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Virus-like Particles: Fundamentals and Biomedical Applications. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23158579. [PMID: 35955711 PMCID: PMC9369363 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Nanotechnology is a fast-evolving field focused on fabricating nanoscale objects for industrial, cosmetic, and therapeutic applications. Virus-like particles (VLPs) are self-assembled nanoparticles whose intrinsic properties, such as heterogeneity, and highly ordered structural organization are exploited to prepare vaccines; imaging agents; construct nanobioreactors; cancer treatment approaches; or deliver drugs, genes, and enzymes. However, depending upon the intrinsic features of the native virus from which they are produced, the therapeutic performance of VLPs can vary. This review compiles the recent scientific literature about the fundamentals of VLPs with biomedical applications. We consulted different databases to present a general scenario about viruses and how VLPs are produced in eukaryotic and prokaryotic cell lines to entrap therapeutic cargo. Moreover, the structural classification, morphology, and methods to functionalize the surface of VLPs are discussed. Finally, different characterization techniques required to examine the size, charge, aggregation, and composition of VLPs are described.
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Rosales-Mendoza S, Márquez-Escobar VA, González-Ortega O, Nieto-Gómez R, Arévalo-Villalobos JI. What Does Plant-Based Vaccine Technology Offer to the Fight against COVID-19? Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:E183. [PMID: 32295153 PMCID: PMC7349371 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8020183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of new pathogenic viral strains is a constant threat to global health, with the new coronavirus strain COVID-19 as the latest example. COVID-19, caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus has quickly spread around the globe. This pandemic demands rapid development of drugs and vaccines. Plant-based vaccines are a technology with proven viability, which have led to promising results for candidates evaluated at the clinical level, meaning this technology could contribute towards the fight against COVID-19. Herein, a perspective in how plant-based vaccines can be developed against COVID-19 is presented. Injectable vaccines could be generated by using transient expression systems, which offer the highest protein yields and are already adopted at the industrial level to produce VLPs-vaccines and other biopharmaceuticals under GMPC-processes. Stably-transformed plants are another option, but this approach requires more time for the development of antigen-producing lines. Nonetheless, this approach offers the possibility of developing oral vaccines in which the plant cell could act as the antigen delivery agent. Therefore, this is the most attractive approach in terms of cost, easy delivery, and mucosal immunity induction. The development of multiepitope, rationally-designed vaccines is also discussed regarding the experience gained in expression of chimeric immunogenic proteins in plant systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Rosales-Mendoza
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Av. Dr. Manuel Nava 6, San Luis Potosí 78210, Mexico; (V.A.M.-E.); (O.G.-O.); (R.N.-G.); (J.I.A.-V.)
- Sección de Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud y Biomedicina, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Av. Sierra Leona 550, Lomas 2ª Sección, San Luis Potosí 78210, Mexico
| | - Verónica A. Márquez-Escobar
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Av. Dr. Manuel Nava 6, San Luis Potosí 78210, Mexico; (V.A.M.-E.); (O.G.-O.); (R.N.-G.); (J.I.A.-V.)
- Sección de Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud y Biomedicina, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Av. Sierra Leona 550, Lomas 2ª Sección, San Luis Potosí 78210, Mexico
| | - Omar González-Ortega
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Av. Dr. Manuel Nava 6, San Luis Potosí 78210, Mexico; (V.A.M.-E.); (O.G.-O.); (R.N.-G.); (J.I.A.-V.)
| | - Ricardo Nieto-Gómez
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Av. Dr. Manuel Nava 6, San Luis Potosí 78210, Mexico; (V.A.M.-E.); (O.G.-O.); (R.N.-G.); (J.I.A.-V.)
- Sección de Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud y Biomedicina, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Av. Sierra Leona 550, Lomas 2ª Sección, San Luis Potosí 78210, Mexico
| | - Jaime I. Arévalo-Villalobos
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Av. Dr. Manuel Nava 6, San Luis Potosí 78210, Mexico; (V.A.M.-E.); (O.G.-O.); (R.N.-G.); (J.I.A.-V.)
- Sección de Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud y Biomedicina, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Av. Sierra Leona 550, Lomas 2ª Sección, San Luis Potosí 78210, Mexico
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Jung JW, Huy NX, Kim HB, Kim NS, Van Giap D, Yang MS. Production of recombinant human acid α-glucosidase with high-mannose glycans in gnt1 rice for the treatment of Pompe disease. J Biotechnol 2017; 249:42-50. [PMID: 28363873 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2017.03.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Revised: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Lysosomal storage diseases are a group of inherited metabolic disorders. Patients are treated with enzyme replacement therapy (ERT), in which the replacement enzymes are required to carry terminal mannose or mannose 6-phosphate residues to allow efficient uptake into target cells and tissues. N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase-I (GnTI) mediates N-glycosylation in the cis cisternae of the Golgi apparatus by adding N-acetylglucosamine to the exposed terminal mannose residue of core N-glycan structures for further processing. Mutant rice lacking GnTI produces only high mannosylated glycoproteins. In this study, we introduced a gene encoding recombinant human acid α-glucosidase (rhGAA), which is used in ERT for Pompe disease, into gnt1 rice callus by particle bombardment. Integration of the target gene into the genome of the gnt1 rice line and its mRNA expression were confirmed by PCR and Northern blot, respectively. Western blot analysis was performed to confirm secretion of the target proteins into the culture media. Using an indirect enzyme linked immunosorbent assay, we determined the maximum expression of rhGAA to be approximately 45mg/L, 13days after induction. To assay the enzymatic activity and determine the N-glycan profile of rhGAA, we purified the protein using a 6×histidine tag. The in vitro α-glucosidase activity of rhGAA from gnt1 rice callus (gnt1-GAA) was 3.092U/mg, similar to the activity of the Chinese hamster ovary cell-derived GAA (3.154U/mg). N-glycan analysis revealed the presence of high-mannose N-glycans on gnt1-GAA. In addition, the production of high-mannose GAA using gnt1 rice calli as an expression host was characterized, which may aid the future development of therapeutic enzymes for the treatment of Pompe disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Wan Jung
- Department of Molecular Biology, Chonbuk National University, 664-14 Dukjindong, Jeonju, Jeollabuk-do 561-756, Republic of Korea; Department of Bioactive Material Science, Chonbuk National University, 664-14 Dukjindong, Jeonju, Jeollabuk-do 561-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Nguyen-Xuan Huy
- Department of Molecular Biology, Chonbuk National University, 664-14 Dukjindong, Jeonju, Jeollabuk-do 561-756, Republic of Korea; Biology Department, Hue University of Education, 34 Le Loi, Hue, Viet Nam
| | - Hyo-Boon Kim
- Department of Molecular Biology, Chonbuk National University, 664-14 Dukjindong, Jeonju, Jeollabuk-do 561-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Nan-Sun Kim
- Department of Molecular Biology, Chonbuk National University, 664-14 Dukjindong, Jeonju, Jeollabuk-do 561-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Do Van Giap
- Department of Bioactive Material Science, Chonbuk National University, 664-14 Dukjindong, Jeonju, Jeollabuk-do 561-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Moon-Sik Yang
- Department of Molecular Biology, Chonbuk National University, 664-14 Dukjindong, Jeonju, Jeollabuk-do 561-756, Republic of Korea; Department of Bioactive Material Science, Chonbuk National University, 664-14 Dukjindong, Jeonju, Jeollabuk-do 561-756, Republic of Korea; Research Center of Bioactive Materials, Chonbuk National University, 664-14 Dukjindong, Jeonju, Jeollabuk-do 561-756, Republic of Korea.
