1
|
Synthesis, antitumor activities and functional mechanism of purine derivatives harboring phenyl moieties through three carbon bridges. Med Chem Res 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-023-03038-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
|
2
|
Wróbel A, Drozdowska D. Recent Design and Structure-Activity Relationship Studies on the Modifications of DHFR Inhibitors as Anticancer Agents. Curr Med Chem 2021; 28:910-939. [PMID: 31622199 DOI: 10.2174/0929867326666191016151018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) has been known for decades as a molecular target for antibacterial, antifungal and anti-malarial treatments. This enzyme is becoming increasingly important in the design of new anticancer drugs, which is confirmed by numerous studies including modelling, synthesis and in vitro biological research. This review aims to present and discuss some remarkable recent advances in the research of new DHFR inhibitors with potential anticancer activity. METHODS The scientific literature of the last decade on the different types of DHFR inhibitors has been searched. The studies on design, synthesis and investigation structure-activity relationships were summarized and divided into several subsections depending on the leading molecule and its structural modification. Various methods of synthesis, potential anticancer activity and possible practical applications as DHFR inhibitors of new chemical compounds were described and discussed. RESULTS This review presents the current state of knowledge on the modification of known DHFR inhibitors and the structures and searches for about eighty new molecules, designed as potential anticancer drugs. In addition, DHFR inhibitors acting on thymidylate synthase (TS), carbon anhydrase (CA) and even DNA-binding are presented in this paper. CONCLUSION Thorough physicochemical characterization and biological investigations highlight the structure-activity relationship of DHFR inhibitors. This will enable even better design and synthesis of active compounds, which would have the expected mechanism of action and the desired activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Wróbel
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University, Białystok, Poland
| | - Danuta Drozdowska
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University, Białystok, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Design, synthesis and biological activity of N 5-substituted tetrahydropteroate analogs as non-classical antifolates against cobalamin-dependent methionine synthase and potential anticancer agents. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 190:112113. [PMID: 32058237 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Cobalamin-dependent methionine synthase (MetH) is involved in the process of tumor cell growth and survival. In this study, a novel series of N5-electrophilic substituted tetrahydropteroate analogs without glutamate residue were designed as non-classical antifolates and evaluated for their inhibitory activities against MetH. In addition, the cytotoxicity of target compounds was evaluated in human tumor cell lines. With N5-chloracetyl as the optimum group, further structure research on the benzene substituent and on the 2,4-diamino group was also performed. Compound 6c, with IC50 value of 12.1 μM against MetH and 0.16-6.12 μM against five cancer cells, acted as competitive inhibitor of MetH. Flow cytometry studies indicated that compound 6c arrested HL-60 cells in the G1-phase and then inducted late apoptosis. The molecular docking further explained the structure-activity relationship.
