highlights the case of an elite female long-distance runner utilizing a multidisciplinary approach specific to the patient's unique needs as an athlete. RESULTS Treatment of this elite athlete utilized strategic pharmacotherapy taking into consideration her training and competition cycles. At 16 week follow-up, the patient was psychiatrically stable, experienced improvement in her running and felt confident in choosing to stay on medication and continue her running career. CONCLUSION It is important for providers who work with high-level athletes to provide treatment choices that allow athletes to safely and successfully continue their sport while adequately treating their mental illness. Treatment guidelines that increasingly take into consideration complex psychiatric comorbidities and nuanced pharmacologic approaches are needed in order to advance the field of sports psychiatry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Claudia L Reardon
- School of Medicine and Public Health Department of Psychiatry, University Health Services, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Grasdalsmoen M, Clarsen B, Sivertsen B. Mental Health in Elite Student Athletes: Exploring the Link Between Training Volume and Mental Health Problems in Norwegian College and University Students. Front Sports Act Living 2022; 4:817757. [PMID: 35178515 PMCID: PMC8844557 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2022.817757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives To examine mental health problems among elite athletes in a student population, compared to the general student population, and to explore the association between weekly hours of training across mental health indicators. Methods Data are from a national study from 2018 of all college and university students in Norway. Participants indicated if they considered themselves to be an elite athlete, and how many hours per week they trained. Mental health problems were assessed using several well-validated questionnaires. Results Among 50,054 students, 1.3% identified themselves as elite athletes. Both male and female elite athletes had generally better mental health across most health outcomes, reporting fewer mental health problems, less loneliness, higher satisfaction with life, more positive affect, and fewer alcohol problems. Elite athletes in team sports had slightly better mental health compared to athletes of individual sports. Increased hours of weekly exercise was associated with better mental health. However, there was generally little to be gained from increasing the amount of training from 7–10 hours/week to 14+ hours per week. Female athletes who trained 14 or more hours per week reported poorer mental health across most outcome measures. Conclusion This study showed that both male and female elite athletes generally had better mental health across a range of health outcomes, when compared to the general student population. The study also found a positive dose-response relationship between weekly hours of training and mental health, but also a worsening of mental health for females at the extreme end of exercise continuum. The self-report nature of this student sample means that care should be taken when generalizing to other studies of elite athletes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Grasdalsmoen
- Department of Sport, Food and Natural Sciences, Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, Bergen, Norway
| | - Benjamin Clarsen
- Sports Trauma Research Center, Department of Sports Medicine, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Disease Burden, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Bergen, Norway
| | - Børge Sivertsen
- Department of Health Promotion, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Research & Innovation, Helse Fonna HF, Haugesund, Norway
- Department of Mental Health, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- *Correspondence: Børge Sivertsen
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Hirschbeck A, Leao DS, Wagner E, Hasan A, Roeh A. Psychiatric medication and physical performance parameters - Are there implications for treatment? Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:985983. [PMID: 36147967 PMCID: PMC9488519 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.985983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The impact of psychiatric medications and their enhancing or impairing effects on physical performance remains inconclusive. Therefore, with this systematic review we provide a comprehensive overview of frequently used psychotropic drugs and their effects on physical performance for the purpose of providing empirical information and deriving prescription and therapy recommendations for clinical practice. METHODS We systematically searched PubMed, PsycInfo, and Cochrane databases and extracted human studies investigating the effect of psychotropic drugs on parameters associated with the level of physical performance, such as exercise time, oxygen consumption, heart rate, muscle contraction or blood lactate concentration in physically healthy participants. 36 studies - comprising a broad range of psychotropic agents, such as antidepressants, antipsychotics, sedatives, and stimulants - were selected for final analyses. RESULTS Most studies (N = 32) were randomized controlled trials (RCT) with a double-blind crossover design. Antidepressants (N = 21) were the most frequently studied drug class, with contradictory results e.g., performance enhancement in warm environment but not in temperate conditions for bupropion or inconsistent findings between studies for other antidepressants. Antipsychotics (N = 3) mainly showed impairing effects on physical performance, while stimulants (N = 4) were often performance-enhancing. Sedatives (N = 9) may cause a hangover effect. CONCLUSION The examined studies with heterogeneous design showed different effects of psychiatric medications on physical performance. Antipsychotics seemed to be performance impairing, while the findings for antidepressants and sedatives were more inconsistent. Stimulants were the only group with consistent performance-enhancing effects. However, most studies were conducted with a small sample size (N < 10), mostly in well-trained subjects rather than in patients with psychiatric disorders, and most studies used single-dose designs. These issues impede the formulation of generalized conclusions for treatment regimes and should therefore be considered in further longitudinal studies for clinically reliable statements. Nevertheless, answering our research question is quite relevant for clinical practice and therapeutic prescription and should be further investigated especially considering the high drop-out rates in drug treatment. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION [https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?RecordID=276103], identifier [CRD42021276103].
