Dual COX-2 and 15-LOX inhibition study of novel 4-arylidine-2-mercapto-1-phenyl-1H-imidazolidin-5(4H)-ones: Design, synthesis, docking, and anti-inflammatory activity

Novel arylidene-5(4H)-imidazolone derivatives 4a-r were designed and evaluated as multidrug-directed ligands, that is, inflammatory, proinflammatory mediators, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) inhibitors. All of the tested compounds showed cyclooxygenase (COX)-1 inhibitory effect more than celecoxib and less than indomethacin and also demonstrated an improved inhibitory activity against 15-lipoxygenase (15-LOX). Compounds 4f, 4l, and 4p exhibited COX-2 selectivity comparable to that of celecoxib, while 4k was the most selective COX-2 inhibitor. Interestingly, the screened results showed that compound 4k exhibited a superior inhibition effect against 15-LOX and was found to be the most selective COX-2 inhibitor over celecoxib, whereas compound 4f showed promising COX-2 and 15-LOX inhibitory activities besides its inhibitory effect against ROS production and its lowering effect of both tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-6 levels by ∼80%. Moreover, compound 4f attenuated the lipopolysaccharide-mediated increase in NF-κB activation in RAW 264.7 macrophages. The preferred binding affinity of these molecules was confirmed by docking studies. We conclude that arylidene-5(4H)-imidazolone scaffolds provide promising hits for developing new synthons with anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities.

Biomarkers in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome

Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is the most common endocrine disorder in reproductive-age women. PCOS is diagnosed by the presence of two of the following three characteristics: hyperandrogenemia and/or hyperandrogenism, oligo/amenorrhea, and polycystic ovarian morphology. PCOS is associated with reproductive and non-reproductive complications, including obesity, insulin resistance and diabetes, dyslipidemia, and increased blood pressure. There is an urgent need for biomarkers that address both the reproductive and non-reproductive aspects of this complex syndrome. This review focuses on biomarkers, or potential ones, associated with the reproductive and non-reproductive aspects of PCOS, including anthropometric and clinical biomarkers, insulin and the IGF-1 system, lipids, anti-Müllerian hormone and gonadotropins, steroids, inflammatory and renal injury biomarkers, oxidative stress, and non-coding RNAs. We expect that this review will bring some light on the recent updates in the field and encourage researchers to join the exciting and promising field of PCOS biomarkers.

Triple targeting of mutant EGFRL858R/T790M, COX-2, and 15-LOX: design and synthesis of novel quinazolinone tethered phenyl urea derivatives for anti-inflammatory and anticancer evaluation

We designed and synthesised novel quinazolinone tethered phenyl urea derivatives (6a-p) that triple target the double mutant EGFR^L858R/T790M, COX-2, and 15-LOX. Compounds (6e, 6d, 6j, 6m, and 6n) not only had low micromolar IC50 inhibitory activities against the three targets, but they also showed good selectivity for COX-2 over COX-1 and for EGFR^L858R/T790M over wild-type EGFR. Except for 6e and 6n, all of the tested compounds inhibited the NO production significantly more potently than celecoxib, diclofenac, and indomethacin. Compounds 6i and 6k reduced ROS levels more effectively than celecoxib and diclofenac. In terms of inhibiting TNF-α production, 6o-treated cells showed TNF-α level, which is ∼10 times lower than celecoxib. Furthermore, 6e and 6j had the highest anticancer activity against the breast cancer cell line BT-459 with growth inhibition percentages of 67.14 and 70.07%, respectively. Docking studies confirm their favoured binding affinity. The proposed compounds could be promising multi-targeted leads.

Magic shotgun approach to anti-inflammatory pharmacotherapy: Synthesis of novel thienopyrimidine monomers/heterodimer as dual COX-2 and 15-LOX inhibitors endowed with potent antioxidant activity

Emerging evidence points to the intertwining framework of inflammation and oxidative stress in various ailments. We speculate on the potential impact of the magic shotgun approach in these ailments as an attempt to mitigate the drawbacks of current NSAIDs. Hence, we rationally designed and synthesized new tetrahydrobenzo[4,5]thieno[2,3-d]pyrimidine monomers/heterodimer as dual selective COX-2/15-LOX inhibitors with potent antioxidant activity. The synthesized compounds were challenged with diverse in vitro biological assays. Regarding the monomeric series, compound 5k exerted the highest COX-2 inhibitory activity (IC50 = 0.068 μM, SI = 160.441), while compound 5i showed the highest 15-LOX inhibitory activity (IC50 = 1.97 μM). Surpassing the most active monomeric members, the heterodimer 11 stemmed as the most potent and selective one in the whole study (COX-2 IC50 = 0.065 μM, SI = 173.846, 15-LOX IC50 = 1.86 μM). Heterodimer design was inspired by the cross-talk between the partner monomers of the COX-2 isoform. Moreover, some of our synthesized compounds could significantly reverse the LPS-enhanced production of ROS and proinflammatory cytokines (IL-6, TNF-α, and NO) in RAW 264.7 macrophages. Again, the heterodimer showed the strongest suppressor activity against ROS (IC50 = 18.79 μM) and IL-6 (IC50 = 4.15 μM) production outperforming the two references, celecoxib and diclofenac. Regarding NO suppressor activity, compound 5j (IC50 = 18.62 μM) surpassed the two references. Only compound 5a significantly suppressed TNF-α production (IC50 = 19.68 μM). Finally, molecular modeling simulated the possible binding scenarios of our synthesized thienopyrimidines within the active sites of COX-2 and 15-LOX. These findings suggest that those novel thienopyrimidines are promising leads showing pharmacodynamics synergy against the selected targets.

Loss of microRNA-21 protects against acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity in mice

Acetaminophen (APAP)-induced Acute Liver Failure (ALF) is recognized as the most common cause of ALF in Western societies. APAP-induced ALF is characterized by coagulopathy, hepatic encephalopathy, multi-organ failure, and death. MicroRNAs are small, non-coding RNAs that regulate gene expression at the post-transcriptional level. MicroRNA-21 (miR-21) is dynamically expressed in the liver and is involved in the pathophysiology of both acute and chronic liver injury models. We hypothesize that miR-21genetic ablation attenuates hepatotoxicity following acetaminophen intoxication. Eight-week old miR-21knockout (miR21KO) or wild-type (WT) C57BL/6N male mice were injected with acetaminophen (APAP, 300 mg/kg BW) or saline. Mice were sacrificed 6 or 24 h post-injection. MiR21KO mice presented attenuation of liver enzymes ALT, AST, LDH compared with WT mice 24 h post-APAP treatment. Moreover, miR21KO mice had decreased hepatic DNA fragmentation and necrosis than WT mice after 24 h of APAP treatment. APAP-treated miR21KO mice showed increased levels of cell cycle regulators CYCLIN D1 and PCNA, increased autophagy markers expression (Map1LC3a, Sqstm1) and protein (LC3AB II/I, p62), and an attenuation of the APAP-induced hypofibrinolytic state via (PAI-1) compared with WT mice 24 post-APAP treatment. MiR-21 inhibition could be a novel therapeutic approach to mitigate APAP-induced hepatotoxicity and enhance survival during the regenerative phase, particularly to alter regeneration, autophagy, and fibrinolysis. Specifically, miR-21 inhibition could be particularly useful when APAP intoxication is detected at its late stages and the only available therapy is minimally effective.

