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Reyes ME, de La Fuente M, Hermoso M, Ili CG, Brebi P. Role of CC Chemokines Subfamily in the Platinum Drugs Resistance Promotion in Cancer. Front Immunol 2020; 11:901. [PMID: 32499779 PMCID: PMC7243460 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a significant medical issue, being one of the main causes of mortality around the world. The therapies for this pathology depend on the stage in which the cancer is found, but it is usually diagnosed at an advanced stage in which the treatment is chemotherapy. Platinum drugs are among the most commonly used in therapy, unfortunately, one of the main obstacles to this treatment is the development of chemoresistance, which is the ability of cancer cells to evade the effects of drugs. Although some molecular mechanisms involved in resistance to platinum drugs are described, elucidation is still required of others. Secretion of inflammatory mediators such as cytokines and chemokines, by tumor microenvironment components or tumor cells, show direct influence on proliferation, metastasis and progression of cancer and are related to chemoresistance and poor prognosis. In this review, the general mechanisms associated with resistance to platinum drugs, inflammation on cancer development and chemoresistance in various types of cancer will be approached with special emphasis on the current history of CC chemokines subfamily-mediated chemoresistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria E. Reyes
- Laboratorio de Biología Integrativa (LIBi), Centro de Excelencia en Medicina Traslacional-Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus (CEMT-BIOREN), Universidad de la Frontera, Temuco, Chile
| | - Marjorie de La Fuente
- Laboratorio de Inmunidad Innata, Programa de Inmunología, ICBM, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Dirección Académica, Clínica Las Condes, Santiago, Chile
| | - Marcela Hermoso
- Laboratorio de Inmunidad Innata, Programa de Inmunología, ICBM, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carmen G. Ili
- Laboratorio de Biología Integrativa (LIBi), Centro de Excelencia en Medicina Traslacional-Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus (CEMT-BIOREN), Universidad de la Frontera, Temuco, Chile
| | - Priscilla Brebi
- Laboratorio de Biología Integrativa (LIBi), Centro de Excelencia en Medicina Traslacional-Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus (CEMT-BIOREN), Universidad de la Frontera, Temuco, Chile
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Immunohistochemical expression of CXCR4 on breast cancer and its clinical significance. Anal Cell Pathol (Amst) 2015; 2015:891020. [PMID: 26161302 PMCID: PMC4486754 DOI: 10.1155/2015/891020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Revised: 06/03/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Many tumor cells express chemokines and chemokine receptors, and, for this reason, these molecules can affect the tumor progression. It is known that breast cancer is a complex and heterogeneous neoplasia comprising distinct diseases, histological characteristics, and clinical outcomes. The most studied role for CXCL12 chemokine and its receptor CXCR4 in breast cancer pathogenesis is the metastasis event, although several reports have demonstrated its involvement in other processes, such as angiogenesis and tumor growth. It has been found that CXCR4 is required for breast cancer cell migration to other sites such as lung, bone, and lymph nodes, which express high levels of CXCL12 chemokine. Therefore, CXCR4 is being considered a prognostic marker in breast cancer. Within this context, this review summarizes established studies involving expression of CXCR4 on breast cancer, focusing on its clinical significance.
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Effect of acupuncture on CXCL8 receptors in rats suffering from embryo implantation failure. JOURNAL OF HUAZHONG UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY. MEDICAL SCIENCES = HUA ZHONG KE JI DA XUE XUE BAO. YI XUE YING DE WEN BAN = HUAZHONG KEJI DAXUE XUEBAO. YIXUE YINGDEWEN BAN 2014; 34:91-98. [PMID: 24496685 DOI: 10.1007/s11596-014-1237-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2011] [Revised: 01/05/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
To observe the effect of acupuncture on CXCL8 receptors (CXCR1 and CXCR2) in rat endometrium experiencing embryo implantation failure, 72 pregnant rats were randomly divided into four groups: normal group (N), embryo implantation failure group (M), acupuncture treatment group (A), and progestin treatment group (W). Then the rats in each group were equally randomized into a day-6 (D6) group, a day-8 (D8) group, and a day-10 (D10) group. The rats in group M, group A, and group W were treated with mifepristone-sesame oil solution on day 1, while the rats in group N were injected with the same amount of sesame oil. Meanwhile, "Housanli" and "Sanyinjiao" were selected for acupuncture. From day 1 to the time of death, the rats in group A were fastened up and then acupuncture was administered while the rats in group N and group M were only fixed, and the rats in group W were given progestin. The number of implanted embryos was calculated. The expression of CXCR1 and CXCR2 in rat endometrium was detected by immunohistochemistry, Western blotting and real-time PCR. Compared to group N, the average number of implanted embryos, the protein and mRNA expression of CXCR1 (D6, D8 and D10), and the protein and mRNA expression of CXCR2 (D8 and D10) in rat endometrium were significantly decreased in group M. Compared to group M, there was significant elevation in the average number of implanted embryos, the protein expression (D6, D8 and D10) and mRNA expression (D8) of CXCR1 in rat endometrium of group A, and the protein expression (D8 and D10) and mRNA expression (D8) of CXCR2 in rat endometrium of group W. These findings indicated that acupuncture can increase the number of implanted embryos in rats of embryo implantation failure, which may be relevant with up-regulation the expression of CXCR1 and CXCR2 at maternal-fetal interface of rats with embryo implantation failure.
