1
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Enzyme cascades for the synthesis of nucleotide sugars: Updates to recent production strategies. Carbohydr Res 2023; 523:108727. [PMID: 36521208 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2022.108727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Nucleotide sugars play an elementary role in nature as building blocks of glycans, polysaccharides, and glycoconjugates used in the pharmaceutical, cosmetics, and food industries. As substrates of Leloir-glycosyltransferases, nucleotide sugars are essential for chemoenzymatic in vitro syntheses. However, high costs and the limited availability of nucleotide sugars prevent applications of biocatalytic cascades on a large industrial scale. Therefore, the focus is increasingly on nucleotide sugar synthesis strategies to make significant application processes feasible. The chemical synthesis of nucleotide sugars and their derivatives is well established, but the yields of these processes are usually low. Enzyme catalysis offers a suitable alternative here, and in the last 30 years, many synthesis routes for nucleotide sugars have been discovered and used for production. However, many of the published procedures shy away from assessing the practicability of their processes. With this review, we give an insight into the development of the (chemo)enzymatic nucleotide sugar synthesis pathways of the last years and present an assessment of critical process parameters such as total turnover number (TTN), space-time yield (STY), and enzyme loading.
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2
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Zheng M, Zheng M, Lupoli TJ. Expanding the Substrate Scope of a Bacterial Nucleotidyltransferase via Allosteric Mutations. ACS Infect Dis 2022; 8:2035-2044. [PMID: 36106727 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.2c00402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial glycoconjugates, such as cell surface polysaccharides and glycoproteins, play important roles in cellular interactions and survival. Enzymes called nucleotidyltransferases use sugar-1-phosphates and nucleoside triphosphates (NTPs) to produce nucleoside diphosphate sugars (NDP-sugars), which serve as building blocks for most glycoconjugates. Research spanning several decades has shown that some bacterial nucleotidyltransferases have broad substrate tolerance and can be exploited to produce a variety of NDP-sugars in vitro. While these enzymes are known to be allosterically regulated by NDP-sugars and their fragments, much work has focused on the effect of active site mutations alone. Here, we show that rational mutations in the allosteric site of the nucleotidyltransferase RmlA lead to expanded substrate tolerance and improvements in catalytic activity that can be explained by subtle changes in quaternary structure and interactions with ligands. These observations will help inform future studies on the directed biosynthesis of diverse bacterial NDP-sugars and downstream glycoconjugates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maggie Zheng
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, New York, New York 10003, United States
| | - Meng Zheng
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, New York, New York 10003, United States
| | - Tania J Lupoli
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, New York, New York 10003, United States
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3
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Sivakrishna B, Sahoo S, Kumar A, Pal S. Development of a Divergent Synthetic Avenue towards Conduritol‐E,
allo
‐Inositol,
talo
‐Quercitol and Palitantin from D‐Ribose. ChemistrySelect 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202203346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Balija Sivakrishna
- School of Basic Sciences Indian Institute of Technology Bhubaneswar Argul Khordha, Bhubaneswar Odisha 752050
| | - Subrata Sahoo
- School of Basic Sciences Indian Institute of Technology Bhubaneswar Argul Khordha, Bhubaneswar Odisha 752050
| | - Aditya Kumar
- School of Basic Sciences Indian Institute of Technology Bhubaneswar Argul Khordha, Bhubaneswar Odisha 752050
| | - Shantanu Pal
- School of Basic Sciences Indian Institute of Technology Bhubaneswar Argul Khordha, Bhubaneswar Odisha 752050
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4
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Exploring the Strategy of Fusing Sucrose Synthase to Glycosyltransferase UGT76G1 in Enzymatic Biotransformation. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12083911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Uridine diphosphate glycosyltransferases (UGTs) as fine catalysts of glycosylation are increasingly used in the synthesis of natural products. Sucrose synthase (SuSy) is recognized as a powerful tool for in situ regenerating sugar donors for the UGT-catalyzed reaction. It is crucial to select the appropriate SuSy for cooperation with UGT in a suitable way. In the present study, eukaryotic SuSy from Arabidopsisthaliana (AtSUS1) helped stevia glycosyltransferase UGT76G1 achieve the complete conversion of stevioside (30 g/L) into rebaudioside A (RebA). Position of the individual transcription units containing the genes encoding AtSUS1 and UGT76G1 in the expression plasmid has an effect, but less than that of the fusion order of these genes on RebA yield. Fusion of the C-terminal of AtSUS1 and the N-terminal of UGT76G1 with rigid linkers are conducive to maintaining enzyme activities. When the same fusion strategy was applied to a L637M-T640V double mutant of prokaryotic SuSy from Acidithiobacillus caldus (AcSuSym), 18.8 ± 0.6 g/L RebA (a yield of 78.2%) was accumulated in the reaction mixture catalyzed by the fusion protein Acm-R3-76G1 (the C-terminal of AcSuSym and the N-terminal of UGT76G1 were linked with (EAAAK)3). This work would hopefully reveal the potential of UGT-SuSy fusion in improving the cascade enzymatic glycosylation.
