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Pluer WT, Plach JM, Hassan A, Price D, Macrae ML. Retention of phosphorus in soils receiving bunker silo effluent. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2022; 323:116147. [PMID: 36103790 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.116147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The eutrophication of freshwater systems is a pervasive issue in North America and elsewhere, which has been linked to elevated phosphorus (P) loading from watersheds. Most excess P is thought to originate from non-point agricultural sources, and less attention has been given to small rural point sources, such as bunker silos on livestock farms. Sophisticated management practices are rarely used to attenuate nutrients from bunker silo effluent, leaving simple vegetated buffer strips or riparian zones to protect surface water; however, the efficacy of these systems or larger constructed treatment systems is unclear. This study compared two systems receiving bunker silo effluent, one a natural riparian system with a vegetated buffer strip that is the most common practice and the other a constructed treatment system with a forebay, slag filter, and swale. The study quantified P retention within various subsections of each system and characterized the forms of stored P to infer the potential for remobilization. Results indicate that soils receiving bunker silo effluent represent considerable stores of legacy P in the landscape (750 and 3400 kg ha-1), the majority of which is stored in labile forms that may be vulnerable to remobilization under the waterlogged conditions that often occur in management practices and riparian zones. Some areas of the systems were able to store considerably more P than others, with the slag filter showing the greatest treatment efficacy. Spatial variability in stored P was apparent, where sections of the systems that directly received effluent retained more P than sections located farther away from bunker silos (indirect inputs). Results indicate that passive treatment systems become P saturated over time, limiting their longterm P removal efficacy. The efficacy of these systems may be improved with the inclusion of sorptive materials as a slag filter within the constructed treatment system significantly increased the life expectancy of that system. Greater understanding of both quantity and forms of P retained in systems and soils receiving bunker silo effluent will help develop management strategies that are more effective and longer-lasting for reducing excess P losses to surface water bodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- W T Pluer
- Dept. of Geography and Environmental Management, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1, Canada.
| | - J M Plach
- Dept. of Geography and Environmental Management, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - A Hassan
- Dept. of Geography and Environmental Management, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - D Price
- Dept. of Geography and Environmental Management, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - M L Macrae
- Dept. of Geography and Environmental Management, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1, Canada
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2
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An Inventory of Good Management Practices for Nutrient Reduction, Recycling and Recovery from Agricultural Runoff in Europe’s Northern Periphery and Arctic Region. WATER 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/w14132132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The excess loading of nutrients generated by agricultural activities is a leading cause of water quality impairment across the globe. Various management practices have been developed and widely implemented as conservation management strategies to combat water pollution originating from agricultural activities. In the last ten years, there has also been a widespread recognition of the need for nutrient harvesting from wastewaters and resource recovery. In Europe’s Northern Periphery and Arctic (NPA) areas, the expertise in water and runoff management is sporadic and needs to be improved. Therefore, the objective of this research was to perform a comprehensive review of the state of the art of Good Agricultural Practices (GAPs) for the NPA region. A set of questionnaires was distributed to project partners combined with a comprehensive literature review of GAPs focusing on those relevant and/or implemented in the NPA region. Twenty-four GAPs were included in the inventory. This review reveals that there is a large level of uncertainty, inconsistency, and a gap in the knowledge regarding the effectiveness of GAPs in nutrient reduction (NRE), their potential for nutrient recycling and recovery (NRR), and their operation and maintenance requirements (OMR) and costs. Although the contribution of GAPs to water quality improvement could not be quantified, this inventory provides a comprehensive and first-of-its-kind guide on available measures and practices to assist regional and local authorities and communities in the NAP region. A recommendation for incorporating and retrofitting phosphorus retaining media (PRMs) in some of the GAPs, and/or the implementation of passive filtration systems and trenches filled with PRMs to intercept surface and subsurface farm flows, would result in the enhancement of both NRE and NRR.