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Hirschbeck
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Bezirkskrankenhaus Augsburg, Medical Faculty, University of Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany
| | - Douglas Silva Leao
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Bezirkskrankenhaus Augsburg, Medical Faculty, University of Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany
| | - Elias Wagner
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Alkomiet Hasan
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Bezirkskrankenhaus Augsburg, Medical Faculty, University of Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany
| | - Astrid Roeh
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Bezirkskrankenhaus Augsburg, Medical Faculty, University of Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Smith AJ, Buadze A, Claussen MC, Seifritz E, Liebrenz-Rosenstock M. On the same team: A call for increased medicolegal knowledge exchanges between forensic psychiatry and sports psychiatry. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:1041891. [PMID: 36419973 PMCID: PMC9676247 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.1041891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Anna Buadze
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Malte Christian Claussen
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Private Clinic Wyss AG, Münchenbuchsee, Switzerland.,Adult Psychiatry, Psychiatric Services Grisons, Chur, Switzerland
| | - Erich Seifritz
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Christensen N, van Woerden I, Aubuchon-Endsley NL, Fleckenstein P, Olsen J, Blanton C. Diet Quality and Mental Health Status among Division 1 Female Collegiate Athletes during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2021; 18:13377. [PMID: 34948985 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182413377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The International Olympic Committee has identified mental health as a priority that significantly affects the physical health and safety of collegiate athletes. Interventions that improve diet quality have been shown to improve mental health in several populations. However, studies are needed to examine this relationship in female collegiate athletes, who have elevated risk of experiencing anxiety and depression symptoms, as well as dietary insufficiencies. In a quantitative, cross-sectional study, female student athletes at a U.S. university completed three mental health questionnaires: Depression Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS-21), Athlete Psychological Strain Questionnaire (APSQ), and COVID Stress Scales (CSS). Each female athlete also completed a validated, web-based Diet History Questionnaire (DHQ-III) resulting in a Healthy Eating Index (HEI). Seventy-seven participants completed all survey information. HEI scores were consistently higher for athletes with poorer mental health. HEI scores were significantly positively associated with stress (p = 0.015), performance concerns (p = 0.048), CSS components of danger (p = 0.007), contamination (p = 0.006), and traumatic stress (p = 0.003). Although findings support statistically significant associations among dietary quality and mental health indicators, including broad symptom severity or stressors specific to athletics or COVID-19, these associations were in the opposite direction hypothesized. Possible reasons for results and suggestions for future research are discussed.
Collapse
|
32
|
Imboden C, Claussen MC, Iff S, Quednow BB, Seifritz E, Spörri J, Scherr J, Fröhlich S. COVID-19 Lockdown 2020 Changed Patterns of Alcohol and Cannabis Use in Swiss Elite Athletes and Bodybuilders: Results From an Online Survey. Front Sports Act Living 2021; 3:759335. [PMID: 34870195 PMCID: PMC8635023 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2021.759335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: During the COVID-19 pandemic, increased patterns of substance use have been reported in the general population. However, whether this also applies to athletes is not yet clear. This study aimed to detect changes in alcohol consumption and cannabis use in elite athletes and bodybuilders during the first COVID-19 lockdown in Switzerland. Methods: Between April 25 and May 25, 2020, a cross-sectional online survey was conducted among bodybuilders and Swiss elite athletes who were active in Olympic sports and disciplines approved by the International Olympic Committee (IOC) on at least the national level. The collected data included information on alcohol and cannabis use during the last month (lockdown) and in the year before COVID-19 lockdown (pre-lockdown), daily training times, existential fears on a scale from 1 to 100, Patient Health Questionnaire-9 for depression (PHQ-9), Insomnia Severity Index (ISI), and State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI). Results:N = 275 athletes (elite athletes: n = 193; bodybuilders: n = 82) was included in this study. Both pre-lockdown and during lockdown, more bodybuilders used cannabis (both time points: p < 0.001) than elite athletes, and more elite athletes drank alcohol (pre-lockdown: p = 0.005, lockdown: p = 0.002) compared to bodybuilders. During lockdown, fewer athletes drank alcohol compared to before, but those who continued drinking did so on more days per week (p < 0.001, Eta2 = 0.13). Elite athletes were more likely to increase their drinking with 17.7 vs. 8.2% in bodybuilders. When compared to pre-lockdown measures, the number of athletes using cannabis did not change during lockdown. Only three of 203 elite athletes reported using cannabis during lockdown; this contrasts with 16 of 85 bodybuilders. In a multivariate regression model, existential fears and a lower ISI score were significant predictors for increased alcohol consumption during the lockdown in the entire sample. In a model based on elite athletes only, male sex and a lower ISI score predicted increased alcohol consumption. In a bodybuilder-based model, predictors of increased alcohol consumption were existential fears and trait anxiety. Conclusion: We suggest identifying athletes who are at risk for increased alcohol and cannabis use; we suggest this to be able to professionally support them during stressful times, such as the COVID-19 pandemic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Malte Christian Claussen
