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Karaküçük-İyidoğan A, Başaran E, Tatar-Yılmaz G, Oruç-Emre EE. Development of new chiral 1,2,4-triazole-3-thiones and 1,3,4-thiadiazoles with promising in vivo anticonvulsant activity targeting GABAergic system and voltage-gated sodium channels (VGSCs). Bioorg Chem 2024; 151:107662. [PMID: 39079390 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2024.107662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2024] [Revised: 07/06/2024] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 08/30/2024]
Abstract
Antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) are used in the treatment of epilepsy, a neurodegenerative disease characterized by recurrent and untriggered seizures that aim to prevent seizures as a symptomatic treatment. However, they still have significant side effects as well as drug resistance. In recent years, especially 1,3,4-thiadiazoles and 1,2,4-triazoles have attracted attention in preclinical and clinical studies as important drug candidates owing to their anticonvulsant properties. Therefore, in this study, which was conducted to discover AED candidate molecules with reduced side effects at low doses, a series of chiral 2,5-disubstituted-1,3,4-thiadiazoles (4a-d) and 4,5-disubstituted-1,2,4-triazole-3 thiones (5a-d) were designed and synthesized starting from l-phenylalanine ethyl ester hydrochloride. The anticonvulsant activities of the new chiral compounds were assessed in several animal seizure models in mice and rats for initial (phase I) screening after their chemical structures including the configuration of the chiral center were elucidated using spectroscopic methods and elemental analysis. First, all chiral compounds were pre-screened using acute seizure tests induced electrically (maximal electroshock test, 6 Hz psychomotor seizure model) and induced chemically (subcutaneous metrazol seizure model) in mice and also their neurotoxicity (TOX) was determined in the rotorad assay. Two of the tested compounds were used for quantitative testing, and (S)-(+)5-[1-(4-fluorobenzamido)-2-phenylethyl]-4-(4-fluorophenyl)-2,4-dihydro-3H-1,2,4-triazole-3-thione (5b) and (S)-(+)-(5-[1-(4-fluorobenzamido)-2-phenylethyl]-4-(4-methoxyphenyl)-2,4-dihydro-3H-1,2,4-triazole-3-thione (5c) emerged as the most promising anticonvulsant drug candidates and also showed low neurotoxicity. The antiepileptogenic potential of these compounds was determined using a chronic seizure induced electrically corneal kindled mouse model. Furthermore, all chiral compounds were tested for their neuroprotective effect against excitotoxic kainic acid (KA) and N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) induced in vitro neuroprotection assay using an organotypic hippocampal slice culture. The KA-induced neuroprotection assay results revealed that compounds 5b and 5c, which are the leading compounds for anticonvulsant activity, also had the strongest neuroprotective effects with IC50 values of 103.30 ± 1.14 and 113.40 ± 1.20 μM respectively. Molecular docking studies conducted to investigate the molecular binding mechanism of the tested compounds on the GABAA receptor showed that compound 5b exhibits a strong affinity to the benzodiazepine (BZD) binding site on GABA. It also revealed that the NaV1.3 binding interactions were consistent with the experimental data and the reported binding mode of the ICA121431 inhibitor. This suggests that compound 5b has a high affinity for these specific binding sites, indicating its potential as a ligand for modulating GABAA and NaV1.3 receptor activity. Furthermore, the ADME properties displayed that all the physicochemical and pharmacological parameters of the compounds stayed within the specified limits and revealed a high bioavailability profile.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eyüp Başaran
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Gaziantep University, 27310 Gaziantep, Turkey; Department of Chemistry and Chemical Processing Technologies, Vocational School of Technical Sciences, Batman University, 72060 Batman, Turkey
| | - Gizem Tatar-Yılmaz
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, Faculty of Medicine, Karadeniz Technical University, 61080 Trabzon, Turkey; Department of Bioinformatics, Institue of Health Science, Karadeniz Technical University, 61080 Trabzon, Turkey
| | - Emine Elçin Oruç-Emre
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Gaziantep University, 27310 Gaziantep, Turkey
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Meng Q, Ren X, Wang R, Han Y, Li X, Zhang Q, Li Z, Wang Y, Huang L, Yu H. Design, synthesis, anticonvulsant activity and structure-activity relationships of novel 7-Azaindole derivatives. Bioorg Chem 2023; 133:106430. [PMID: 36812828 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2023.106430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Abstract