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Shen S, Li X, Cheng F, Zha X, Lu X. Review: recent developments of substrates for nitrogen and phosphorus removal in CWs treating municipal wastewater. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:29837-29855. [PMID: 32472508 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-08808-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Substrates are the main factor influencing the performance of constructed wetlands (CWs), and especially play an important role in enhancing the removal of nitrogen and phosphorus from CWs. In the recent 10 years, based on the investigation of emerged substrates used in CWs, this paper summarizes the removal efficiency and mechanism of nitrogen and phosphorus by a single substrate in detail. The simultaneous removal efficiency of nitrogen and phosphorus by different combined substrates is emphatically analyzed. Among them, the reuse of industrial and agricultural wastes as water treatment substrates is recommended due to the efficient pollutant removal efficiency and the principle of waste minimization, also more studies on the environmental impact and risk assessment of the application, and the subsequent disposal of saturated substrates are needed. This work serves as a basis for future screening and development of substrates utilized in CWs, which is helpful to enhance the synchronous removal of nitrogen and phosphorus, as well as improve the sustainability of substrates and CWs. Moreover, further studies on the interaction between different types of substrates in the wetland system are desperately needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuting Shen
- School of Energy & Environment, Southeast University, 2 Sipailou Rd, Nanjing, 210096, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
- ERC Taihu Lake Water Environment Wuxi, 99 Linghu Rd, Wuxi, 214135, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiang Li
- School of Energy & Environment, Southeast University, 2 Sipailou Rd, Nanjing, 210096, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
- ERC Taihu Lake Water Environment Wuxi, 99 Linghu Rd, Wuxi, 214135, People's Republic of China
| | - Fangkui Cheng
- School of Energy & Environment, Southeast University, 2 Sipailou Rd, Nanjing, 210096, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
- ERC Taihu Lake Water Environment Wuxi, 99 Linghu Rd, Wuxi, 214135, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao Zha
- School of Energy & Environment, Southeast University, 2 Sipailou Rd, Nanjing, 210096, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
- ERC Taihu Lake Water Environment Wuxi, 99 Linghu Rd, Wuxi, 214135, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiwu Lu
- School of Energy & Environment, Southeast University, 2 Sipailou Rd, Nanjing, 210096, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
- ERC Taihu Lake Water Environment Wuxi, 99 Linghu Rd, Wuxi, 214135, People's Republic of China.
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Performance of a Ditch-Style Phosphorus Removal Structure for Treating Agricultural Drainage Water with Aluminum-Treated Steel Slag. WATER 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/w12082149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Several structural, treatment, and management approaches exist to minimize phosphorus (P) transport from agricultural landscapes (e.g., cover cropping and conservation tillage). However, many of these practices are designed to minimize particulate P transport and are not as effective in controlling dissolved P (DP) losses. Phosphorus removal structures employ a P sorption material (PSM) to trap DP from flowing water. These structures have been successful in treating surface runoff by utilizing aluminum (Al)-treated steel slag, but subsurface tile drainage has never been tested with this material. The goal of this study was to evaluate the performance and economics of a ditch-style P removal structure using Al-treated steel slag for treating agricultural subsurface drainage discharge. The structure treated subsurface drainage water from a 4.5 ha agricultural field with elevated soil test P levels. Overall, the structure removed approximately 27% and 50% of all DP and total P (TP) entering the structure, respectively (i.e., 2.4 and 9.4 kg DP and TP removal). After an initial period of strong DP removal, the discrete DP removal became highly variable. Flow-through analysis of slag samples showed that the slag used to construct the structure was coarser and less sorptive compared to the slag samples collected prior to construction that were used to design and size the structure. Results of this study highlight the importance of correctly designing the P removal structures using representative PSMs.
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Chemical Clogging and Evolution of Head Losses in Steel Slag Filters Used for Phosphorus Removal. WATER 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/w12061517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to propose a conceptual model of clogging in alkaline granular filters. Two slag columns were operated for 600 days and monitored using piezometers and tracer tested at regular intervals. The type of influent (organic or inorganic) affected the loss of effective porosity in the filters. Well organized and loose crystal structures were observed by scanning electron microscopy in columns with inorganic and organic influents, respectively. It was postulated that the formation of crystals in unorganized structures results in confined voids that are not accessible for water flow, thus accelerating porosity loss. The effect of the combination of chemical clogging and biofilm on the porosity loss is higher than the effect of these two factors separately. The Kozeny-Carman equation for hydraulic conductivity could not efficiently predict the evolution of head losses in the column fed with an inorganic influent. The crystal structure and connectivity in the presence of homogeneous or heterogeneous precipitation are concepts that could improve predictions of hydraulic conductivity. The results of this study highlighted the importance of the inlet zone on the development of pressure head in alkaline granular filters. Future research on clogging should focus on precipitation mechanisms in the inlet zone and on the design of the feeding system.