Collapse
|
4
|
Toulouse J, Yachnin BJ, Ruediger EH, Deon D, Gagnon M, Saint-Jacques K, Ebert MCCC, Forge D, Bastien D, Colin DY, Vanden Eynde JJ, Marinier A, Berghuis AM, Pelletier JN. Structure-Based Design of Dimeric Bisbenzimidazole Inhibitors to an Emergent Trimethoprim-Resistant Type II Dihydrofolate Reductase Guides the Design of Monomeric Analogues. ACS OMEGA 2019; 4:10056-10069. [PMID: 31460098 PMCID: PMC6648814 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b00640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The worldwide use of the broad-spectrum antimicrobial trimethoprim (TMP) has induced the rise of TMP-resistant microorganisms. In addition to resistance-causing mutations of the microbial chromosomal dihydrofolate reductase (Dfr), the evolutionarily and structurally unrelated type II Dfrs (DfrBs) have been identified in TMP-resistant microorganisms. DfrBs are intrinsically TMP-resistant and allow bacterial proliferation when the microbial chromosomal Dfr is TMP-inhibited, making these enzymes important targets for inhibitor development. Furthermore, DfrBs occur in multiresistance plasmids, potentially accelerating their dissemination. We previously reported symmetrical bisbenzimidazoles that are the first selective inhibitors of the only well-characterized DfrB, DfrB1. Here, their diversification provides a new series of inhibitors (K i = 1.7-12.0 μM). Our results reveal two prominent features: terminal carboxylates and inhibitor length allow the establishment of essential interactions with DfrB1. Two crystal structures demonstrate the simultaneous binding of two inhibitor molecules in the symmetrical active site. Observations of those dimeric inhibitors inspired the design of monomeric analogues, binding in a single copy yet offering similar inhibition potency (K i = 1.1 and 7.4 μM). Inhibition of a second member of the DfrB family, DfrB4, suggests the generality of these inhibitors. These results provide key insights into inhibition of the highly TMP-resistant DfrBs, opening avenues to downstream development of antibiotics for combatting this emergent source of resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jacynthe
L. Toulouse
- Département
de Biochimie, Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer
(IRIC), and Département de Chimie, Université
de Montréal, Montreal H3C 3J7, Quebec, Canada
- PROTEO,
the Québec Network for Research on Protein, Function, Engineering
and Applications, Quebec G1V 0A6, Canada
- CGCC,
The Center in Green Chemistry and Catalysis, Montréal H3A
0B8, Quebec, Canada
| | - Brahm J. Yachnin
- PROTEO,
the Québec Network for Research on Protein, Function, Engineering
and Applications, Quebec G1V 0A6, Canada
- Department
of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montréal H3A 0G4, Quebec, Canada
| | - Edward H. Ruediger
- Département
de Biochimie, Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer
(IRIC), and Département de Chimie, Université
de Montréal, Montreal H3C 3J7, Quebec, Canada
| | - Daniel Deon
- Département
de Biochimie, Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer
(IRIC), and Département de Chimie, Université
de Montréal, Montreal H3C 3J7, Quebec, Canada
| | - Marc Gagnon
- Département
de Biochimie, Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer
(IRIC), and Département de Chimie, Université
de Montréal, Montreal H3C 3J7, Quebec, Canada
| | - Kévin Saint-Jacques
- Département
de Biochimie, Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer
(IRIC), and Département de Chimie, Université
de Montréal, Montreal H3C 3J7, Quebec, Canada
- Département
de Chimie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke J1K 0A5, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Delphine Forge
- Laboratoire
de Chimie Organique, Université de
Mons, Mons 7000, Belgium
| | - Dominic Bastien
- Département
de Biochimie, Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer
(IRIC), and Département de Chimie, Université
de Montréal, Montreal H3C 3J7, Quebec, Canada
- PROTEO,
the Québec Network for Research on Protein, Function, Engineering
and Applications, Quebec G1V 0A6, Canada
- CGCC,
The Center in Green Chemistry and Catalysis, Montréal H3A
0B8, Quebec, Canada
| | - Damien Y. Colin
- Département
de Biochimie, Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer
(IRIC), and Département de Chimie, Université
de Montréal, Montreal H3C 3J7, Quebec, Canada
- PROTEO,
the Québec Network for Research on Protein, Function, Engineering
and Applications, Quebec G1V 0A6, Canada
- CGCC,
The Center in Green Chemistry and Catalysis, Montréal H3A
0B8, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Anne Marinier
- Département
de Biochimie, Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer
(IRIC), and Département de Chimie, Université
de Montréal, Montreal H3C 3J7, Quebec, Canada
| | - Albert M. Berghuis
- PROTEO,
the Québec Network for Research on Protein, Function, Engineering
and Applications, Quebec G1V 0A6, Canada
- Department
of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montréal H3A 0G4, Quebec, Canada
| | - Joelle N. Pelletier
- Département
de Biochimie, Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer
(IRIC), and Département de Chimie, Université