- Private Clinic Wyss, Muenchenbuchsee, Switzerland.,Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric Hospital of the University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Psychiatric Services Grisons, Chur, Switzerland
| | - Samuel Iff
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric Hospital of the University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Boris B Quednow
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric Hospital of the University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Experimental and Clinical Pharmacopsychology, Psychiatric Hospital of the University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Erich Seifritz
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric Hospital of the University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jörg Spörri
- University Centre for Prevention and Sports Medicine, Department of Orthopaedics, Balgrist University Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Sports Medical Research Group, Department of Orthopaedics, Balgrist University Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Johannes Scherr
- University Centre for Prevention and Sports Medicine, Department of Orthopaedics, Balgrist University Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Sports Medical Research Group, Department of Orthopaedics, Balgrist University Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Fröhlich
- University Centre for Prevention and Sports Medicine, Department of Orthopaedics, Balgrist University Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Sports Medical Research Group, Department of Orthopaedics, Balgrist University Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Abstract
ABSTRACT Bipolar disorder is a diagnosis with immense lifelong implications that affects 1% to 2% of the general population. It typically presents during late adolescence and early adulthood, which often coincides with the age of peak athletic performance and a limited window of opportunity to compete at the highest levels of sport. Understanding the nature and course of the illness, as well as the effects that pharmacological treatment can have on an athlete, can be extremely beneficial for sports medicine physicians, particularly as many young athletes may not yet be diagnosed and/or adequately treated. Bipolar disorder is an incredibly complex and challenging diagnosis, but the ability to identify symptoms and intervene early is invaluable. The aim of this review is to summarize the available evidence and to highlight relevant risk factors, diagnostic features, management, and potential complications pertaining to the athletic population.
Collapse
|
34
|
Abstract
Researchers have raised concerns about mental health in elite athletes, including problem gambling, where research hitherto is scarce. While gambling has been assessed in the younger student-athlete population, neither gambling nor the recently recognized behavioral addiction of gaming disorder has been sufficiently addressed in the elite athlete population. The present systematic literature review aimed to summarize research knowledge on the prevalence and correlates of problem gambling and problem gaming in elite athletes. Research papers were searched systematically using the Scopus, PsycINFO, and PubMed/MEDLINE databases and evaluated following a PRISMA paradigm. For the elite athlete population, eight reports on problem gambling and one report on problem gaming were found. While at least five papers indicated an increased risk of problem gambling in elite athletes compared to the general population, one study from Australia indicated the opposite. Problem gambling was generally more common in male athletes. Knowledge of problem gaming prevalence is thus far limited. It is concluded that increased research in problem gambling and problem gaming in elite athletes is warranted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anders Håkansson
- Dept. of Clinical Sciences Lund, Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Clinical Sports and Mental Health Unit, Malmö Addiction Center, Region Skåne, Malmö, Sweden
- Malmö Addiction Center, Region Skåne, Södra Förstadsgatan 35, plan 4. S-205 02, Malmö, Sweden
| | - N. Durand-Bush
- School of Human Kinetics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
- Canadian Centre for Mental Health and Sport, Orleans, Canada
| | - G. Kenttä
- School of Human Kinetics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
- The Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences, Stockholm, Sweden
- Swedish Sport Federation, Stockholm, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Casali N, Cerea S, Moro T, Paoli A, Ghisi M. Just Do It: High Intensity Physical Activity Preserves Mental and Physical Health in Elite and Non-elite Athletes During COVID-19. Front Psychol 2021; 12:757150. [PMID: 34858284 PMCID: PMC8631504 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.757150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The COVID-19 pandemic forced most Italian athletes to cease their regular training activities, with possible consequences on both mental and physical health. The present study aimed at assessing changes in Physical Activity (PA) from pre- to lockdown, and examining the relationships among lockdown PA, quality of life (mental and physical health), motivation to exercise, psychological distress, intolerance of uncertainty, and body dissatisfaction. Methods: A total of 204 athletes of different sports (91 elite; 110 females; mean age = 22.55, SD = 5.76) answered an online survey investigating demographics, sport-related questions, PA (IPAQ-S), quality of life (SF-12), and psychological variables (BREQ-2, DASS-21, IUS-R, and EDI-3-Body dissatisfaction subscale). Results: Both elite and non-elite athletes significantly reduced their PA intensity and volume (p < 0.001). Elite athletes did not differ from non-elite in terms of total PA intensity and hours of training during lockdown (p > 0.05). Elite and individual athletes showed higher intrinsic motivation to exercise compared to non-elite and team sports (p < 0.01). Female athletes displayed higher distress, worse mental health, and higher body dissatisfaction than males (p < 0.05). Mediation models showed that vigorous PA positively affected both mental (p < 0.05) and physical (p < 0.001) health during lockdown, independently of distress and intolerance of uncertainty. Conclusion: The COVID-19 lockdown was taxing for athletes, particularly professionals; those who were able to practice PA at high intensity during lockdown reported better mental and physical health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Casali
