Nanoparticlized System: Promising Approach for the Management of Alzheimer's Disease through Intranasal Delivery

Applications of hydrogels and nanoparticles in the treatment of traumatic brain injury

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) represents a significant global public health issue, with effective management posing numerous challenges. The pathophysiology of TBI is typically categorized into two phases: primary and secondary injuries. Secondary injury involves pathophysiological mechanisms such as blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption, mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and inflammatory responses. Current pharmacological strategies often encounter obstacles in treating TBI effectively, primarily due to challenges in BBB penetration, inadequate target site accumulation, and off-target toxicity. Versatile hydrogels and nanoparticles offer potential solutions to these limitations. This review discusses recent progress in utilizing hydrogels and nanoparticles for TBI treatment over the past 5 years, highlighting their relevance to the underlying injury pathophysiology. Hydrogels and nanoparticles demonstrate substantial promise in addressing secondary brain injury, providing a broad spectrum of future therapeutic opportunities.

A Comprehensive Review on Preclinical Alzheimer's Disease Models: Evaluating their Clinical Relevance

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurological disorder that increases with age and must be treated immediately by worldwide healthcare systems. Internal neurofibrillary tau tangles and extracellular amyloid accumulation have been widely recognized as the primary causes of Alzheimer's disease. These degenerative age-related ailments are expected to proliferate exponentially as life expectancy rises. Experimental models of AD are essential for acquiring a deep knowledge of its pathogenesis and determining the viability of novel therapy options. Although there isn't a model that encompasses all the characteristics of real AD, these models are nonetheless highly helpful for the research of various modifications associated with it, even though they are only partially indicative of the disease circumstances being studied. Better knowledge of the advantages and disadvantages of each of the different models, as well as the use of more than one model to evaluate potential medications, would increase the effectiveness of therapy translation from preclinical research to patients. We outline the pathogenic characteristics and limitations of the main experimental models of AD in this review, including transgenic mice, transgenic rats, primates and non-primate models along with in-vitro cell culture models in humans. Additionally, it highlights the possible future of experimental modeling of AD and includes the co-morbid models.

Surface engineered nano architectonics: An evolving paradigm for tackling Alzheimer's disease

As per the World Health Organization (WHO) estimation, Alzheimer's disease (AD) will affect 100 million population across the globe by 2050. AD is an incurable neurodegenerative disease that remains a mystery for neurologists owing to its complex pathophysiology. Currently, available therapeutic regimens will only cause symptomatic relief by improving the cognitive and behavioral functions of AD. However, the major pitfalls in managing AD include tight junctions in the endothelial cells of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), diminished neuronal bioavailability, enzymatic degradation and reduced stability of the therapeutic moiety. In an effort to surmount the drawbacks mentioned above, researchers shifted their focus toward nanocarriers (NCs). Nevertheless, non-specific targeting of NCs imparts toxicity to the peripheral organs, thereby reducing the bioavailability of therapeutic moiety at the target site. To unravel this unmet clinical need, scientists came up with the idea of a novel intriguing strategy of surface engineering by targeting ligands. Surface-decorated NCs provide targeted drug delivery, controlled drug release, enhanced penetration and bioavailability. In this state-of-the-art review, we have highlighted in detail various molecular signalling pathways involved in AD pathogenesis. The significance of surface functionalization and its application in AD management have been deliberated. We have elaborated on the regulatory bottlenecks and clinical hurdles faced during lab-to-industrial scale translation along with possible solutions.

Recent opportunities and application of gellan gum based drug delivery system for intranasal route

OBJECTIVES

In the recent years, in-situ hydrogel based on gellan gum has been investigated for delivery of various drug molecules particularly to treat neurological disorders via intranasal route. The major objective of the present manuscript is to review the recent research studies exploring gellan gum as ionic triggered in-situ gel for intranasal administration to enhance absorption of drugs and to increase their therapeutic efficacy.

METHODS

This review include literature from 1982 to 2023 and were collected from various scientific electronic databases like Scopus, PubMed and Google Scholar to review source, chemistry, ionotropic gelation mechanism, and recent research studies for gellan gum based in-situ hydrogel for intransasl administration.Keywords such as gellan gum, in-situ hydrogel, intranasal administration and brain targeting were used to search literature. The present review included the research studies which explored gellan gum based in-situ gel for intranasal drug delivery.