Synthesis of new multitarget-directed ligands containing thienopyrimidine nucleus for inhibition of 15-lipoxygenase, cyclooxygenases, and pro-inflammatory cytokines

A new series of thieno[2,3-d]pyrimidine derivatives 4, 5, 6a-o, and 11 was designed and synthesized starting from cyclohexanone under Gewald condition with the aim to develop multitarget-directed ligands (MTDLs) having anti-inflammatory properties against both 15-LOX and COX-2 enzymes. Moreover, the potential of the compounds against the proinflammatory mediators NO, ROS, TNF-α, and IL-6 were tested in LPS-activated RAW 264.7 macrophages. Compound 6o showed the greatest 15-LOX inhibitory effect (IC₅₀ = 1.17 μM) which was superior to that of the reference nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA, IC₅₀ = 1.28 μM); meanwhile, compounds 6h, 6g, 11, and 4 exhibited potent activities (IC₅₀ = 1.29-1.77 μM). The ester 4 (SI = 137.37) and the phenyl-substituted acetohydrazide 11 (SI = 132.26) showed the highest COX-2 selectivity, which was about 28 times more selective than the reference drug diclofenac (SI = 4.73), however, it was lower than that of celecoxib (SI = 219.25). Interestingly, compound 6o, which showed the highest 15-LOX inhibitory activity and 5 times higher COX-2 selectivity than diclofenac, showed a greater poteny in reducing NO (IC₅₀ = 7.77 μM) than both celecoxib (IC₅₀ = 22.89 μM) and diclofenac (IC₅₀ = 25.34), but comparable activity in inhibiting TNF-α (IC₅₀ = 11.27) to diclofenac (IC₅₀ = 10.45 μM). Similarly, compounds 11 and 6h were more potent in reducing TNF-α and IL6 levels than diclofenac, meanwhile, compound 4 reduced ROS, NO, IL6, and TNF-α levels with comparable potency to the reference drugs celecoxib and diclofenac. Furthermore, docking studies for our compounds within 15-LOX and COX-2 active sites revealed good agreement with the biological evaluations. The proposed compounds could be promising multi-targeted anti-inflammatory candidates to treat resistant inflammatory conditions.

RF10 | PMON249 MicroRNA-21 Ablation Exacerbates Androgen-Mediated White Adipose Tissue Dysfunction and Impaired Insulin Signaling in a Mouse Model of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome

Background

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is characterized by oligo- or anovulation, polycystic ovaries, and hyperandrogenism. PCOS is associated with white adipose tissue (WAT) expansion and dysfunction, which has been linked to impaired insulin signaling in a number of metabolic diseases. MicroRNAs dysregulation in WAT is involved in the development of obesity and its associated complications. MicroRNA-21 (miR-21), the most abundant circulatory microRNA in women with PCOS, regulates androgen receptor (AR) expression in prostate cancer however, its role in WAT dysfunction in PCOS, and the associated systemic insulin resistance, is unknown. Using a well-established PCOS model of hyperandrogenemia we aim to test the hypothesis that miR-21 regulates AR expression to modulate androgen-mediated WAT dysfunction and the associated local and systemic insulin resistance.

Methods

Three-week-old miR-21 knockout (miR-21KO) or wild type (WT) female mice were treated with dihydrotestosterone (DHT, 8 mg/Silastic tube) or vehicle for 90 days (n=6/group). Body composition (EchoMRI) and oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) were assessed. HOMA-IR index was calculated from fasting serum glucose and insulin levels. Retroperitoneal fat (RPF), a WAT depot that is linked to poor plasma glycemic indices and systemic inflammation, was collected to assess adipocyte size and perform molecular determinations. RPF miR-21 levels, as well as gene and protein expression of AR, and insulin signaling markers (IRS-1/2, insulin receptor-β, PI3K, AKT, Glut4, GSK-α, PTEN) were quantified by RT-qPCR and Western blot.

Results

In WT mice, DHT increased body weight (25.07 ± 0.52 vs 21.79 ± 0.47 g, p<0.05), fat mass (4.60 ± 0.46 vs 1.98 ± 0.12 g, p<0.05), RPF mass (29.68 ± 3.39 vs. 172.64 ± 32.75 g, p<0.05), RPF miR-21 (2.5-fold) and AR expression (2.1-fold). Adipocyte size analysis revealed a hypertrophic response to DHT, which was associated with impaired OGTT (186.10 ± 5.99 vs 250.70 ± 14.76 mg. min/dL, p<0.05) and downregulation of IRS-1/2, insulin receptor-β, and AKT, indicating impaired insulin signaling. MiR-21 ablation had no effect on DHT-mediated total fat or RPF mass increases, but it exacerbated DHT-mediated AR upregulation, RPF hypertrophy, and insulin resistance as measured by the HOMA-IR index. DHT-mediated reduction in GSK-α, which mediates obesity-induced inflammation, was abolished in miR-21KO mice. Glut4 protein was only downregulated in miR-21KO DHT-treated mice, despite DHT downregulating Glut4 mRNA in both strains. Furthermore, DHT only upregulated PTEN, a negative insulin signaling regulator and known target of miR-21 in miR-21KO mice.

Conclusion

and significance: These findings imply that WAT miR-21 plays a protective role in PCOS by alleviating androgen-mediated adipose tissue structural and molecular derangements, as well as the associated local and systemic insulin resistance via downregulating AR. Modulation of miR-21 levels in adipose tissue could be a novel therapeutic approach for the treatment of PCOS-related metabolic derangements.

Presentation: Saturday, June 11, 2022 1:00 p.m. - 1:05 p.m., Monday, June 13, 2022 12:30 p.m. - 2:30 p.m.

OR15-3 Contribution of Hyperandrogenemia to Dysbiosis, Gut Inflammation, and Dysregulation of Short-Chain Fatty Acid Homeostasis in Mouse Model of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome

Introduction and Purpose

Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is the most common endocrine disorder in women of reproductive age. Notably, PCOS women with hyperandrogenism have a pronounced increased risk for cardio-metabolic comorbidities. The gut microbiome is responsible for fermentation of indigestible fiber to produce short-chain fatty acids (SCFA), which help maintain metabolic function and reduce gut inflammation. Alteration in the gut microbiome, or dysbiosis, affects overall metabolic homeostasis and contributes to pathogenesis of metabolic diseases. While dysbiosis has been observed in women with PCOS, the molecular mechanisms of hyperandrogenemia-induced dysbiosis and its contribution to SCFA excretion and gut inflammation have not been studied in PCOS.

Methods

Four-week old C57BL/6N female mice were implanted subcutaneously with dihydrotestosterone (DHT, 8.0 mg) or vehicle silastic tubes (n=8/grp). Animals were treated day 90 and the gastrointestinal tract was collected. Expression levels of mRNA were assessed by RT-qPCR. Fecal microbiota was assessed by 16S rRNA gene sequencing and profiled using MicrobiomeAnalyst; SCFA concentrations were assessed by LC-MS.