- Memory & Learning Lab, Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Silvia Cerea
- Experimental Psychopathology Lab, Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Tatiana Moro
- Nutrition and Exercise Physiology Lab, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Antonio Paoli
- Nutrition and Exercise Physiology Lab, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Marta Ghisi
- Experimental Psychopathology Lab, Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
- Unità Operativa Complessa (UOC) Hospital Psychology, University-Hospital of Padova, Padua, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Van Slingerland KJ, Durand-Bush N. The Acceptability and Appropriateness of a Collaborative, Sport-Centered Mental Health Service Delivery Model for Competitive, and High-Performance Athletes. Front Sports Act Living 2021; 3:686374. [PMID: 34820620 PMCID: PMC8606672 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2021.686374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the acceptability and appropriateness of a sport-centered, collaborative mental health service delivery model implemented within the Canadian Center for Mental Health and Sport (CCMHS) over a period of 16 months. The study is situated within a larger Participatory Action Research (PAR) project to design, implement and evaluate the CCMHS. Primary data were collected from CCMHS practitioners (n = 10) and service-users (n = 6) through semi-structured interviews, as well as from CCMHS stakeholders (n = 13) during a project meeting, captured via meeting minutes. Secondary data derived from documents (e.g., clinical, policy, procedural; n = 48) created by the CCMHS team (i.e., practitioners, stakeholders, board of directors) during the Implementation Phase of the project were reviewed and analyzed to triangulate the primary data. The Framework Method was used to organize, integrate and interpret the dataset. Overall, results indicate that both practitioners and service-users found the model to be both acceptable and appropriate. In particular, practitioners' knowledge and experience working in sport, a robust intake process carried out by a centralized Care Coordinator, and the ease and flexibility afforded by virtual care delivery significantly contributed to positive perceptions of the model. Some challenges associated with interprofessional collaboration and mental health care costs were highlighted and perceived as potentially hindering the model's acceptability and appropriateness.
Collapse
|
37
|
Guimarães TT, Gomes SMR, Albuquerque RAAC, Lima AKC, Braga GF, Souza JB, Assis M, Brito ACS, Santos RF, Da Silva T, Siqueira LM, Ventura BD, Rodrigues LS, Terra R, Da Silva SAG, Dutra PML. Chronic Aerobic Training at Different Volumes in the Modulation of Macrophage Function and in vivo Infection of BALB/c Mice by Leishmania major. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:734355. [PMID: 34616386 PMCID: PMC8489854 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.734355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Physical inactivity is one of the main causes of chronic diseases; however, strenuous exercise can induce immunosuppression. Several studies suggest that moderate amounts of exercise lead to a Th1 response, favoring the resolution of infections caused by intracellular microorganisms, while high volumes of exercise tend to direct the response to Th2, favoring infection by them. Leishmaniasis is a parasitic disease promoted by parasites of the Leishmania genus, with clinical manifestations that vary according to the species of the parasite and the immune response of the host. The experimental Leishmania major–BALB/C mouse model provides a good model for the resistance (Th1 response) or susceptibility (Th2 response) that determines the progression of this infection. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of aerobic training at different volumes on modulation of in vitro macrophage infection by L. major, as well as to assess the effect of high volume (HV) aerobic training on the development of L. major in vivo in BALB/c mice. Uninfected animals were submitted to various exercise volumes: none (SED), light (LV), moderate (MV), high (HV), very high (VHV), and tapering (TAP). The macrophages of these animals were infected by L. major and the LV and MV groups showed a decrease in the infection factor, while the VHV showed an increase in the infection factor, when treated with LPS. The cytokine concentration pattern measured in the supernatants of these macrophages suggested a predominant Th1 response profile in the LV and MV groups, while the Th2 profile predominated in the VHV and TAP groups. Groups of BALB/C mice infected with L. major were subjected to high volume (iHV) or non-periodized high volume (iNPHV) exercise or kept sedentary (iSED). The exercised animals suffered a significant increase in injuries caused by the parasites. The animals in the group submitted to high volume exercise (iHV) showed visceralization of the infection. These data strongly suggest that a very high volume of aerobic training increased the susceptibility of BALB/C mice to L. major infection, while moderate distribution of training loads promoted immunological balance, better controlling the infection by this parasite.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T T Guimarães
- Discipline of Parasitology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - S M R Gomes
- Discipline of Parasitology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - R A A C Albuquerque
- Discipline of Parasitology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - A K C Lima
- Discipline of Parasitology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - G F Braga
- Discipline of Parasitology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - J B Souza
- Discipline of Parasitology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - M Assis
- Discipline of Parasitology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - A C S Brito