RESULTS

The findings have shown enhanced biavailability of various drugs upon intranasal administration using gellan-gum based in-situ hydrogel.Moreover, the review indicated that intranasal administration of in-situ hydrogel facilitate to overcome blood brain barrier effectively. Hence, significantly higher drug concentration was found to be achieved in brain tissues upon intranasal administration than that of other routes like oral and intravenous.

CONCLUSION

The present work conducted a comprehensive review for gellan gum based in-situ hydrogel particularly for intransal administration to overcome BBB. The study concluded that gellan gum based in-situ hydrogel could be potential promising delivery system for intranasal administration to improve bioavailability and efficacy of drugs specifically to treat neurological disorders.

Mechanistic Approach to Immunity and Immunotherapy of Alzheimer's Disease: A Review

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a debilitating neurodegenerative condition characterized by progressive cognitive decline and memory loss, affecting millions of people worldwide. Traditional treatments, such as cholinesterase inhibitors and NMDA receptor antagonists, offer limited symptomatic relief without addressing the underlying disease mechanisms. These limitations have driven the development of more potent and effective therapies. Recent advances in immunotherapy present promising avenues for AD treatment. Immunotherapy strategies, including both active and passive approaches, harness the immune system to target and mitigate AD-related pathology. Active immunotherapy stimulates the patient's immune response to produce antibodies against AD-specific antigens, while passive immunotherapy involves administering preformed antibodies or immune cells that specifically target amyloid-β (Aβ) or tau proteins. Monoclonal antibodies, such as aducanumab and lecanemab, have shown potential in reducing Aβ plaques and slowing cognitive decline in clinical trials, despite challenges related to adverse immune responses and the need for precise targeting. This comprehensive review explores the role of the immune system in AD, evaluates the current successes and limitations of immunotherapeutic approaches, and discusses future directions for enhancing the treatment efficacy.

Vesicle delivery systems of functional substances for precision nutrition

Vesicular delivery systems are highly ordered assemblies consisting of one or more concentric bilayers formed by the self-assembly of amphiphilic building blocks in the presence of water. In the field of functional food, vesicular delivery systems have been widely explored for effective formulations to deliver functional substances. With the effort of scientific research, certain categories of vesicular delivery systems have successfully been translated from the laboratory to the global market of functional food. This chapter aims to present comprehensively the various vesicular delivery systems, including their design, preparation methods, encapsulation of functional substances, and application in nutritional interventions.

Synthesis of a Rivastigmine and Insulin Combinational Mucoadhesive Nanoparticle for Intranasal Delivery

Efficient drug delivery remains a critical challenge for treating neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). Using innovative nanomaterials, delivering current medications like acetylcholinesterase inhibitors to the brain through the intranasal route is a promising strategy for managing AD. Here, we developed a unique combinational drug delivery system based on N,N,N-trimethyl chitosan nanoparticles (NPs). These NPs encapsulate rivastigmine, the most potent acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, along with insulin, a complementary therapeutic agent. The spherical NPs exhibited a zeta potential of 17.6 mV, a size of 187.00 nm, and a polydispersity index (PDI) of 0.29. Our findings demonstrate significantly improved drug transport efficiency through sheep nasal mucosa using the NPs compared to drug solutions. The NPs exhibited transport efficiencies of 73.3% for rivastigmine and 96.9% for insulin, surpassing the efficiencies of the drug solutions, which showed transport efficiencies of 52% for rivastigmine and 21% for insulin ex vivo. These results highlight the potential of a new drug delivery system as a promising approach for enhancing nasal transport efficiency. These combinational mucoadhesive NPs offer a novel strategy for the simultaneous cerebral delivery of rivastigmine and insulin, which could prove helpful in developing effective treatments of AD and other neurodegenerative conditions.

Ion-activated In Situ Gel of Gellan Gum Containing Chrysin for Nasal Administration in Parkinson's Disease

INTRODUCTION

This study focused on creating an innovative treatment approach for Parkinson's disease (PD), a progressive neurodegenerative condition characterized by the loss of specific neurons in the brain.

AIM

The research aimed to develop a nasal gel using gellan gum containing a complex of chrysin with hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HP-β-CD) to enhance the drug's solubility and stability.