de Montréal, Montreal H3C 3J7, Quebec, Canada
- PROTEO,
the Québec Network for Research on Protein, Function, Engineering
and Applications, Quebec G1V 0A6, Canada
- CGCC,
The Center in Green Chemistry and Catalysis, Montréal H3A
0B8, Quebec, Canada
- E-mail: . Phone: 514-343-2124. Fax: 514-343-7586
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Rashidi FB, AlQhatani AD, Bashraheel SS, Shaabani S, Groves MR, Dömling A, Goda SK. Isolation and molecular characterization of novel glucarpidases: Enzymes to improve the antibody directed enzyme pro-drug therapy for cancer treatment. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0196254. [PMID: 29698433 PMCID: PMC5919439 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0196254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Repeated cycles of antibody-directed enzyme pro-drug therapy (ADEPT) and the use of glucarpidase in the detoxification of cytotoxic methotrexate (MTX) are highly desirable during cancer therapy but are hampered by the induced human antibody response to glucarpidase. Novel variants of glucarpidase (formal name: carboxypeptidase G2, CPG2) with epitopes not recognized by the immune system are likely to allow repeated cycles of ADEPT for effective cancer therapy. Towards this aim, over two thousand soil samples were collected and screened for folate hydrolyzing bacteria using folate as the sole carbon source. The work led to the isolation and the characterization of three new glucarpidase producing strains, which were designated as: Pseudomonas lubricans strain SF168, Stenotrophomonas sp SA and Xenophilus azovorans SN213. The CPG2 genes of Xenophilus azovorans SN213 (named Xen CPG2) and Stenotrophomonas sp SA (named Sten CPG2) were cloned and molecularly characterized. Both Xen CPG2 and Sten CPG2 share very close amino acid sequences (99%); we therefore, focused on the study of Xen CPG2. Finally, we demonstrated that a polyclonal antibody raised against our new CPG2, Xen CPG2, does not react with the CPG2 from Pseudomonas sp. strain RS-16 (Ps CPG2) that are currently in clinical use. The two enzymes, therefore could potentially be used consecutively in the ADEPT protocol to minimize the effect of the human antibody response that hampers current treatment with Ps CPG2. The identified novel CPG2 in this study will, therefore, pave the way for safer antibody directed enzyme pro-drug therapy for cancer treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Alanod D. AlQhatani
- Anti-doping Lab-Qatar, Research Department, Protein Engineering unit, Doha, Qatar
- Drug Design Group, Department of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan, AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sara S. Bashraheel
- Anti-doping Lab-Qatar, Research Department, Protein Engineering unit, Doha, Qatar
- Drug Design Group, Department of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan, AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Shabnam Shaabani
- Drug Design Group, Department of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan, AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Matthew R. Groves
- Drug Design Group, Department of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan, AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Alexander Dömling
- Drug Design Group, Department of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan, AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sayed K. Goda
- Cairo University, Faculty of Science, Giza, Egypt
- Anti-doping Lab-Qatar, Research Department, Protein Engineering unit, Doha, Qatar
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Design, synthesis, docking studies and biological evaluation of novel dihydro-1,3,5-triazines as human DHFR inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2016; 125:1279-1288. [PMID: 27886545 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2016] [Revised: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 11/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
A novel series of dihydro-1,3,5-triazine derivatives bearing a heteroatom spiro-ring were designed and synthesized on the basis of molecular flexible docking work, and their biological activities were evaluated. Compounds A2, A5, B1 and B3 showed potent human dihydrofolate reductase (hDHFR) inhibitory activity with IC50 values of 7.46 nM, 3.72 nM, 6.46 nM, 4.08 nM, versus reference drug methotrexate (MTX). From the molecular docking result we concluded that the conformation space generated by deformation of the flexible residue Phe31 is favorable for the binding of the spiro-ring, and inserting heteroatom into spiro ring might increase the binding affinity. There were 24 compounds with broadspectrum antiproliferative activity against several tumor cell lines (HCT116, A549, HL-60, HepG2 and MDA-MB-231) with IC50 values ranging from 0.79 to 0.001 μM. The antitumor activity in vivo of compound A2 was determined in a human alveolar basal epithelial cell line A549 xenograft model. This study offered novel anticancer agents with high inhibitory activity that target hDHFR and have a binding mode of the novel molecular scaffold with hDHFR. This provides potent support for further development of novel hDHFR inhibitors.