In search of new-structure compounds with good anticonvulsant activity and low neurotoxicity, a series of 3-(1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine)-7-azaindole derivatives was designed and synthesized. Their anticonvulsant activities were evaluated by maximal electroshock (MES) and pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) test, and neurotoxicity was determined by the rotary rod method. In the PTZ-induced epilepsy model, compounds 4i, 4p and 5 k showed significant anticonvulsant activities with ED50 values at 30.55 mg/kg, 19.72 mg/kg and 25.46 mg/kg, respectively. However, these compounds did not show any anticonvulsant activity in the MES model. More importantly, these compounds have lower neurotoxicity with protective index (PI = TD50/ED50) values at 8.58, 10.29 and 7.41, respectively. In order to obtain a clearer structure-activity relationship, more compounds were designed rationally based on 4i, 4p and 5 k and their anticonvulsant activities were evaluated on PTZ models. The results demonstrated that the N-atom at the 7-position of the 7-azaindole and the double-bond in the 1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine skeleton was essential for antiepileptic activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingfei Meng
- State Key Laboratory Base for Eco-Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, PR China
| | - Xue Ren
- State Key Laboratory Base for Eco-Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, PR China
| | - Rui Wang
- State Key Laboratory Base for Eco-Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, PR China
| | - Yu Han
- State Key Laboratory Base for Eco-Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, PR China
| | - Xiufen Li
- State Key Laboratory Base for Eco-Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, PR China
| | - Qin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory Base for Eco-Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, PR China
| | - Zhenpeng Li
- State Key Laboratory Base for Eco-Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, PR China
| | - Yuexing Wang
- State Key Laboratory Base for Eco-Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, PR China
| | - Longjiang Huang
- State Key Laboratory Base for Eco-Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 1 XiannongtanStreet, Xicheng district, Beijing 100050, China.
| | - Haibo Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 1 XiannongtanStreet, Xicheng district, Beijing 100050, China.
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Zahran EM, Abdelmohsen UR, Kolkeila A, Salem MA, Khalil HE, Desoukey SY, Fouad MA, Kamel MS. Anti-epileptic potential, metabolic profiling and in silico studies of the aqueous fraction from Ocimum menthiifolium benth, family Lamiaceae. Nat Prod Res 2020; 35:5972-5976. [PMID: 32811201 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2020.1809396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The current study aimed to investigate the anti-epileptic potential of the ethanol extract and its different fractions from the Lamiaceous plant, Ocimum menthiifolium. The results revealed that the aqueous fraction with the latest onset of myoclonic convulsions (1095 ± 45**** s) was the most biologically active one. This was followed by LC-HR-MS-coupled metabolic profiling which led to dereplication of 8 compounds from that fraction. A molecular docking study was performed on the dereplicated compounds to discover the main responsible ones for the activity. The results highlighted Apigenin-7,4'-di-O-glucoside as the top scoring ligand with a possible mechanism of action involving the modulation of the voltage-gated sodium channel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eman Maher Zahran
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacognosy, Deraya University, New Minia City, Egypt
| | - Usama Ramadan Abdelmohsen
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacognosy, Deraya University, New Minia City, Egypt.,Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacognosy, Minia University, Minia, Egypt.,Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Kolkeila
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, October University of Modern Sciences and Arts (MSA), Giza, Egypt
| | - M Alaraby Salem
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, October University of Modern Sciences and Arts (MSA), Giza, Egypt
| | - Hany Ezzat Khalil
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Saudi Arabia
| | - Samar Yehia Desoukey
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacognosy, Minia University, Minia, Egypt
| | - Mostafa Ahmed Fouad
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacognosy, Minia University, Minia, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Salah Kamel
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacognosy, Minia University, Minia, Egypt