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Huang X, Hao C, Shen X, Zhang Y, Liu X. RUNX2, GPX3 and PTX3 gene expression profiling in cumulus cells are reflective oocyte/embryo competence and potentially reliable predictors of embryo developmental competence in PCOS patients. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2013; 11:109. [PMID: 24279306 PMCID: PMC4222840 DOI: 10.1186/1477-7827-11-109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2013] [Accepted: 11/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common endocrine and metabolic disorder in women. The developmental competence of oocytes and embryos in PCOS patients is reduced to a certain extent (comparing to non-PCOS patients, the high quality embryo rate was decreased by 16% from the data of our centre) during the in vitro fertilization (IVF) process. Cross-talk between the oocyte and cumulus cells is critical for oocyte maturation and embryo competence. In this study, we have evaluated the transcription of specific genes in cumulus cells harvested from pre-ovulatory follicles of PCOS patients before IVF, according to individual oocyte nuclear maturity and developmental competence. Seven genes (RUNX2, PSAT1, ADAMTS9, CXCL1, CXCL2, CXCL3, and ITGB5) were targeted from our previous cDNA microarray data which isolated genes related to oocyte nuclear maturation in PCOS patients. Two additional genes which had been found to be associated with oocyte maturation or embryo quality in non-PCOS patients (GPX3 and PTX3) were also studied. METHODS The mRNA expression levels of cumulus cells were detected by qRT- PCR. RESULTS Consistent with our previous cDNA microarray data, with the exception of GPX3 and PTX3, the selected 7 genes were related to oocyte nuclear maturation in PCOS patients. Noticeably, the expression level of RUNX2 was lower in cumulus cells derived from oocytes that could develop into blastocysts than the level of expression from oocytes that could not. The PTX3 expression level was significantly lower in cumulus cells from oocytes with two normal pronuclei than that from oocytes that formed >2 pronuclei (MPN) after fertilization. GPX3 mRNA levels were decreased in cumulus cells isolated from oocytes that developed into blastocysts with high potential development competence. CONCLUSIONS Several cumulus cell genes were associated with oocyte maturation, fertilization and embryo quality in PCOS patients. RUNX2 and GPX3 are candidate genetic markers in the monitoring of embryo quality for PCOS patients, whereas PTX3 mainly played a role in fertilization process. Together with morphological evaluation, cumulus cells genes may serve as biomarkers of oocyte and embryo selection during the IVF process for PCOS patients and may advance our understanding of PCOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Huang
- Reproductive Medicine Centre, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao Medical University, Yuhuangding Hospital of Yantai, 20 Yuhuangding Road East, Yantai, Shandong, China
- CapitalBio Corporation Center (Biochip National Engineering Research Center), Yantai Branch Center, 20 Yuhuangding Road East, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Cuifang Hao
- Reproductive Medicine Centre, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao Medical University, Yuhuangding Hospital of Yantai, 20 Yuhuangding Road East, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Xiaofang Shen
- Reproductive Medicine Centre, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao Medical University, Yuhuangding Hospital of Yantai, 20 Yuhuangding Road East, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Yuhua Zhang
- Reproductive Medicine Centre, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao Medical University, Yuhuangding Hospital of Yantai, 20 Yuhuangding Road East, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Xiaoyan Liu
- Reproductive Medicine Centre, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao Medical University, Yuhuangding Hospital of Yantai, 20 Yuhuangding Road East, Yantai, Shandong, China
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Abstract
The transcription factor FOXP3 is widely known for its role in the development and function of immunoregulatory T cells. However, it has been discovered recently that FOXP3 is also expressed in epithelial cells of the normal human breast, ovary and prostate. Aggressive cancer of these epithelial tissues often correlates with abnormal expression of FOXP3, which can be either absent or underexpressed at transcript or protein levels. It is becoming clear that this failure of normal FOXP3 expression can result in dysregulation of the expression of a range of oncogenes which have been implicated in the development and metastasis of cancer. Recent evidence suggests that FOXP3 might also regulate chemokine receptor expression, providing a possible explanation for the chemokine-driven, tissue-specific spread that is characteristic of many cancers. This review first summarises the general structure, function and properties of FOXP3. This is followed by an analysis of the tumour-suppressive properties of this transcription factor, with particular reference to the development and chemokine-mediated spread of human breast cancer. A final section focuses on potential applications of this new knowledge for therapeutic intervention.