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Rosales-Mendoza S, Nieto-Gómez R, Angulo C. A Perspective on the Development of Plant-Made Vaccines in the Fight against Ebola Virus. Front Immunol 2017; 8:252. [PMID: 28344580 PMCID: PMC5344899 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The Ebola virus (EBOV) epidemic indicated a great need for prophylactic and therapeutic strategies. The use of plants for the production of biopharmaceuticals is a concept being adopted by the pharmaceutical industry, with an enzyme for human use currently commercialized since 2012 and some plant-based vaccines close to being commercialized. Although plant-based antibodies against EBOV are under clinical evaluation, the development of plant-based vaccines against EBOV essentially remains an unexplored area. The current technologies for the production of plant-based vaccines include stable nuclear expression, transient expression mediated by viral vectors, and chloroplast expression. Specific perspectives on how these technologies can be applied for developing anti-EBOV vaccines are provided, including possibilities for the design of immunogens as well as the potential of the distinct expression modalities to produce the most relevant EBOV antigens in plants considering yields, posttranslational modifications, production time, and downstream processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Rosales-Mendoza
- Laboratorio de Biofarmacéuticos Recombinantes, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí , San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí , Mexico
| | - Ricardo Nieto-Gómez
- Laboratorio de Biofarmacéuticos Recombinantes, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí , San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí , Mexico
| | - Carlos Angulo
- Grupo de Inmunología & Vacunología, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste, SC. , La Paz, Baja California Sur , Mexico
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Kang SH, Jung HS, Lee SJ, Park CI, Lim SM, Park H, Kim BS, Na KH, Han GJ, Bae JW, Park HJ, Bang KC, Park BT, Hwang HS, Jung IS, Kim JI, Oh DB, Kim DI, Yagi H, Kato K, Kim DK, Kim HH. Glycan structure and serum half-life of recombinant CTLA4Ig, an immunosuppressive agent, expressed in suspension-cultured rice cells with coexpression of human β1,4-galactosyltransferase and human CTLA4Ig. Glycoconj J 2015; 32:161-72. [PMID: 25971702 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-015-9590-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2014] [Revised: 04/03/2015] [Accepted: 04/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Human cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4-immunoglobulin (hCTLA4Ig) is an immunosuppressive therapeutic, and recently produced rice cell-derived hCTLA4Ig (hCTLA4Ig(P)) reportedly exhibits in vitro immunosuppressive activities equivalent to those of Chinese hamster ovary cell-derived hCTLA4Ig (hCTLA4Ig(M)). However, limitations of hCTLA4Ig(P) include shortened in vivo half-life as well as the presence of nonhuman N-glycans containing (β1-2)-xylose and α1,3-fucose, which cause immunogenic reactions in humans. In the present study, human β1,4-galactose-extended hCTLA4Ig(P) (hCTLA4Ig(P)-Gal) was expressed through the coexpression of human β1,4-galactosyltransferase (hGalT) and hCTLA4Ig in an attempt to overcome these unfavorable effects. The results indicated that both encoding hGalT and hCTLA4Ig were successfully coexpressed, and the analysis of N-glycan and its relative abundance in purified hCTLA4Ig(P)-Gal indicated that not only were the two glycans containing (β1-4)-galactose newly extended, but also glycans containing both β1,2-xylose and α1,3-fucose were markedly reduced and high-mannose-type glycans were increased compared to those of hCTLA4Ig(P), respectively. Unlike hCTLA4Ig(P), hCTLA4Ig(P)-Gal was effective as an acceptor via (β1-4)-galactose for in vitro sialylation. Additionally, the serum half-life of intravenously injected hCTLA4Ig(P)-Gal in Sprague-Dawley rats was 1.9 times longer than that of hCTLA4Ig(P), and the clearance pattern of hCTLA4Ig(P)-Gal was close to that for hCTLA4Ig(M). These results indicate that the coexpression with hGalT and hCTLA4Ig(P) is useful for both reducing glycan immunogens and increasing in vivo stability. This is the first report of hCTLA4Ig as an effective therapeutics candidate in glycoengineered rice cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung Hoon Kang
- Boryung Central Research Institute, Boryung Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., 1122-3, Shingil-dong, Danwon-gu, Ansan-si, Kyungki-do, 425-839, Republic of Korea
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N-glycosylation modification of plant-derived virus-like particles: an application in vaccines. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:249519. [PMID: 24971324 PMCID: PMC4055563 DOI: 10.1155/2014/249519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2014] [Revised: 04/19/2014] [Accepted: 05/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Plants have been developed as an alternative system to mammalian cells for production of recombinant prophylactic or therapeutic proteins for human and animal use. Effective plant expression systems for recombinant proteins have been established with the optimal combination of gene expression regulatory elements and control of posttranslational processing of recombinant glycoproteins. In plant, virus-like particles (VLPs), viral “empty shells” which maintain the same structural characteristics of virions but are genome-free, are considered extremely promising as vaccine platforms and therapeutic delivery systems. Unlike microbial fermentation, plants are capable of carrying out N-glycosylation as a posttranslational modification of glycoproteins. Recent advances in the glycoengineering in plant allow human-like glycomodification and optimization of desired glycan structures for enhancing safety and functionality of recombinant pharmaceutical glycoproteins. In this review, the current plant-derived VLP approaches are focused, and N-glycosylation and its in planta modifications are discussed.