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Siddiqui AA, Partap S, Khisal S, Yar MS, Mishra R. Synthesis, anti-convulsant activity and molecular docking study of novel thiazole pyridazinone hybrid analogues. Bioorg Chem 2020; 99:103584. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2020.103584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2019] [Revised: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 01/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Kothayer H, Ibrahim SM, Soltan MK, Rezq S, Mahmoud SS. Synthesis, in vivo and in silico evaluation of novel 2,3-dihydroquinazolin-4(1H)-one derivatives as potential anticonvulsant agents. Drug Dev Res 2018; 80:343-352. [PMID: 30565722 DOI: 10.1002/ddr.21506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2018] [Revised: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
In light of the pharmacophoric structural requirements for achieving anticonvulsant activity, a series of N-(1-methyl-4-oxo-2-un/substituted-1,2-dihydroquinazolin-3[4H]-yl)benzamide (4a-g) and N-(1-methyl-4-oxo-2-un/substituted-1,2-dihydroquinazolin-3[4H]-yl)-2-phenylacetamide (4h-n) derivatives were synthesized in two steps starting from the reaction of N-methyl isatoic anhydride with the appropriate hydrazide and followed by condensation with the appropriate aldehyde. The anticonvulsant activities of the synthesized compounds were evaluated according to the anticonvulsant drug development (ADD) programme protocol. Among the synthesized compounds, 4n showed promising activity in both the maximal electroshock (MES) and pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) tests with median effective dose (ED50 ) values of 40.7 and 6 mg/kg, respectively. The six most promising derivatives, 4b, 4a, 4c, 4f, 4j, and 4i, showed very low ED50 values in the PTZ test (3.1, 4.96, 8.68, 9.89, 12, and 13.53 mg/kg, respectively). All the tested compounds showed no to low neurotoxicity in the rotarod test with a wide therapeutic index. Docking studies of compound 4n suggested that GABAA binding could be the mechanism of action of these derivatives. The in silico drug likeliness parameters indicated that none of the designed compounds violate Lipinski's rule of five and that they are able to cross the blood-brain barrier. Hit, Lead & Candidate Discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hend Kothayer
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Samy M Ibrahim
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Moustafa K Soltan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt.,Oman Pharmacy Institute, Ministry of Health, Muscat, Sultanate of Oman
| | - Samar Rezq
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Shireen S Mahmoud
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
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Śmiszek-Lindert WE, Chełmecka E, Lindert O, Dudzińska A, Kaczmarczyk-Sedlak I. Towards a better comprehension of interactions in the crystalline N-acetylbenzylamine and its sulphur analogue N-benzyl-ethanethioamide. IR, Raman, DFT studies and Hirshfeld surfaces analysis. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2018; 201:328-338. [PMID: 29763826 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2018.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Revised: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents the investigation results of the polarized IR spectra of the hydrogen bond in crystals of N-acetylbenzylamine and its sulphur analogue N-benzyl-ethanethioamide. The spectra were measured at 298 and 77 K by a transmission method, with the use of polarized light. The Raman spectroscopy, Hirshfeld surfaces analysis and DFT studies have been also reported. Theoretical calculations of the isolated molecule were performed by using density functional theory (DFT) method at B3LYP/6-311(d,p), B3LYP/6-311++G(d,p) and B3LYP/6-311++G(3df,2pd) basis set levels. The geometrical parameters of analyzed compounds are in good agreement with the XRD experiment. The vibrational frequencies were calculated and subsequently values have been compared with the experimental Infrared and Raman spectra. It has been shown that the observed and calculated frequencies are found to be in good agreement, as well as the analysis of the Hirshfeld surface has been well correlated to the spectroscopic studies. Additionally, the highest occupied molecular orbital energy (EHOMO), lowest unoccupied molecular orbital energy (ELUMO), the energy gap between EHOMO and ELUMO (ΔEHOMO-LUMO), molecular electrostatic potential and global reactivity descriptors viz. chemical potential, global hardness and electrophilicity have been calculated. In N-acetylbenzylamine the presence of the N-benzylamide fragment is essential for activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wioleta Edyta Śmiszek-Lindert
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, School of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine in Sosnowiec, Jagiellońska 4, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland.