METHOD

The formulation process involved utilizing central composite design (CCD) to optimize the concentrations of gellan gum and HPMC E5, with viscosity and mucoadhesive strength as key factors. The resulting optimized In Situ gel comprised 0.7% w/v gellan gum and 0.6% w/v HPMC E5, exhibiting desirable viscosity levels for both sol and gel states, along with robust mucoadhesive properties. The formulated gel underwent comprehensive evaluation, including assessments for gelation, drug content, in vitro drug release, ex vivo permeation, and histopathology.

RESULT

The findings demonstrated superior drug release from the In Situ gel compared to standalone chrysin. Ex vivo studies revealed effective drug permeation through nasal mucosa without causing harm. Moreover, experiments on neuronal cells exposed to oxidative stress (H2O2- induced) showcased significant neuroprotection conferred by chrysin and its formulations. These treatments exhibited notable enhancements in cell viability and reduced instances of apoptosis and necrosis, compared to the control group. The formulations exhibited neuroprotective properties by mitigating oxidative damage through mechanisms, like free radical scavenging and restoration of antioxidant enzyme activity.

CONCLUSION

In conclusion, this developed In situ gel formulation presents a promising novel nasal delivery system for PD therapy. By addressing challenges related to drug properties and administration route, it holds the potential to enhance treatment outcomes and improve the quality of life for individuals with Parkinson's disease.

Current Advancement and Future Prospects: Biomedical Nanoengineering

Recent advancements in biomedicine have seen a significant reliance on nanoengineering, as traditional methods often fall short in harnessing the unique attributes of biomaterials. Nanoengineering has emerged as a valuable approach to enhance and enrich the performance and functionalities of biomaterials, driving research and development in the field. This review emphasizes the most prevalent biomaterials used in biomedicine, including polymers, nanocomposites, and metallic materials, and explores the pivotal role of nanoengineering in developing biomedical treatments and processes. Particularly, the review highlights research focused on gaining an in-depth understanding of material properties and effectively enhancing material performance through molecular dynamics simulations, all from a nanoengineering perspective.

Recent Updates on the Therapeutics Benefits, Clinical Trials, and Novel Delivery Systems of Chlorogenic Acid for the Management of Diseases with a Special Emphasis on Ulcerative Colitis

Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a multifactorial disorder of the large intestine, especially the colon, and has become a challenge globally. Allopathic medicines are primarily available for the treatment and prevention of UC. However, their uses are limited due to several side effects. Hence, an alternative therapy is of utmost importance in this regard. Herbal medicines are considered safe and effective for managing human health problems. Chlorogenic acid (CGA), the herbal-derived bioactive, has been reported for pharmacological effects like antiinflammatory, immunomodulatory, antimicrobial, hepatoprotective, antioxidant, anticancer, etc. This review aims to understand the antiinflammatory and chemopreventive potential of CGA against UC. Apart from its excellent therapeutic potential, it has been associated with low absorption and poor oral bioavailability. In this context, colon-specific novel drug delivery systems (NDDS)are pioneering to overcome these problems. The pertinent literature was compiled from a thorough search on various databases such as ScienceDirect, PubMed, Google Scholar, etc., utilizing numerous keywords, including ulcerative colitis, herbal drugs, CGA, pharmacological activities, mechanism of actions, nanoformulations, clinical updates, and many others. Relevant publications accessed till now were chosen, whereas non-relevant papers, unpublished data, and non-original articles were excluded. The present review comprises recent studies on pharmacological activities and novel drug delivery systems of CGA for managing UC. In addition, the clinical trials of CGA against UC have been discussed.

Green Extracts with Metal-based Nanoparticles for Treating Inflammatory Diseases: A Review

Globally, high death rates and poor quality of life are caused mainly by inflammatory diseases. Corticosteroids, which may have systemic side effects and would enhance the risk of infection, are the common forms of therapy. The field of nanomedicine has created composite nanoparticles that carry a pharmacological carrier and target ligands for distribution to sites of inflammation with less systemic toxicity. However, their relatively large size often causes systemic clearance. An interesting approach is metal-based nanoparticles that naturally reduce inflammation. They are made not only to be small enough to pass through biological barriers but also to allow label-free monitoring of their interactions with cells. The following literature review discusses the mechanistic analysis of the anti-inflammatory properties of several metal-based nanoparticles, including gold, silver, titanium dioxide, selenium, and zinc oxide. Current research focuses on the mechanisms by which nanoparticles infiltrate cells and the anti-inflammatory techniques using herbal extracts-based nanoparticles. Additionally, it provides a brief overview of the literature on many environmentally friendly sources employed in nanoparticle production and the mechanisms of action of various nanoparticles.