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5
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Hsu YH, Chang CC. Conversion of a readily available carbohydrate raw material into a rare l-deoxyhexose. Tetrahedron Lett 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2020.152718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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6
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Abstract
The preparation of 2-deoxy-l-ribose derivatives or mirror image deoxyribonucleosides (l-deoxyribonucleosides) from d-ribose is reported. Starting from inexpensive d-ribose, an acyclic d-form carbohydrate precursor was synthesized to study a unique carbonyl translocation process. In this novel radical reaction, not only was the configuration of the sugar transformed from the d-form to the l-form, but also deoxygenation at the C(2) position of the sugar was successfully achieved. This is one of the most practical methods for converting a d-sugar to a 2-deoxy-l-sugar in a one-step reaction. To further identify the reaction product, radical reactions followed by treatment with 1,3-propanedithiol and then benzoylation were performed to afford a dithioacetal derivative. The stereochemistry and configuration of the 2-deoxy-l-ribose dithioacetal derivative were confirmed by its X-ray crystal structure. To further apply this methodology, a diethyl thioacetal derivative was formed, followed by selective benzoyl protection, and an NIS-initiated cyclization reaction to give the desired ethyl S-l-2-deoxyriboside, which can be used as a 2-deoxy-l-ribosyl synthon in the formal total synthesis of various l-deoxyribonucleosides, such as l-dT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Syun Song
- Department of Chemistry , Fu Jen Catholic University , 510, Zhongzheng Rd. , Xinzhuang District, New Taipei City 24205 , Taiwan
| | - Si-Xian Liu
- Department of Chemistry , Fu Jen Catholic University , 510, Zhongzheng Rd. , Xinzhuang District, New Taipei City 24205 , Taiwan
| | - Che-Chien Chang
- Department of Chemistry , Fu Jen Catholic University , 510, Zhongzheng Rd. , Xinzhuang District, New Taipei City 24205 , Taiwan
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7
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Fischöder T, Wahl C, Zerhusen C, Elling L. Repetitive Batch Mode Facilitates Enzymatic Synthesis of the Nucleotide Sugars UDP-Gal, UDP-GlcNAc, and UDP-GalNAc on a Multi-Gram Scale. Biotechnol J 2018; 14. [PMID: 30367549 DOI: 10.1002/biot.201800386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Revised: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The availability of nucleotide sugars is considered as bottleneck for Leloir-glycosyltransferases mediated glycan synthesis. A breakthrough for the synthesis of nucleotide sugars is the development of salvage pathway like enzyme cascades with high product yields from affordable monosaccharide substrates. In this regard, the authors aim at high enzyme productivities of these cascades by a repetitive batch approach. The authors report here for the first time that the exceptional high enzyme cascade stability facilitates the synthesis of Uridine-5'-diphospho-α-d-galactose (UDP-Gal), Uridine-5'-diphospho-N-acetylglucosamine (UDP-GlcNAc), and Uridine-5'-diphospho-N-acetylgalactosamine (UDP-GalNAc) in a multi-gram scale by repetitive batch mode. The authors obtained 12.8 g UDP-Gal through a high mass based total turnover number (TTNmass ) of 494 [gproduct /genzyme ] and space-time-yield (STY) of 10.7 [g/L*h]. Synthesis of UDP-GlcNAc in repetitive batch mode gave 11.9 g product with a TTNmass of 522 [gproduct /genzyme ] and a STY of 9.9 [g/L*h]. Furthermore, the scale-up to a 200 mL scale using a pressure operated concentrator was demonstrated for a UDP-GalNAc producing enzyme cascade resulting in an exceptional high STY of 19.4 [g/L*h] and 23.3 g product. In conclusion, the authors demonstrate that repetitive batch mode is a versatile strategy for the multi-gram scale synthesis of nucleotide sugars by stable enzyme cascades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Fischöder
- Laboratory for Biomaterials and Institute for Biotechnology and Helmholtz-Institute for Biomedical Engineering RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelstrasse 20, Aachen 52074, Germany
| | - Claudia Wahl
- Laboratory for Biomaterials and Institute for Biotechnology and Helmholtz-Institute for Biomedical Engineering RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelstrasse 20, Aachen 52074, Germany
| | - Christian Zerhusen
- Laboratory for Biomaterials and Institute for Biotechnology and Helmholtz-Institute for Biomedical Engineering RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelstrasse 20, Aachen 52074, Germany
| | - Lothar Elling
- Laboratory for Biomaterials and Institute for Biotechnology and Helmholtz-Institute for Biomedical Engineering RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelstrasse 20, Aachen 52074, Germany
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8
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Salcedo RG, Olano C, Fernández R, Braña AF, Méndez C, de la Calle F, Salas JA. Elucidation of the glycosylation steps during biosynthesis of antitumor macrolides PM100117 and PM100118 and engineering for novel derivatives. Microb Cell Fact 2016; 15:187. [PMID: 27829451 PMCID: PMC5103430 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-016-0591-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antitumor compounds PM100117 and PM100118 are glycosylated polyketides derived from the marine actinobacteria Streptomyces caniferus GUA-06-05-006A. The organization and characterization of the PM100117/18 biosynthesis gene cluster has been recently reported. RESULTS Based on the preceding information and new genetic engineering data, we have outlined the pathway by which PM100117/18 are glycosylated. Furthermore, these genetic engineering experiments have allowed the generation of novel PM100117/18 analogues. Deletion of putative glycosyltranferase genes and additional genes presumably involved in late biosynthesis steps of the three 2,6-dideoxysugars appended to the PM100117/18 polyketide skeleton, resulted in the generation of a series of intermediates and novel derivatives. CONCLUSIONS Isolation and identification of the novel compounds constitutes an important contribution to our knowledge on PM100117/18 glycosylation, and set the basis for further characterization of specific enzymatic reactions, additional genetic engineering and combinatorial biosynthesis approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raúl García Salcedo
- Departamento de Biología Funcional e Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias (I.U.O.P.A), Universidad de Oviedo, Asturias, 33006, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Carlos Olano
- Departamento de Biología Funcional e Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias (I.U.O.P.A), Universidad de Oviedo, Asturias, 33006, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Rogelio Fernández
- Drug Discovery Area, PharmaMar S.A., Avda. de los Reyes, Colmenar Viejo, 128770, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alfredo F Braña
- Departamento de Biología Funcional e Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias (I.U.O.P.A), Universidad de Oviedo, Asturias, 33006, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Carmen Méndez
- Departamento de Biología Funcional e Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias (I.U.O.P.A), Universidad de Oviedo, Asturias, 33006, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Fernando de la Calle
- Drug Discovery Area, PharmaMar S.A., Avda. de los Reyes, Colmenar Viejo, 128770, Madrid, Spain
| | - José A Salas
- Departamento de Biología Funcional e Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias (I.U.O.P.A), Universidad de Oviedo, Asturias, 33006, Oviedo, Spain.
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9
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Abstract
Focusing on the recent literature (since 2000), this review outlines the main synthetic approaches for the preparation of 5'-mono-, 5'-di-, and 5'-triphosphorylated nucleosides, also known as nucleotides, as well as several derivatives, namely, cyclic nucleotides and dinucleotides, dinucleoside 5',5'-polyphosphates, sugar nucleotides, and nucleolipids. Endogenous nucleotides and their analogues can be obtained enzymatically, which is often restricted to natural substrates, or chemically. In chemical synthesis, protected or unprotected nucleosides can be used as the starting material, depending on the nature of the reagents selected from P(III) or P(V) species. Both solution-phase and solid-support syntheses have been developed and are reported here. Although a considerable amount of research has been conducted in this field, further work is required because chemists are still faced with the challenge of developing a universal methodology that is compatible with a large variety of nucleoside analogues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Béatrice Roy
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), UMR 5247 CNRS, Université de Montpellier, ENSCM , Campus Triolet, cc 1705, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier cedex 5, France
| | - Anaïs Depaix
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), UMR 5247 CNRS, Université de Montpellier, ENSCM , Campus Triolet, cc 1705, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier cedex 5, France
| | - Christian Périgaud
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), UMR 5247 CNRS, Université de Montpellier, ENSCM , Campus Triolet, cc 1705, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier cedex 5, France
| | - Suzanne Peyrottes
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), UMR 5247 CNRS, Université de Montpellier, ENSCM , Campus Triolet, cc 1705, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier cedex 5, France
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10
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Isolation and analysis of sugar nucleotides using solid phase extraction and fluorophore assisted carbohydrate electrophoresis. MethodsX 2016; 3:251-60. [PMID: 27222820 PMCID: PMC4821447 DOI: 10.1016/j.mex.2016.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The building blocks of simple and complex oligosaccharides, termed sugar nucleotides, are often overlooked for their role in metabolic diseases and may hold the key to the underlying disease pathogenesis. Multiple reasons may account for the lack of analysis and quantitation of these sugar nucleotides, including the difficulty in isolation and purification as well as the required expensive instrumentation such as a high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), mass spectrometer, or capillary electrophoresis. We have established a simple yet effective way to purify and quantitate sugar nucleotides using solid phase extraction (SPE) chromatography combined with fluorophore assisted carbohydrate electrophoresis (FACE). The simplicity of use, combined with the ability to run multiple samples at one time, give this technique a distinct advantage over the established methods for isolation and analysis of sugar nucleotides from cell culture models. Sugar nucleotides can be easily purified with solid phase extraction chromatography. FACE can be used to analyze multiple nucleotide sugar extracts with a single run. The proposed method is simple, affordable, and uses common everyday research labware.