Collapse
|
7
|
Tian C, Zhang Z, Zhou S, Yuan M, Wang X, Liu J. Synthesis, Antifolate and Anticancer Activities of N(5) -Substituted 8,10-Dideazatetrahydrofolate Analogues. Chem Biol Drug Des 2015; 87:444-54. [PMID: 26518975 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.12681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2015] [Revised: 09/07/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Based on our previous work, seven N(5) -substituted 8,10-dideazatetrahydrofolate analogues and one 8-deazatetrahydrofolate analogue were designed and synthesized as human dihydrofolate reductase (hDHFR) inhibitors. All compounds were assayed versus DHFR and five different cancer cell lines. The biological assay indicated that replacing N(10) with carbon would significantly increase inhibitory activities against DHFR and cytotoxicities against cancer cell lines. Compound 19a with 4-amino and N(5) -formyl showed great antitumour activities against HL-60, Bel-7402 and BGC823 which were much better than MTX.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chao Tian
- Department of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Zhili Zhang
- Department of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Shouxin Zhou
- Department of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Mengmeng Yuan
- Department of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Xiaowei Wang
- Department of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Junyi Liu
- Department of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China.,State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Dias M, Tyrakis P, Domingues R, Leme A, Blundell T. Mycobacterium tuberculosis Dihydrofolate Reductase Reveals Two Conformational States and a Possible Low Affinity Mechanism to Antifolate Drugs. Structure 2014; 22:94-103. [DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2013.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2013] [Revised: 09/14/2013] [Accepted: 09/27/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
9
|
Ma X, Xiang G, Yap CW, Chui WK. 3D-QSAR Study on dihydro-1,3,5-triazines and their spiro derivatives as DHFR inhibitors by comparative molecular field analysis (CoMFA). Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 22:3194-7. [PMID: 22483391 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.03.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2011] [Revised: 03/08/2012] [Accepted: 03/09/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
A 3D-QSAR/CoMFA was performed for a series of triazine and its spiro derivative based DHFR inhibitors displaying IC(50) values ranging from 0.002 to 58.8 μM. Analyses resulted in a reliable computational model with the parameters of n=46, r(2)=0.986, q(2)=0.724, SE=0.164, F=275.889. It is shown that the steric and electrostatic properties predicted by CoMFA contours can be related to the DHFR inhibitory activity. The predictive ability of the resultant model was evaluated using a test set comprised of 18 molecules and the results show that the CoMFA model is able to correctly predict the poor inhibitory activities of the compounds in the testing set. This model is a significant guide to trace the features that really matter especially with respect to the design of novel compounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Ma
- School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan 430030, Hubei, China.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Malignant pleural mesothelioma: The standard of care and challenges for future management. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2011; 78:92-111. [DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2010.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2009] [Revised: 03/24/2010] [Accepted: 04/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
|
11
|