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Performance of Field-Scale Phosphorus Removal Structures Utilizing Steel Slag for Treatment of Subsurface Drainage. WATER 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/w12020443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Reducing dissolved phosphorus (P) losses from legacy P soils to surface waters is necessary for preventing algal blooms. Phosphorus removal structures containing steel slag have shown success in treating surface runoff for dissolved P, but little is known about treating subsurface (tile) drainage. A ditch-style and subsurface P removal structure were constructed using steel slag in a bottom-up flow design for treating tile drainage. Nearly 97% of P was delivered during precipitation-induced flow events (as opposed to baseflow) with inflow P concentrations increasing with flow rate. Structures handled flow rates approximately 12 L s−1, and the subsurface and ditch structures removed 19.2 (55%) and 0.9 kg (37%) of the cumulative dissolved P load, respectively. Both structures underperformed relative to laboratory flow-through experiments and exhibited signs of flow inhibition with time. Dissolved P removal decreased dramatically when treated water pH decreased <8.5. Although slag has proven successful for treating surface runoff, we hypothesize that underperformance in this case was due to tile drainage bicarbonate consumption of slag calcium through the precipitation of calcium carbonate, thereby filling pore space, decreasing flow and pH, and preventing calcium phosphate precipitation. We do not recommend non-treated steel slag for removing dissolved P from tile drainage unless slag is replaced every 4–6 months.
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Chen X, Sun X, Xu P, Wang S, Zhou T, Wang X, Yang C, Lu Q. Optimal regulation of N/P in horizontal sub-surface flow constructed wetland through quantitative phosphorus removal by steel slag fed. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:5779-5787. [PMID: 31853854 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-06696-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
High concentration of nitrogen and phosphorus and imbalance of N/P can lead to the formation of water and the malignant proliferation of toxic microalgae. This study put forward the advanced nutrient removal with the regulation of effluent N/P as the core in order to restrain the eutrophication and growth of poisonous algae. According to the preliminary study and review, the optimal N/P for non-toxic green algae was 50:1. The horizontal sub-surface flow constructed wetland was filled with steel slag and ceramsite to achieve the regulation of effluent N/P. The results showed that steel slag had the stable P removal capacity when treating synthetic solution with low P concentration and the average removal rate for 1.5, 1.0, and 0.5 mg/L synthetic P solution was 2.98 ± 0.20 mg kg-1/h, 2.26 ± 0.15 mg kg-1/h, and 1.11 ± 0.10 mg kg-1/h, respectively. Combined with P removal rate and P removal task, the filling amount of steel slag along the SSFCW (sub-surface flow constructed wetland) was 3.22 kg, 4.24 kg, and 4.31 kg. In order to ensure the stability of dephosphorization of steel slag, the regeneration of P removal capacity was investigated by switching operation of two parallel SSFCW in 20 days for cycle. The N removal was limited for the deficiency of carbon source (COD (chemical oxygen demand)/TN = 3-4), and was stable at 18.5-31.9% which was less affected by temperature. Therefore, by controlling the process of quantitative P removal of steel slag, the effluent N/P in SSFCW can be stable at 40-60:1 in the whole year, so as to inhibit the malignant proliferation of toxic algae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiurong Chen
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, People's Republic of China.