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Key Words
- AMAC, 2-aminoacridone
- APS, ammonium persulfate
- CMP, cytosine monophosphate
- Carbohydrate
- Electrophoresis
- FACE, fluorophore assisted carbohydrate electrophoresis
- Face
- GDP, guanosine diphosphate
- Gal, galactose
- GalNAc, N-acetylgalactosamine
- GlcNAc, N-acetylglucosamine
- GlcUA, glucuronic acid
- HPLC
- HPLC, high performance liquid chromatography
- Man, Mannose
- NeuAc, sialic acid
- SPE, solid phase extraction
- Sugar nucleotide analysis by SPE and FACE
- Sugar nucleotides
- TEAA, triethylamine acetate
- TEMED, N′,N′,N′N′-tetramethylenediamine
- UDP, uridine diphosphate
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11
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Affiliation(s)
- Tai-Ni Lu
- Department of Chemistry, Fu Jen Catholic University, 510 Zhongzheng Road, Xinzhuang
District, New Taipei City 24205, Taiwan Republic of China
| | - Che-Chien Chang
- Department of Chemistry, Fu Jen Catholic University, 510 Zhongzheng Road, Xinzhuang
District, New Taipei City 24205, Taiwan Republic of China
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12
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Schmölzer K, Gutmann A, Diricks M, Desmet T, Nidetzky B. Sucrose synthase: A unique glycosyltransferase for biocatalytic glycosylation process development. Biotechnol Adv 2015; 34:88-111. [PMID: 26657050 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2015.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2015] [Revised: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Sucrose synthase (SuSy, EC 2.4.1.13) is a glycosyltransferase (GT) long known from plants and more recently discovered in bacteria. The enzyme catalyzes the reversible transfer of a glucosyl moiety between fructose and a nucleoside diphosphate (NDP) (sucrose+NDP↔NDP-glucose+fructose). The equilibrium for sucrose conversion is pH dependent, and pH values between 5.5 and 7.5 promote NDP-glucose formation. The conversion of a bulk chemical to high-priced NDP-glucose in a one-step reaction provides the key aspect for industrial interest. NDP-sugars are important as such and as key intermediates for glycosylation reactions by highly selective Leloir GTs. SuSy has gained renewed interest as industrially attractive biocatalyst, due to substantial scientific progresses achieved in the last few years. These include biochemical characterization of bacterial SuSys, overproduction of recombinant SuSys, structural information useful for design of tailor-made catalysts, and development of one-pot SuSy-GT cascade reactions for production of several relevant glycosides. These advances could pave the way for the application of Leloir GTs to be used in cost-effective processes. This review provides a framework for application requirements, focusing on catalytic properties, heterologous enzyme production and reaction engineering. The potential of SuSy biocatalysis will be presented based on various biotechnological applications: NDP-sugar synthesis; sucrose analog synthesis; glycoside synthesis by SuSy-GT cascade reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Schmölzer
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, Petersgasse 14, 8010 Graz, Austria.
| | - Alexander Gutmann
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering, Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz, Petersgasse 12/I, 8010 Graz, Austria.
| | - Margo Diricks
- Centre for Industrial Biotechnology and Biocatalysis, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Tom Desmet
- Centre for Industrial Biotechnology and Biocatalysis, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Bernd Nidetzky
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, Petersgasse 14, 8010 Graz, Austria; Institute of Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering, Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz, Petersgasse 12/I, 8010 Graz, Austria.
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13
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Peltier-Pain P, Singh S, Thorson JS. Characterization of Early Enzymes Involved in TDP-Aminodideoxypentose Biosynthesis en Route to Indolocarbazole AT2433. Chembiochem 2015; 16:2141-6. [PMID: 26289554 PMCID: PMC4598305 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201500365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The characterization of TDP-α-D-glucose dehydrogenase (AtmS8), TDP-α-D-glucuronic acid decarboxylase (AtmS9), and TDP-4-keto-α-D-xylose 2,3-dehydratase (AtmS14), involved in Actinomadura melliaura AT2433 aminodideoxypentose biosynthesis, is reported. This study provides the first biochemical evidence that both deoxypentose and deoxyhexose biosynthetic pathways share common strategies for sugar 2,3-dehydration/reduction and implicates the sugar nucleotide base specificity of AtmS14 as a potential mechanism for sugar nucleotide commitment to secondary metabolism. In addition, a re-evaluation of the AtmS9 homologue involved in calicheamicin aminodeoxypentose biosynthesis (CalS9) reveals that CalS9 catalyzes UDP-4-keto-α-D-xylose as the predominant product, rather than UDP-α-D-xylose as previously reported. Cumulatively, this work provides additional fundamental insights regarding the biosynthesis of novel pentoses attached to complex bacterial secondary metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Peltier-Pain
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 777 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
- Glycom A/S, Denmark
| | - Shanteri Singh
- Center for Pharmaceutical Research and Innovation, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, 789 South Limestone Street, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
| | - Jon S Thorson
- Center for Pharmaceutical Research and Innovation, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, 789 South Limestone Street, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA.