Results

DHT-treated female mice had significantly increased lean mass (21.35 ± 0.84 vs 19.25 ± 0.55 g, p<0.05) and increased fat mass (5.18 ± 1.45 vs 2.73 ± 0.64 g, p<0.05) compared to the vehicle counterparts. DHT-treated female mice showed increased HbA1C (5.18 ± 1.45 vs 2.73 ± 0.64%, p<0.05). Hyperandrogenemic females showed altered gastrointestinal morphology, having decreased small intestine (33.03±2.05 vs 28.69±2.604 cm, p<0.05) and colon length (7.88 ± 0.64 vs 6.60 ± 0.55 cm, p<0.05) as well as increased immune cell infiltration assessed by histology. DHT-treated female mice have an increase in the relative percent abundance of Proteobacteria (2.04 ± 0.62 vs 0.35 ± 0.23%, p<0.05) and in the ratio of Firmicutes/Bacteriodetes (1.92 ± 0.47 vs 1.11 ± 0.17, p<0.05). Fecal concentrations of short-chain fatty acids were higher in DHT-females for butyric acid (92.33 vs 404.8 ng/mg feces, p<0.05), acetic acid (571.8 vs 1592 ng/mg feces, p<0.05), and propionic acid (80.59 vs 167.3 ng/mg feces, p<0.05). However, expression of the SCFA receptor Ffar2 in the colon was upregulated by DHT (1.31 ± 0.15-fold, p<0.05), indicating the possibility of a compensation to ameliorate increased SCFA excretion. The mRNA expression of lipopolysaccharide induced inflammation markers were significantly upregulated by DHT in the proximal colon (Litaf, 1.69 ± 0.29-fold; Tlr4 1.27 ± 0.15-fold, p<0.05) compared with vehicles.

Conclusions

Androgen-mediated gut dysbiosis may contribute to altered glucose handling, adiposity, and metabolic homeostasis in PCOS. Increased elimination of SCFA in DHT-treated female mice may indicate less efficient absorption, which can contribute to colonic inflammation, altered gastrointestinal morphology, and increased gut permeability. Together, our results highlight the potential role of androgen-mediated gut dysbiosis to influence metabolic dysfunction.

Presentation: Sunday, June 12, 2022 11:30 a.m. - 11:45 a.m.

Design and Synthesis of Novel 1,3,4-Oxadiazole and 1,2,4-Triazole Derivatives as Cyclooxygenase-2 Inhibitors with Anti-inflammatory and Antioxidant activity in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 Macrophages

In an attempt to obtain new candidates with potential anti-inflammatory activity, two series of 1,3,4-oxadiazole based derivatives (8a-g) and 1,2,4-triazole based derivatives (10a,b and 11a-g) were synthesized and evaluated for their COX-1/COX-2 inhibitory activity. In vitro assays showed potent COX-2 inhibitory activity and selectivity of the novel designed compounds (IC50 = 0.04 - 0.16 μM, SI = 60.71 - 337.5) compared to celecoxib (IC50 = 0.045 μM, SI = 326.67). The anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity of the synthesized compounds was investigated via testing their ability to inhibit pro-inflammatory [tumour necrosis factor (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6)] and oxidative stress [nitric oxide (NO) and reactive oxygen species (ROS)] markers production in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated RAW 264.7 macrophages. Most of the novel compounds exhibited potent anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity. In particular, the novel compounds showed excellent IL-6 inhibitory activity (IC50 = 0.96 - 11.14 μM) when compared to celecoxib (IC50 = 13.04 μM) and diclofenac sodium (IC50 = 22.97 μM). Moreover, the most potent and selective COX-2 inhibitor 11c (IC50 = 0.04 μM, SI = 337.5) displayed significantly higher activity against NO and ROS production compared to celecoxib (IC50 = 2.60 and 3.01 μM vs. 16.47 and 14.30 μM, respectively). Molecular modelling studies of the novel designed molecules into COX-2 active sites analysed their binding affinity. In-silico simulation studies indicated their acceptable physicochemical properties and pharmacokinetic profiles. This study suggests that the novel synthesized COX-2 inhibitors exert potent anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity, highlighting their potential as promising therapeutic agents for the treatment of inflammation and oxidative stress-related diseases.

Potamogeton perfoliatus L. Extract Attenuates Neuroinflammation and Neuropathic Pain in Sciatic Nerve Chronic Constriction Injury-Induced Peripheral Neuropathy in Rats

Sciatic nerve injury is often associated with neuropathic pain and neuroinflammation in the central and peripheral nervous systems. In our previous work, Potamogeton perfoliatus L. displayed anti-inflammatory, antipyretic and analgesic properties, predominantly via the inhibition of COX-2 enzyme and attenuation of oxidative stress. Herein, we extended our investigations to study the effects of the plant’s extract on pain-related behaviors, oxidative stress, apoptosis markers, GFAP, CD68 and neuro-inflammation in sciatic nerve chronic constriction injury (CCI) rat model. The levels of the pro-inflammatory marker proteins in sciatic nerve and brainstem were measured with ELISA 14 days after CCI induction. Pretreatment with the extract significantly attenuated mechanical and cold allodynia and heat hyperalgesia with better potential than the reference drug, pregabalin. In addition, CCI lead to the overexpression of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), tumor necrosis alpha (TNFα), nuclear factor κB (NF-κB), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX), and NADPH oxidase-1 (NOX-1) and decreased the catalase level in sciatic nerve and brainstem. The observed neuro-inflammatory changes were accompanied with glial cells activation (increased GFAP and CD68 positive cells), apoptosis (increased Bax) and structural changes in both brainstem and sciatic nerve. The studied extract attenuated the CCI-induced neuro-inflammatory changes, oxidative stress, and apoptosis while it induced the expression of Bcl-2 and catalase in a dose dependent manner. It also decreased the brainstem expression of CD68 and GFAP indicating a possible neuroprotection effect. Taking together, P. perfoliatus may be considered as a novel therapy for neuropathic pain patients after performing the required clinical trials.

Rimonabant ameliorates hepatic ischemia/reperfusion injury in rats: Involvement of autophagy via modulating ERK- and PI3K/AKT-mTOR pathways

Hepatic ischemia/reperfusion (HIR), which can result in severe liver injury and dysfunction, is usually associated with autophagy and endocannabinoid system derangements. Whether or not the modulation of the autophagic response following HIR injury is involved in the hepatoprotective effect of the cannabinoid receptor 1(CB1R) antagonist rimonabant remains elusive and is the aim of the current study. Rats pre-treated with rimonabant (3 mg/kg) or vehicle underwent 30 min hepatic ischemia followed by 6 hrs. reperfusion. Liver injury was evaluated by serum ALT, AST, bilirubin (total and direct levels) and histopathological examination. The inflammatory, profibrotic and oxidative responses were investigated by assessing hepatic tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα), nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), transforming growth factor (TGF-β), lipid peroxidation and reduced glutathione. The hepatic levels of CB1R and autophagic markers p62, Beclin-1, and LC3 as well as the autophagic signaling inhibitors ERK1/2, PI3K, Akt and mTOR were also determined. Rimonabant significantly attenuated HIR-induced increases in hepatic injury, inflammation, profibrotic responses and oxidative stress and improved the associated pathological features. Rimonabant modulated the expression of p62, Beclin-1, and LC3, down-regulated CB1R, and dcreased pERK1/2, PI3K, Akt, and mTOR activities. The current study suggests that rimonabant can protect the liver from IR injury at least in part by inducing autophagy, probably by modulating ERK- and/or PI3K/AKT-mTOR signaling.