- National Engineering Laboratory for High-concentration Refractory Organic Wastewater Treatment Technologies (NELHROWTT), East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiaoli Sun
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, People's Republic of China
- National Engineering Laboratory for High-concentration Refractory Organic Wastewater Treatment Technologies (NELHROWTT), East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Xu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, People's Republic of China
- National Engineering Laboratory for High-concentration Refractory Organic Wastewater Treatment Technologies (NELHROWTT), East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, People's Republic of China
| | - Shanshan Wang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, People's Republic of China
- National Engineering Laboratory for High-concentration Refractory Organic Wastewater Treatment Technologies (NELHROWTT), East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, People's Republic of China
| | - Tianjun Zhou
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, People's Republic of China
- National Engineering Laboratory for High-concentration Refractory Organic Wastewater Treatment Technologies (NELHROWTT), East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoxiao Wang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, People's Republic of China
- National Engineering Laboratory for High-concentration Refractory Organic Wastewater Treatment Technologies (NELHROWTT), East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, People's Republic of China
| | - Chenchen Yang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, People's Republic of China
- National Engineering Laboratory for High-concentration Refractory Organic Wastewater Treatment Technologies (NELHROWTT), East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, People's Republic of China
| | - Quanling Lu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, People's Republic of China
- National Engineering Laboratory for High-concentration Refractory Organic Wastewater Treatment Technologies (NELHROWTT), East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, People's Republic of China
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8
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A Review of Phosphorus Removal Structures: How to Assess and Compare Their Performance. WATER 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/w9080583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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9
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Constructed Wetlands for Agricultural Wastewater Treatment in Northeastern North America: A Review. WATER 2016. [DOI: 10.3390/w8050173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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10
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Blanco I, Molle P, Sáenz de Miera LE, Ansola G. Basic Oxygen Furnace steel slag aggregates for phosphorus treatment. Evaluation of its potential use as a substrate in constructed wetlands. WATER RESEARCH 2016; 89:355-365. [PMID: 26722756 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2015.11.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Revised: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 11/27/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Basic Oxygen Furnace (BOF) steel slag aggregates from NW Spain were tested in batch and column experiments to evaluate its potential use as a substrate in constructed wetlands (CWs). The objectives of this study were to identify the main P removal mechanisms of BOF steel slag and determine its P removal capacity. Also, the results were used to discuss the suitability of this material as a substrate to be used in CWs. Batch experiments with BOF slag aggregates and increasing initial phosphate concentrations showed phosphate removal efficiencies between 84 and 99% and phosphate removal capacities from 0.12 to 8.78 mg P/g slag. A continuous flow column experiment filled with BOF slag aggregates receiving an influent synthetic solution of 15 mg P/L during 213 days showed a removal efficiency greater than 99% and a phosphate removal capacity of 3.1 mg P/g slag. In both experiments the main P removal mechanism was found to be calcium phosphate precipitation which depends on Ca(2+) and OH(-) release from the BOF steel slag after dissolution of Ca(OH)2 in water. P saturation of slag was reached within the upper sections of the column which showed phosphate removal capacities between 1.7 and 2.5 mg P/g slag. Once Ca(OH)2 was completely dissolved in these column sections, removal efficiencies declined gradually from 99% until reaching stable outlet concentrations with P removal efficiencies around 7% which depended on influent Ca(2+) for limited continuous calcium phosphate precipitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Blanco
- Instituto de Medio ambiente, Recursos Naturales y Biodiversidad, Universidad de León, Calle La Serna, nº 56, 24071, León, Spain.
| | - Pascal Molle
- Wastewater Treatment Team, Freshwater System, Ecology and Pollution Research Unit, Irstea, 5 rue de la Doua, CS70077, 69626, Villeurbanne Cedex, France.
| | - Luis E Sáenz de Miera
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana s/n, 24071, León, Spain.
| | - Gemma Ansola
- Departamento de Biodiversidad y Gestión Ambiental, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana s/n, CP: 24071, León, Spain.
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Zhao YJ, Cheng P, Pei X, Zhang H, Yan C, Wang SB. Performance of hybrid vertical up- and downflow subsurface flow constructed wetlands in treating synthetic high-strength wastewater. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 20:4886-4894. [PMID: 23314681 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-013-1467-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2012] [Accepted: 01/03/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The performance and temporal variation of hybrid vertical-subsurface flow constructed wetlands (VFCWs) in response to two-stage combinations of vertical upflow (VUF) and vertical downflow (VDF) were analyzed in this research. The results of high carbon (C) treatment and high nitrogen (N) treatment were similar. The Lythrum salicaria treatment showed higher removal efficiency than CWs planted with Acorus calamus. Under high C- and N-loading treatments, the optimum two-stage combination was VDF-VUF VFCWs planted with A. calamus. Furthermore, the highest nutrient removal efficiencies were achieved in late summer (July and August) and early autumn (September). The chemical oxygen demand and total nitrogen removal efficiencies were significantly affected (P < 0.05) by season, system, and wetland plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Jun Zhao
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China
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12
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Barca C, Troesch S, Meyer D, Drissen P, Andrès Y, Chazarenc F. Steel slag filters to upgrade phosphorus removal in constructed wetlands: two years of field experiments. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2013; 47:549-556. [PMID: 23198779 DOI: 10.1021/es303778t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Electric arc furnace steel slag (EAF-slag) and basic oxygen furnace steel slag (BOF-slag) were used as filter substrates in two horizontal subsurface flow filters (6 m(3) each) designed to remove phosphorus (P) from the effluent of a constructed wetland. The influences of slag composition, void hydraulic retention time (HRTv), temperature, and wastewater quality on treatment performances were studied. Over a period of almost two years of operation, the filter filled with EAF-slag removed 37% of the inlet total P, whereas the filter filled with BOF-slag removed 62% of the inlet total P. P removal occurred predominantly via CaO-slag dissolution followed by Ca phosphate precipitation. P removal efficiencies improved with increasing temperature and HRTv, most probably because this affected the rates of CaO-slag dissolution and Ca phosphate precipitation. It was observed that long HRTv (>3 days) can cause high pH in the effluents (>9) as a result of excessive CaO-slag dissolution. However, at shorter HRTv (1-2 days), pH values were elevated only during the first five weeks and then stabilized below a pH of 9. The kinetics of P removal were investigated employing a first-order equation, and a model for filter design was proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristian Barca
- L'UNAM Université, Ecole des Mines de Nantes, CNRS, GEPEA, UMR 6144, 4 rue Alfred Kastler, 44307 Nantes, France.