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14
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Singh S, Kim Y, Wang F, Bigelow L, Endres M, Kharel MK, Babnigg G, Bingman CA, Joachimiak A, Thorson JS, Phillips GN. Structural characterization of AtmS13, a putative sugar aminotransferase involved in indolocarbazole AT2433 aminopentose biosynthesis. Proteins 2015; 83:1547-54. [PMID: 26061967 DOI: 10.1002/prot.24844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2015] [Revised: 05/25/2015] [Accepted: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
AT2433 from Actinomadura melliaura is an indolocarbazole antitumor antibiotic structurally distinguished by its unique aminodideoxypentose-containing disaccharide moiety. The corresponding sugar nucleotide-based biosynthetic pathway for this unusual sugar derives from comparative genomics where AtmS13 has been suggested as the contributing sugar aminotransferase (SAT). Determination of the AtmS13 X-ray structure at 1.50-Å resolution reveals it as a member of the aspartate aminotransferase fold type I (AAT-I). Structural comparisons of AtmS13 with homologous SATs that act upon similar substrates implicate potential active site residues that contribute to distinctions in sugar C5 (hexose vs. pentose) and/or sugar C2 (deoxy vs. hydroxyl) substrate specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanteri Singh
- Center for Pharmaceutical Research and Innovation, Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, University of Kentucky College of Pharmacy, Lexington, Kentucky, 40536-0596
| | - Youngchang Kim
- Midwest Center for Structural Genomics and Structural Biology Center, Biosciences Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois, 60439
| | - Fengbin Wang
- Department of BioSciences, Rice University, Houston, Texas, 77005
| | - Lance Bigelow
- Midwest Center for Structural Genomics and Structural Biology Center, Biosciences Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois, 60439
| | - Michael Endres
- Midwest Center for Structural Genomics and Structural Biology Center, Biosciences Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois, 60439
| | - Madan K Kharel
- School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland Eastern Shore, Princess Anne, Maryland
| | - Gyorgy Babnigg
- Midwest Center for Structural Genomics and Structural Biology Center, Biosciences Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois, 60439
| | - Craig A Bingman
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, 53706
| | - Andrzej Joachimiak
- Midwest Center for Structural Genomics and Structural Biology Center, Biosciences Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois, 60439
| | - Jon S Thorson
- Center for Pharmaceutical Research and Innovation, Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, University of Kentucky College of Pharmacy, Lexington, Kentucky, 40536-0596
| | - George N Phillips
- Department of BioSciences, Rice University, Houston, Texas, 77005.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, 53706.,Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, Texas, 77005
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15
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Synthesis of New Polysaccharide Materials by Phosphorylase-Catalyzed Enzymatic α-Glycosylations Using Polymeric Glycosyl Acceptors. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/bk-2013-1144.ch011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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16
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Broadening the scope of glycosyltransferase-catalyzed sugar nucleotide synthesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:7648-53. [PMID: 23610417 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1220220110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
We described the integration of the general reversibility of glycosyltransferase-catalyzed reactions, artificial glycosyl donors, and a high throughput colorimetric screen to enable the engineering of glycosyltransferases for combinatorial sugar nucleotide synthesis. The best engineered catalyst from this study, the OleD Loki variant, contained the mutations P67T/I112P/T113M/S132F/A242I compared with the OleD wild-type sequence. Evaluated against the parental sequence OleD TDP16 variant used for screening, the OleD Loki variant displayed maximum improvements in k(cat)/K(m) of >400-fold and >15-fold for formation of NDP-glucoses and UDP-sugars, respectively. This OleD Loki variant also demonstrated efficient turnover with five variant NDP acceptors and six variant 2-chloro-4-nitrophenyl glycoside donors to produce 30 distinct NDP-sugars. This study highlights a convenient strategy to rapidly optimize glycosyltransferase catalysts for the synthesis of complex sugar nucleotides and the practical synthesis of a unique set of sugar nucleotides.
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17
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Bojarová P, Rosencrantz RR, Elling L, Křen V. Enzymatic glycosylation of multivalent scaffolds. Chem Soc Rev 2013; 42:4774-97. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cs35395d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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18
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Synthesis of Amylose-Grafted Polysaccharide Materials by Phosphorylase-Catalyzed Enzymatic Polymerization. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/bk-2012-1105.ch015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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19
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Gantt RW, Peltier-Pain P, Cournoyer WJ, Thorson JS. Using simple donors to drive the equilibria of glycosyltransferase-catalyzed reactions. Nat Chem Biol 2011; 7:685-91. [PMID: 21857660 PMCID: PMC3177962 DOI: 10.1038/nchembio.638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2011] [Accepted: 06/24/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
We report that simple glycoside donors can drastically shift the equilibria of glycosyltransferase-catalyzed reactions, transforming NDP-sugar formation from an endothermic to an exothermic process. To demonstrate the utility of this thermodynamic adaptability, we highlight the glycosyltransferase-catalyzed synthesis of 22 sugar nucleotides from simple aromatic sugar donors, as well as the corresponding in situ formation of sugar nucleotides as a driving force in the context of glycosyltransferase-catalyzed reactions for small-molecule glycodiversification. These simple aromatic donors also enabled a general colorimetric assay for glycosyltransfer, applicable to drug discovery, protein engineering and other fundamental sugar nucleotide-dependent investigations. This study directly challenges the general notion that NDP-sugars are 'high-energy' sugar donors when taken out of their traditional biological context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard W. Gantt
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, School of Pharmacy, Wisconsin Center for Natural Products Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 777 Highland Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53705-2222, USA
| | - Pauline Peltier-Pain
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, School of Pharmacy, Wisconsin Center for Natural Products Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 777 Highland Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53705-2222, USA
| | - William J. Cournoyer
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, School of Pharmacy, Wisconsin Center for Natural Products Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 777 Highland Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53705-2222, USA
| | - Jon S. Thorson
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, School of Pharmacy, Wisconsin Center for Natural Products Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 777 Highland Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53705-2222, USA
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20
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-ichi Kadokawa
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Kagoshima University, 1-21-40 Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan.
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21
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Moretti R, Chang A, Peltier-Pain P, Bingman CA, Phillips GN, Thorson JS. Expanding the nucleotide and sugar 1-phosphate promiscuity of nucleotidyltransferase RmlA via directed evolution. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:13235-43. [PMID: 21317292 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.206433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Directed evolution is a valuable technique to improve enzyme activity in the absence of a priori structural knowledge, which can be typically enhanced via structure-guided strategies. In this study, a combination of both whole-gene error-prone polymerase chain reaction and site-saturation mutagenesis enabled the rapid identification of mutations that improved RmlA activity toward non-native substrates. These mutations have been shown to improve activities over 10-fold for several targeted substrates, including non-native pyrimidine- and purine-based NTPs as well as non-native D- and L-sugars (both α- and β-isomers). This study highlights the first broadly applicable high throughput sugar-1-phosphate nucleotidyltransferase screen and the first proof of concept for the directed evolution of this enzyme class toward the identification of uniquely permissive RmlA variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocco Moretti
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
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22
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Carney AE, Holden HM. Molecular architecture of TylM1 from Streptomyces fradiae: an N,N-dimethyltransferase involved in the production of dTDP-D-mycaminose. Biochemistry 2011; 50:780-7. [PMID: 21142177 DOI: 10.1021/bi101733y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
d-Mycaminose is an unusual dideoxy sugar found attached to the antibiotic tylosin, a commonly used veterinarian therapeutic. It is synthesized by the Gram-positive bacterium Streptomyces fradiae as a dTDP-linked sugar. The last step in its biosynthesis involves the dimethylation of the hexose C-3' amino group by an S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) dependent enzyme referred to as TylM1. Here we report two high-resolution X-ray structures of TylM1, one in which the enzyme contains bound SAM and dTDP-phenol and the second in which the protein is complexed with S-adenosylhomocysteine (SAH) and dTDP-3-amino-3,6-dideoxyglucose, its natural substrate. Combined, these two structures, solved to 1.35 and 1.79 Å resolution, respectively, show the orientations of SAM and the dTDP-linked sugar substrate within the active site region. Specifically, the C-3' amino group of the hexose is in the correct position for an in-line attack at the reactive methyl group of SAM. Both Tyr 14 and Arg 241 serve to anchor the dTDP-linked sugar to the protein. To test the role of His 123 in catalysis, two site-directed mutant proteins were constructed, H123A and H123N. Both mutant proteins retained catalytic activity, albeit with reduced rates. Specifically, the k(cat)/K(m) was reduced to 1.8% and 0.37% for the H123A and H123N mutant proteins, respectively. High-resolution X-ray models showed that the observed perturbations in the kinetic constants were not due to major changes in their three-dimensional folds. Most likely the proton on the C-3' amino group is transferred to one of the water molecules lining the active site pocket as catalysis proceeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda E Carney