| | - Elżbieta Chełmecka
- Department of Statistics, School of Pharmacy with Division of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Silesia, 30 Ostrogórska Street, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland
| | - Olaf Lindert
- Clinic of Infertility Treatment, Gynecology and Obstetrics, Bocian Clinic in Katowice, Dąbrówki 13, 40-081 Katowice, Poland
| | - Anna Dudzińska
- Institute of Building Materials and Structures, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Cracow University of Technology, 31-155 Cracow, Poland
| | - Ilona Kaczmarczyk-Sedlak
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, School of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine in Sosnowiec, Jagiellońska 4, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland
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Noureldin NA, Kothayer H, Lashine ESM, Baraka MM, El-Eraky W, Awdan SAE. Synthesis, Anticonvulsant Activity, and SAR Study of Novel 4-Quinazolinone Derivatives. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2017; 350. [PMID: 28177550 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.201600332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2016] [Revised: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Series of N-(4-substitutedphenyl)-4-(1-methyl (or 1,2-dimethyl)-4-oxo-1,2-dihydroquinazolin-3(4H)-yl)-alkanamides (5a-j) and 4-chloro-N'-((1-methyl (or 1,2-dimethyl)-4-oxo-1,2-dihydroquinazolin-3(4H)-yl)-alkaloyl)benzohydrazides (6a-f) were designed based on the previously reported essential structural features for anticonvulsant activity. Several amino acids were incorporated within the synthesized quinazolin-4(3H)-ones to improve their bioavailability and the anticonvulsant activity. Synthesis of the target compounds was accomplished in four steps starting from the reaction between N-methyl isatoic anhydride and the appropriate amino acid. Then, the carboxylic acid group was utilized to synthesize the required final structures. The new quinazolinone derivatives were evaluated for their anticonvulsant activity according to the Anticonvulsant Drug Development (ADD) Program protocol. All the 16 new quinazolinones exhibited good anticonvulsant activity; especially 5f, 5b, and 5c showed superior anticonvulsant activities in comparison to the reference drug, with ED50 values of 28.90, 47.38, and 56.40 mg/kg, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nada A Noureldin
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Hend Kothayer
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - El-Sayed M Lashine
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Mohamed M Baraka
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Wafaa El-Eraky
- Department of Pharmacology, National Research Center, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Sally A El Awdan
- Department of Pharmacology, National Research Center, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt
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Gharibi Loron A, Sardari S, Narenjkar J, Sayyah M. In silico Screening and Evaluation of the Anticonvulsant Activity of Docosahexaenoic Acid-Like Molecules in Experimental Models of Seizures. IRANIAN BIOMEDICAL JOURNAL 2016; 21:32-9. [PMID: 27592363 PMCID: PMC5141252 DOI: 10.6091/.21.1.32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Background: Resistance to antiepileptic drugs and the intolerability in 20-30% of the patients raises demand for developing new drugs with improved efficacy and safety. Acceptable anticonvulsant activity, good tolerability, and inexpensiveness of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) make it as a good candidate for designing and development of the new anticonvulsant medications. Methods: Ten DHA-based molecules were screened based on in silico screening of DHA-like molecules by root-mean-square deviation of atomic positions, the biological activity score of Professional Association for SQL Server, and structural requirements suggested by pharmacophore design. Anticonvulsant activity was tested against clonic seizures induced by pentylenetetrazole (PTZ, 60 mg/kg, i.p.) and tonic seizures induced by maximal electroshock (MES, 50 mA, 50 Hz, 1 ms duration) by intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) injection of the screened compounds to mice. Results: Among screened compounds, 4-Phenylbutyric acid, 4-Biphenylacetic acid, phenylacetic acid, and 2-Phenylbutyric acid showed significant protective activity in pentylenetetrazole test with ED50 values of 4, 5, 78, and 70 mM, respectively. In MES test, shikimic acid and 4-tert-Butylcyclo-hexanecarboxylic acid showed significant activity with ED50 values 29 and 637 mM, respectively. Effective compounds had no mortality in mice up to the maximum i.c.v. injectable dose of 1 mM. Conclusion: Common electrochemical features and three-dimensional spatial structures of the effective compounds suggest the involvement of the anticonvulsant mechanisms similar to the parent compound DHA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Gharibi Loron
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Soroush Sardari
- Drug Design and Bioinformatics Unit, Department of Medical Biotechnology, Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Jamshid Narenjkar
- Department of Pharmacology and Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Sayyah
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