Cardiac and Renal SARS-CoV-2 Viral Entry Protein Regulation by Androgens and Diet: Implications for Polycystic Ovary Syndrome and COVID-19

The susceptibility and the severity of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) are associated with hyperandrogenism, obesity, and preexisting pulmonary, metabolic, renal, and cardiac conditions. Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), the most common endocrine disorder in premenopausal women, is associated with obesity, hyperandrogenism, and cardiometabolic dysregulations. We analyzed cardiac, renal, circulatory, and urinary SARS-CoV-2 viral entry proteins (ACE2, TMPRSS2, TMPRSS4, furin, cathepsin L, and ADAM17) and androgen receptor (AR) expression, in a peripubertal androgen exposure model of PCOS. Peripubertal female mice were treated with dihydrotestosterone (DHT) and low (LFD) or high (HFD) fat diet for 90 days. HFD exacerbated DHT-induced increase in body weight, fat mass, and cardiac and renal hypertrophy. In the heart, DHT upregulated AR protein in both LFD and HFD, ACE2 in HFD, and ADAM17 in LFD. In the kidney, AR protein expression was upregulated by both DHT and HFD. Moreover, ACE2 and ADAM17 were upregulated by DHT in both diets. Renal TMPRSS2, furin, and cathepsin L were upregulated by DHT and differentially modulated by the diet. DHT upregulated urinary ACE2 in both diets, while neither treatment modified serum ACE2. Renal AR mRNA expression positively correlated with Ace2, Tmprss2, furin, cathepsin L, and ADAM17. Our findings suggest that women with PCOS could be a population with a high risk of COVID-19-associated cardiac and renal complications. Furthermore, our study suggests that weight loss by lifestyle modifications (i.e., diet) could potentially mitigate COVID-19-associated deleterious cardiorenal outcomes in women with PCOS.

Design and synthesis of novel quinazolinones conjugated ibuprofen, indole acetamide, or thioacetohydrazide as selective COX-2 inhibitors: anti-inflammatory, analgesic and anticancer activities

Novel quinazolinones conjugated with indole acetamide (4a–c), ibuprofen (7a–e), or thioacetohydrazide (13a,b, and 14a-d) were designed to increase COX-2 selectivity. The three synthesised series exhibited superior COX-2 selectivity compared with the previously reported quinazolinones and their NSAID analogue and had equipotent COX-2 selectivity as celecoxib. Compared with celecoxib, 4 b, 7c, and 13 b showed similar anti-inflammatory activity in vivo, while 13 b and 14a showed superior inhibition of the inflammatory mediator nitric oxide, and 7 showed greater antioxidant potential in macrophages cells. Moreover, all selected compounds showed improved analgesic activity and 13 b completely abolished the pain response. Additionally, compound 4a showed anticancer activity in tested cell lines HCT116, HT29, and HCA7. Docking results were consistent with COX-1/2 enzyme assay results. In silico studies suggest their high oral bioavailability. The overall findings for compounds (4a,b, 7c, 13 b, and 14c) support their potential role as anti-inflammatory agents.

Hepatic Dysregulation of Bile Acid Homeostasis in Hyperandrogenemic Female Mouse Model of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome

Introduction and Purpose: Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is recognized as the most common endocrine disorder in women of reproductive age. Notably, PCOS women with hyperandrogenism have a pronounced increased risk for cardio-metabolic comorbidities compared with healthy individuals. Bile acids are endocrine signaling molecules that modulate hepatic lipid, glucose, and energy metabolism by aiding in absorption of lipids. Alteration of bile acid homeostasis affects overall metabolic homeostasis and contributes to pathogenesis of an array of metabolic diseases, although the molecular mechanisms of this have not been studied in PCOS. Methods: Four-week old C57BL/6N female mice were implanted subcutaneously with dihydrotestosterone (DHT, 8.0 mg) or vehicle silastic tubes (n=8/grp). Weekly body weight, food intake, and body composition was assessed. Fasting serum was obtained and the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was performed in the last week of treatment. Animals were euthanized on treatment day 90 and livers were harvested. Expression levels of mRNA were assessed using RT-qPCR. Results: DHT treated females had significantly higher liver mass (1,387 ± 51 vs 1,197 ± 29 g, p<0.05), increased lean mass (21.25 ± 0.27 vs 19.58 ± 0.23 g, p<0.05) and increased fat mass (4.83 ± 0.47 vs 3.59 ± 0.36 g, p<0.05) compared to the vehicle counterparts. These hyperandrogenemic females additionally showed altered glucose homeostasis, having increased fasting glucose (201.10 ± 11.11 vs 152.80 ± 9.23 mg/dL, p<0.05) and an increased area under the curve (209.2± 11.0 vs 160.8± 3.5 mg.min/dL, p<0.05) following OGTT. Hepatic expression of both classic (Cyp8b1, 1.4 ± 0.1-fold, p<0.05) and alternative (Cyp7b1, 2.0 ± 0.3-fold, p<0.05) bile acid synthesis cytochrome P450 enzyme genes were significantly upregulated in DHT treated animals. Additionally, expression of sulfotransferase Sult2a2 was completely abolished in DHT treated animals compared with vehicle animals, indicating the possibility of androgen regulation of the sulfonation of bile acids marked for elimination. Liver expression of both the bile acid receptor G-protein coupled bile acid receptor 1 and the androgen receptor were both significantly downregulated (Gpbar1: 0.68 ± 0.08-fold, AR: 0.46 ± 0.04-fold, p<0.05) in DHT treated animals. Conclusions: Bile acid synthesis, transport, and elimination are tightly controlled processes in the liver to maintain a constant bile acid pool and limit reabsorption. Together, our results highlight the potential role of androgens in DHT-treated female mice in the dysregulation of bile acid homeostasis and its potential contribution to influence metabolic dysfunction. (Supported by NIH grants NIGMS P20GM-121334 to LLYC and DGR, and NIH NIDDK R21DK-113500 to DGR and the Mississippi Center of Excellence in Perinatal Research.)