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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23
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Gantt RW, Peltier-Pain P, Thorson JS. Enzymatic methods for glyco(diversification/randomization) of drugs and small molecules. Nat Prod Rep 2011; 28:1811-53. [DOI: 10.1039/c1np00045d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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24
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Simkhada D, Lee HC, Sohng JK. Genetic engineering approach for the production of rhamnosyl and allosyl flavonoids from Escherichia coli. Biotechnol Bioeng 2010; 107:154-62. [PMID: 20506539 DOI: 10.1002/bit.22782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The main functions of glycosylation are stabilization, detoxification and solubilization of substrates and products. To produce glycosylated products, Escherichia coli was engineered by overexpression of TDP-L-rhamnose and TDP-6-deoxy-D-allose biosynthetic gene clusters, and flavonoids were glycosylated by the overexpression of the glycosyltransferase gene from Arabidopsis thaliana. For the glycosylation, these flavonoids (quercetin and kaempferol) were exogenously fed to the host in a biotransformation system. The products were isolated, analyzed and confirmed by HPLC, LC/MS, and ESI-MS/MS analyses. Several conditions (arabinose, IPTG concentration, OD(600), substrate concentration, incubation time) were optimized to increase the production level. We successfully isolated approximately 24 mg/L 3-O-rhamnosyl quercetin and 12.9 mg/L 3-O-rhamnosyl kaempferol upon feeding of 0.2 mM of the respective flavonoids and were also able to isolate 3-O-allosyl quercetin. Thus, this study reveals a method that might be useful for the biosynthesis of rhamnosyl and allosyl flavonoids and for the glycosylation of related compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinesh Simkhada
- Institute of Biomolecule Reconstruction, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Sun Moon University, Tangjeong-myeon, Asansi, Chungnam, Korea
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25
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Cheng Y, Li M, Wang S, Peng H, Reid S, Ni N, Fang H, Xu W, Wang B. Carbohydrate biomarkers for future disease detection and treatment. Sci China Chem 2010; 53:3-20. [PMID: 32214994 PMCID: PMC7089153 DOI: 10.1007/s11426-010-0021-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2009] [Accepted: 10/09/2009] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Carbohydrates are considered as one of the most important classes of biomarkers for cell types, disease states, protein functions, and developmental states. Carbohydrate "binders" that can specifically recognize a carbohydrate biomarker can be used for developing novel types of site specific delivery methods and imaging agents. In this review, we present selected examples of important carbohydrate biomarkers and how they can be targeted for the development of therapeutic and diagnostic agents. Examples are arranged based on disease categories including (1) infectious diseases, (2) cancer, (3) inflammation and immune responses, (4) signal transduction, (5) stem cell transformation, (6) embryo development, and (7) cardiovascular diseases, though some issues cross therapeutic boundaries.
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Affiliation(s)
- YunFeng Cheng
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303 USA
| | - MinYong Li
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012 China
| | - ShaoRu Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303 USA
| | - HanJing Peng
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303 USA
| | - Suazette Reid
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303 USA
| | - NanTing Ni
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303 USA
| | - Hao Fang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012 China
| | - WenFang Xu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012 China
| | - BingHe Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303 USA
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26
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Park SH, Park HY, Cho BK, Yang YH, Sohng JK, Lee HC, Liou K, Kim BG. Reconstitution of antibiotics glycosylation by domain exchanged chimeric glycosyltransferase. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2009.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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27
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Wagner GK, Pesnot T, Field RA. A survey of chemical methods for sugar-nucleotide synthesis. Nat Prod Rep 2009; 26:1172-94. [PMID: 19693414 DOI: 10.1039/b909621n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gerd K Wagner
- School of Chemical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK.
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28
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Seibel J, Jördening HJ, Buchholz K. Glycosylation with activated sugars using glycosyltransferases and transglycosidases. BIOCATAL BIOTRANSFOR 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/10242420600986811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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29
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Härle J, Bechthold A. Chapter 12. The power of glycosyltransferases to generate bioactive natural compounds. Methods Enzymol 2009; 458:309-33. [PMID: 19374988 DOI: 10.1016/s0076-6879(09)04812-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2023]
Abstract
Glycosyltransferases (GTs), which catalyze the attachment of a sugar moiety to an aglycone are key enzymes for the biosynthesis of many valuable natural products. Their use in pharmaceutical biotechnology is becoming more and more visible. The promiscuity of GTs has prompted efforts to modify sugar structures and alter the glycosylation patterns of natural products. Here, we present the state of the art in this field. After describing the importance of GTs in determining the functions of natural products, a general survey of glycosyltransferase-catalyzed reactions is documented. This is followed by an overview of crystallized GT-B superfamily members and a discussion of the amino acids of these GTs involved in substrate binding. The main chapter is concerned with emphasizing the application of GTs in metabolic pathway engineering leading to novel unnatural bioactive compounds. A strategy to explore new GTs is presented as well as strategies to generate artificial GTs either randomly or in a rational design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Härle
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Wissenschaften, Lehrstuhl für Pharmazeutische Biologie und Biotechnologie, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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30
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Zhao P, Ueda JY, Kozone I, Chijiwa S, Takagi M, Kudo F, Nishiyama M, Shin-ya K, Kuzuyama T. New glycosylated derivatives of versipelostatin, the GRP78/Bip molecular chaperone down-regulator, from Streptomyces versipellis 4083-SVS6. Org Biomol Chem 2009; 7:1454-60. [PMID: 19300832 DOI: 10.1039/b817312e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Four novel glycosylated derivatives of versipelostatin (1), versipelostatins B-E (2-5), were isolated from the culture broth of Streptomyces versipellis 4083-SVS6. The inhibitory activities of the isolated compounds against the expression of molecular chaperone GRP78 induced by 2-deoxyglucose were evaluated. Of the five versipelostatin family members, 1 and 4 were the more potent with IC(50) values of 3.5 and 4.3 microM. These results suggest that the alpha-L-oleandropyranosyl (1-->4)-beta-D-digitoxopyranosyl residue in the sugar moiety may play an important role in down-regulating GRP78 expression induced by 2-deoxyglucose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Zhao
- Laboratory of Cell Biotechnology, Biotechnology Research Center, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo113-8657, Japan
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31
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Park SH, Park HY, Sohng JK, Lee HC, Liou K, Yoon YJ, Kim BG. Expanding substrate specificity of GT-B fold glycosyltransferase via domain swapping and high-throughput screening. Biotechnol Bioeng 2009; 102:988-94. [PMID: 18985617 DOI: 10.1002/bit.22150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Glycosyltransferases (GTs) are crucial enzymes in the biosynthesis and diversification of therapeutically important natural products, and the majority of them belong to the GT-B superfamily, which is composed of separate N- and C-domains that are responsible for the recognition of the sugar acceptor and donor, respectively. In an effort to expand the substrate specificity of GT, a chimeric library with different crossover points was constructed between the N-terminal fragments of kanamycin GT (kanF) and the C-terminal fragments of vancomycin GT (gtfE) genes by incremental truncation method. A plate-based pH color assay was newly developed for the selection of functional domain-swapped GTs, and a mutant (HMT31) with a crossover point (N-kanF-669 bp and 753 bp-gtfE-C) for domain swapping was screened. The most active mutant HMT31 (50 kDa) efficiently catalyzed 2-DOS (aglycone substrate for KanF) glucosylation using dTDP-glucose (glycone substrate for GtfE) with k(cat)/K(m) of 162.8 +/- 0.1 mM(-1) min(-1). Moreover, HMT31 showed improved substrate specificity toward seven more NDP-sugars. This study presents a domain swapping method as a potential means to glycorandomization toward various syntheses of 2-DOS-based aminoglycoside derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Hee Park
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Interdisciplinary Program for Bioengineering, Seoul National University, Sillim-dong, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 151-742, South Korea
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Abstract
Many biologically active bacterial natural products contain highly modified deoxysugar residues that are often critical for the activity of the parent compounds. Most of these deoxysugars are secondary metabolites that are biosynthesized in the form of nucleotide diphosphate (NDP) sugars prior to their transfer to natural product aglycones by glycosyltransferases. Over the past decade, many biosynthetic pathways that lead to the formation of these unusual sugars have been unraveled, and the mechanisms of many key enzymatic transformations involved in these pathways have been elucidated. However, obtaining workable quantities of NDP-deoxysugars for in vitro studies is often a difficult task. This limitation has hindered an in-depth investigation of the substrate specificity of deoxysugar biosynthetic enzymes, many of which are promiscuous with respect to their NDP-sugar substrates and are, thus, potentially useful catalysts for natural product glycoengineering. Presented in this review are procedures for the enzymatic synthesis and purification of a variety of NDP-deoxysugars, including some early intermediates in NDP-deoxysugar biosynthetic pathways, and highly modified NDP-deoxysugars that are late intermediates in their respective biosynthetic pathways. The procedures described herein could be used as general guidelines for the development of specific protocols for the synthesis of other NDP-deoxysugars.