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Synthesis of 2,6-dicarbethoxy-3,5-diaryltetrahydro-1,4-thiazine-1,1-dioxide derivatives as potent anticonvulsant agents. Eur J Med Chem 2015; 106:44-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2013] [Revised: 12/14/2013] [Accepted: 01/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Gunia-Krzyżak A, Pańczyk K, Waszkielewicz AM, Marona H. Cinnamamide Derivatives for Central and Peripheral Nervous System Disorders--A Review of Structure-Activity Relationships. ChemMedChem 2015; 10:1302-25. [PMID: 26083325 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201500153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The cinnamamide scaffold has been incorporated in to the structure of numerous organic compounds with therapeutic potential. The scaffold enables multiple interactions, such as hydrophobic, dipolar, and hydrogen bonding, with important molecular targets. Additionally, the scaffold has multiple substitution options providing the opportunity to optimize and modify the pharmacological activity of the derivatives. In particular, cinnamamide derivatives have exhibited therapeutic potential in animal models of both central and peripheral nervous system disorders. Some have undergone clinical trials and were introduced on to the pharmaceutical market. The diverse activities observed in the nervous system included anticonvulsant, antidepressant, neuroprotective, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, muscle relaxant, and sedative properties. Over the last decade, research has focused on the molecular mechanisms of action of these derivatives, and the data reported in the literature include targeting the γ-aminobutyric acid type A (GABAA ) receptors, N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors, transient receptor potential (TRP) cation channels, voltage-gated potassium channels, histone deacetylases (HDACs), prostanoid receptors, opioid receptors, and histamine H3 receptors. Here, the literature data from reports evaluating cinnamic acid amide derivatives for activity in target-based or phenotypic assays, both in vivo and in vitro, relevant to disorders of the central and peripheral nervous systems are analyzed and structure-activity relationships discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Gunia-Krzyżak
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Krakow (Poland).
| | - Katarzyna Pańczyk
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Krakow (Poland)
| | - Anna M Waszkielewicz
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Krakow (Poland)
| | - Henryk Marona
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Krakow (Poland)
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Preliminary anticonvulsant and toxicity screening of substituted benzylidenehydrazinyl-N-(6-substituted benzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)propanamides. ScientificWorldJournal 2014; 2014:194652. [PMID: 25580452 PMCID: PMC4279117 DOI: 10.1155/2014/194652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2014] [Accepted: 11/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Keeping in view the structural requirements suggested in the pharmacophore model for anticonvulsant activity, a new series of 3-(2-(substitutedbenzylidene)hydrazinyl)-N-(substituted benzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)-propanamides were synthesized with aromatic hydrophobic aryl ring (A), NH-C=O as hydrogen bonding domain (HBD), nitrogen atom as electron donor (D), and phenyl as distal aryl ring (C). Synthesized compounds were characterized by FTIR, (1)H NMR, (13)C NMR, mass spectroscopy, and elemental analysis. Preliminary in vivo anticonvulsant screening (phase I) was performed by two most adopted seizure models, maximal electroshock seizure (MES) and subcutaneous pentylenetetrazole (scPTZ). Based on anticonvulsant screening results, two compounds, 5h and 5p, were found to be most active; they exhibited activity comparable to standard drugs phenytoin (PHY) and carbamazepine (CBZ). These active compounds were subjected to phase II and phase III screening, where they displayed much higher protective index (PI) in comparison to the standard drugs. In phase IV screening, the bioavailability of active compounds was assessed on oral administration. Further, preliminary safety profiles of 5h and 5p were evaluated by the neurotoxicity testing and liver enzyme estimation.
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Studies on the anticonvulsant activity and influence on GABA-ergic neurotransmission of 1,2,4-triazole-3-thione- based compounds. Molecules 2014; 19:11279-99. [PMID: 25090118 PMCID: PMC6271529 DOI: 10.3390/molecules190811279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Revised: 07/22/2014] [Accepted: 07/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The anticonvulsant activity of several 1,2,4-triazole-3-thione derivatives on mouse maximal electroshock-induced seizures was tested in this study. Characteristic features of all active compounds were rapid onset of action and long lasting effect. Structure-activity observations showed that the probability of obtaining compounds exerting anticonvulsant activity was much higher when at least one of the phenyl rings attached to 1,2,4-triazole nucleus had a substituent at the para position. The obtained results, moreover, permit us to conclude that despite the structural similarity of loreclezole (second-generation anticonvulsant drug) and the titled compounds, their anticonvulsant activity is achieved via completely different molecular mechanisms.