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Buda AR, Koopmans GF, Bryant RB, Chardon WJ. Emerging technologies for removing nonpoint phosphorus from surface water and groundwater: introduction. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY 2012; 41:621-627. [PMID: 22565243 DOI: 10.2134/jeq2012.0080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Coastal and freshwater eutrophication continues to accelerate at sites around the world despite intense efforts to control agricultural P loss using traditional conservation and nutrient management strategies. To achieve required reductions in nonpoint P over the next decade, new tools will be needed to address P transfers from soils and applied P sources. Innovative remediation practices are being developed to remove nonpoint P sources from surface water and groundwater using P sorbing materials (PSMs) derived from natural, synthetic, and industrial sources. A wide array of technologies has been conceived, ranging from amendments that immobilize P in soils and manures to filters that remove P from agricultural drainage waters. This collection of papers summarizes theoretical modeling, laboratory, field, and economic assessments of P removal technologies. Modeling and laboratory studies demonstrate the importance of evaluating P removal technologies under controlled conditions before field deployment, and field studies highlight several challenges to P removal that may be unanticipated in the laboratory, including limited P retention by filters during storms, as well as clogging of filters due to sedimentation. Despite the potential of P removal technologies to improve water quality, gaps in our knowledge remain, and additional studies are needed to characterize the long-term performance of these technologies, as well as to more fully understand their costs and benefits in the context of whole-farm- and watershed-scale P management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony R Buda
- ARS, Pawsture Systems and Watershed Management Research Unit, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
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14
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A Laboratory Study of the Treatability of Synthetic Stormwater Under Varying Conditions Using Electric Arc Furnace Steel Slag. WATER 2012. [DOI: 10.3390/w4020321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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EAF Steel Slag Filters for Phosphorus Removal from Milk Parlor Effluent: The Effects of Solids Loading, Alternate Feeding Regimes and In-Series Design. WATER 2010. [DOI: 10.3390/w2030484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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16
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Combination of Slag, Limestone and Sedimentary Apatite in Columns for Phosphorus Removal from Sludge Fish Farm Effluents. WATER 2010. [DOI: 10.3390/w2030500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Lee MS, Drizo A, Rizzo DM, Druschel G, Hayden N, Twohig E. Evaluating the efficiency and temporal variation of pilot-scale constructed wetlands and steel slag phosphorus removing filters for treating dairy wastewater. WATER RESEARCH 2010; 44:4077-4086. [PMID: 20566211 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2010.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2009] [Revised: 04/01/2010] [Accepted: 05/13/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The performance and temporal variation of three hybrid and three integrated, saturated flow, pilot-scale constructed wetlands (CWs) were tested for treating dairy farm effluent. The three hybrid systems each consisted of two CWs in-series, with horizontal and vertical flow. Integrated systems consisted of a CW (horizontal and vertical flow) followed by a steel slag filter for removing phosphorus. Time series temporal semivariogram analyses of measured water parameters illustrated different treatment efficiencies existed over the course of one season. As a result, data were then divided into separate time period groups and CW systems were compared using ANOVA for parameter measurements within each distinct time period group. Both hybrid and integrated CWs were efficient in removing organics; however, hybrid systems had significantly higher performance (p<0.05) during peak vegetation growth. Compared to hybrid CWs, integrated CWs achieved significantly higher DRP reduction (p<0.05) throughout the period of investigation and higher ammonia reduction (p<0.05) in integrated CWs was observed in late summer. Geochemical modeling demonstrates hydroxyapatite and vivianite minerals forming on steel slag likely control the fate of phosphate ions given the reducing conditions prevalent in the system. The model also demonstrates how the wastewater:slag ratio can be adjusted to maximize phosphorus removal while staying at a near-neutral pH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin S Lee
- College of Engineering and Mathematical Sciences, University of Vermont, 33 Colchester Avenue, Burlington, VT 05405, USA.