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33
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Yokoyama Y, Inanaga J, Hanamoto T, Suzuki S, Furuno H, Shimizu K. Tandem Catalysis Strategy for Direct Glycosylation of 1-Hydroxy Sugars. Methoxyacetic Acid as an Effective Catalytic Mediator. HETEROCYCLES 2009. [DOI: 10.3987/com-08-s(d)74] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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34
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Chiu HT, Chen YL, Chen CY, Jin C, Lee MN, Lin YC. Molecular cloning, sequence analysis and functional characterization of the gene cluster for biosynthesis of K-252a and its analogs. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2009; 5:1180-91. [DOI: 10.1039/b905293c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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35
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Johnson HD, Thorson JS. Characterization of CalE10, the N-oxidase involved in calicheamicin hydroxyaminosugar formation. J Am Chem Soc 2008; 130:17662-3. [PMID: 19055330 PMCID: PMC2704561 DOI: 10.1021/ja807557a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
As the first in vitro characterization of a sugar N-oxidase, this study establishes CalE10 as the key oxidase involved in calicheamicin hydroxylamino glycoside formation. This study confirms that oxidation occurs at the sugar nucleotide stage prior to glycosyltransfer, and substrate specificity studies reveal CalE10-catalyzed oxidation to be regiospecific and to present trace amounts of the corresponding nitrosugar in vitro. This work also sets a precedent for the future study of other N-oxidases involved in hydroxylamino-, nitroso-, and/or nitrosugar formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather D. Johnson
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences and University of Wisconsin National Drug Discovery Group, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Jon S. Thorson
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences and University of Wisconsin National Drug Discovery Group, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
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36
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Thibodeaux C, Melançon C, Liu HW. Biosynthese von Naturstoffzuckern und enzymatische Glycodiversifizierung. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200801204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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37
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Luzhetskyy A, Bechthold A. Features and applications of bacterial glycosyltransferases: current state and prospects. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2008; 80:945-52. [PMID: 18777021 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-008-1672-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2008] [Revised: 08/15/2008] [Accepted: 08/17/2008] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The bioactivity of many natural products including valuable antibiotics and anticancer therapeutics depends on their sugar moieties. Changes in the structures of these sugars can deeply influence the biological activity, specificity and pharmacological properties of the parent compounds. The chemical synthesis of such sugar ligands is exceedingly difficult to carry out and therefore impractical to establish on a large scale. Therefore, glycosyltransferases are essential tools for chemoenzymatic and in vivo approaches for the development of complex glycosylated natural products. In the last 10 years, several examples of successful alteration and diversification of natural product glycosylation patterns via metabolic pathway engineering and enzymatic glycodiversification have been described. Due to the relaxed substrate specificity of many sugar biosynthetic enzymes and glycosyltransferases involved in natural product biosynthesis, it is possible to obtain novel glycosylated compounds using different methods. In this review, we would like to provide an overview of recent advances in diversification of the glycosylated natural products and glycosyltransferase engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andriy Luzhetskyy
- Albert-Ludwigs-Universität, Institut für Pharmazeutische Wissenschaften, Freiburg, Germany.
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38
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Park J, Boltje TJ, Boons GJ. Direct and stereoselective synthesis of alpha-linked 2-deoxyglycosides. Org Lett 2008; 10:4367-70. [PMID: 18763796 DOI: 10.1021/ol801833n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
alpha-Linked 2-deoxyglycosides were conveniently obtained by employing a glycosyl donor having a participating ( S)-(phenylthiomethyl)benzyl moiety at C-6, whereas 2,6-dideoxy-alpha-glycosides could be prepared by BF 3.Et 2O-promoted activation of allyl glycosyl donors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Park
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, The University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA
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39
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Broadening the biocatalytic properties of recombinant sucrose synthase 1 from potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) by expression in Escherichia coli and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Enzyme Microb Technol 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2008.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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40
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Rigbers O, Li SM. Ergot alkaloid biosynthesis in Aspergillus fumigatus. Overproduction and biochemical characterization of a 4-dimethylallyltryptophan N-methyltransferase. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:26859-68. [PMID: 18678866 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m804979200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The putative gene fgaMT was identified in the biosynthetic gene cluster of fumigaclavines in Aspergillus fumigatus. The coding region of fgaMT was amplified by PCR from a cDNA library, cloned into pQE60, and overexpressed in Escherichia coli. FgaMT comprises 339 amino acids with a molecular mass of about 38.1 kDa. The soluble dimeric His(6)-FgaMT was purified to near homogeneity and characterized biochemically. FgaMT was found to catalyze the N-methylation of 4-dimethylallyltryptophan in the presence of S-adenosylmethionine, resulting in the formation of 4-dimethylallyl-l-abrine, which was identified by NMR and mass spectrometry analysis. Therefore, FgaMT represents the second pathway-specific enzyme in the biosynthesis of ergot alkaloids. The enzyme did not require metal ions for its enzymatic reaction and showed a relatively high specificity toward the prenyl moiety at position C-4 of the indole ring. 4-Dimethylallyltryptophan derivatives with modification at the indole ring were also accepted by FgaMT as substrates. K(m) values for 4-dimethylallyltryptophan and S-adenosylmethionine were determined at 0.12 and 2.4 mm, respectively. The turnover number was 2.0 s(-1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ole Rigbers
- Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Institut für Pharmazeutische Biologie und Biotechnologie, Universitätsstrasse 1, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
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41
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Moretti R, Thorson JS. A comparison of sugar indicators enables a universal high-throughput sugar-1-phosphate nucleotidyltransferase assay. Anal Biochem 2008; 377:251-8. [PMID: 18387352 PMCID: PMC2442561 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2008.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2008] [Revised: 03/11/2008] [Accepted: 03/12/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