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Martiniuk F, Reggi S, Tchou-Wong KM, Rom WN, Busconi M, Fogher C. Production of a functional human acid maltase in tobacco seeds: biochemical analysis, uptake by human GSDII cells, and in vivo studies in GAA knockout mice. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2013; 171:916-26. [PMID: 23907679 PMCID: PMC4703872 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-013-0367-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2013] [Accepted: 06/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Genetic deficiency of acid alpha glucosidase (GAA) results in glycogen storage disease type II (GSDII) or Pompe's disease. To investigate whether we could generate a functional recombinant human GAA enzyme (tobrhGAA) in tobacco seeds for future enzyme replacement therapy, we subcloned the human GAA cDNA into the plant expression plasmid-pBI101 under the control of the soybean β-conglycinin seed-specific promoter and biochemically analyzed the tobrhGAA. Tobacco seeds contain the metabolic machinery that is more compatible with mammalian glycosylation-phosphorylation and processing. We found the tobrhGAA to be enzymatically active was readily taken up by GSDII fibroblasts and in white blood cells from whole blood to reverse the defect. The tobrhGAA corrected the enzyme defect in tissues at 7 days after a single dose following intraperitoneal (IP) administration in GAA knockout (GAA(-/-)) mice. Additionally, we could purify the tobrhGAA since it bound tightly to the matrix of Sephadex G100 and can be eluted by competition with maltose. These data demonstrate indirectly that the tobrhGAA is fully functional, predominantly proteolytically cleaved and contains the minimal phosphorylation and mannose-6-phosphate residues essential for biological activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Martiniuk
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA. iProDynamic Therapeutics, Inc, New York, NY 10128, USA
| | - Serena Reggi
- Plantechno Srl, Via Staffolo 60, 26041 Casalmaggiore, Italy
| | - Kam-Meng Tchou-Wong
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, Tuxedo, NY, USA
| | - William N. Rom
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Matteo Busconi
- Università Cattolica S. Cuore, Via E. Parmense 84, 29100 Piacenza, Italy
| | - Corrado Fogher
- Plantechno Srl, Via Staffolo 60, 26041 Casalmaggiore, Italy
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He X, Galpin JD, Tropak MB, Mahuran D, Haselhorst T, von Itzstein M, Kolarich D, Packer NH, Miao Y, Jiang L, Grabowski GA, Clarke LA, Kermode AR. Production of active human glucocerebrosidase in seeds of Arabidopsis thaliana complex-glycan-deficient (cgl) plants. Glycobiology 2012; 22:492-503. [PMID: 22061999 PMCID: PMC3425599 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwr157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a clear need for efficient methods to produce protein therapeutics requiring mannose-termination for therapeutic efficacy. Here we report on a unique system for production of active human lysosomal acid β-glucosidase (glucocerebrosidase, GCase, EC 3.2.1.45) using seeds of the Arabidopsis thaliana complex-glycan-deficient (cgl) mutant, which are deficient in the activity of N-acetylglucosaminyl transferase I (EC 2.4.1.101). Gaucher disease is a prevalent lysosomal storage disease in which affected individuals inherit mutations in the gene (GBA1) encoding GCase. A gene cassette optimized for seed expression was used to generate the human enzyme in seeds of the cgl (C5) mutant, and the recombinant GCase was mainly accumulated in the apoplast. Importantly, the enzymatic properties including kinetic parameters, half-maximal inhibitory concentration of isofagomine and thermal stability of the cgl-derived GCase were comparable with those of imiglucerase, a commercially available recombinant human GCase used for enzyme replacement therapy in Gaucher patients. N-glycan structural analyses of recombinant cgl-GCase showed that the majority of the N-glycans (97%) were mannose terminated. Additional purification was required to remove ∼15% of the plant-derived recombinant GCase that possessed potentially immunogenic (xylose- and/or fucose-containing) N-glycans. Uptake of cgl-derived GCase by mouse macrophages was similar to that of imiglucerase. The cgl seed system requires no addition of foreign (non-native) amino acids to the mature recombinant GCase protein, and the dry transgenic seeds represent a stable repository of the therapeutic protein. Other strategies that may completely prevent plant-like complex N-glycans are discussed, including the use of a null cgl mutant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu He
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Dr., Burnaby, British Columbia, V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Jason D Galpin
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Dr., Burnaby, British Columbia, V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Michael B Tropak
- Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - Don Mahuran
- Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1X8, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Toronto, Banting Institute, 100 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1L5, Canada
| | - Thomas Haselhorst
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Queensland 4222, Australia
| | - Mark von Itzstein
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Queensland 4222, Australia
| | - Daniel Kolarich
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Scienes, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales 2109, Australia
| | - Nicolle H Packer
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Scienes, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales 2109, Australia
| | - Yansong Miao
- Department of Biology and Molecular Biotechnology Program, Centre for Cell and Developmental Biology, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Liwen Jiang
- Department of Biology and Molecular Biotechnology Program, Centre for Cell and Developmental Biology, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Gregory A Grabowski
- Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Lorne A Clarke
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Children’s and Family Research Institute, 950 W 28th Ave., Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Allison R Kermode
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Dr., Burnaby, British Columbia, V5A 1S6, Canada
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Zhang S, Sherwood RW, Yang Y, Fish T, Chen W, McCardle JA, Jones RM, Yusibov V, May ER, Rose JKC, Thannhauser TW. Comparative characterization of the glycosylation profiles of an influenza hemagglutinin produced in plant and insect hosts. Proteomics 2012; 12:1269-88. [PMID: 22577028 PMCID: PMC4545245 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201100474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2011] [Accepted: 01/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The main objective of this study was to characterize the N-linked glycosylation profiles of recombinant hemagglutinin (HA) proteins expressed in either insect or plant hosts, and to develop a mass spectrometry based workflow that can be used in quality control to assess batch-to-batch reproducibility for recombinant HA glycosylation. HA is a surface glycoprotein of the influenza virus that plays a key role in viral infectivity and pathogenesis. Characterization of the glycans for plant recombinant HA from the viral strain A/California/04/09 (H1N1) has not yet been reported. In this study, N-linked glycosylation patterns of the recombinant HAs from both insect and plant hosts were characterized by precursor ion scan-driven data-dependent analysis followed by high-resolution MS/MS analysis of the deglycosylated tryptic peptides. Five glycosylation sites (N11, N23, N276, N287, and N481) were identified containing high mannose type glycans in plant-expressed HAs, and complex type glycoforms for the insect-expressed HA. More than 95% site occupancy was observed for all glycosylation sites except N11, which was 60% occupied. Multiple-reaction monitoring based quantitation analysis was developed for each glycopeptide isoform and the quantitative results indicate that the Man(8) GlcNAc(2) is the dominant glycan for all sites in plant-expressed HAs. The relative abundance of the glycoforms at each specific glycosylation site and the relative quantitation for each glycoform among three HAs were determined. Few differences in the glycosylation profiles were detected between the two batches of plant HAs studied, but there were significant differences between the glycosylation patterns in the HAs generated in plant and insect expression hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Zhang
- Institute for Biotechnology and Life Science Biotechnologies, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