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Parveen F, Faridi RM, Singh B, Agrawal S. Analysis of CCR5 and CX3CR1 gene polymorphisms in association with unexplained recurrent miscarriages among north Indian women. Cytokine 2011; 56:239-44. [PMID: 21820915 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2011.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2010] [Revised: 06/16/2011] [Accepted: 07/11/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Recurrent miscarriage (RM), defined as three or more consecutive losses before the 20th week of gestation, affects 0.5-2% of pregnant women. In over 80% of cases, RM remains unexplained after investigations, suggesting the involvement of genetic factors. OBJECTIVES The present study investigates the common polymorphisms of chemokine receptors CCR5 (NG_012637.1:g.5303A>G) and CX3CR1 (NG_016362.1:g.21065C>T, Thr280Met and NG_016362.1:g.20971G>A, Val249Ile) and their association with recurrent miscarriages (RM) among north Indian women. PARTICIPANTS AND METHODS In a retrospective case-control study 200 well characterized patients with unexplained RM and 300 controls were genotyped for three polymorphic markers of CCR5 and CX3CR1 by restriction digestion of PCR amplified fragments. RESULTS Alleles and genotypes of CX3CR1 Val249Ile revealed statistically significant associations with RM cases when compared with the controls. The homozygous variant genotype Ile/Ile was found to be significantly higher among patients (p=0.0002) when compared with the homozygous wild type Val/Val genotype. The haplotype of CX3CR1 that carried major alleles of Thr280Met and Val249Ile (T-V) showed statistically significant protective association (p<0.0001, OR=0.41, 95% CI=0.31-0.54). The haplotype A-T-V (all wild type alleles) revealed a statistically significant protective association (p<0.0001, OR=0.41, 95% CI=0.34-0.62), whereas the haplotypes G-T-I, A-T-I and A-M-V modified the risk of RM 1.9-fold, 5.5-fold and 5.1-fold respectively. CONCLUSIONS A common polymorphism of CX3CR1 gene, Val240Ile is associated with the risk of RM in north Indian women. Risk of RM may also be modified by the presence of haplotypes T-I, M-V, G-T-I, A-T-I and A-M-V.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Parveen
- Department of Medical Genetics, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Raebareli Road, Lucknow 226014, UP, India
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O'Boyle G, Mellor P, Kirby JA, Ali S. Anti-inflammatory therapy by intravenous delivery of non-heparan sulfate-binding CXCL12. FASEB J 2009; 23:3906-16. [PMID: 19667120 PMCID: PMC2791779 DOI: 10.1096/fj.09-134643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Interaction between chemokines and heparan sulfate (HS) is essential for leukocyte recruitment during inflammation. Previous studies have shown that a non-HS-binding mutant form of the inflammatory chemokine CCL7 can block inflammation produced by wild-type chemokines. This study examined the anti-inflammatory mechanism of a non-HS-binding mutant of the homeostatic chemokine CXCL12. Initial experiments demonstrated that mutant CXCL12 was an effective CXCR4 agonist. However, this mutant chemokine failed to promote transendothelial migration in vitro and inhibited the haptotactic response to wild-type CCL7, CXCL12, and CXCL8, and naturally occurring chemoattractants in synovial fluid from the rheumatoid synovium, including CCL2, CCL7, and CXCL8. Notably, intravenous administration of mutant CXCL12 also inhibited the recruitment of leukocytes to murine air pouches filled with wild-type CXCL12. Following intravenous administration, wild-type CXCL12 was cleared from the circulation rapidly, while the mutant chemokine persisted for >24 h. Chronic exposure to mutant CXCL12 in the circulation reduced leukocyte-surface expression of CXCR4, reduced the chemotactic response of these cells to CXCL12, and inhibited normal chemokine-mediated induction of adhesion between the alpha4beta1 integrin, VLA-4, and VCAM-1. These data demonstrate that systemic administration of non-HS-binding variants of CXCL12 can mediate a powerful anti-inflammatory effect through chemokine receptor desensitization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graeme O'Boyle
- Applied Immunobiology and Transplantation Research Group, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Medical School, University of Newcastle, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH UK