MicroRNA-21 Modulates White Adipose Tissue Browning and Altered Thermogenesis in a Mouse Model of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome

Background and Aim: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is associated with obesity, and white adipose tissue (WAT) and brown adipose tissue (BAT) dysregulation. However, the molecular mechanisms that mediate WAT and BAT derangements in PCOS are poorly understood. Subcutaneous (SC) WAT (SC-WAT) can transition to a beige/brite adipose tissue phenotype (browning) under altered thermogenic conditions. MicroRNAs play critical functions in brown adipocyte differentiation and maintenance. We aim to study the role of microRNA-21 (miR-21) in androgen-mediated browning and beiging derangements in both SC-WAT and BAT. Methods: Three week-old miR-21 knockout (miR21KO) or wild type (WT) female mice were treated with dihydrotestosterone (DHT, 8 mg/silastic tube) or vehicle for 90 days (n=12/grp). Body composition was measured by EchoMRI. Energy expenditure (EE), oxygen consumption (VO2), and carbon dioxide production (VCO2) were measured by indirect calorimetry. Glucose homeostasis was measured by oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). HOMA-IR index was calculated from fasting serum glucose and insulin levels. Gene expression for browning (UCP1, Cox7a1, Elov3, Dio2 and Cidea) and beiging (Hspb7 and Txb1) markers was quantified by RT-qPCR in SC-WAT and BAT. Results: DHT increased body weight (25.07 ± 0.52 vs 21.79 ± 0.47 g, p<0.05) and fat mass (4.60 ± 0.46 vs 1.98 ± 0.12 g, p<0.05), impaired OGTT (186.10 ± 5.99 vs 250.70 ± 14.76 mg^.min/dL, p<0.05), and did not significantly change EE, VO2 or VCO2 in WT mice. All browning markers were downregulated by DHT in SC-WAT; however, only iodothyronine deiodinase 2 (Dio2) downregulation reached significance in both SC-WAT and BAT (by 53 and 40%, respectively) compared with the vehicle-treated mice. Beiging markers were significantly upregulated in SC-WAT and did not change in BAT. DHT-treated miR21KO mice showed attenuated DHT-mediated increase in body weight (23.84 ± 0.99 vs 25.07 ± 0.52 g, p<0.05) compared with WT mice. MiR-21 ablation did not modify DHT-mediated increase in fat mass or OGTT but worsened insulin resistance as calculated by the HOMA-IR index. Additionally, DHT-treated miR21KO mice showed a trend to reduced EE, VO2 and VCO2 values compared with DHT-treated WT. Gene expression analysis showed an exacerbation in DHT-mediated reduction in browning markers expression in the SC-WAT. Additionally, the induction in the adaptive beiging response was abolished in SC-WAT. Conclusion and Significance: These findings suggest that adipose tissue miR-21 may have a protective role in PCOS and ameliorate the DHT-mediated decrease in energy expenditure. Adipose tissue-specific modulation of miR-21 levels could be a novel therapeutic approach for the treatment of PCOS-associated metabolic derangements. (Supported by NIH grants NIGMS P20GM121334 to LLYC and DGR, NIDDK R21DK113500 to DGR, NIGMS P20GM104357 and NHLBI P01HL51971).

Androgens and Diet Regulation of SARS‐CoV‐2 Viral Entry Proteins: Implications for COVID‐19 Cardiorenal Outcomes Severity in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome

Background

The susceptibility and the severity of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) are associated with hyperandrogenism, obesity, and pre‐existing pulmonary, metabolic, renal or cardiac conditions. Hyperandrogenemia and ovarian dysfunction characterize polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), the most common endocrine disorder in premenopausal women. Women with PCOS have higher prevalence of obesity and higher incidence of cardiovascular diseases and renal injury, making them a population at risk for severe COVID‐19 outcomes.

Methods

Three‐week‐old female mice were implanted with Silastic tubes filled with the nonaromatizable androgen dihydrotestosterone (DHT, 8 mg) or vehicle (empty tubes). Animals were maintained on high‐fat diet (HFD; 60% kcal fat) or low‐fat diet (LFD; 10% kcal fat, sucrose‐matched) for 90 days. Fat mass (EchoMRI), kidney and left ventricle (LV) weights as well as the cardiac and renal expression of the inflammatory markers interleukin‐6 (IL‐6), tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α), and interleukin‐1β (IL‐1β) were assessed. Moreover, circulatory, urinary, renal and cardiac levels of SARS‐CoV‐2 host cell receptor angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) were quantified. Additionally, renal and cardiac mRNA and protein expression of the multiple cellular proteases required for viral entry (TMPRSS2, TMPRSS4, furin, cathepsin L, and ADAM17) were assessed.

Results

HFD exacerbated DHT‐mediated increases in fat mass (20.28 ± 1.10 vs. 6.78 ± 0.43 g, p<0.05), kidney weight (33.79 ± 1.35 vs. 26.52 ± 1.08 g, p<0.05), LV hypertrophy (7.48 ± 0.21 vs. 6.41 ± 0.28 g, p<0.05) and renal and cardiac expression of the inflammatory marker IL‐6 (1.5 and 2.5‐fold, respectively). PCOS mice on both diets showed higher urinary ACE2 (LFD: 18‐fold, HFD: 10‐fold) and altered renal mRNA and/or protein expression of all the measured targets. DHT upregulated renal TMPRSS2 (1.19 ± 0.04 vs. 0.98 ± 0.03 AU, p<0.05) and cathepsin L (2.64 ± 0.25 vs. 0.62 ± 0.25 AU, p<0.05) proteins in HFD‐fed DHT‐treated mice compared to LFD‐fed DHT‐treated mice. In the heart, LFD‐fed DHT‐treated mice showed no change in ACE2 and the cellular proteases on either the mRNA or protein levels except for ADAM17 protein that was significantly upregulated (1.63‐fold) compared to the vehicle‐treated group. On the other hand, while HFD‐fed DHT‐treated mice showed similar increase in cardiac ADAM17 protein (1.64‐fold vs. LFD‐fed vehicle‐treated), they showed higher mRNA expression of ACE2 (1.83‐fold) and furin (1.32‐fold) compared to the HFD‐fed vehicle‐treated mice.

Conclusion and significance

Our findings highlight women with PCOS as a population with a high risk of COVID‐19 associated cardiac and renal complications. Further, our study suggests dietary control recommendations for optimal management of women with PCOS that can ultimately attenuate COVID‐19 cardiorenal outcomes.

SARS‐CoV‐2 Viral Entry Proteins in Hyperandrogenemic Female Mice: Implications for Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) and COVID‐19

Background

Methods

Results

Conclusions

SARS-CoV-2 Viral Entry Proteins in Hyperandrogenemic Female Mice: Implications for Women with PCOS and COVID-19

SARS-CoV-2, the causative agent of COVID-19, infects host cells using the angiotensin I converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) as its receptor after priming by host proteases, including TMPRSS2. COVID-19 affects multiple organ systems, and male patients suffer increased severity and mortality. Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is the most common endocrine disorder in reproductive-age women and is characterized by hyperandrogenism, ovulatory dysfunction, and polycystic ovarian morphology. PCOS is associated with obesity and cardiometabolic comorbidities, both being risk factors associated with severe COVID-19 pathology. We hypothesize that elevated androgens in PCOS regulate SARS-CoV-2 entry proteins in multiple tissues increasing the risk for this population. Female mice were treated with dihydrotestosterone (DHT) for 90 days. Body composition was measured by EchoMRI. Fasting glucose was determined by an enzymatic method. mRNA and protein levels of ACE2, Tmprss2, Cathepsin L, Furin, Tmprss4, and Adam17 were quantified by RT-qPCR, Western-blot, or ELISA in tissues, serum, and urine. DHT treatment increased body weight, fat and lean mass, and fasting glucose. Ace2 mRNA was upregulated in the lung, cecum, heart, and kidney, while downregulated in the brain by DHT. ACE2 protein was upregulated by DHT in the small intestine, heart, and kidney. The SARS-CoV-2 priming proteases Tmprss2, Cathepsin L, and Furin mRNA were upregulated by DHT in the kidney. ACE2 sheddase Adam17 mRNA was upregulated by DHT in the kidney, which corresponded with increased urinary ACE2 in DHT treated mice. Our results highlight the potential for increased cardiac, renal, and gastrointestinal dysfunction in PCOS women with COVID-19.