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Misaki R, Sakai Y, Omasa T, Fujiyama K, Seki T. N-terminal vacuolar sorting signal at the mouse antibody alters the N-linked glycosylation pattern in suspension-cultured tobacco BY2 cells. J Biosci Bioeng 2011; 112:476-84. [PMID: 21802986 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2011.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2011] [Revised: 06/14/2011] [Accepted: 07/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Recombinant DNA technology enables the use of plants as the host for the production of pharmaceutical proteins, such as antibodies. The glycosylation of recombinant proteins plays physiological and biological roles. However, because glycosylation in plants is different from that in human cells, the development of glycoengineering is required. In plant cells, glycan structures are shown to correlate with the localization of the recombinant protein produced. In this study, the vacuolar sorting signal (VSS) of sporamin was fused to the heavy (H) and light (L) chains of a mouse monoclonal antibody (mAb), and the mAb was produced in suspension-cultured tobacco BY2 cells. The sugar chain structures were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography, exoglycosidase digestion, and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Typical plant glycans with α1,3-fucosylation and/or β1,2-xylosylation derived from mAb with the VSS-fused H-chain (mIgG1000) and mAb with the VSS-fused H- and L-chain (mIgG1010) occupied the large amount of the total N-glycans, 72.1% and 85.0%, respectively, such as those derived from mAb without VSS (mIgG0000), 74.6% (Fujiyama et al., J. Biosci. Bioeng., 101, 212-218, 2006). In contrast, the typical plant glycan structure Man₃FucXylGlcNAc₂ particularly in vacuoles accounted for 37.8% of the total sugar chains derived from mIgG1000 and 58.5% of those derived from mIgG1010 compared with 24.3% of those derived from mIgG0000. These results suggest that the sporamin signal peptide fused to mAb acts as a VSS and leads to the increase in the amount of Man₃FucXylGlcNAc₂, which is the main N-glycan structure in vacuoles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Misaki
- International Center for Biotechnology, Osaka University, Yamada-oka 2-1, Suita-shi, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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Tian L, Sun SSM. A cost-effective ELP-intein coupling system for recombinant protein purification from plant production platform. PLoS One 2011; 6:e24183. [PMID: 21918684 PMCID: PMC3168869 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0024183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2011] [Accepted: 08/02/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plant bioreactor offers an efficient and economical system for large-scale production of recombinant proteins. However, high cost and difficulty in scaling-up of downstream purification of the target protein, particularly the common involvement of affinity chromatography and protease in the purification process, has hampered its industrial scale application, therefore a cost-effective and easily scale-up purification method is highly desirable for further development of plant bioreactor. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS To tackle this problem, we investigated the ELP-intein coupling system for purification of recombinant proteins expressed in transgenic plants using a plant lectin (PAL) with anti-tumor bioactivity as example target protein and rice seeds as production platform. Results showed that ELP-intein-PAL (EiP) fusion protein formed novel irregular ER-derived protein bodies in endosperm cells by retention of endogenous prolamins. The fusion protein was partially self-cleaved in vivo, but only self-cleaved PAL protein was detected in total seed protein sample and deposited in protein storage vacuoles (PSV). The in vivo uncleaved EiP protein was accumulated up to 2-4.2% of the total seed protein. The target PAL protein could be purified by the ELP-intein system efficiently without using complicated instruments and expensive chemicals, and the yield of pure PAL protein by the current method was up to 1.1 mg/g total seed protein. CONCLUSION/SIGNIFICANCE This study successfully demonstrated the purification of an example recombinant protein from rice seeds by the ELP-intein system. The whole purification procedure can be easily scaled up for industrial production, providing the first evidence on applying the ELP-intein coupling system to achieve cost-effective purification of recombinant proteins expressed in plant bioreactors and its possible application in industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Tian
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Life Science Division, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, China
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong, China
| | - Samuel S. M. Sun
- Life Science Division, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, China
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong, China
- * E-mail:
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Paulus KE, Mahler V, Pabst M, Kogel KH, Altmann F, Sonnewald U. Silencing β1,2-xylosyltransferase in Transgenic Tomato Fruits Reveals xylose as Constitutive Component of Ige-Binding Epitopes. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2011; 2:42. [PMID: 22639593 PMCID: PMC3355614 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2011.00042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2011] [Accepted: 08/10/2011] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Complex plant N-glycans containing β1,2-xylose and core α1,3-fucose are regarded as the major class of the so-called "carbohydrate cross-reactive determinants" reactive with IgE antibodies in sera of many allergic patients, but their clinical relevance is still under debate. Plant glycosyltransferases, β1,2-xylosyltransferase (XylT), and core α1,3-fucosyltransferase (FucT) are responsible for the transfer of β1,2-linked xylose and core α1,3-linked fucose residues to N-glycans of glycoproteins, respectively. To test the clinical relevance of β1,2-xylose-containing epitopes, expression of the tomato β1,2-xylosyltransferase was down-regulated by RNA interference (RNAi) in transgenic plants. Fruits harvested from these transgenic plants were analyzed for accumulation of XylT mRNA, abundance of β1,2-xylose epitopes and their allergenic potential. Based on quantitative real-time PCR analysis XylT mRNA levels were reduced up to 10-fold in independent transgenic lines as compared to untransformed control, whereas no xylosylated N-glycans could be revealed by MS analysis. Immunoblotting using anti-xylose-specific IgG antibodies revealed a strong reduction of β1,2-xylose-containing epitopes. Incubating protein extracts from untransformed controls and XylT_RNAi plants with sera from tomato allergic patients showed a patient-specific reduction in IgE-binding, indicating a reduced allergenic potential of XylT_RNAi tomato fruits, in vitro. To elucidate the clinical relevance of β1,2-xylose-containing complex N-glycans skin prick tests were performed demonstrating a reduced responsiveness of tomato allergic patients, in vivo. This study provides strong evidence for the clinical relevance of β1,2-xylose-containing epitopes in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vera Mahler
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen–NurembergErlangen, Germany
| | - Martin Pabst
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life ScienceVienna, Austria
| | - Karl-Heinz Kogel
- Research Centre for BioSystems, Land Use and Nutrition, Justus Liebig University GiessenGiessen, Germany
| | - Friedrich Altmann
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life ScienceVienna, Austria
| | - Uwe Sonnewald
- Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen–NurembergErlangen, Germany
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13
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Cunha NB, Murad AM, Cipriano TM, Araújo ACG, Aragão FJL, Leite A, Vianna GR, McPhee TR, Souza GHMF, Waters MJ, Rech EL. Expression of functional recombinant human growth hormone in transgenic soybean seeds. Transgenic Res 2011; 20:811-26. [PMID: 21069461 DOI: 10.1007/s11248-010-9460-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2009] [Accepted: 10/24/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
We produced human growth hormone (hGH), a protein that stimulates growth and cell reproduction, in genetically engineered soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] seeds. Utilising the alpha prime (α') subunit of β-conglycinin tissue-specific promoter from soybean and the α-Coixin signal peptide from Coix lacryma-jobi, we obtained transgenic soybean lines that expressed the mature form of hGH in their seeds. Expression levels of bioactive hGH up to 2.9% of the total soluble seed protein content (corresponding to approximately 9 g kg(-1)) were measured in mature dry soybean seeds. The results of ultrastructural immunocytochemistry assays indicated that the recombinant hGH in seed cotyledonary cells was efficiently directed to protein storage vacuoles. Specific bioassays demonstrated that the hGH expressed in the soybean seeds was fully active. The recombinant hGH protein sequence was confirmed by mass spectrometry characterisation. These results demonstrate that the utilisation of tissue-specific regulatory sequences is an attractive and viable option for achieving high-yield production of recombinant proteins in stable transgenic soybean seeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolau B Cunha
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Parque Estação Biológica (PqEB), Av. W5 Norte, Brasília, DF, 70770-917, Brazil