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Hannan NJ, Salamonsen LA. CX3CL1 and CCL14 Regulate Extracellular Matrix and Adhesion Molecules in the Trophoblast: Potential Roles in Human Embryo Implantation1. Biol Reprod 2008; 79:58-65. [DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.107.066480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
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Abstract
Recent studies have highlighted the possible involvement of chemokines and their receptors in breast cancer progression and metastasis. Chemokines and their receptors constitute a superfamily of signalling factors whose prognosis value in breast cancer progression remains unclear. We will examine here the expression pattern of chemokines and their receptors in mammary gland physiology and carcinogenesis. The nature of the cells producing chemokines or harboring chemokine receptors appears to be crucial in certain conditions for example, the infiltration of the primary tumor by leukocytes and angiogenesis. In addition, chemokines, their receptors and the interaction with glycosaminoglycan (GAGs) are key players in the homing of cancer cells to distant metastasis sites. Several lines of evidence, including in vitro and in vivo models, suggest that the mechanism of action of chemokines in cancer development involves the modulation of proliferation, apoptosis, invasion, leukocyte recruitment or angiogenesis. Furthermore, we will discuss the regulation of chemokine network in tumor neovascularity by decoy receptors. The reasons accounting for the deregulation of chemokines and chemokine receptors expression in breast cancer are certainly crucial for the comprehension of chemokine role in breast cancer and are in several cases linked to estrogen receptor status. The targeting of chemokines and chemokine receptors by antibodies, small molecule antagonists, viral chemokine binding proteins and heparins appears as promising tracks to develop therapeutic strategies. Thus there is significant interest in developing strategies to antagonize the chemokine function, and an opportunity to interfere with metastasis, the leading cause of death in most patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simi Ali
- School of Surgical and Reproductive Sciences, Medical School, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK.
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10
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Datta D, Flaxenburg JA, Laxmanan S, Geehan C, Grimm M, Waaga-Gasser AM, Briscoe DM, Pal S. Ras-induced modulation of CXCL10 and its receptor splice variant CXCR3-B in MDA-MB-435 and MCF-7 cells: relevance for the development of human breast cancer. Cancer Res 2007; 66:9509-18. [PMID: 17018607 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-05-4345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Interactions between chemokines and chemokine receptors have been proposed recently to be of importance in the development and progression of cancer. Human breast cancer cells express the chemokine CXCL10 (IP-10) and also its receptor CXCR3. In this study, we have investigated the role of Ras activation in the regulation of CXCL10 and its receptor splice variant CXCR3-B in two human breast cancer cell lines MDA-MB-435 and MCF-7. In cotransfection assays, using a full-length CXCL10 promoter-luciferase construct, we found that the activated form of Ras, Ha-Ras(12V), promoted CXCL10 transcriptional activation. Ras significantly increased CXCL10 mRNA and protein expression as observed by real-time PCR, fluorescence-activated cell sorting analysis, and ELISA. Selective inhibition of Ha-Ras by small interfering RNA (siRNA) decreased CXCL10 mRNA expression in a dose-dependent manner. Further, using effector domain mutants of Ras, we found that Ras-induced overexpression of CXCL10 is mediated primarily through the Raf and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase signaling pathways. We also observed that the expression of the splice variant CXCR3-B, known to inhibit cell proliferation, was significantly down-regulated by Ras. Selective inhibition of CXCR3-B using siRNA resulted in an increase in CXCL10-mediated breast cancer cell proliferation through G(i) proteins and likely involving CXCR3-A. Finally, we observed intense expression of CXCL10 and CXCR3 in association with human breast cancer in situ, indicating that these observations may be of pathophysiologic significance. Together, these results suggest that activation of Ras plays a critical role in modulating the expression of both CXCL10 and CXCR3-B, which may have important consequences in the development of breast tumors through cancer cell proliferation.