Novel 1,2,4-triazine-quinoline hybrids: The privileged scaffolds as potent multi-target inhibitors of LPS-induced inflammatory response via dual COX-2 and 15-LOX inhibition

Based on the observed pharmacophoric structural features for the reported dual COX/15-LOX inhibitors and inspired by the abundance of COX/LOX inhibitory activities reported for the 1,2,4-triazine and quinoline scaffolds, we designed and synthesized novel 1,2,4-triazine-quinoline hybrids (8a-n). The synthesized hybrids were evaluated in vitro as dual COXs/15-LOX inhibitors. The new triazine-quinoline hybrids (8a-n) exhibited potent COX-2 inhibitory profiles (IC₅₀ = 0.047-0.32 μM, SI ∼ 20.6-265.9) compared to celecoxib (IC₅₀ = 0.045 μM, SI ∼ 326). Moreover, they revealed potent inhibitory activities against 15-LOX enzyme compared to reference quercetin (IC₅₀ = 1.81-3.60 vs. 3.34 μM). Hybrid 8e was the most potent and selective dual COX-2/15-LOX inhibitor (COX-2 IC₅₀ = 0.047 μM, SI = 265.9, 15-LOX IC₅₀ = 1.81 μM). These hybrids were further challenged by their ability to inhibit NO, ROS, TNF-α, IL-6 inflammatory mediators, and 15-LOX product, 15-HETE, production in LPS-activated RAW 264.7 macrophages cells. Compound 8e was the most potent hybrid in reducing ROS and 15-HETE levels showing IC₅₀ values of 1.02 μM (11-fold more potent than that of celecoxib, IC₅₀ = 11.75 μM) and 0.17 μM (about 43 times more potent than celecoxib, IC₅₀ = 7.46 μM), respectively. Hybrid 8h exhibited an outstanding TNF-α inhibition with IC₅₀ value of 0.40 μM which was about 25 times more potent than that of celecoxib and diclofenac (IC₅₀ = 10.69 and 10.27 μM, respectively). Docking study of the synthesized hybrids into the active sites of COX-2 and 15-LOX enzymes ensures their favored binding affinity. To our knowledge, herein we reported the first 1,2,4-triazine-quinoline hybrids as dual COX/15-LOX inhibitors.

Endogenous β-endorphin plays a pivotal role in angiotensin II-mediated central neurochemical changes and pressor response

Endorphins are endogenous opioid neuropeptides that are mainly produced from pituitary gland in response to pain and different triggers including interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β) and corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF). Angiotensin II (Ang II) can stimulate β-endorphin production, but the exact molecular mechanisms involved in this effect, and the role of the released β-endorphin in Ang II-mediated pressor response remain elusive. Male rats were injected with IL-1β receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra, 100 μg/kg), the CRF receptor blocker, astressin (20 μg/rat) or a combination of both, prior to Ang II injection (200 μg/kg). Another group of rats was given naloxone (1.6 mg/kg) or telmisartan (5 mg/kg) before Ang II injection. Blood pressure and serum and Paraventricular nucleus (PVN) β-endorphin were detected. Moreover, IL-1β and CRF as well as markers of oxidative stress [malondialdehyde (MDA) and superoxide dismutase (SOD)], inflammation [C-reactive protein (CRP)] and neuronal activation (c-Fos, l-glutamate, and phosphorylated ERK) were measured in the PVN of different groups. Ang II induced a pressor response and increased serum and PVN β-endorphin levels that were attenuated in rats pre-treated with astressin or/and IL-1Ra. Moreover, Ang II increased PVN oxidative stress, inflammation and neuronal activation. Telmisartan abolished the previous effects, while naloxone, astressin and IL-1Ra aggravated Ang II-mediated pressor response and most of the biochemical changes. These findings suggest that, Ang II can induce β-endorphin release via increasing both IL-1β and CRF levels which in result mitigates Ang II-mediated central responses. This study highlights β-endorphin as a possible target for treating hypertension.

Androgens, the kidney, and COVID-19: an opportunity for translational research

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has reached pandemic proportions, affecting millions of people worldwide. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the causative agent of COVID-19. Epidemiological reports have shown that the severity of SARS-CoV-2 infection is associated with preexisting comorbidities such as hypertension, diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular diseases, and chronic kidney diseases, all of which are also risk factors for acute kidney injury (AKI). The kidney has emerged as a key organ affected by SARS-CoV-2. AKI is associated with increased morbidity and mortality in patients with COVID-19. Male sex is an independent predictor for AKI, and an increased death rate has been reported in male patients with COVID-19 worldwide. The mechanism(s) that mediate the sex discrepancy in mortality due to COVID-19 remain(s) unknown. Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)2 is the receptor for SARS-CoV-2. Alterations in the ACE-to-ACE2 ratio have been implicated in renal diseases. This perspective aims to discuss data that suggest that androgens, via alterations in the intrarenal renin-angiotensin system, impair renal hemodynamics, predisposing patients to AKI during COVID-19 infection, which could explain the higher mortality observed in men with COVID-19. Clinicians should ensure early and effective cardiometabolic control for all patients to ameliorate the compensatory elevation of ACE2 and alterations in the ACE-to-ACE2 ratio. A better understanding of the role of androgens in SARS-CoV-2-associated AKI and mortality is imperative. The kidney could constitute a key organ that may explain the sex disparities of the higher mortality and worst outcomes associated with COVID-19 in men.

Thymus algeriensis and Thymus fontanesii exert neuroprotective effect against chronic constriction injury-induced neuropathic pain in rats

We have previously demonstrated that the Thymus algeriensis and Thymus fontanesii extracts have powerful anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, and analgesic effects against acute pain models. We profiled their chemical composition and found many phenolic acids, flavonoids, and phenolic diterpenes. In this work, we investigated their antioxidant properties on HaCaT cells exposed to UVA-induced oxidative stress and examined their effects against chronic neuropathic pain and the underlying mechanisms. Through a rat chronic constriction injury (CCI) model, we induced chronic neuropathic pain by placing 4 loose ligatures around the right sciatic nerve for 14 days. Thermal and mechanical hyperalgesia in addition to cold and dynamic allodynia were tested on the day before surgery and on the 7th and 14th post-surgery days. Key markers of the nitrosative and oxidative stresses, in addition to markers of inflammation, were measured at day 14 post surgery. Histopathological examination and immunostaining of both synaptophysin and caspase-3 of sciatic nerve and brain stem were also performed. Results of this study showed that T. algeriensis extract suppresses UVA oxidative stress in HaCaT cells via activation of the Nrf-2 pathway. Both extracts attenuated hyperalgesia and allodynia at 7- and 14-days post-surgery with more prominent effects at day 14 of surgery. Their protective effects against neuropathic pain were mediated by inhibiting NOX-1, iNOS, by increasing the enzyme activity of catalase, and inhibition of inflammatory mediators, NF-κB, TNF-α, lipoxygenase, COX-2 enzymes, and PGE2. Furthermore, they improved deleterious structural changes of the brainstem and sciatic nerve. They also attenuated the increased caspase-3 and synaptophysin. The data indicate that both extracts have neuroprotective effects against chronic constriction injury-induced neuropathic pain. The observed protective effects are partially mediated through attenuation of oxidative and nitrosative stress and suppression of both neuroinflammation and neuronal apoptosis, suggesting substantial activities of both extracts in amelioration of painful peripheral neuropathy.