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14
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Bar-Peled M, O'Neill MA. Plant nucleotide sugar formation, interconversion, and salvage by sugar recycling. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2011; 62:127-55. [PMID: 21370975 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-042110-103918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Nucleotide sugars are the universal sugar donors for the formation of polysaccharides, glycoproteins, proteoglycans, glycolipids, and glycosylated secondary metabolites. At least 100 genes encode proteins involved in the formation of nucleotide sugars. These nucleotide sugars are formed using the carbohydrate derived from photosynthesis, the sugar generated by hydrolyzing translocated sucrose, the sugars released from storage carbohydrates, the salvage of sugars from glycoproteins and glycolipids, the recycling of sugars released during primary and secondary cell wall restructuring, and the sugar generated during plant-microbe interactions. Here we emphasize the importance of the salvage of sugars released from glycans for the formation of nucleotide sugars. We also outline how recent studies combining biochemical, genetic, molecular and cellular approaches have led to an increased appreciation of the role nucleotide sugars in all aspects of plant growth and development. Nevertheless, our understanding of these pathways at the single cell level is far from complete.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maor Bar-Peled
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA
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15
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Cloning and characterization of cytidine monophosphate-3-deoxy-d-manno-octulosonate synthetase from Arabidopsis thaliana. J Biosci Bioeng 2010; 108:527-9. [PMID: 19914588 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2009.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2008] [Accepted: 05/28/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The function and metabolic pathway of 3-deoxy-d-manno-octulosonate (KDO) are unclear in plants although it is an essential component in plant cell wall. Here we cloned and characterized a putative Arabidopsis thaliana cytidine monophosphate-KDO synthetase to understand synthetic pathways of KDO. It showed a ubiquitous expression, the activity at an optimal pH of 8.0, and a requirement of Mg2+.
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16
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Kwon JY, Cheon SH, Lee HR, Han JY, Kim DI. Production of biopharmaceuticals in transgenic plant cell suspension cultures. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.5010/jpb.2009.36.4.309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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17
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Fujiyama K, Misaki R, Sakai Y, Omasa T, Seki T. Change in glycosylation pattern with extension of endoplasmic reticulum retention signal sequence of mouse antibody produced by suspension-cultured tobacco BY2 cells. J Biosci Bioeng 2009; 107:165-72. [PMID: 19217555 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2008.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2008] [Accepted: 09/20/2008] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The production of antibodies using plants as bioreactors has been realized. Because sugar chain structures on recombinant proteins are a cause of concern, remodeling technology is highly promising. Localizing recombinant proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) affects the glycosylation pattern in transgenic plants. Previously, a mouse antibody produced by suspension-cultured tobacco BY2 cells has sugar chains with possible glycoepitopes as the predominant structures. In this study, we extended the Lys-Asp-Glu-Leu (KDEL) ER retention signal sequence over the heavy (H) and light (L) chains of the antibody and expressed the altered antibody in tobacco BY2 cells to study the effect of the KDEL sequence on glycosylation. For the antibody with the KDEL-extended H-chains, glycans with beta(1,2)-xylose or alpha(1,3)-fucose residues accounted for 49% of the total glycans. Meanwhile, for the antibody with the KDEL-extended H- and L-chains, glycans with xylose or fucose accounted for 38% of the total glycans. Although the addition of an ER retention signal shifted the dominant glycan structures of the KDEL-extended antibody to high-mannose-type structures, some of the antibodies escaped the retrieval system during intracellular traffic and were then modified by xylosylation or fucosylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhito Fujiyama
- International Center for Biotechnology, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
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18
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Chambery A, Di Maro A, Parente A. Primary structure and glycan moiety characterization of PD-Ss, type 1 ribosome-inactivating proteins from Phytolacca dioica L. seeds, by precursor ion discovery on a Q-TOF mass spectrometer. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2008; 69:1973-1982. [PMID: 18514239 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2008.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2008] [Revised: 04/01/2008] [Accepted: 04/08/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Seeds from Phytolacca dioica L. contain at least three N-glycosylated PD-Ss, type 1 ribosome-inactivating proteins (RIPs), which were separated and purified to homogeneity by conventional chromatographic techniques. ESI-Q-TOF mass spectrometry provided the accurate M(r) of native PD-S1 and PD-S3 (30957.1 and 29785.1, respectively) and the major form PD-S2 (30753.8). As the amino acid sequence of PD-S2 was already known, its disulfide pairing was determined and found to be Cys34-Cys262 and Cys88-Cys110. Further structural characterization of PD-S1 and PD-S3 (N-terminal sequence determination up to residue 30, amino acid analysis and tryptic peptide mapping) showed that the three PD-Ss shared the entire protein sequence. To explain the different chromatographic behaviour, their glycosylation patterns were characterized by a fast and sensitive mass spectrometry-based approach, applying a precursor ion discovery mode on a Q-TOF mass spectrometer. A standard plant paucidomannosidic N-glycosylation pattern [Hex(3), HexNAc(2), deoxyhexose(1), pentose(1)] was found for PD-S1 and PD-S2 on Asn120. Furthermore, a glycosylation site carrying only a HexNAc residue was identified on Asn112 in PD-S1 and PD-S3. Finally, considering the two disulfide bridges and the glycan moieties, the experimental M(r) values were in agreement with the mass values calculated from the primary structure. The complete characterization of PD-Ss shows the high potential of mass spectrometry to rapidly characterize proteins, widespread in eukaryotes, differing only in their glycosylation motifs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Chambery
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Seconda Università di Napoli, Caserta, Italy
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19
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Bosco M, Gall SL, Rihouey C, Couve-Bonnaire S, Bardor M, Lerouge P, Pannecoucke X. 6-Azido d-galactose transfer to N-acetyl-d-glucosamine derivative using commercially available β-1,4-galactosyltransferase. Tetrahedron Lett 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2008.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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20
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Nagarajan T, Rupprecht CE, Dessain SK, Rangarajan PN, Thiagarajan D, Srinivasan VA. Human monoclonal antibody and vaccine approaches to prevent human rabies. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2007; 317:67-101. [PMID: 17990790 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-72146-8_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Rabies, being a major zoonotic disease, significantly impacts global public health. It is invariably fatal once clinical signs are apparent. The majority of human rabies deaths occur in developing countries. India alone reports more than 50% of the global rabies deaths. Although it is a vaccine-preventable disease, effective rabies prevention in humans with category III bites requires the combined administration of rabies immunoglobulin (RIG) and vaccine. Cell culture rabies vaccines have become widely available in developing countries, virtually replacing the inferior and unsafe nerve tissue vaccines. Limitations inherent to the conventional RIG of either equine or human origin have prompted scientists to look for monoclonal antibody-based human RIG as an alternative. Fully human monoclonal antibodies have been found to be safer and equally efficacious than conventional RIG when tested in mice and hamsters. In this chapter, rabies epidemiology, reservoir control measures, post-exposure prophylaxis of human rabies, and combination therapy for rabies are discussed. Novel human monoclonal antibodies, their production, and the significance of plants as expression platforms are emphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Nagarajan
- Indian Immunologicals Limited Gachibowli Post, Hyderabad, India.