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Nikalje APG, Shaikh SI, Mulay A, Khan FAK, Sangshetti JN, Shaikh S. Ultrasound-Assisted Synthesis, Anticonvulsant Activity, and Docking Study of Indole-Appended Thiazolidin-4-ones. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2014; 347:756-67. [DOI: 10.1002/ardp.201400148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2014] [Revised: 05/24/2014] [Accepted: 05/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Pratima G. Nikalje
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry; Y.B. Chavan College of Pharmacy; Dr. Rafiq Zakaria Campus Rauza Bagh Aurangabad Maharashtra India
| | - Sameer I. Shaikh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry; Y.B. Chavan College of Pharmacy; Dr. Rafiq Zakaria Campus Rauza Bagh Aurangabad Maharashtra India
| | - Abhineet Mulay
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry; Y.B. Chavan College of Pharmacy; Dr. Rafiq Zakaria Campus Rauza Bagh Aurangabad Maharashtra India
| | - Firoz A. K. Khan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry; Y.B. Chavan College of Pharmacy; Dr. Rafiq Zakaria Campus Rauza Bagh Aurangabad Maharashtra India
| | - Jaiprakash N. Sangshetti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry; Y.B. Chavan College of Pharmacy; Dr. Rafiq Zakaria Campus Rauza Bagh Aurangabad Maharashtra India
| | - Shoaib Shaikh
- Wockhardt Research Centre; D-4 Chikalthana MIDC Aurangabad Maharashtra India
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Tripathi L, Kumar P. Augmentation of GABAergic neurotransmission by novel N-(substituted)-2-[4-(substituted)benzylidene]hydrazinecarbothioamides—A potential anticonvulsant approach. Eur J Med Chem 2013; 64:477-87. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2013.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2013] [Revised: 04/06/2013] [Accepted: 04/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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15
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Khan HN, Kulsoom S, Rashid H. Ligand based pharmacophore model development for the identification of novel antiepileptic compound. Epilepsy Res 2012; 98:62-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2011.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2011] [Revised: 08/23/2011] [Accepted: 08/25/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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16
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Amir M, Asif S, Ali I, Hassan MZ. Synthesis of benzothiazole derivatives having acetamido and carbothioamido pharmacophore as anticonvulsant agents. Med Chem Res 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-011-9791-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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17
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18
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Chauhan K, Sheth N, Ranpariya V, Parmar S. Anticonvulsant activity of solasodine isolated from Solanum sisymbriifolium fruits in rodents. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2011; 49:194-199. [PMID: 21062107 DOI: 10.3109/13880209.2010.508499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Solanum sisymbriifolium Lam. (Solanaceae), commonly known as sticky nightshade, is traditionally used for central nervous system (CNS) disorders. Although solasodine has been isolated from this plant, little is known about its anticonvulsant and CNS depressant actions. OBJECTIVE We investigated anticonvulsant and CNS depressant effects of solasodine isolated from S. sisymbriifolium using several experimental models. MATERIALS AND METHODS Swiss albino mice (n=6) were employed for pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) and picrotoxin (PCT)-induced convulsions and thiopental-induced sleep time. Different groups of Wistar albino rats (n=6) were subjected to maximal electroshock (MES) test. Solasodine, a steroidal glycoalkaloid, was isolated from dried fruits of S. sisymbriifolium and identified by GC-MS. RESULTS The results showed that intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of solasodine (25 mg/kg) significantly delayed (p < 0.01) latency of hind limb tonic extensor (HLTE) phase in the PCT-induced convulsions. In the MES model, solasodine significantly reduced (p < 0.001) duration of HLTE at 25, 50, and 100 mg/kg, i.p. in a dose-dependent manner. Interestingly, solasodine did not produce any significant reduction in PTZ-induced convulsions. Prior treatment of solasodine (25, 50, and 100 mg/kg, i.p.) significantly potentiated thiopental-provoked sleep in a dose-dependent manner (p < 0.001). DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION Our study, for the first time, shows potent anticonvulsant and CNS depressant activities of solasodine. It is likely that solasodine, in part, is responsible for the anticonvulsant and sedative properties of S. sisymbriifolium. The future study should focus on the exact mechanism of action of solasodine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinjal Chauhan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Saurashtra University, Rajkot, Gujarat, India