- Discipline of Parasitology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - R F Santos
- Discipline of Parasitology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - T Da Silva
- Discipline of Parasitology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - L M Siqueira
- Discipline of Parasitology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - B D Ventura
- Discipline of Parasitology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - L S Rodrigues
- Laboratory of Immunopathology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - R Terra
- Discipline of Parasitology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Colégio Brigadeiro Newton Braga (CBNB), Diretoria de Ensino (DIRENS), Força Aérea Brasileira (FAB), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - S A G Da Silva
- Discipline of Parasitology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - P M L Dutra
- Discipline of Parasitology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Godoy-izquierdo D, Navarrón E, López-mora C, González-hernández J. Exercise Addiction in the Sports Context: What Is Known and What Is Yet to Be Known. Int J Ment Health Addict. [DOI: 10.1007/s11469-021-00641-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractExercise addiction (EA) involves excessive concerns for exercise routines, an abusive practice, and the inability to control one’s own behavior, as well as the presence of psychological processes that are typical of behavioral addictions such as abstinence. EA is further associated with an alteration of the individual’s personal, social, and professional functioning and a higher risk for several pathologies, including physical injury, psychological distress, and eating disorders. The present work presents a narrative scoping review of the state of the art and the main findings of the research on EA, with a focus in the athletic population. The prevalence of EA risk, between 1 and 52% and up to 80% when co-occurring with eating disturbances, is also reviewed. Additionally, some of the explanatory models proposed to date and their power and limitations in terms of their capacity for a consensual operationalization and characterization of EA, and thus for the optimal exploration and management of this condition, are discussed. Finally, some deficiencies in the research on EA are noted which are to be addressed to successfully respond to the intervention and prevention needs that occur both in the general context of exercise-sports practice and the specific context of competitive athletes.
Collapse
|
39
|
Twizell O, Hanley T. Counselling, psychotherapy and training the football elite. Couns Psychother Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/capr.12463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|
40
|
Abstract
Major depressive disorder and other related disturbances in mood account for the highest proportion of psychiatric illnesses in the general population and are a leading cause of disability around the world. Despite belief to the contrary, athletes are vulnerable to the same mental illnesses as the general population. Unique circumstances experienced by athletes create challenges that are exclusive to that population, which can place them at greater risk for depression and other mental illnesses. This chapter explores the incidence of depression and related mood disturbances in athletes, risk factors for illness, obstacles to assessment and management, and treatment strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carla D Edwards
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neuroscience, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Abstract
Athletes commonly experience mental health symptoms. However, prevalence estimates require refinement so that symptoms are interpreted in context and diagnostic labels are accurately applied. Further prevalence studies are also needed in subgroups within sport, in particular female athletes, athletes with disabilities, and coaches. Existing consensus-based and evidence-based therapies must be adapted not only to the individual athlete but also to the ecology of sports. Filling the gaps in our knowledge on what treatment modifications may be required for the individual athlete and how services should be designed to deliver treatment most effectively will require well-designed studies that use standardized terminology and defined outcome measures.
Collapse
|
42
|
Godoy-Izquierdo D, Ramírez MJ, Díaz I, López-Mora C. A Systematic Review on Exercise Addiction and the Disordered Eating-Eating Disorders Continuum in the Competitive Sport Context. Int J Ment Health Addict 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11469-021-00610-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractExercise addiction (EA) affects a considerable number of individuals who regularly perform exercise-sport activities. The co-occurrence of EA manifestations and the continuum of disordered eating-eating disorders (EDs) is so common in sports that a deeper understanding of them as comorbidities is warranted. The aim of this review is to provide an up-to-date overview and synthesis of the research on the relationship between maladaptive exercise and dysfunctional eating in the sport context. A systematic review was conducted following the PRISMA guidelines. A total of 22 empirical studies (23 articles) with young and adult female and male athletes from several sports and competition levels was included. EA in conjunction with eating disturbances is frequent among athletes, yet the prevalence rates are inconsistent. Existing evidence suggests that EA is a relevant outcome of ED pathology among athletes, supporting the classical secondary type of EA. However, research also reveals that excessive exercising plays a central role in the psychopathology of disordered eating. There is a need for further quantitative research addressing the features and correlates of the EA-EDs dyad, qualitative research on the subjective experiences of athletes with disordered exercise and eating, longitudinal and experimental research to establish possible causal paths and attempts to develop comprehensive conceptual models of EA and its co-occurrence with EDs, in order to improve the identification, prevention, and management of this dyadic condition in the sport context.