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21
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Decker EL, Reski R. Current achievements in the production of complex biopharmaceuticals with moss bioreactors. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2007; 31:3-9. [PMID: 17701058 DOI: 10.1007/s00449-007-0151-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2007] [Accepted: 07/26/2007] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Transgenic plants are promising alternatives for the low-cost and safe pathogen-free production of complex recombinant pharmaceutical proteins (molecular farming). Plants as higher eukaryotes perform posttranslational modifications similar to those of mammalian cells. However, plant-specific protein N-glycosylation was shown to be immunogenic, a fact that represents a drawback for many plant systems in biopharmaceutical production. The moss Physcomitrella patens offers unique properties as a contained system for protein production. It is grown in the predominant haploid gametophytic stage as tissue suspension cultures in photobioreactors. Efficient secretory signals and a transient transfection system allow the secretion of freshly synthesized proteins to the surrounding medium. The key advantage of Physcomitrella compared to other plant systems is the feasibility of targeted gene replacements. By this means, moss strains with non-immunogenic humanized glycan patterns were created. Here we present an overview of the relevant aspects for establishing moss as a production system for recombinant biopharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva L Decker
- Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, Freiburg University, Schaenzlestr. 1, 79104 Freiburg, Germany.
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22
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Abstract
The asparagine-linked carbohydrate moieties of plant and insect glycoproteins are the most abundant environmental immune determinants. They are the structural basis of what is known as cross-reactive carbohydrate determinants (CCDs). Despite some structural variation, the two main motifs are the xylose and the core-3-linked fucose, which form the essential part of two independent epitopes. Plants contain both epitopes, insect glycoproteins only fucose. These epitopes and other fucosylated determinants are also found in helminth parasites where they exert remarkable immunomodulatory effects. About 20% or more of allergic patients generate specific anti-glycan IgE, which is often accompanied by IgG. Even though antibody-binding glycoproteins are widespread in pollens, foods and insect venoms, CCDs do not appear to cause clinical symptoms in most, if not all patients. When IgE binding is solely due to CCDs, a glycoprotein allergen thus can be rated as clinical irrelevant allergen. Low binding affinity between IgE and plant N-glycans now drops out as a plausible explanation for the benign nature of CCDs. This rather may result from blocking antibodies induced by an incidental 'immune therapy' ('glyco-specific immune therapy') exerted by everyday contact with plant materials, e.g. fruits or vegetables. The need to detect and suppress anti-CCD IgE without interference from peptide epitopes can be best met by artificial glycoprotein allergens. Hydroxyproline-linked arabinose (single beta-arabinofuranosyl residues) has been identified as a new IgE-binding carbohydrate epitope in the major mugwort allergen. However, currently the occurrence of this O-glycan determinant appears to be rather restricted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Friedrich Altmann
- Divison of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria.
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23
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Zeleny R, Kolarich D, Strasser R, Altmann F. Sialic acid concentrations in plants are in the range of inadvertent contamination. PLANTA 2006; 224:222-7. [PMID: 16395581 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-005-0206-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2005] [Accepted: 11/21/2005] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The long held but challenged view that plants do not synthesize sialic acids was re-evaluated using two different procedures to isolate putative sialic acid containing material from plant tissues and cells. The extracts were reacted with 1,2-diamino-4,5-methylene dioxybenzene and the fluorescently labelled 2-keto sugar acids analysed by reversed phase and normal phase HPLC and by HPLC-electrospray tandem mass spectrometry. No N-glycolylneuraminic acid was found in the protein fraction from Arabidopsis thaliana MM2d cells. However, we did detect 3-deoxy-D: -manno-octulosonic acid and trace amounts (3-18 pmol/g fresh weight) of a compound indistinguishable from N-acetylneuraminic acid by its retention time and its mass spectral fragmentation pattern. Thus, plant cells and tissues contain five orders of magnitude less sialic acid than mammalian tissues such as porcine liver. Similar or lower amounts of N-acetylneuraminic acid were detected in tobacco cells, mung bean sprouts, apple and banana. Yet even yeast and buffer blanks, when subjected to the same isolation procedures, apparently contained the equivalent of 5 pmol of sialic acid per gram of material. Thus, we conclude that it is not possible to demonstrate unequivocally that plants synthesize sialic acids because the amounts of these sugars detected in plant cells and tissues are so small that they may originate from extraneous contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reinhard Zeleny
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Biochemistry, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien (BOKU), Muthgasse 18, 1190, Vienna, Austria
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24
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Kolarich D, Altmann F, Sunderasan E. Structural analysis of the glycoprotein allergen Hev b 4 from natural rubber latex by mass spectrometry. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2006; 1760:715-20. [PMID: 16403599 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2005.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2005] [Revised: 11/21/2005] [Accepted: 11/21/2005] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The lecithinase homolog (Hev b 4) from Hevea brasiliensis (Q6T4P0_HEVBR) is an important natural rubber latex allergen. Hev b 4 is a highly glycosylated protein and its carbohydrate moiety has been implicated in the binding of IgE from natural rubber latex allergic patients. The cDNA for Hev b 4 has recently been cloned and sequenced. Here, we have analyzed the post-translational modifications of natural Hev b 4 by liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry of tryptic peptides. Seven of the eight potential glycosylation sites were found to be occupied. One site, however, was only partially glycosylated. Asn224 was substituted by complex type N-glycans with fucose and xylose, whereas all other sites carried either oligomannose glycans or a mixture of oligomannose and complex N-glycans. Glycosylation site Asn308, the most C-terminal one of the eight sites, was only found in the non-glycosylated form. The complex type N-glycans apparently form the molecular basis for the immune reaction with patients' sera. A large fraction of Hev b 4 molecules contains two or more complex N-glycans and thus a physiological reaction against these polyvalent allergens on the basis of the carbohydrate is in theory possible. Aside from allowing glycosylation analysis, the mass spectrometric data defined the N-terminal cleavage site of Hev b 4. This study once more demonstrates the outstanding analytical potential of electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry coupled with liquid chromatographic separation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Kolarich