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19
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Lenkey N, Karoly R, Epresi N, Vizi E, Mike A. Binding of sodium channel inhibitors to hyperpolarized and depolarized conformations of the channel. Neuropharmacology 2010; 60:191-200. [PMID: 20713065 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2010.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2010] [Revised: 07/23/2010] [Accepted: 08/07/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Sodium channels are inhibited by a chemically diverse group of compounds. In the last decade entirely new structural classes with superior properties have been discovered, and novel therapeutic uses of sodium channel inhibitors (SCIs) have been suggested. Many promising novel drug candidates have been described and characterized. Published structure-activity relationship studies, pharmacophore models, and mutagenesis studies seem to lag behind, dealing with only a limited group of inhibitor compounds. The abundance of novel compounds requires an organized comparison of drug potencies. The affinity of sodium channel inhibitors can vary typically ten- to thousand-fold depending on the voltage protocol; therefore comparison of electrophysiology data is difficult. In this study we describe a method for standardization of these data with the help of a simple model of state-dependence. We derived hyperpolarized (resting) and depolarized (generally termed "inactivated") state affinities for the studied drugs, which made the measurements comparable. We show a rank order of SCIs based on resting and inactivated affinity values. In an attempt to define basic chemical requirements for sodium channel inhibitor activity we investigated the dependence of both resting and inactivated state affinities on individual chemical descriptors. Lipophilicity (most often expressed by the logP value) is the single most important determinant of SCI potency. We investigated the independent impact of several other calculated chemical properties by standardizing drug potencies for logP values. By combining these two approaches: standardization of affinity values, and standardization of potencies, we concluded that while resting affinity is mostly determined by lipophilicity, inactivated state affinity is determined by a more complex interaction of chemical properties, including hydrogen bond acceptors, aromatic rings, and molecular weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Lenkey
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, P.O.B. 67, H-1450 Budapest, Hungary
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20
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Puratchikody A, Doble M. QSAR Studies on Antiepileptic and Locomotorin vivoActivities of 4,5-diphenyl-1H-Imidazoles. Chem Biol Drug Des 2009; 74:173-82. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1747-0285.2009.00837.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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21
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Datusalia AK, Kalra P, Narasimhan B, Sharma S, Goyal RK. Anxiolytic and Antiseizure Effects of Sida tiagii Bhandri. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1248/jhs.54.544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ashok Kumar Datusalia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science and Technology
| | - Pankaj Kalra
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science and Technology
| | | | - Sunil Sharma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science and Technology
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22
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Micale N, Postorino G, Grasso S, Zappalà M, Zuccalà G, Ferreri G, De Sarro G. Synthesis of novel 3-(alkylcarbamoyl)-2-aryl-1,2-dihydro-6,7-(methylenedioxy)-3H-quinazolin-4-ones as anticonvulsant agents. Chem Biodivers 2006; 3:304-11. [PMID: 17193267 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.200690033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
A series of 3-(alkylcarbamoyl)-2-aryl-1,2-dihydro-6,7-(methylenedioxy)-3H-quinazolin-4-ones, compounds 3-6, were synthesized, and screened as anticonvulsant agents in DBA/2 mice against sound-induced seizure (Table). The new compounds were found to display anticonvulsant properties inferior to those of the known dehydro congeners 1 and 2. The binding affinities of 1-6 at the AMPA and NMDA receptors were also evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Micale
- Dipartimento Farmaco-Chimico, Università degli Studi di Messina, Viale Annunziata, I-98168 Messina.