Collapse
|
43
|
Sokić J, Popov S, Dinić BM, Rastović J. Effects of Physical Activity and Training Routine on Mental Health During the COVID-19 Pandemic and Curfew. Front Psychol 2021; 12:624035. [PMID: 34149509 PMCID: PMC8211437 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.624035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
This research aimed to explore the effects of physical activity and training routine on mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic and the proclaimed emergency state and curfew. To measure the mental health components of psychological distress and subjective well-being, two studies were conducted on different samples: Study 1 during the beginning of curfew in Serbia (N = 678) and Study 2 during the ending phase (N = 398). The results of Study 1 showed that elite athletes as well as those with high level of physical activity experienced the lowest distress. Furthermore, effects of the changes in the training routine on distress among physically active individuals depended on the level of sports participation with elite athletes who reduced trainings showing lower anxiety compared to recreational athletes who reduced trainings as well or kept the same training routine. Thus, we could conclude that in the early stage of the pandemic, elite athletes showed better mental health and adaptability to the crisis situation. Results of Study 2 showed that although all the participants had decreased well-being during the curfew, compared to the period before the pandemic and the curfew, there were no differences in well-being between elite and recreational athletes, who had higher well-being compared to non-athletes. However, this effect held both before and during the curfew showing that physically active individuals did not additionally benefit from this decrease compared to the non-active. Furthermore, athletes who became physically inactive showed lower well-being compared to those who kept the same training routine. Thus, in the later stage of the pandemic, prolonged physical inactivity had negative effects on mental health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Sokić
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Sport and Tourism, Educons University, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Stanislava Popov
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Sport and Tourism, Educons University, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Bojana M Dinić
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Philosophy, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Parm Ü, Aluoja A, Tomingas T, Tamm AL. Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Estonian Elite Athletes: Survey on Mental Health Characteristics, Training Conditions, Competition Possibilities, and Perception of Supportiveness. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2021; 18:4317. [PMID: 33921723 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18084317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Background: The postponement and cancellation of the competition season due to COVID-19 could cause significant mental health problems for an elite athlete. The aim of this study was to describe the mental health characteristics of Estonian elite athletes, their training conditions, competition possibilities, and the support they received during COVID-19. Methods: Athletes completed self-reported questionnaires (including Emotional State Questionnaire). The authors applied descriptive statistics, t-test, and χ2 test for comparison of study groups (p < 0.05). Results: Altogether 102 athletes (♂ = 44) were surveyed. The most disturbing issue for athletes was the closing of training centers (57.8%) and cancellation of competitions (50%); 64.7% of athletes reported a negative response from not being able to visit healthcare specialists. Fortunately, athletes could receive virtual coaching. Two-thirds of the athletes had some indication of distress (♀ > ♂): 25% of males and 39.7% of females had symptoms indicating depression; ♀ = 27.6%, ♂ = 13.6% anxiety; ♀ = 56.9%, ♂ = 31.8% fatigue (p = 0.021); ♀ = 55.1%, ♂ = 27.2% insomnia (p = 0.009); 27.5% thought about ending their career (frequency in high distress group compared with low: p = 0.022); and 2.9% were certain they would stop their training completely. Family members were the biggest emotional supporters; 16.7% did not get support from anyone. Conclusion: The Estonian sport community needs to adapt to life in a pandemic environment and help athletes to maintain training and competition activities and in turn, their mental health.
Collapse
|
45
|
Zepp C, Belz J, Kleinert J. Mental Well-Being and Risk of Depression in Amateur Soccer Players. Zeitschrift für Sportpsychologie 2021. [DOI: 10.1026/1612-5010/a000333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Abstract. Although athletes are exposed to various stressors and adversities that may negatively impact mental well-being, only few studies focus on mental well-being in amateur soccer players. The study aims were to analyze mental well-being in amateur soccer players, and whether it is related to team membership. The sample consisted of N = 20 soccer teams with a total of N = 285 athletes. Mental well-being was assessed using the WHO-5 Well-Being Index, and the risk of depression was assessed using the Patient-Health Questionnaire-2. The results showed that approximately 4 % of all players were at risk of suffering from impaired mental well-being. Although the results demonstrated that team membership explained 5 % of mental well-being cases and 10 % of the risk of depression cases, no team level variables were identified that explain this variance. Group processes and environmental factors that inhibit mental well-being in soccer players should be identified in future studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Zepp
- Institute of Psychology, Dpt. Health & Social Psychology, German Sport University Cologne, Germany
| | - Johanna Belz
- Institute of Psychology, Dpt. Health & Social Psychology, German Sport University Cologne, Germany
| | - Jens Kleinert
- Institute of Psychology, Dpt. Health & Social Psychology, German Sport University Cologne, Germany