Impact of Phytomolecules with Nanotechnology on the Treatment of Inflammation

Abstract:

Inflammation is a part of the biological response of body tissues against harmful stimuli, such as damaged cells, pathogens, irradiations, and toxic compounds. Numerous treatments, including anti-inflammatory drugs that treat the condition of inflammation, are available for its management. Because of the severe adverse effects associated with synthetic medications, phytotherapy may be a promising and effective approach to treating inflammation. The therapeutic potential of herbs is due to their capacity to target a variety of inflammatory mediators, including chemokines, cytokines, nitric oxide, lipoxygenase, nuclear factor kappa-B, and arachidonic acid. Furthermore, nanomedicine may be a valuable and effective formulation approach for overcoming the drawbacks of phytoconstituents, such as their low bioavailability, high first-pass metabolism, and poor stability. The current manuscript provides a thorough description of many phytoconstituents and herbal plants that have great potential for treating inflammation-related diseases, as well as information on their limitations, drug formulations, and regulatory issues.

Synthesis of an insulin-loaded mucoadhesive nanoparticle designed for intranasal administration: focus on new diffusion media

Intranasal administration is a drug delivery approach to provide a non-invasive pharmacological response in the central nervous system with relatively small peripheral side effects. To improve the residence time of intranasal drug delivery systems in the nasal mucosa, mucoadhesive polymers (e.g., chitosan) can be used. Here, insulin-loaded chitosan nanoparticles were synthesized and their physiochemical properties were evaluated based on requirements of intranasal administration. The nanoparticles were spherical (a hydrodynamic diameter of 165.3 nm, polydispersity index of 0.24, and zeta potential of +21.6 mV) that granted mucoadhesion without any noticeable toxicity to the nasal tissue. We applied a new approach using the Krebs-Henseleit buffer solution along with simulated nasal fluid in a Franz's diffusion cell to study this intranasal drug delivery system. We used the Krebs-Henseleit buffer because of its ability to supply glucose to the cells which serves as a novel ex vivo diffusion medium to maintain the viability of the tissue during the experiment. Based on diffusion rate and histopathological endpoints, the Krebs-Henseleit buffer solution can be a substituent solution to the commonly used simulated nasal fluid for such drug delivery systems.

Current Insight into Novel Delivery Approaches of Resveratrol for Improving Therapeutic Efficacy and Bioavailability with its Clinical Updates

Resveratrol (RSV) is a polyphenolic phytoalexin, and belongs to the stilbene family. RSV has several therapeutic activities such as cardioprotective, anticancer, and antioxidant. Apart from its therapeutic benefits, its pharmacological uses are limited due to low solubility, poor bioavailability, and short biological halflife. A researcher continuously focuses on overcoming the limitations of RSV through nanotechnology platforms to get the optimum health benefits. In this context, nanocarriers are pioneering to overcome these drawbacks. Nanocarriers possess high drug loading capacity, thermal stability, low production cost, longer shelflife, etc. Fortunately, scientists were proficient in delivering resveratrol-based nanocarriers in the present scenario. Nanocarriers can deliver drugs to the target sites without compromising the bioavailability. Thus, this review highlights how the latest nanocarrier systems overcome the shortcomings of RSV, which will be good for improving therapeutic efficacy and bioavailability. Moreover, recent updates on resveratrol-based novel formulations and their clinical trials have been addressed to manage several health-related problems.

Adipose-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells Combined With Extracellular Vesicles May Improve Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis

The complexity of central nervous system diseases together with their intricate pathogenesis complicate the establishment of effective treatment strategies. Presently, the superiority of adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ADSCs) on neuronal injuries has attracted significant attention. Similarly, extracellular vesicles (EVs) are potential interventional agents that could identify and treat nerve injuries. Herein, we reviewed the potential effects of ADSCs and EVs on amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) injured nerves, and expound on their practical application in the clinic setting. This article predominantly focused on the therapeutic role of ADSCs concerning the pathogenesis of ALS, the protective and reparative effects of EVs on nerve injury, as well as the impact following the combined usage of ADSCs and EVs in ALS.