Goda SK, Rashidi FAB, Fakharo AA, Al-Obaidli A. Functional overexpression and purification of a codon optimized synthetic glucarpidase (carboxypeptidase G2) in Escherichia coli. Protein J 2010; 28:435-42. [PMID: 19911261 DOI: 10.1007/s10930-009-9211-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Glucarpidase (former name: carboxypeptidase G2, or CPG2) is a bacterial enzyme that is widely used in detoxification of the cytotoxic drug, methotrexate, and in Antibody Directed Enzyme Prodrug Therapy for cancer treatment. The glucarpidase gene of Pseudomonas sp. strain RS-16 was previously cloned in E coli, but expresses at a level that is approximately 100-fold lower than in the native strain. In this study, a synthetic gene coding for glucarpidase was codon-optimised and synthesized for maximum expression in E. coli using the vector pET28a. Our work indicated that the enzyme was expressed to ~60% of the total host protein and that purification of the recombinant His-tagged protein could be achieved in a single step by Ni(2+) charged column chromatography. The synthetic recombinant glucarpidase expressed within this system was biologically active and zinc dependant. Our study showed that Mg(2+) as well as Mn(2+) ions inhibit the activity of the recombinant enzyme.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sayed K Goda
- College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar,
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Antifolate and antiproliferative activity of 6,8,10-triazaspiro[4.5]deca-6,8-dienes and 1,3,5-triazaspiro[5.5]undeca-1,3-dienes. Bioorg Med Chem 2010; 18:737-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2009.11.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2009] [Revised: 11/25/2009] [Accepted: 11/26/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
13
|
Ma X, Woon RSP, Ho PCL, Chui WK. Antiproliferative Activity Against MCF-7 Breast Cancer Cells by Diamino-Triazaspirodiene Antifolates. Chem Biol Drug Des 2009; 74:322-6. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1747-0285.2009.00860.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
14
|
Field MS, Anguera MC, Page R, Stover PJ. 5,10-Methenyltetrahydrofolate synthetase activity is increased in tumors and modifies the efficacy of antipurine LY309887. Arch Biochem Biophys 2008; 481:145-50. [PMID: 19022216 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2008.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2008] [Revised: 10/30/2008] [Accepted: 11/01/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Methenyltetrahydrofolate synthetase (MTHFS) expression enhances folate-dependent de novo purine biosynthesis. In this study, the effect of increased MTHFS expression on the efficacy of the glycinamide ribonucleotide formyltransferase (GARFT) inhibitor LY309887 was investigated in SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma. GARFT catalyzes the incorporation of formate, in the form of 10-formyltetrahydrofolate, into the C8 position of the purine ring during de novo purine biosynthesis. SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma with increased MTHFS expression displayed a 4-fold resistance to the GARFT inhibitor LY309887, but did not exhibit resistance to the thymidylate synthase inhibitor Pemetrexed. This finding supports a mechanism whereby MTHFS increases the availability of 10-formyltetrahydrofolate for GARFT. MTHFS expression is elevated in animal tumor tissues compared to surrounding normal tissue, consistent with the dependence of transformed cells on de novo purine biosynthesis. The level of MTHFS expression in tumors may predict the efficacy of antipurine agents that target GARFT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martha S Field
- Graduate Field of Biochemistry, Molecular and Cellular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
DeMartino JK, Hwang I, Connelly S, Wilson IA, Boger DL. Asymmetric synthesis of inhibitors of glycinamide ribonucleotide transformylase. J Med Chem 2008; 51:5441-8. [PMID: 18686942 DOI: 10.1021/jm800555h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Glycinamide ribonucleotide transformylase (GAR Tfase) catalyzes the first of two formyl transfer steps in the de novo purine biosynthetic pathway that require folate cofactors and has emerged as a productive target for antineoplastic therapeutic intervention. The asymmetric synthesis and evaluation of the two diastereomers of 10-methylthio-DDACTHF (10R-3 and 10S-3) and related analogues as potential inhibitors of GAR Tfase are reported. This work, which defines the importance of the C10 stereochemistry for this class of inhibitors of GAR Tfase, revealed that both diastereomers are potent inhibitors of rhGAR Tfase (10R-3 Ki = 210 nM, 10S-3 Ki = 180 nM) that exhibit effective cell growth inhibition (CCRF-CEM IC50 = 80 and 50 nM, respectively), which is dependent on intracellular polyglutamation by folylpolyglutamate synthetase (FPGS) but not intracellular transport by the reduced folate carrier.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica K DeMartino