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MESH Headings
- Adenocarcinoma/genetics
- Adenocarcinoma/pathology
- Alternative Splicing
- Breast Neoplasms/etiology
- Breast Neoplasms/genetics
- Breast Neoplasms/pathology
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/etiology
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/genetics
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/pathology
- Carcinoma, Intraductal, Noninfiltrating/genetics
- Carcinoma, Intraductal, Noninfiltrating/pathology
- Cell Division
- Cell Line, Tumor/metabolism
- Chemokine CXCL10
- Chemokines, CXC/physiology
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Genes, ras
- Humans
- Neoplasm Proteins/genetics
- Neoplasm Proteins/physiology
- Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases/physiology
- Phosphoinositide-3 Kinase Inhibitors
- Protein Isoforms/genetics
- Protein Isoforms/physiology
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-raf/antagonists & inhibitors
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-raf/physiology
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins p21(ras)/antagonists & inhibitors
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins p21(ras)/physiology
- RNA, Small Interfering/pharmacology
- Receptors, CXCR3
- Receptors, Chemokine/genetics
- Receptors, Chemokine/physiology
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/physiology
- Signal Transduction
- Sirolimus/pharmacology
- Transfection
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipak Datta
- Division of Nephrology, Children's Hospital Boston, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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11
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Hannan NJ, Salamonsen LA. Role of chemokines in the endometrium and in embryo implantation. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol 2007; 19:266-72. [PMID: 17495644 DOI: 10.1097/gco.0b013e328133885f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Chemokines are well known for their roles in the immune system; convincing evidence has emerged demonstrating a broader role for chemokines in the endometrium, particularly during embryo implantation. This review highlights the evidence on newly defined roles for chemokines in the endometrium during embryo implantation, with particular focus on those chemokines expressed by the endometrium. RECENT FINDINGS The highly regulated temporal and spatial expression of chemokines in the endometrium leads not only to specific recruitment and activation of appropriate leucocytes but also coordinates the precisely orchestrated invasion of trophoblasts through the decidua and maternal vasculature. Results to date implicate chemokine signalling at the maternal-foetal interface in important processes during implantation and placentation, such as leucocyte recruitment and controlled trophoblast invasion. Unravelling such actions of chemokines in the endometrium has provided new insights into these complex processes. SUMMARY Disturbances of chemokine production, processing, or actions are likely to contribute to dysfunction of implantation and placentation, with implications for early pregnancy loss and disturbed placental and foetal development. More research into altered chemokine function in such conditions may provide leads for new clinical interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie J Hannan
- Prince Henry's Institute of Medical Research, Monash University, Clayton, Australia.
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Mellor P, Harvey JR, Murphy KJ, Pye D, O'Boyle G, Lennard TWJ, Kirby JA, Ali S. Modulatory effects of heparin and short-length oligosaccharides of heparin on the metastasis and growth of LMD MDA-MB 231 breast cancer cells in vivo. Br J Cancer 2007; 97:761-8. [PMID: 17726466 PMCID: PMC2360379 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6603928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Expression of the chemokine receptor CXCR4 allows breast cancer cells to migrate towards specific metastatic target sites which constitutively express CXCL12. In this study, we determined whether this interaction could be disrupted using short-chain length heparin oligosaccharides. Radioligand competition binding assays were performed using a range of heparin oligosaccharides to compete with polymeric heparin or heparan sulphate binding to I(125) CXCL12. Heparin dodecasaccharides were found to be the minimal chain length required to efficiently bind CXCL12 (71% inhibition; P<0.001). These oligosaccharides also significantly inhibited CXCL12-induced migration of CXCR4-expressing LMD MDA-MB 231 breast cancer cells. In addition, heparin dodecasaccharides were found to have less anticoagulant activity than either a smaller quantity of polymeric heparin or a similar amount of the low molecular weight heparin pharmaceutical product, Tinzaparin. When given subcutaneously in a SCID mouse model of human breast cancer, heparin dodecasaccharides had no effect on the number of lung metastases, but did however inhibit (P<0.05) tumour growth (lesion area) compared to control groups. In contrast, polymeric heparin significantly inhibited both the number (P<0.001) and area of metastases, suggesting a differing mechanism for the action of polymeric and heparin-derived oligosaccharides in the inhibition of tumour growth and metastases.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Mellor