A systematic comparison of six sugar indicators for their sensitivity, specificity, cross-reactivity, and suitability in the context of crude lysates revealed para-hydroxybenzoic acid hydrazide (pHBH) to be best suited for application in a plate-based phosphatase-assisted universal sugar-1-phosphate nucleotidyltransferase assay. The addition of a general phosphatase to nucleotidyltransferase reaction aliquots enabled the conversion of remaining sugar-1-phosphate to free sugar, the concentration of which could be rapidly assessed via the pHBH assay. The assay was validated using the model glucose-1-phosphate thymidylyltransferase from Salmonella enterica (RmlA) and compared favorably with a previously reported HPLC assay. This coupled discontinuous assay is quantitative, high throughput, and robust; relies only on commercially available enzymes and reagents; does not require chromatography, specialized detectors (e.g., mass or evaporative light scattering detectors), or radioisotopes; and is capable of detecting less than 5 nmol of sugar-1-phosphate. It is anticipated that this high-throughput assay system will greatly facilitate nucleotidyltransferase mechanistic and directed evolution/engineering studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocco Moretti
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Jon S. Thorson
- Laboratory for Biosynthetic Chemistry, Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53705
- University of Wisconsin National Cooperative Drug Discovery Group, School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53705
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42
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Timmons SC, Thorson JS. Increasing carbohydrate diversity via amine oxidation: aminosugar, hydroxyaminosugar, nitrososugar, and nitrosugar biosynthesis in bacteria. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2008; 12:297-305. [PMID: 18424273 PMCID: PMC2517148 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2008.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2008] [Revised: 03/19/2008] [Accepted: 03/19/2008] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial secondary metabolites often contain carbohydrate attachments that play a significant role in conferring biological activity. A small proportion of these bioactive sugars are derived from aminosugar oxidation to ultimately provide hydroxyaminosugars, nitrososugars, and nitrosugars. Recent advances in the elucidation of hydroxyaminosugar-, nitrososugar-, and nitrosugar-containing natural product gene clusters have enabled the proposal of biosynthetic pathways, the in vitro characterization of aminosugar oxidases, and the structure determination of key enzymes. This article focuses upon the key enzymatic transformations in aminosugar, hydroxyaminosugar, nitrososugar, and nitrosugar biosynthesis, as well as the unique chemical reactivity of alkoxyaminosugars, with a particular focus upon developments within the past two years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon C. Timmons
- Laboratory for Biosynthetic Chemistry, Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 777 Highland Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53705; University of Wisconsin National Cooperative Drug Discovery Group Program
| | - Jon S. Thorson
- Laboratory for Biosynthetic Chemistry, Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 777 Highland Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53705; University of Wisconsin National Cooperative Drug Discovery Group Program
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Kremer A, Li SM. Potential of a 7-dimethylallyltryptophan synthase as a tool for production of prenylated indole derivatives. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2008; 79:951-61. [PMID: 18481055 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-008-1505-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2008] [Revised: 04/09/2008] [Accepted: 04/14/2008] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Recently, a gene for a 7-dimethylallyltryptophan synthase (7-DMATS) was identified in Aspergillus fumigatus and its enzymatic function was proven biochemically. In this study, the behaviour of 7-DMATS towards aromatic substrates was investigated and compared with that of the 4-dimethylallyltryptophan synthase FgaPT2 from the same fungus. In total, 24 simple indole derivatives were tested as potential substrates for 7-DMATS. With an exception of 7-methyltryptophan, all of the substances were accepted by 7-DMATS and converted to their prenylated derivatives, indicating a more flexible substrate specificity of 7-DMATS in comparison to that of FgaPT2. The relative activities of 7-DMATS towards these substrates were from 4% to 89% of that of L-tryptophan, much higher than that of FgaPT2. Structural elucidation of the isolated enzymatic products by nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectrometry analysis proved unequivocally the prenylation at position C7 of the indole ring. Overnight incubation with eight substances showed that the conversion ratios were in the range of 55.9% to 99.7%. This study provided an additional example that prenylated indole derivatives can be effectively produced by using the overproduced and purified 7-DMATS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anika Kremer
- Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Institut für Pharmazeutische Biologie und Biotechnologie, Universitätsstrasse 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
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44
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Burgie ES, Holden HM. Three-Dimensional Structure of DesVI from Streptomyces venezuelae: A Sugar N,N-Dimethyltransferase Required for dTDP-Desosamine Biosynthesis. Biochemistry 2008; 47:3982-8. [DOI: 10.1021/bi800063j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- E. Sethe Burgie
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Hazel M. Holden
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
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45
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Cook PD, Holden HM. GDP-perosamine synthase: structural analysis and production of a novel trideoxysugar. Biochemistry 2008; 47:2833-40. [PMID: 18247575 DOI: 10.1021/bi702430d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Perosamine or 4-amino-4,6-dideoxy- d-mannose is an unusual sugar found in the O-antigens of some Gram-negative bacteria such as Vibrio cholerae O1 (the causative agent of cholera) or Escherichia coli O157:H7 (the leading cause of food-borne illnesses). It and similar deoxysugars are added to the O-antigens of bacteria via the action of glycosyltransferases that employ nucleotide-linked sugars as their substrates. The focus of this report is GDP-perosamine synthase, a PLP-dependent enzyme that catalyzes the last step in the formation of GDP-perosamine, namely, the amination of the sugar C-4'. Here we describe the three-dimensional structure of the enzyme from Caulobacter crescentus determined to a nominal resolution of 1.8 A and refined to an R-factor of 17.9%. The overall fold of the enzyme places it into the well-characterized aspartate aminotransferase superfamily. Each subunit of the dimeric enzyme contains a seven-stranded mixed beta-sheet, a two-stranded antiparallel beta-sheet, and 12 alpha-helices. Amino acid residues from both subunits form the active sites of the GDP-perosamine synthase dimer. Recently, the structure of another PLP-dependent enzyme, GDP-4-keto-6-deoxy- d-mannose-3-dehydratase (or ColD), was determined in our laboratory, and this enzyme employs the same substrate as GDP-perosamine synthase. Unlike GDP-perosamine synthase, however, ColD functions as a dehydratase that removes the sugar C-3' hydroxyl group. By purifying the ColD product and reacting it with purified GDP-perosamine synthase, we have produced a novel GDP-linked sugar, GDP-4-amino-3,4,6-trideoxy- d-mannose. Details describing the X-ray structural investigation of GDP-perosamine synthase and the enzymatic synthesis of GDP-4-amino-3,4,6-trideoxy- d-mannose are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul D Cook
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
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46