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
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25
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Fujiyama K, Misaki R, Katsura A, Tanaka T, Furukawa A, Omasa T, Seki T. N-linked glycan structures of a mouse monoclonal antibody produced from tobacco BY2 suspension-cultured cells. J Biosci Bioeng 2006; 101:212-8. [PMID: 16716920 DOI: 10.1263/jbb.101.212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2005] [Accepted: 11/30/2005] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
cDNA encoding H- and L-chains from a mouse monoclonal antibody was introduced into tobacco BY2 cells, and the resulting sugar chain structures of plant-produced antibodies were analyzed by a combination of HPLC, exoglucosidase digestion and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry. The glycan structures determined were Man(5-6)GlcNAc2 (22.3%), GlcNAcMan5GlcNAc2 (3.1%), GlcNAcMan3FucXylGlcNAc2 (24.4%), GlcNAcMan3XylGlcNAc2 (17.8%), Man3FucXylGlcNAc2 (24.3%), and Man3XylGlcNAc2 (8.1%). The major glycan structures of the antibodies produced by transgenic suspension-cultured cells contain typical plant bisecting beta(1,2)-xylose and alpha(1,3)-fucose residues, suggesting the posttranslational modification of a recombinant antibody in the late Golgi apparatus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhito Fujiyama
- The International Center for Biotechnology, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
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26
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Comparative Genomic Analysis of Glycoylation Pathways in Yeast, Plants and Higher eukaryotes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/s1874-5334(06)80013-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
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27
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Abstract
Recent advances in molecular biology and plant biotechnology have shifted the concept of growing crops as a food source to serving as a bioreactor for the production of therapeutic recombinant proteins. Plants are potential biopharming factories because they are capable of producing unlimited numbers and amounts of recombinant proteins safely and inexpensively. In the last two decades, plant production systems have been developed for monoclonal antibody production, which has been useful in passive immunization of viral or bacterial diseases. Recently, a recombinant monoclonal antibody for rabies prophylaxis was produced in transgenic plants. Rabies virus epidemics remain still problematic throughout the world, and adequate treatment has been hampered by the worldwide shortage and high cost of prophylactic antibodies such as HRIG. Successful mass production of this monoclonal antibody in plants might help to overcome these problems. An effective plant production system for recombinant biologicals requires the appropriate heterologous plant expression system, the optimal combination of gene expression regulatory elements, control of post-translational processing of recombinant products, and efficient purification methods for product recovery. This review discusses recent biotechnology developments for plant-derived monoclonal antibodies and discusses these products as a promising approach to rabies prophylaxis and the consequence for global health benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kisung Ko
- Biotechnology Foundation Laboratories at Thomas Jefferson University, 1020 Locust Street, Room M85 JAH, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
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28
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Baur A, Reski R, Gorr G. Enhanced recovery of a secreted recombinant human growth factor using stabilizing additives and by co-expression of human serum albumin in the moss Physcomitrella patens. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2005; 3:331-40. [PMID: 17129315 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-7652.2005.00127.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The production of pharmaceutical proteins in plants provides a valuable alternative to other traditional eukaryotic expression systems from economic and safety perspectives. The moss Physcomitrella patens allows the expression and secretion of complex target proteins into a simple aqueous maintenance medium, which facilitates downstream processing by rendering it less complex. To address the question of whether the addition of protein-stabilizing substances enhances the recovery of a target protein secreted into the culture medium, several additives at different concentrations were tested in a small-scale screening system. Although polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) and human serum albumin (HSA) showed a significant impact on protein levels, supplementation of the medium with these substances was accompanied by certain limitations in upstream processes, such as foam formation (HSA), and in downstream processes, such as reduced binding efficiency on chromatography columns (PVP), respectively. In order to reap the benefit of the enhancing effect and to avoid the given negative aspects, we developed a new strategy based on the recombinant expression of HSA in plants that are already capable of expressing a target protein. First, we analysed the expression and secretion of recombinant HSA in transiently and stably transformed wild-type (WT) plants. HSA was then co-expressed in Physcomitrella plants transgenic for human vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Even with high expression levels of recombinant human VEGF (rhVEGF), the co-expression of recombinant HSA (rHSA) resulted in 48%-102% higher recovery of the target protein without concomitant negative effects on the upstream process. This strategy enables the enhanced recovery of target protein and does not require the addition of foreign components directly to the culture medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armin Baur
- Greenovation Biotechnologie GmbH, Boetzingerstrasse 29b, 79111 Freiburg, Germany
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Abstract
Plant-based vaccination strategies have the potential to overcome the limitations of the current measles vaccine. The measles virus hemagglutinin (MV-H) protein has been expressed in tobacco. Oral immunisation of mice with plant-derived MV-H protein resulted in MV-specific antibodies and secretory IgA, indicative of humoral and mucosal immune responses. In addition, boosting with oral plant-derived MV-H protein following a MV-H DNA prime, resulted in a greater response than could be induced with either vaccine alone. Collectively, this research represents a significant step towards an effective oral measles vaccine that would be temperature-stable, easy to administer and amenable to inexpensive manufacture.
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Affiliation(s)
- D E Webster
- Children's Vaccines Group, MacFarlane Burnet Institute for Medical Research and Public Health, P.O. Box 2284, Melbourne, Vic. 3001, Australia.