- Breast Cancer Research Group, School of Surgical and Reproductive Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
| | - J R Harvey
- Breast Cancer Research Group, School of Surgical and Reproductive Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
| | - K J Murphy
- Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, HD1 3DH, UK
| | - D Pye
- Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, HD1 3DH, UK
| | - G O'Boyle
- Breast Cancer Research Group, School of Surgical and Reproductive Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
| | - T W J Lennard
- Breast Cancer Research Group, School of Surgical and Reproductive Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
| | - J A Kirby
- Breast Cancer Research Group, School of Surgical and Reproductive Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
- School of Surgical and Reproductive Sciences, 3rd Floor William Leech Building, Framlington Place, University of Newcastle, Newcastle-upon-Tyne NE2 4HH, UK. E-mail:
| | - S Ali
- Breast Cancer Research Group, School of Surgical and Reproductive Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
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Harvey JR, Mellor P, Eldaly H, Lennard TWJ, Kirby JA, Ali S. Inhibition of CXCR4-mediated breast cancer metastasis: a potential role for heparinoids? Clin Cancer Res 2007; 13:1562-70. [PMID: 17332302 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-06-1987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The pattern of breast cancer metastasis may be determined by interactions between CXCR4 on breast cancer cells and CXCL12 within normal tissues. Glycosaminoglycans bind chemokines for presentation to responsive cells. This study was designed to test the hypothesis that soluble heparinoid glycosaminoglycan molecules can disrupt the normal response to CXCL12, thereby reducing the metastasis of CXCR4-expressing cancer cells. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Inhibition of the response of CXCR4-expressing Chinese hamster ovary cells to CXCL12 was assessed by measurement of calcium flux and chemotaxis. Radioligand binding was also assessed to quantify the potential of soluble heparinoids to prevent specific receptor ligation. The human breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231 and a range of sublines were assessed for their sensitivity to heparinoid-mediated inhibition of chemotaxis. A model of hematogenous breast cancer metastasis was established, and the potential of clinically relevant doses of heparinoids to inhibit CXCL12 presentation and metastatic disease was assessed. RESULTS Unfractionated heparin and the low-molecular-weight heparin tinzaparin inhibited receptor ligation and the response of CXCR4-expressing Chinese hamster ovary cells and human breast cancer cell lines to CXCL12. Heparin also removed CXCL12 from its normal site of expression on the surface of parenchymal cells in the murine lung. Both heparin and two clinically relevant dose regimens of tinzaparin reduced hematogenous metastatic spread of human breast cancer cells to the lung in a murine model. CONCLUSIONS Clinically relevant concentrations of tinzaparin inhibit the interaction between CXCL12 and CXCR4 and may be useful to prevent chemokine-driven breast cancer metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- James R Harvey
- Breast Research Group, School of Surgical and Reproductive Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
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14
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Dell’Agnola C, Biragyn A. Clinical utilization of chemokines to combat cancer: the double-edged sword. Expert Rev Vaccines 2007; 6:267-83. [PMID: 17408375 PMCID: PMC2262932 DOI: 10.1586/14760584.6.2.267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Chemokines are a small group of related chemo-attractant peptides that play an essential role in the homeostatic maintenance of the immune system. They control the recruitment of cells needed for the induction and activation of innate and adaptive immune responses. However, tumors also utilize chemokines to actively progress and evade immunosurveillance. In fact, chemokines are involved directly or indirectly in almost every aspect of tumorigenesis. They mediate survival and metastatic spread of tumors, promote new blood vessel formation (neovascularization) and induce an immunosuppressive microenvironment via recruitment of immunosuppressive cells. As a result, a number of therapeutic strategies have been proposed to target almost every step of the chemokine/chemokine receptor involvement in tumors. Yet, despite occasional success stories, most of them appear to be ineffective or impractical, presumably due to 'nonspecific' harm of cells needed for the elimination of tumor escapees and maintenance of immunological memory. The strategy would only be effective if it also promoted antitumor adaptive immune responses capable of combating a residual disease and tumor relapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Dell’Agnola
- Chiara Dell’Agnola, MD, Research Assistant, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Oncology, University of Verona, Ospedale Policlinico GB Rossi, Piazzale Ludovico Scuro 10, 37134 Verona, Italy, Tel.: +39 045 812 8121 (office), +39 045 812 8502 (secretary), Fax: +39 045 802 7410,