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Baig I, Perez M, Braña AF, Gomathinayagam R, Damodaran C, Salas JA, Méndez C, Rohr J. Mithramycin analogues generated by combinatorial biosynthesis show improved bioactivity. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2008; 71:199-207. [PMID: 18197601 PMCID: PMC2442402 DOI: 10.1021/np0705763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Plasmid pLNBIV was used to overexpress the biosynthetic pathway of nucleoside-diphosphate (NDP)-activated l-digitoxose in the mithramycin producer Streptomyces argillaceus. This led to a "flooding" of the biosynthetic pathway of the antitumor drug mithramycin (MTM) with NDP-activated deoxysugars, which do not normally occur in the pathway, and consequently to the production of the four new mithramycin derivatives 1- 4 with altered saccharide patterns. Their structures reflect that NDP sugars produced by pLNBIV, namely, l-digitoxose and its biosynthetic intermediates, influenced the glycosyl transfer to positions B, D, and E, while positions A and C remained unaffected. All four new structures have unique, previously not found sugar decoration patterns, which arise from either overcoming the substrate specificity or inhibition of certain glycosyltransferases (GTs) of the MTM pathway with the foreign NDP sugars expressed by pLNBIV. An apoptosis TUNEL (=terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling) assay revealed that compounds 1 (demycarosyl-3D-beta- d-digitoxosyl-MTM) and 3 (deoliosyl-3C-beta- d-mycarosyl-MTM) show improved activity (64.8 +/- 2% and 50.3 +/- 2.5% induction of apoptosis, respectively) against the estrogen receptor (ER)-positive human breast cancer cell line MCF-7 compared with the parent drug MTM (37.8 +/- 2.5% induction of apoptosis). In addition, compounds 1 and 4 (3A-deolivosyl-MTM) show significant effects on the ER-negative human breast cancer cell line MDA-231 (63.6 +/- 2% and 12.6 +/- 2.5% induction of apoptosis, respectively), which is not inhibited by the parent drug MTM itself (2.6 +/- 1.5% induction of apoptosis), but for which chemotherapeutic agents are urgently needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irfan Baig
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, 725 Rose Street, Lexington, Kentucky 40536-0082, USA
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47
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Thibodeaux CJ, Melançon CE, Liu HW. Natural-product sugar biosynthesis and enzymatic glycodiversification. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2008; 47:9814-59. [PMID: 19058170 PMCID: PMC2796923 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200801204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 320] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Many biologically active small-molecule natural products produced by microorganisms derive their activities from sugar substituents. Changing the structures of these sugars can have a profound impact on the biological properties of the parent compounds. This realization has inspired attempts to derivatize the sugar moieties of these natural products through exploitation of the sugar biosynthetic machinery. This approach requires an understanding of the biosynthetic pathway of each target sugar and detailed mechanistic knowledge of the key enzymes. Scientists have begun to unravel the biosynthetic logic behind the assembly of many glycosylated natural products and have found that a core set of enzyme activities is mixed and matched to synthesize the diverse sugar structures observed in nature. Remarkably, many of these sugar biosynthetic enzymes and glycosyltransferases also exhibit relaxed substrate specificity. The promiscuity of these enzymes has prompted efforts to modify the sugar structures and alter the glycosylation patterns of natural products through metabolic pathway engineering and enzymatic glycodiversification. In applied biomedical research, these studies will enable the development of new glycosylation tools and generate novel glycoforms of secondary metabolites with useful biological activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J. Thibodeaux
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX. (USA), 78712
| | - Charles E. Melançon
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX. (USA), 78712
| | - Hung-wen Liu
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX. (USA), 78712
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48
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Timmons SC, Jakeman DL. On the synthesis of the 2,6-dideoxysugar l-digitoxose. Carbohydr Res 2007; 342:2695-704. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2007.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2007] [Revised: 09/24/2007] [Accepted: 09/28/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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49
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Cook PD, Holden HM. A structural study of GDP-4-keto-6-deoxy-D-mannose-3-dehydratase: caught in the act of geminal diamine formation. Biochemistry 2007; 46:14215-24. [PMID: 17997582 DOI: 10.1021/bi701686s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Di- and trideoxysugars are an important class of carbohydrates synthesized by certain plants, fungi, and bacteria. Colitose, for example, is a 3,6-dideoxysugar found in the O-antigens of Gram-negative bacteria such as Escherichia coli, Salmonella enterica, Yersinia pseudotuberculosis, and Vibrio cholerae, among others. These types of dideoxysugars are thought to serve as antigenic determinants and to play key roles in bacterial defense and survival. Four enzymes are required for the biochemical synthesis of colitose starting from mannose-1-phosphate. The focus of this investigation, GDP-4-keto-6-deoxy-d-mannose-3-dehydratase (ColD), catalyzes the third step in the pathway, namely the PLP-dependent removal of the C3'-hydroxyl group from GDP-4-keto-6-deoxymannose. Whereas most PLP-dependent enzymes contain an active site lysine, ColD utilizes a histidine as its catalytic acid/base. The ping-pong mechanism of the enzyme first involves the conversion of PLP to PMP followed by the dehydration step. Here we present the three-dimensional structure of a site-directed mutant form of ColD whereby the active site histidine has been replaced with a lysine. The electron density reveals that the geminal diamine, a tetrahedral intermediate in the formation of PMP from PLP, has been trapped within the active site region. Functional assays further demonstrate that this mutant form of ColD cannot catalyze the dehydration reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul D Cook
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
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50
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Steffan N, Unsöld IA, Li SM. Chemoenzymatic Synthesis of Prenylated Indole Derivatives by Using a 4-Dimethylallyltryptophan Synthase fromAspergillus fumigatus. Chembiochem 2007; 8:1298-307. [PMID: 17577899 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.200700107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
A 4-dimethylallyltryptophan synthase, FgaPT2, has been identified in the genome of Aspergillus fumigatus. In a previous study, FgaPT2 was overexpressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and characterized biochemically. A higher protein yield (up to 100-fold higher than that for S. cerevisiae) has now been achieved by overexpression in E. coli; this has permitted investigation into substrate specificity with alternative substances. FgaPT2 accepted 17 of 37 commercially available indole derivatives as substrates. Tryptophan derivatives that carry methyl groups at the indole ring showed a different acceptance from those with methyl groups on the side chain. 5-Hydroxytryptophan was well accepted by FgaPT2, while the halogenated derivatives were not accepted. Decarboxylation, deamination, or oxidative deamination of tryptophan, as well as replacement of the NH(2) group by OH, or of the COOH group by CH(2)COOH or CONHOH resulted in decreased but still significant enzymatic activity. None of the tested tryptophan-containing dipeptides was accepted by FgaPT2. Structural elucidation of isolated enzymatic products by NMR and MS analyses proved unequivocally that the prenylation was regioselective at position C4 of the indole ring in the presence of dimethylallyl diphosphate. Determination of the kinetic parameters revealed that L-tryptophan was accepted as the best substrate by the enzyme, followed by 5-,6-,7-methyltryptophan and L-abrine. The enzymatic rate constant (k(cat) K(m) (-1)) of nine selected substrates were found to be about 1.0 to 6.5 % of that for L-tryptophan. Overnight incubation with eight substances showed that the conversion ratio to their prenylated derivatives was in the range 32.5 to 99.7 %. This provides evidence that 4-dimethylallylated indole derivatives can be produced by chemoenzymatic synthesis with FgaPT2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Steffan
- Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Institut für Pharmazeutische Biologie und Biotechnologie, Universitätsstrasse 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
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