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute,10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Cavicchioli L, De Zan G, Zappulli V, Cadrobbi R, Dedja A, Hutabba S, Ravarotto L, Cozzi E, Ancona E, Castagnaro M. Histopathological findings in the gastrointestinal tract of primate recipients of porcine renal xenografts following different immunosuppressive regimens. Xenotransplantation 2007; 14:145-56. [PMID: 17381689 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3089.2007.00382.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cyclophosphamide (CYP) and methotrexate (MTX) have been used as immunosuppressants in induction or maintenance protocols in a large variety of xenotransplantation models. Combining the use of transgenic porcine organs expressing human decay-accelerating factor (hDAF) with immunosuppressive therapy that included the use of CYP or MTX, survival of primate recipients of life-supporting renal xenografts has been prolonged. However, both drugs can cause significant systemic toxicity and, in particular, gastrointestinal (GI) toxicity. To date only limited data have been reported on the histopathological features deriving from the use of such agents in non-human primates. METHODS Cyclophosphamide or MTX was used as part of the immunosuppressive regimen in 15 bilaterally nephrectomized non-human primate (Macaca fascicularis) recipients of a life-supporting hDAF porcine kidney. At post-mortem, a detailed analysis of the GI tract in animals receiving either CYP or MTX was performed. Paraffin-embedded sections of each portion of the GI tract were prepared and stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E). In some animals, additional investigations by immunohistochemistry (CD3, CD5, CD20, CD79 alpha cy, lambda, and kappa light chains) and by in situ hybridization for EBV encoded RNA (EBER) were undertaken. RESULTS The xenografted animals from the CYP group had a mean survival of 31 days (range: 0 to 90 days); animals from the MTX group survived a median of 14 days (range: 0 to 39 days). GI complications were the most frequent cause of euthanasia after renal failure. In CYP-treated animals GI-tract lesions were primarily characterized by diffuse, severe lymphoplasmocytic mucosal inflammatory infiltrate. Variable degrees of villi atrophy and fusion, gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) and goblet cell hyperplasia were also observed. In MTX-treated primates, findings were consistent with severe villi atrophy associated with mild-to-moderate disseminated lymphoplasmocytic infiltration. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, GI tract lesions are an early and consistent finding when CYP or MTX are used as induction agents in this model. The two compounds induce different types of GI tract damage, however, in agreement with their different mechanisms of action. Whilst CYP primarily determines inflammatory lesions, MTX leads to a degenerative type of damage. This study indicates that immunosuppressive drugs can cause severe GI tract damage in primate recipients of renal xenografts and may be responsible for life-threatening lesions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Cavicchioli
- Department of Public Health, Comparative Pathology and Veterinary Hygiene, University of Padua, Padua, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Gastreich M, Lilienthal M, Briem H, Claussen H. Ultrafast de novo docking combining pharmacophores and combinatorics. J Comput Aided Mol Des 2007; 20:717-34. [PMID: 17265098 DOI: 10.1007/s10822-006-9091-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2006] [Accepted: 10/24/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
We report on a successful de novo design approach which relies on the combination of multi-million compound combinatorial docking under receptor-based pharmacophore constraints. Inspired by a rationale by A.R. Leach et al., we document on the unification of two steps into one for ligand assembly. In the original work, fragments known to bind in protein active sites were connected forming novel ligand compounds by means of generic skeleton linkers and following a combinatorial approach. In our approach, the knowledge of fragments binding to the protein has been expressed in terms of a receptor-based pharmacophore definition. The combinatorial linking step is performed in situ during docking, starting from combinatorial libraries. Three sample scenarios growing in size and complexity (combinatorial libraries of 1 million, 1.3 million, and 22.4 million compounds) have been created to illustrate the method. Docking could be accomplished between minutes and several hours depending on the outset; the results were throughout promising. Technically, a module compatibility between FlexX(C) and FlexX-Pharm has been established. The background is explained, and the crucial points from an information scientist's perspective are highlighted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Gastreich