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Sriraman R, Bardor M, Sack M, Vaquero C, Faye L, Fischer R, Finnern R, Lerouge P. Recombinant anti-hCG antibodies retained in the endoplasmic reticulum of transformed plants lack core-xylose and core-alpha(1,3)-fucose residues. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2004; 2:279-87. [PMID: 17134389 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-7652.2004.00078.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Plant-based expression systems are attractive for the large-scale production of pharmaceutical proteins. However, glycoproteins require particular attention as inherent differences in the N-glycosylation pathways of plants and mammals result in the production of glycoproteins bearing core-xylose and core-alpha(1,3)-fucose glyco-epitopes. For treatments requiring large quantities of repeatedly administered glycoproteins, the immunological properties of these non-mammalian glycans are a concern. Recombinant glycoproteins could be retained within the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to prevent such glycan modifications occurring in the late Golgi compartment. Therefore, we analysed cPIPP, a mouse/human chimeric IgG1 antibody binding to the beta-subunit of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), fused to a C-terminal KDEL sequence, to investigate the efficiency of ER retrieval and the consequences in terms of N-glycosylation. The KDEL-tagged cPIPP antibody was expressed in transgenic tobacco plants or Agrobacterium-infiltrated tobacco and winter cherry leaves. N-Glycan analysis showed that the resulting plantibodies contained only high-mannose (Man)-type Man-6 to Man-9 oligosaccharides. In contrast, the cPIPP antibody lacking the KDEL sequence was found to carry complex N-glycans containing core-xylose and core-alpha(1,3)-fucose, thereby demonstrating the secretion competence of the antibody. Furthermore, fusion of KDEL to the diabody derivative of PIPP, which contains an N-glycosylation site within the heavy chain variable domain, also resulted in a molecule lacking complex glycans. The complete absence of xylose and fucose residues clearly shows that the KDEL-mediated ER retrieval of cPIPP or its diabody derivative is efficient in preventing the formation of non-mammalian complex oligosaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajan Sriraman
- University of Aachen, Department for Molecular Biotechnology, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
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31
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Abstract
The production of recombinant proteins in moss bioreactors provides all of the benefits of molecular farming in plants but avoids many plant-specific disadvantages, such as the genetic instability of de-differentiated cells in suspension culture or the lack of containment during field production. Protein yields are in the same range as those of other cell-culture-based production systems. On top of this, the moss Physcomitrella patens is the only known plant that can be genetically modified by homologous recombination, allowing efficient targeted gene disruption. Thus, the major drawback of producing human proteins in plants, allergic reactions caused by plant-specific glycosylation, can be diminished by targeted knockout of the responsible genes in moss. Unlike all other plants, moss allows straightforward 'humanisation' of plant-derived pharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva L Decker
- Plant Biotechnology, University of Freiburg, Schaenzlstrasse 1, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
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Ma JKC, Drake PMW, Christou P. The production of recombinant pharmaceutical proteins in plants. Nat Rev Genet 2003; 4:794-805. [PMID: 14526375 DOI: 10.1038/nrg1177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 465] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Imagine a world in which any protein, either naturally occurring or designed by man, could be produced safely, inexpensively and in almost unlimited quantities using only simple nutrients, water and sunlight. This could one day become reality as we learn to harness the power of plants for the production of recombinant proteins on an agricultural scale. Molecular farming in plants has already proven to be a successful way of producing a range of technical proteins. The first plant-derived recombinant pharmaceutical proteins are now approaching commercial approval, and many more are expected to follow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian K-C Ma
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. George's Hospital Medical School, Cranmer Terrace, London SW17 0RE, UK.
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Awram P, Gardner RC, Forster RL, Bellamy AR. The potential of plant viral vectors and transgenic plants for subunit vaccine production. Adv Virus Res 2003; 58:81-124. [PMID: 12205784 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-3527(02)58003-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Awram
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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Abstract
Knowledge on plant genomes has progressed during the past few years. Two plant genomes, those of Arabidopsis thaliana and rice, have been sequenced. Our present knowledge of synteny also indicates that, despite plasticity contributing to the diversity of the plant genomes, the organization of genes is conserved within large sections of chromosomes. In parallel, novel plant transformation systems have been proposed, notably with regard to plastid transformation and the removal of selectable marker genes in transgenic plants. Furthermore, a number of recent works considerably widen the potential of plant biotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominique Job
- Laboratoire mixte CNRS/INRA/Bayer CropScience (UMR 1932), Bayer CropScience, 14-20, rue Pierre-Baizet, 69269, Lyon cedex 9, France.
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Ding JLC, Hsu JSF, Wang MMC, Tzen JTC. Purification and glycosylation analysis of an acidic pectin methylesterase in jelly fig (Ficus awkeotsang) achenes. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2002; 50:2920-2925. [PMID: 11982420 DOI: 10.1021/jf010845+] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
An acidic pectin methylesterase (PME) is responsible for the gelation of water extract from jelly fig (Ficus awkeotasang) achenes. A new, fast and efficient, method has been developed to purify this acidic PME. The method includes preparing jelly curd by traditional hand washing, extracting proteins from the curd, and separating PME by anion-exchanger. The purified PME exists as a monomer of 38 kDa determined by gel filtration, and exerts enzymatic activity over a broad pH range, particularly in acidic environments where most known PME enzymes from various species are inactivated. Chemical staining and enzymatic cleavage suggest that the jelly fig PME is an N-linked glycoprotein. Fluorophore-assisted carbohydrate electrophoresis reveals that the polysaccharide of this glycoprotein putatively consists of 22 hexoses including 16 mannose, 4 N-acetylglucosamine, and 2 galactose residues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joe L C Ding
- Graduate Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan 40227 ROC
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Pogue GP, Lindbo JA, Garger SJ, Fitzmaurice WP. Making an ally from an enemy: plant virology and the new agriculture. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2002; 40:45-74. [PMID: 12147754 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.phyto.40.021102.150133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Historically, the study of plant viruses has contributed greatly to the elucidation of eukaryotic biology. Recently, concurrent with the development of viruses into expression vectors, the biotechnology industry has developed an increasing number of disease therapies utilizing recombinant proteins. Plant virus vectors are viewed as a viable option for recombinant protein production. Employing pathogens in the process of creating added value to agriculture is, in effect, making an ally from an enemy. This review discusses the development and use of viruses as expression vectors, with special emphasis on (+) strand RNA virus systems. Further, the use of virus expression vectors in large-scale agricultural settings to produce recombinant proteins is described, and the technical challenges that need to be addressed by agriculturists and molecular virologists to fully realize the potential of this latest evolution of plant science are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory P Pogue
- Large Scale Biology Corporation, 3333 Vaca Valley Pkwy, Vacaville, CA 95688, USA.
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Chargelegue D, Obregon P, Drake PM. Transgenic plants for vaccine production: expectations and limitations. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2001; 6:495-6. [PMID: 11701351 DOI: 10.1016/s1360-1385(01)02123-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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