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Toba S, Srinivasan J, Maynard AJ, Sutter J. Using pharmacophore models to gain insight into structural binding and virtual screening: an application study with CDK2 and human DHFR. J Chem Inf Model 2006; 46:728-35. [PMID: 16563003 DOI: 10.1021/ci050410c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
This study provides results from two case studies involving the application of the HypoGenRefine algorithm within Catalyst for the automated generation of excluded volume from ligand information alone. A limitation of pharmacophore feature hypothesis alone is that activity prediction is based purely on the presence and arrangement of pharmacophoric features; steric effects remained unaccounted. Recently reported studies have illustrated the usefulness of combining excluded volumes to the pharmacophore models. In general, these excluded volumes attempt to penalize molecules occupying steric regions that are not occupied by active molecules. The HypoGenRefine algorithm in Catalyst accounts for steric effects on activity, based on the targeted addition of excluded volume features to the pharmacophores. The automated inclusion of excluded volumes to pharmacophore models has been applied to two systems: CDK2 and human DHFR. These studies are used as examples to illustrate how ligands could bind in the protein active site with respect to allowed and disallowed binding regions. Additionally, automated refinement of the pharmacophore with these excluded volume features provides a more selective model to reduce false positives and a better enrichment rate in virtual screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Toba
- Accelrys Inc., 10188 Telesis Court, Suite 100, San Diego, California 92121, USA.
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Aggarwal N, Mishra P. Synthesis and evaluation of 4-substituted semicarbazones of levulinic acid for anticonvulsant activity. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 2005; 6:617-21. [PMID: 15973761 PMCID: PMC1389793 DOI: 10.1631/jzus.2005.b0617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2004] [Accepted: 02/09/2005] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE A series of 4-aryl substituted semicarbazones of levulinic acid (4-oxo pentanoic acid) was designed and synthesized to meet the structural requirements essential for anticonvulsant activity. METHODS All the compounds were evaluated for anticonvulsant activity. Anticonvulsant activity was determined after intraperitoneal (i.p.) administration to mice by maximal electroshock (MES) and subcutaneous metrazol (ScMet) induced seizure methods and minimal motor impairment was determined by rotorod test. RESULTS A majority of the compounds exhibited significant anticonvulsant activity after intraperitoneal administration. In the present study 4-(4'-fluoro phenyl) levulinic acid semicarbazone emerged as the most active molecule, showing broad spectrum of activity with low neurotoxicity. Unsubstituted levulinic acid semicarbazone was found to be inactive in all the screens. CONCLUSION The results obtained validate the hypothesis that presence of an aryl group near the semicarbazone moiety is essential for anticonvulsant activity. The results also indicate that the hydrophilic-hydrophobic site can accommodate hydrophilic groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navneet Aggarwal
- Lachoo Memorial College of Science and Technology, Pharmacy Wing, Jodhpur, Rajasthan 342003, India
| | - Pradeep Mishra
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dr. Hari Singh Gour University, Sagar, M.P. 470003, India
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Debnath AK. Generation of predictive pharmacophore models for CCR5 antagonists: study with piperidine- and piperazine-based compounds as a new class of HIV-1 entry inhibitors. J Med Chem 2003; 46:4501-15. [PMID: 14521412 DOI: 10.1021/jm030265z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Predictive pharmacophore models were developed for a large series of piperidine- and piperazine-based CCR5 antagonists as anti-HIV-1 agents reported by Schering-Plough Research Institute in recent years. The pharmacophore models were generated using a training set consisting of 25 carefully selected antagonists based on well documented criteria. The activity spread, expressed in K(i), of training set molecules was from 0.1 to 1300 nM. The most predictive pharmacophore model (hypothesis 1), consisting of five features, namely, two hydrogen bond acceptors and three hydrophobic, had a correlation (r) of 0.920 and a root mean square of 0.879, and the cost difference between null cost and fixed cost was 44.46 bits. The model was cross-validated by randomizing the data using the CatScramble technique. The results confirmed that the pharmacophore models generated from the test set were not due to chance correlation. The best model (hypothesis 1) was validated using test set molecules (total of 78) and performed well in classifying active and inactive molecules correctly. The model was further validated by mapping onto it a diverse set of six CCR5 antagonists identified by five different pharmaceutical companies. The best model correctly predicted these compounds as being highly active. These multiple validation approaches provide confidence in the utility of the predictive pharmacophore model developed in this study as a 3D query tool in virtual screening to retrieve new chemical entities as potent CCR5 antagonists. The model can also be used in predicting biological activities of compounds prior to undertaking their costly synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asim Kumar Debnath
- Laboratory of Molecular Modeling & Drug Design, Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute of The New York Blood Center, 310 E. 67th Street, New York, NY 10021, USA.
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