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Bird SC, Drizo A. Investigations on phosphorus recovery and reuse as soil amendment from electric arc furnace slag filters. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2009; 44:1476-1483. [PMID: 20183504 DOI: 10.1080/10934520903217922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Electric arc furnace (EAF) steel slag has been identified as an effective filter material for the removal of phosphorus (P) from both point and non-point sources. To determine the feasibility of land-applying P saturated EAF steel slag this study was undertaken to investigate (i) saturated EAF steel slag material's potential as a P fertilizer or soil amendment and (ii) P desorption and metals leachate from saturated EAF steel slag material to surface runoff. Medicago sativa (alfalfa) was planted in a nutrient depleted washed sand media. Phosphorus was added either as saturated EAF steel slag or as a standard commercial phosphate fertilizer in order to assess the plant availability of the P from saturated EAF steel slag. Four different P application levels were tested: a low (20 lbs acre furrow slice(-1) (5.5 g P m(-3))) two medium (40 and 60 lbs. acre f.s.(-1) (11 and 16.5 g P m(-3))) and a high (120 lbs. acre f.s.(-1) (33 g P m(-3))). The above-ground biomass of half of the plants was harvested after 5 weeks and the second half at 10 weeks. All treatments regardless of the P source used showed high rates of germination. At the first harvest period (5 weeks) significantly higher above-ground biomass (p < 0.01) was seen at the 3 highest P amendment rates in treatments with triple super phosphate fertilizer (TSP) than with EAF steel slag. However, by the second harvest (10 weeks) only the highest amendment rate of TSP showed a significantly higher amount of biomass (p < 0.01), suggesting that EAF steel slag might be an effective slow release P source. In a second experiment, a rain simulator was used to assess desorption of DRP, TP and metals from a saturated and semi-saturated EAF steel slag. The results revealed that the total amounts of DRP and TP released to surface runoff from EAF steel slag were negligible when compared to the total quantities of P retained by this material. Overall the results from this study demonstrated that once the EAF steel slag filter reaches its saturation point, the material could be re-used as soil amendment for the slow release of bioavailable P with minimal risk for loss of P to surface runoff, bringing further benefits to the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon C Bird
- Department of Plant and Soil Science, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA.
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Drizo A, Cummings J, Weber D, Twohig E, Druschel G, Bourke B. New evidence for rejuvenation of phosphorus retention capacity in EAF steel slag. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2008; 42:6191-6197. [PMID: 18767686 DOI: 10.1021/es800232r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this research was to investigate phosphorus (P) retention capacity and rejuvenation potential of electric arc furnace (EAF) steel slag from Quebec and New Zealand (NZ) iron melter slag (IMS). Columns filled with slag materials were fed with dairy effluent and subjected to two feeding and one resting cycle(s). P retention capacities and rejuvenation potentials were determined after each feeding cycle. Elemental composition and mineralogical analysis were performed on IMS samples. Finally, chemical fractionation analysis was conducted on both NZ IMS and Quebec EAF steel slags. The results revealed that initiating a resting period in EAF steel slag filters prior to reaching their P saturation point increased the overall filter P retention capacity by 49.5 and 42.4% compared to 28% in a filter which had its resting period initiated after reaching P saturation. The rejuvenation property could play a significant role in full-scale applications by prolonging life expectancy and increasing cost efficiency. P retention and rejuvenation by NZ slag materials was negligible relative to EAF steel slag material from Quebec. Chemical fractionation analysis revealed differences between materials, indicating that the highest quantities of P were bound to Ca and Fe in EAF steel slag and to Ca and Al fractions in iron melter slag. This study also demonstrates that slag's performance is dependent on the source of the material and the steel making practices. Therefore, testing of the P adsorptive capability and, if relevant, the rejuvenation potential of individual steel mill slags, should be a prerequisite prior to their use in field applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Drizo
- Department of Plant and Soil Science, Hills Agricultural Building, 105 Carrigan Drive, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont 05405, USA.
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