| | - Arya Biragyn
- Author for correspondence National Institute on Aging, 5600 Nathan Shock Drive, Laboratory of Immunology, Gerontology Research Center National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA Tel.: +1 410 558 8680, Fax: +1 410 558 8284,
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15
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Hannan NJ, Jones RL, White CA, Salamonsen LA. The chemokines, CX3CL1, CCL14, and CCL4, promote human trophoblast migration at the feto-maternal interface. Biol Reprod 2006; 74:896-904. [PMID: 16452465 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.105.045518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Human embryo implantation is a complex process involving blastocyst attachment to the endometrial epithelium and subsequent trophoblast invasion of the decidua. Chemokines, critical regulators of leukocyte migration, are abundant in endometrial epithelial and decidual cells at this time. We hypothesized that endometrial chemokines stimulate trophoblast invasion. Chemokine receptors CX3CR1 and CCR1 were immunolocalized in human first-trimester implantation sites, specifically to endovascular extravillous trophoblasts, but not to the invading interstitial EVTs (iEVTs), with weak staining also on syncytium. CCR3 was localized to invading iEVTs and to microvilli on the syncytial surface. Expression of CX3CL1 (fractalkine), CCL7 (MCP-3), and their receptors (CX3CR1, CCR1, CCR2, CCR3, and CCR5) mRNA was examined in cellular components of the maternal-embryonic interface by RT-PCR. Both chemokines were abundant in entire endometrium and placenta, endometrial cells (primary cultures and HES, a human endometrial epithelial cell line) and trophoblast cell lines (JEG-3, ACIM-88, and ACIM-32). Chemokine receptor mRNA was expressed by placenta and trophoblast cell lines: CCR1 by all trophoblast cell types, whereas CCR2, CCR3, and CX3CR1 were more variable. CX3CR1, CCR1, CCR2, and CCR5 were also expressed by endometrial cells. Migration assays used the trophoblast cell line most closely resembling extravillous cytotrophoblast (AC1M-88). Trophoblast migration occurred in response to CX3CL1, CCL14, and CCL4, but not CCL7. Endometrial cell-conditioned media also stimulated trophoblast migration; this was attenuated by neutralizing antibodies to CX3CL1 and CCL4. Thus, chemokines are expressed by maternal and embryonic cells during implantation, whereas corresponding receptors are on trophoblast cells. Promotion of trophoblast migration by chemokines and endometrial cell conditioned medium indicates an important involvement of chemokines in maternal-fetal communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie J Hannan
- Prince Henry's Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia.
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16
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Günther K, Leier J, Henning G, Dimmler A, Weissbach R, Hohenberger W, Förster R. Prediction of lymph node metastasis in colorectal carcinoma by expressionof chemokine receptor CCR7. Int J Cancer 2005; 116:726-33. [PMID: 15828050 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.21123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Chemokine receptors are known to regulate homing of lymphocytes into secondary lymphoid organs and may also be involved in the lymphatic spread of solid tumors. Therefore, the assessment of chemokine receptor expression on colorectal carcinomas could potentially improve the prediction of lymph node spread. This is of great importance for the selection of patients for local therapy without the need for concomitant lymphatic dissection. Currently, only 5% of all patients can be selected for this desirable treatment option by established prognosticators. In a retrospective study, expression levels of the chemokine receptors CCR7, CXCR4 and CXCR5 were determined by immunohistochemistry on paraffin-embedded specimens of 99 colorectal carcinomas, which were curatively operated on, comprising all stages of the disease. Receptor expressions (absent vs. positive) from the overall tumor (OT) and from the invasion front (IF) including further prognosticators were correlated with lymph node status by uni- and multivariate analysis. Data were also correlated with synchronous distant metastases and overall survival. Median follow-up was 64 months. In univariate analysis, lymph node status correlated significantly with lymphovascular invasion, the expression of CCR7 IF, CCR7 OT, CXCR4 IF and CXCR4 OT, as well as pT category. Multivariate analysis revealed a significant correlation of lymph node status with lymphovascular invasion and CCR7 IF expression level. Most interestingly, CCR7 IF expression was significantly linked to decreased survival. CCR7 plays an important role in the mechanism of lymph node spread in colorectal carcinoma. Evaluation of the chemokine receptor expression profile seems to be appropriate to improve the selection of patients suited for local treatment and might constitute targets for nonsurgical therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaus Günther
- Department of Surgery I, Community Hospital of Fürth, Fürth, Germany.