Renin-angiotensin system blockade modulates both the peripheral and central components of neuropathic pain in rats: Role of calcitonin gene-related peptide, substance P and nitric oxide

Nonetheless, renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) blockers attenuate neuropathic pain (NP), the exact molecular mechanisms of this effect are not completely understood. The study aimed to investigate the role of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), substance P (SP) and nitric oxide (NO), which are all involved in pain modulation, in the analgesic effect of different RAAS blockers in NP both on the peripheral and on the central levels. NP was induced by sciatic nerve chronic constriction injury (CCI, 14 days) in rats, that were given either centrally (telmisartan and ramipril) or peripherally (losartan and enalapril) acting angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE-Is) or angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs). Behavioural assessment was performed, and CGRP, SP and NO levels were detected in the injured sciatic nerve and the brainstem at the end of experiment. CCI rats showed increased spontaneous pain response and foot deformity along with elevated CGRP, SP and NO levels. ARBs and ACE-Is treatment improved pain behaviour and reduced SP and NO levels. However, sciatic CGRP was increased with different interventions and brainstem CGRP was only elevated in the losartan group. These findings suggest an intermediary role of CGRP, SP and NO in RAAS blockers analgesic effect in NP.

Mechanisms Involved in Superiority of Angiotensin Receptor Blockade over ACE Inhibition in Attenuating Neuropathic Pain Induced in Rats

Although previous reports described the beneficial role of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE-Is) or AT1 receptor blockers (ARBs) in attenuating neuropathic pain (NP), no study has yet explored the exact underlying mechanisms, as well as the superiority of using centrally versus peripherally acting renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) drugs in NP. We investigated the effects of 14 days of treatment with centrally (telmisartan and ramipril) or peripherally (losartan and enalapril) acting ARBs and ACE-Is, respectively, in attenuating peripheral NP induced by sciatic nerve chronic constriction injury (CCI) in rats. We also compared these with the effects of pregabalin, the standard treatment for NP. Behavioral changes, inflammatory markers (NFкB, TNF-α, COX-2, PGE2, and bradykinin), oxidative stress markers (NADPH oxidase and catalase), STAT3 activation, levels of phosphorylated P38-MAPK, ACE, AT1 receptor (AT1R), and AT2 receptor (AT2R), as well as histopathological features, were assessed in the brainstem and sciatic nerve. CCI resulted in clear pain-related behavior along with increased levels of inflammatory and oxidative stress markers, and STAT3 activity, as well as increased levels of phosphorylated P38-MAPK, ACE, AT1R, and AT2R, along with worsened histopathological findings in both the brainstem and sciatic nerve. ARBs improved both animal behavior and all measured parameters in CCI rats and were more effective than ACE-Is. At the tested doses, centrally acting ARBs or ACE-Is were not superior to the peripherally acting drugs of the same category. These findings suggest that ARBs (centrally or peripherally acting) are an effective treatment modality for NP.

Thymus algeriensis and Thymus fontanesii: Chemical Composition, In Vivo Antiinflammatory, Pain Killing and Antipyretic Activities: A Comprehensive Comparison

This study aimed to investigate the chemical composition, and evaluate the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-pyretic, and the analgesic properties of methanol extracts from the leaves of Thymus algeriensis and Thymus fontanesii (Lamiaceae). Thirty-five secondary metabolites were characterized in both extracts using HPLC-PDA-ESI-MS/MS. Phenolic acids, mainly rosmarinic acid and its derivatives, dominated the T. algeriensis extract, while the phenolic diterpene carnosol and the methylated flavonoid salvigenin, prevailed in T. fontanesii extract. Molecular docking study was carried out to estimate the anti-inflammatory potential and the binding affinities of some individual secondary metabolites from both extracts to the main enzymes involved in the inflammation pathway. In vitro enzyme inhibitory assays and in vivo assays were used to investigate the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of the extracts. Results revealed that both studied Thymus species exhibited antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antipyretic effects. They showed to be a more potent antioxidant than ascorbic acid and more selective against cyclooxygenase (COX-2) than diclofenac and indomethacin. Relatively, the T. fontanesii extract was more potent as COX-2 inhibitor than T. algeriensis. In conclusion, Thymus algeriensis and Thymus fontanesii may be interesting candidates for the treatment of inflammation and oxidative stress-related disorders.

CoQ10 exerts hepatoprotective effect in fructose-induced fatty liver model in rats

BACKGROUND

Excess dietary sugar is associated with deleterious metabolic effects, liver injury, and coenzyme-Q10 (CoQ10) deficiency. This study investigates the ability of CoQ10 to protect against fructose-induced hepatic damage.

METHODS

Rats were fed tap water or 30% fructose for 12 weeks with or without CoQ10 (10 mg/kg, po). An additional group of rats were allowed to feed on either water or 30% fructose for 12 weeks, followed by four weeks of treatment with either the vehicle or CoQ10.

RESULTS

Fructose-fed rats showed lower CoQ10 levels, increased systolic pressure, increased body weight, higher liquid consumption, decreased food intake and hyperglycemia. Fructose-fed rats also showed deteriorated serum and liver lipid profiles, impaired liver function tests and oxidative status, and lower expression of adiponectin receptor 1 and 2 along with higher GLUT-2 levels. Furthermore, following fructose treatment, tyrosine kinase-PI3K pathway was inhibited. Additionally, there was an increase in the levels of apoptotic markers and serum visfatin and a decrease in the levels of adiponectin and soluble receptor of the advanced glycated end product. Consequently, several histopathological changes were detected in the liver. Concurrent or three months post-exposure administration of CoQ10 in fructose rats significantly reversed or attenuated all the measured parameters and hepato-cytoarchitecture alterations.

CONCLUSION

This study suggests CoQ10 supplement as a possible prophylaxis or treatment candidate for fructose-induced liver injury.

Renal protective effect of nebivolol in rat models of acute renal injury: role of sodium glucose co-transporter 2

BACKGROUND

Upregulation of the sodium glucose co-transporter (SGLT2) is implicated in acute renal injury (ARI) progression and is regulated by extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha (HIF1α) or prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). This study aimed to assess the possible protective effect of nebivolol on renal ischemia/reperfusion (IR) and glycerol-induced ARI targeting SGLT2 via modulating the ERK-HIF1α pathway.