- BioSolveIT GmbH, An der Ziegelei 75, 53757 St. Augustin, Germany.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Field MS, Szebenyi DM, Perry CA, Stover PJ. Inhibition of 5,10-methenyltetrahydrofolate synthetase. Arch Biochem Biophys 2007; 458:194-201. [PMID: 17250800 PMCID: PMC1850231 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2006.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2006] [Revised: 12/07/2006] [Accepted: 12/08/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The interaction of 5-formyltetrahydrofolate analogs with murine methenyltetrahydrofolate synthetase (MTHFS) was investigated using steady-state kinetics, molecular modeling, and site-directed mutagenesis. MTHFS catalyzes the irreversible cyclization of 5-formyltetrahydrofolate to 5,10-methenyltetrahydrofolate. Folate analogs that cannot undergo the rate-limiting step in catalysis were inhibitors of murine MTHFS. 5-Formyltetrahydrohomofolate was an effective inhibitor of murine MTHFS (K(i)=0.7 microM), whereas 5-formyl,10-methyltetrahydrofolate was a weak inhibitor (K(i)=10 microM). The former, but not the latter, was slowly phosphorylated by MTHFS. 5-Formyltetrahydrohomofolate was not a substrate for murine MTHFS, but was metabolized when the MTHFS active site Y151 was mutated to Ala. MTHFS active site residues do not directly facilitate N10 attack on the on the N5-iminium phosphate intermediate, but rather restrict N10 motion around N5. Inhibitors specifically designed to block N10 attack appear to be less effective than the natural 10-formyltetrahydrofolate polyglutamate inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martha S. Field
- Cornell Unviersity, Graduate Field of Biochemistry, Molecular and Cell Biology, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | | | | | - Patrick J. Stover
- Cornell Unviersity, Graduate Field of Biochemistry, Molecular and Cell Biology, Ithaca, NY 14853
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Ithaca, NY 14853
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Tumkevicius S, Dailide M, Kaminskas A. Synthesis of 2,4-diaminothieno- and pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine-6-carboxylic acid derivatives. J Heterocycl Chem 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.5570430630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|
20
|
Cavalli A, Carloni P, Recanatini M. Target-Related Applications of First Principles Quantum Chemical Methods in Drug Design. Chem Rev 2006; 106:3497-519. [PMID: 16967914 DOI: 10.1021/cr050579p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Cavalli
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, I-40126 Bologna, Italy
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
DeMartino JK, Hwang I, Xu L, Wilson IA, Boger DL. Discovery of a potent, nonpolyglutamatable inhibitor of glycinamide ribonucleotide transformylase. J Med Chem 2006; 49:2998-3002. [PMID: 16686541 PMCID: PMC2531195 DOI: 10.1021/jm0601147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Glycinamide ribonucleotide transformylase (GAR Tfase) catalyzes the first of two formyl transfer steps in the de novo purine biosynthetic pathway that require folate cofactors. Herein we report the discovery of a potent, nonpolyglutamatable, and selective inhibitor of GAR Tfase. Compound 12, which possesses a tetrazole in place of the gamma-carboxylic acid in the l-glutamate subunit of the potent GAR Tfase inhibitor 1, was active in cellular-based functional assays exhibiting purine-sensitive cytotoxic activity (IC(50) = 40 nM, CCRF-CEM) and was selective for inhibition of rhGAR Tfase (K(i) = 130 nM). Notably, 12 was only 2.5-fold less potent than 1 in cellular assays and 4-fold less potent against rhGAR Tfase. Like 1, this functional activity of 12 in the cell-based assay benefits from and requires transport into the cell by the reduced folate carrier but, unlike 1, is independent of folyl polyglutamate synthase (FPGS) expression levels and polyglutamation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Dale L. Boger