New idea to promote the clinical applications of stem cells or their extracellular vesicles in central nervous system disorders: combining with intranasal delivery

The clinical translation of stem cells and their extracellular vesicles (EVs)-based therapy for central nervous system (CNS) diseases is booming. Nevertheless, the insufficient CNS delivery and retention together with the invasiveness of current administration routes prevent stem cells or EVs from fully exerting their clinical therapeutic potential. Intranasal (IN) delivery is a possible strategy to solve problems as IN route could circumvent the brain‒blood barrier non-invasively and fit repeated dosage regimens. Herein, we gave an overview of studies and clinical trials involved with IN route and discussed the possibility of employing IN delivery to solve problems in stem cells or EVs-based therapy. We reviewed relevant researches that combining stem cells or EVs-based therapy with IN administration and analyzed benefits brought by IN route. Finally, we proposed possible suggestions to facilitate the development of IN delivery of stem cells or EVs.

Direct nose to the brain nanomedicine delivery presents a formidable challenge

This advanced review describes the anatomical and physiological barriers and mechanisms impacting nanomedicine translocation from the nasal cavity directly to the brain. There are significant physiological and anatomical differences in the nasal cavity, olfactory area, and airflow reaching the olfactory epithelium between humans and experimentally studied species that should be considered when extrapolating experimental results to humans. Mucus, transporters, and tight junction proteins present barriers to material translocation across the olfactory epithelium. Uptake of nanoparticles through the olfactory mucosa and translocation to the brain can be intracellular via cranial nerves (intraneuronal) or other cells of the olfactory epithelium, or extracellular along cranial nerve pathways (perineural) and surrounding blood vessels (perivascular, the glymphatic system). Transport rates vary greatly among the nose to brain pathways. Nanomedicine physicochemical properties (size, surface charge, surface coating, and particle stability) can affect uptake efficiency, which is usually less than 5%. Incorporation of therapeutic agents in nanoparticles has been shown to produce pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic benefits. Assessment of adverse effects has included olfactory mucosa toxicity, ciliotoxicity, and olfactory bulb and brain neurotoxicity. The results have generally suggested the investigated nanomedicines do not present significant toxicity. Research needs to advance the understanding of nanomedicine translocation and its drug cargo after intranasal administration is presented. This article is categorized under: Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Nanomedicine for Neurological Disease Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Emerging Technologies Toxicology and Regulatory Issues in Nanomedicine > Toxicology of Nanomaterials.

Using the Intranasal Route to Administer Drugs to Treat Neurological and Psychiatric Illnesses: Rationale, Successes, and Future Needs

While the intranasal administration of drugs to the brain has been gaining both research attention and regulatory success over the past several years, key fundamental and translational challenges remain to fully leveraging the promise of this drug delivery pathway for improving the treatment of various neurological and psychiatric illnesses. In response, this review highlights the current state of understanding of the nose-to-brain drug delivery pathway and how both biological and clinical barriers to drug transport using the pathway can been addressed, as illustrated by demonstrations of how currently approved intranasal sprays leverage these pathways to enable the design of successful therapies. Moving forward, aiming to better exploit the understanding of this fundamental pathway, we also outline the development of nanoparticle systems that show improvement in delivering approved drugs to the brain and how engineered nanoparticle formulations could aid in breakthroughs in terms of delivering emerging drugs and therapeutics while avoiding systemic adverse effects.

Phytosomes as Innovative Delivery Systems for Phytochemicals: A Comprehensive Review of Literature

Nowadays, medicinal herbs and their phytochemicals have emerged as a great therapeutic option for many disorders. However, poor bioavailability and selectivity might limit their clinical application. Therefore, bioavailability is considered a notable challenge to improve bio-efficacy in transporting dietary phytochemicals. Different methods have been proposed for generating effective carrier systems to enhance the bioavailability of phytochemicals. Among them, nano-vesicles have been introduced as promising candidates for the delivery of insoluble phytochemicals. Due to the easy preparation of the bilayer vesicles and their adaptability, they have been widely used and approved by the scientific literature. The first part of the review is focused on introducing phytosome technology as well as its applications, with emphasis on principles of formulations and characterization. The second part provides a wide overview of biological activities of commercial and non-commercial phytosomes, divided by systems and related pathologies. These results confirm the greater effectiveness of phytosomes, both in terms of biological activity or reduced dosage, highlighting curcumin and silymarin as the most formulated compounds. Finally, we describe the promising clinical and experimental findings regarding the applications of phytosomes. The conclusion of this study encourages the researchers to transfer their knowledge from laboratories to market, for a further development of these products.