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17
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Wegrowski Y, Maquart FX. Involvement of stromal proteoglycans in tumour progression. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2004; 49:259-68. [PMID: 15036265 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2003.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/02/2003] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) and proteoglycans (PGs) belong to a class of extracellular macromolecules necessary for the growth of any multicellular structures, including tumours. Transformed cells induce stromal reaction either per se or by activation of the mesenchymal cells. Tumour stroma contains several chondroitin sulphate and heparan sulphate proteoglycans. These proteoglycans and their glycosaminoglycan chains modify cell behaviour by interacting with different molecules such as growth factors, cytokines, chemokines, proteinases and their inhibitors. This review describes the main proteoglycans of tumour stoma and discusses their implication in the regulation of the activity of extracellular proteins and peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanusz Wegrowski
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, CNRS FRE 2534, Faculty of Medicine, IFR-53, 51095 Reims Cedex, France.
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18
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Zhang Y, Lu H, LiWang P, Sili U, Templeton NS. Optimization of gene expression in nonactivated circulating lymphocytes. Mol Ther 2004; 8:629-36. [PMID: 14529836 DOI: 10.1016/s1525-0016(03)00231-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Circulating lymphocytes are important target cells for the treatment of HIV-related and autoimmune diseases and for stimulating anti-tumor immunity. To date, gene transfection of these nonactivated cells after intravenous delivery of viral or nonviral vectors remains low although these circulating cells are highly accessible. Optimized lentiviral vectors currently can transduce less than 10% of nonactivated circulating lymphocytes. Here we report transfection of up to 15% of these nonactivated cells using liposomes directed to human CCR5 displayed on the surface of helper T cells and macrophages in transgenic mice. Attachment of modified MIP-1 beta to the surface of DNA-liposome complexes increased gene delivery and expression in nonactivated circulating lymphocytes approximately sixfold. In vitro data using these complexes to transfect PM1 cells that have elevated levels of CCR5 supported our data obtained in vivo. Therefore, ligands that bind to cell surface receptors on circulating lymphocytes can be used with optimized systemic liposomes to increase transfection and gene expression in these cells without activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufeng Zhang
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.
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Lau EK, Allen S, Hsu AR, Handel TM. Chemokine-receptor interactions: GPCRs, glycosaminoglycans and viral chemokine binding proteins. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY 2004; 68:351-91. [PMID: 15500866 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-3233(04)68010-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
A key feature of the immune system is the migration of leukocytes throughout the organism in an effort to patrol for infectious pathogens, tissue damage, and other physiological insults. This remarkable surveillance system is controlled by a family of proteins called chemokines (chemoattractant cytokines), and their respective receptors. Originally discovered because of their role in cell recruitment during inflammation, it is now well recognized that chemokines are also involved in other diverse processes including lymphocyte development and homing, organogenesis, and neuronal communication. While chemokines have evolved largely for host protection, their ability to induce cell damage and inappropriate cell recruitment, can lead to disease. Thus, there is considerable interest in developing antagonists. In this review we emphasize what is known about the structural biology of chemokines, chemokine receptors, and interactions with cell surface glycosaminoglycans. We also briefly describe their role in certain diseases and strategies for interfering with chemokine function that have emerged from mechanistic and structural understanding of their function. Finally we discuss viral mechanisms for sabotaging or manipulating the chemokine system, in part to illustrate the level of molecular mimicry that viruses have achieved and the evolutionary pressure imposed on the immune system by these pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine K Lau
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California Berkeley, California 94720, USA
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW WHIM syndrome (the association of warts, hypogammaglobulinemia, recurrent bacterial infections, and 'myelokathexis') is a rare congenital form of neutropenia associated with an unusual immune disorder involving hypogammaglonulinemia and abnormal susceptibility to warts. In this review, we describe the clinical, laboratory and genetic features of WHIM syndrome. RECENT FINDINGS The identification of chemokine receptor CXCR4 as the causative gene of WHIM syndrome yields new interest in the study of this disease as a model for the comprehension of CXCR4 biology in humans and highlights the importance of the chemokine network for inducing effective immune responses and governing leukocyte trafficking. SUMMARY CXCR4 participates in several biological processes (bone marrow hematopoiesis, cardiogenesis, angiogenesis, neurogenesis) and is implicated in different clinical pathologic conditions (WHIM, HIV infection, tumor metastatization, autoimmunity). Pharmacologic agents that modulate CXCR4 expression/function are already available and promise a wide range of future clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Virginia Gulino
- Metabolism Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.
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