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. Phone (858)784-7522. Fax: (858)784-7550. E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Field MS, Szebenyi DME, Stover PJ. Regulation of de novo purine biosynthesis by methenyltetrahydrofolate synthetase in neuroblastoma. J Biol Chem 2005; 281:4215-21. [PMID: 16365037 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m510624200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
5-Formyltetrahydrofolate (5-formylTHF) is the only folate derivative that does not serve as a cofactor in folate-dependent one-carbon metabolism. Two metabolic roles have been ascribed to this folate derivative. It has been proposed to 1) serve as a storage form of folate because it is chemically stable and accumulates in seeds and spores and 2) regulate folate-dependent one-carbon metabolism by inhibiting folate-dependent enzymes, specifically targeting folate-dependent de novo purine biosynthesis. Methenyltetrahydrofolate synthetase (MTHFS) is the only enzyme that metabolizes 5-formylTHF and catalyzes its ATP-dependent conversion to 5,10-methenylTHF. This reaction determines intracellular 5-formylTHF concentrations and converts 5-formylTHF into an enzyme cofactor. The regulation and metabolic role of MTHFS in one-carbon metabolism was investigated in vitro and in human neuroblastoma cells. Steady-state kinetic studies revealed that 10-formylTHF, which exists in chemical equilibrium with 5,10-methenylTHF, acts as a tight binding inhibitor of mouse MTHFS. [6R]-10-formylTHF inhibited MTHFS with a K(i) of 150 nM, and [6R,S]-10-formylTHF triglutamate inhibited MTHFS with a K(i) of 30 nm. MTHFS is the first identified 10-formylTHF tight-binding protein. Isotope tracer studies in neuroblastoma demonstrate that MTHFS enhances de novo purine biosynthesis, indicating that MTHFS-bound 10-formylTHF facilitates de novo purine biosynthesis. Feedback metabolic regulation of MTHFS by 10-formylTHF indicates that 5-formylTHF can only accumulate in the presence of 10-formylTHF, providing the first evidence that 5-formylTHF is a storage form of excess formylated folates in mammalian cells. The sequestration of 10-formylTHF by MTHFS may explain why de novo purine biosynthesis is protected from common disruptions in the folate-dependent one-carbon network.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martha S Field
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Graduate Field of Biochemistry, Molecular and Cell Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Gangjee A, Zeng Y, McGuire JJ, Kisliuk RL. Synthesis of classical, four-carbon bridged 5-substituted furo[2,3-d]pyrimidine and 6-substituted pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine analogues as antifolates. J Med Chem 2005; 48:5329-36. [PMID: 16078850 PMCID: PMC2538949 DOI: 10.1021/jm058213s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We report, for the first time, the biological activities of four-carbon-atom bridged classical antifolates on dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR), thymidylate synthase (TS), and folylpolyglutamate synthetase (FPGS) as well as antitumor activity. Extension of the bridge homologation studies of classical two-carbon bridged antifolates, a 5-substituted 2,4-diaminofuro[2,3-d]pyrimidine (1) and a 6-subsituted 2-amino-4-oxopyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine (2), afforded two four-carbon bridged antifolates, analogues 5 and 6, with enhanced FPGS substrate activity and inhibitory activity against tumor cells in culture (EC(50) < or = 10(-7) M) compared with the two-carbon bridged analogues. These results support our original hypothesis that the distance and orientation of the side chain p-aminobenzoyl-L-glutamate moiety with respect to the pyrimidine ring are a crucial determinant of biological activity. In addition, this study demonstrates that, for classical antifolates that are substrates for FPGS, poor inhibitory activity against isolated target enzymes is not necessarily a predictor of a lack of antitumor activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aleem Gangjee
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA 15282, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Affiliation(s)
- Ivan M Kompis
- ARPIDA Ltd, Dammstrasse 36, 4142 Münchenstein, Switzerland
| | | | | |
Collapse
|