Nanoparticles: Promising Tools for the Treatment and Prevention of Myocardial Infarction

Despite several recent advances, current therapy and prevention strategies for myocardial infarction are far from satisfactory, owing to limitations in their applicability and treatment effects. Nanoparticles (NPs) enable the targeted and stable delivery of therapeutic compounds, enhance tissue engineering processes, and regulate the behaviour of transplants such as stem cells. Thus, NPs may be more effective than other mechanisms, and may minimize potential adverse effects. This review provides evidence for the view that function-oriented systems are more practical than traditional material-based systems; it also summarizes the latest advances in NP-based strategies for the treatment and prevention of myocardial infarction.

Nanotherapeutics for Alzheimer's Disease with Preclinical Evaluation and Clinical Trials: Challenges, Promises and Limitations

Alzheimer's disease (AD), a progressive and irreversible neurodegenerative disorder, is the most common form of dementia worldwide. Currently, there is no disease-modifying AD drug, and the development of effective treatments is made even harder by the highly selective nature of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) that allows the passage only of molecules with specific chemical-physical properties. In this context, nanomedicine and its nanoparticles (NPs) offer potential solutions to the challenge of AD therapy, in particular, the requirements for i) BBB crossing, ii) multitarget therapy iii) enhancement of pharmacokinetics; and iv) more precise delivery. In addition, the possibility to optimize NP biophysical and biological (i.e. target-specific ligands) properties allows for highly tailored delivery platforms. Preclinical studies have demonstrated that nanotherapeutics provide superior pharmacokinetics and brain uptake than free drugs and, on the other hand, these are also able to mitigate the side-effects of the symptomatic treatments approved by the FDA. Among the plethora of potential AD nanodrugs, multitarget nanotherapeutics are considered the most promising strategy due to their ability to hit simultaneously multiple pathogenic factors, while nano-nutraceuticals are emerging as interesting tools in the treatment/prevention of AD. This review provides a comprehensive overview of nanomedicine in AD therapy, focusing on key optimization of NPs properties, most promising nanotherapeutics in preclinical studies and difficulties that are limiting the efficient translation from bench to bedside.

Crossing the blood-brain barrier: A review on drug delivery strategies using colloidal carrier systems

The blood-brain barrier represents the major challenge for delivering drugs to the central nervous system (CNS). It separates the blood circulation from the brain tissue, thereby protecting the CNS and maintaining its ion homeostasis. Unfortunately, most drugs are not able to cross this barrier in vivo despite promising in vitro results. One approach to solve this problem is the delivery of drugs via surface modified nanocarrier systems. This review will give an overview on currently tested systems, mainly liposomes and solid nanoparticles and inform about new developments.

Potential Role of Nanoparticles in Treating the Accumulation of Amyloid-Beta Peptide in Alzheimer's Patients

The disorder of Alzheimer's is marked by progressive pathophysiological neurodegeneration. The amino acid peptides in the amyloid plaques found in the brains of people with Alzheimer's disease (AD) are known as amyloid-beta (Aβ). Current treatments are not curative, and the effects associated with AD are reduced. Improving treatment results involved the targeting of drugs at optimum therapeutic concentration. Nanotechnology is seen as an unconventional, modern technology that plays a key role in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Using nanoparticles, molecular detection, effective drug targeting, and their combination offer high sensitivity. The aim of this review is to shed light on the function and successful role of nanoparticles to resolve Aβ aggregation and thus to help cure Alzheimer's disease. The analysis divides these nanoparticles into three categories: polymer, lipid, and gold nanoparticles. A thorough comparison was then made between the nanoparticles, which are used according to their role, properties, and size in the procedure. The nanoparticles can prevent the accumulation of Aβ during the efficient delivery of the drug to the cells to treat Alzheimer's disease. Furthermore, this comparison demonstrated the ability of these nanoparticles to deal efficiently with Alzheimer's disease. The role of these nanoparticles varied from delivering the drug to brain cells to dealing with the disease-causing peptide.