- The German Research Centre for Elite Sports Cologne – momentum, Cologne, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Donohue B, Gavrilova E, Danlag A, Perry J, Kuhn C, Allen D, Benning SD. A Comprehensive Examination of Factors Impacting Collegiate Athletes' Utilization of Psychological Assessment and Intervention Services. Psychol Sch 2021; 58:458-474. [PMID: 33678909 DOI: 10.1002/pits.22458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Although collegiate athletes underutilize mental health programming, investigators have rarely examined factors that may influence their participation in such programs. The current study examined how structured interviews and demographic factors influence collegiate athletes to use psychological programming. Two-hundred and eighty-nine collegiate athletes were referred to the study. They were screened for mental health and randomly assigned to one of two semi-structured interviews based on experimental phase. Participants in Phase I received standard engagement (SE; N = 35) or SE+discussion of mental health (DMH; N = 44). Phase II participants received SE+DMH (N = 82) or SE+DMH + discussion of personal ambitions (DPA; N = 66). Phase III participants received SE+DMH+discussion about their culture of choice (DCC) (N = 25) or SE+DMH+discussion of sport culture (DSC) (N = 37). After receiving the respective interview participants were offered psychological assessment and intervention. Chi squared analyses revealed class standing, mental health symptom severity, referral type, and type of engagement interview influenced program commitment/utilization. Logistic regression analyses indicated SE+DMH+DPA and SE+DMH+DSC uniquely improved assessment attendance whereas referrals from the athletic department and coaches/teammates, participation in sport performance workshops, and senior status uniquely improved assessment and intervention attendance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brad Donohue
- Department of Psychology, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV, USA
| | - Elena Gavrilova
- Department of Psychology, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV, USA
| | - Alexandra Danlag
- Department of Psychology, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV, USA
| | - Joanne Perry
- Orthopedic Service Line, Novant Health, Charlotte, NC USA
| | - Corey Kuhn
- Department of Psychology, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV, USA
| | - Daniel Allen
- Department of Psychology, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Flatt RE, Thornton LM, Fitzsimmons-Craft EE, Balantekin KN, Smolar L, Mysko C, Wilfley DE, Taylor CB, DeFreese JD, Bardone-Cone AM, Bulik CM. Comparing eating disorder characteristics and treatment in self-identified competitive athletes and non-athletes from the National Eating Disorders Association online screening tool. Int J Eat Disord 2021; 54:365-375. [PMID: 33252150 PMCID: PMC8006447 DOI: 10.1002/eat.23415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We compared eating disorder (ED) characteristics and treatment seeking behaviors between self-identified competitive athletes and non-athletes in a large, community-based sample. METHOD During the 2018 National Eating Disorders Awareness Week, 23,920 respondents, 14.7% of whom identified as competitive athletes, completed the National Eating Disorders Association online screen. Data were collected on demographics, disordered eating behaviors, probable ED diagnosis/risk, treatment history, and intent to seek treatment. RESULTS The sample was predominantly White (81.8%), female (90.3%), and between 13 and 24 years (82.6%). Over 86% met criteria for an ED/subthreshold ED, and of those, only 2.5% were in treatment. Suicidal ideation was reported in over half of the sample. Athletes reported a significantly greater likelihood of engaging in and more frequent excessive exercise episodes than non-athletes. Athletes also reported a significantly lower likelihood of engaging in and less frequent binge-eating episodes compared with non-athletes. Athletes were more likely to screen positive for an ED/subthreshold ED than non-athletes, but percentages across all probable ED diagnoses were similar. No significant differences between athletes and non-athletes emerged on treatment history or intention to seek treatment post-screen (less than 30%). DISCUSSION Although the distribution of probable ED diagnoses was similar in athletes and non-athletes, symptom profiles related to disordered eating behavior engagement and frequency may differ. Athletes may be less likely to seek treatment due to stigma, accessibility, and sport-specific barriers. Future work should directly connect survey respondents to tailored treatment tools and increase motivation to seek treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rachael E Flatt
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Laura M Thornton
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | | | - Katherine N Balantekin
- Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Lauren Smolar
- National Eating Disorders Association, New York City, New York, USA
| | - Claire Mysko
- National Eating Disorders Association, New York City, New York, USA
| | - Denise E Wilfley
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - C Barr Taylor
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
- Center for m2Health, Palo Alto University, Palo Alto, California, USA
| | - J D DeFreese
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Anna M Bardone-Cone
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Cynthia M Bulik
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Abstract
This study investigated the relationship between reappraisal and suppression with depression and mental well-being among university athletes. It was hypothesized reappraisal would associate with lower depression and greater mental well-being, whereas suppression would associate with greater depression and reduced mental well-being. Employing a cross-sectional design, 427 participants (Mage = 20.18, SD = 1.52; 188 males and 239 females) completed questionnaires assessing mental health and strategy use. Hierarchical multiple regressions revealed reappraisal was positively associated, and suppression negatively associated with mental well-being, ΔR2 = 4.8%, ΔF(2, 422) = 17.01, p < .001; suppression, β = −0.08, p = .028; reappraisal, β = 0.21, p < .001, but neither were associated with depression, ΔR2 = 0.4%, ΔF(2, 422) = 1.33, p = .267; suppression, β = 0.06, p = .114; reappraisal, β = 0.03, p = .525. Results highlight reappraisal as correlated with mental well-being in student-athletes, and therefore, reappraisal could be beneficial for managing stress in sport. Reappraisal may implicate how well-being is promoted through sport, but future experimental research is needed to confirm causal relationships.
Collapse
|
49
|
Håkansson A, Moesch K, Jönsson C, Kenttä G. Potentially Prolonged Psychological Distress from Postponed Olympic and Paralympic Games during COVID-19-Career Uncertainty in Elite Athletes. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2020; 18:E2. [PMID: 33374935 PMCID: PMC7792570 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18010002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has had a significant impact on the world of sports due to periods of home quarantine, bans against public gatherings, travel restrictions, and a large number of postponed or canceled major sporting events. The literature hitherto is sparse, but early indications display signs of psychological impact on elite athletes due to the pandemic. However, beyond acute effects from lockdown and short-term interrupted athletic seasons, the postponed and still uncertain Olympic and Paralympic Games may represent a major career insecurity to many athletes world-wide, and may lead to severe changes to everyday lives and potentially prolonged psychological distress. Given the long-term perspective of these changes, researchers and stakeholders should address mental health and long-term job insecurity in athletes, including a specific focus on those with small financial margins, such as many female athletes, parasports athletes, athletes in smaller sports, and athletes from developing countries. Implications and the need for research are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anders Håkansson
- Depterment of Clinical Sciences Lund, Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, S-22100 Lund, Sweden
- Region Skåne, Malmö Addiction Center, Clinical Sports and Mental Health Unit, S-20502 Malmö, Sweden; (K.M.); (C.J.)
| | - Karin Moesch
- Region Skåne, Malmö Addiction Center, Clinical Sports and Mental Health Unit, S-20502 Malmö, Sweden; (K.M.); (C.J.)
- Swedish Sports Confederation, 114 33 Stockholm, Sweden;
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, Lund University, S-22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Caroline Jönsson
- Region Skåne, Malmö Addiction Center, Clinical Sports and Mental Health Unit, S-20502 Malmö, Sweden; (K.M.); (C.J.)
- FIFPRO (Global Representative for Professional Football Players), 2132 Hoofddorp, The Netherlands
- Spelarföreningen (National Representative for Football Players), 433 63 Sävedalen, Sweden
| | - Göran Kenttä
- Swedish Sports Confederation, 114 33 Stockholm, Sweden;
- The Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences, 114 33 Stockholm, Sweden
- School of Human Kinetics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Champigny CM, Rawana J, Iverson GL, Maxwell B, Berkner PD, Wojtowicz M. Influence of Anxiety on Baseline Cognitive Testing and Symptom Reporting in Adolescent Student Athletes. J Neurotrauma 2020; 37:2632-2638. [PMID: 32772792 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2020.7079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Anxiety symptoms are commonly endorsed by student athletes. This study examined the possible influence of anxiety on baseline cognitive testing and symptom reporting in a large sample of adolescent student athletes. Participants were 37,945 adolescent student athletes from the state of Maine who completed baseline testing using ImPACT®. ImPACT includes an evaluation of cognitive functioning and a questionnaire assessing the presence and severity of common post-concussion symptoms. Participants were divided into high and low anxiety groups based on endorsement of anxiety-like symptoms. Student athletes in the high anxiety group were more likely to be girls and to have a greater lifetime history of treatment for mental health problems and headaches (ps < 0.001). The high anxiety group scored slightly lower on cognitive tests (Cohen ds = 0.15-0.26) and reported a much greater amount of baseline pre-season symptoms (Cohen d = 3.38). More than eight of 10 youth in the high anxiety group (82.7%) met International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems-10th Revision (ICD-10) symptom criteria for at least a mild form of the postconcussional syndrome compared with less than two of 10 (18.4%) in the low anxiety group. Students in the high anxiety group had slightly lower scores on neurocognitive testing, but the differences were not practically meaningful; however, they endorsed dramatically more physical, cognitive, and emotional symptoms. Anxiety can mimic the ICD-10 postconcussional syndrome in adolescent student athletes at baseline, when they have not been injured.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jennine Rawana
- Department of Psychology, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Grant L Iverson
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Harvard Medical School; Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital and Spaulding Research Institute; MassGeneral Hospital for Children™ Sports Concussion Program; and Red Sox Foundation and Massachusetts General Hospital Home Base Program, Charlestown Massachusetts, USA
| | - Bruce Maxwell
- Department of Computer Science, Colby College, Waterville, Maine, USA
| | - Paul D Berkner
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, University of New England, Biddeford, Maine, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|