METHODS

Rats were divided into control, sham, IR or nebivolol-treated group, in which rats were treated with nebivolol (10 mg/kg) for 3 days prior to the induction of IR. The rats were subjected to renal ischemia by bilateral clamping of the pedicles for 45 min, followed by 24 h reperfusion. Another group of rats received the vehicle or nebivolol (10 mg/kg) for 3 days followed by injection of 50% glycerol (8 ml/kg, IM) or saline. Kidney function tests, systolic blood pressure (SBP), oxidative stress markers [malondialdehyde (MDA) and NADPH oxidase] and kidney levels of nitric oxide (NO), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), HIF1α, ERK phosphorylation and PGE2 were determined. Additionally, renal sections were used for histological grading of renal injury and immunological expression of SGLT2.

RESULTS

ARI rats showed significantly increased SBP, poor kidney function tests, increased oxidative stress, iNOS, NO, HIF1α levels, decreased PGE2 and ERK phosphorylation and upregulation of SGLT2 expression. Nebivolol treatment protected against the kidney damage both on the biochemical and histological levels.

CONCLUSION

Nebivolol has a direct renoprotective effect, at least in part, by down-regulating SGLT2 possibly via modulating HIF1α, ERK activity and PGE2 production.

Doxazosin down-regulates sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 and exerts a renoprotective effect in rat models of acute renal injury

Sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT2) is known to be involved in the progression of acute renal injury (ARI) and is regulated by different mediators in the kidneys including extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha (HIF1α) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). In the present study, we investigated the possible protective effect of doxazosin on renal ischaemia/reperfusion (IR) and glycerol-induced ARI by determining its effect on SGLT2 via modifying ERK-HIF1α pathway and/or PGE2. Rats were divided into control, sham or IR where the rats received the vehicle, doxazosin (8 mg/kg) or the SGLT2 inhibitor, dapagliflozin (10 mg/kg) for 3 days followed by 45 minutes bilateral renal ischaemia then 24 hours reperfusion. Another group of rats received the vehicle, doxazosin or dapagliflozin for three days followed by injection of 50% glycerol (8 mL/kg, IM) or saline. Kidney function tests, systolic blood pressure (SBP), oxidative stress markers (malondialdehyde [MDA] and NADPH oxidase), nitric oxide (NO), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), HIF1α, ERK phosphorylation and PGE2 levels were determined. Additionally, renal sections were used for immunological expression of SGLT2. ARI rats showed significantly increased SBP; worsened kidney function tests; increased oxidative stress, iNOS, NO, HIF1α levels; and decreased PGE2 and ERK phosphorylation along with up-regulated SGLT2. Doxazosin treatment protected against the kidney damage and attenuated the associated biochemical changes. Doxazosin has a direct renoprotective effect possibly by down-regulating SGLT2.

Salix tetrasperma Roxb. Extract Alleviates Neuropathic Pain in Rats via Modulation of the NF-κB/TNF-α/NOX/iNOS Pathway

Patients with neuropathic pain experience chronic painful tingling, burning, and prickling sensations accompanied with hyperalgesia and/or allodynia. In this study, 38 secondary metabolites of a methanol extract from Salix tetrasperma flowers were identified by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS). The extract showed substantial anti-inflammatory, central and peripheral anti-nociceptive, antipyretic, and antioxidant activities in vitro and in different animal models. In the chronic constriction injury (CCI) rat model, the extract was able to attenuate and significantly relieve hyperalgesia and allodynia responses in a dose dependent manner and restore the myelin sheath integrity and Schwann cells average number in the sciatic nerve. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) showed that the extract significantly reduced the expression of various pro-inflammatory biomarkers including nuclear factor kabba B (NF-κB), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and the oxidative stress biomarker NADPH oxidase 1 (NOX1), in brain stem and sciatic nerve tissues. These findings were supported by in vitro enzyme inhibition assays (COX-1, COX-2 and 5-LOX). Moreover, the extract significantly reduced p53 expression in the brain stem tissue. These findings support the use of S. tetrasperma in folk medicine to alleviate pain. It could be a promising natural product for further clinical investigations to treat inflammation, nociceptive pain and chronic neuropathic pain.

Chemical profiling of secondary metabolites of Eugenia uniflora and their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, pain killing and anti-diabetic activities: A comprehensive approach

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

The red Brazilian cherry, Eugenia uniflora, is widely used in traditional medicine. The aim of this study was to investigate the phytochemical composition of a methanol extract from leaves of E. uniflora and characterization of the isolated compounds. In addition, we aimed to determine the antioxidant activities in vitro and in a cell-based (HaCaT cell) model. We also studied the anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antipyretic and antidiabetic activities in relevant rat models. The molecular mode of action of the antidiabetic activities was also investigated.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

UV, MS, and NMR (¹H, ¹³C, DEPT, COSY, HMQC, and HMBC) were used to identify the secondary metabolites. Antioxidant effects were determined in vitro and in HaCaT cells. The ani-inflammatory and antidibetic activities were studied in experimental animals.

RESULTS

In this work, a new compound, gallic acid 3-O-[6'-O-acetyl-β-D-glucoside], along with 16 known plant secondary metabolites (PSM) were isolated, characterized using UV, MS, and NMR (¹H, ¹³C, DEPT, COSY, HMQC, and HMBC). Noticeable antioxidant effects were determined in HaCaT cells: The extract reduced the elevated levels of ROS and p38 phosphorylation and increased the reduced glutathione (GSH) content induced by UVA. The extract showed substantial anti-inflammatory activities in vivo: It diminished the edema thickness in carrageenan-induced hind-paw edema rat model and lowered the leukocyte migration into the peritoneal cavity. In rats, central and peripheral anti-nociceptive properties were also observed: The extract reduced the number of writhing in acid induced writhing and increased the latency time in hot plate test. Furthermore, adequate antipyretic effects were observed: The extract reduced the elevated rectal temperature in rats after intraperitoneal injection of Brewer's yeast. Moreover, the extract possessed robust anti-diabetic activity in streptozotocin (STZ) -diabetic rats: It markedly reduced the elevated serum glucose and lipid peroxidation levels and increased the insulin concentration in serum with higher potency than the positive control, glibenclamide. These effects might be associated with the interaction of PSM with the conserved amino acid residues of human pancreatic α-amylase (HPA), maltase glucoamylase (MGAM-C) and aldose reductase (ALR2) revealing considerable binding affinities.

CONCLUSION

A plethora of substantial pharmacological properties indicates that Eugenia uniflora is a good antioxidant and a sustainable by-product with solid therapeutic potential for treating diabetes, inflammation, pain and related oxidative stress diseases.

Characterization of phenolic compounds from Eugenia supra-axillaris leaf extract using HPLC-PDA-MS/MS and its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antipyretic and pain killing activities in vivo

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are involved in the pathophysiology of several health disorders, among others inflammation. Polyphenols may modulate ROS related disorders. In this work, thirty-two phenolic compounds were tentatively identified in a leaf extract from Eugenia supra-axillaris Spring. ex Mart. using HPLC-MS/MS, five of which were also individually isolated and identified. The extract displayed a substantial in vitro antioxidant potential and was capable of decreasing ROS production and hsp-16.2 expression under oxidative stress conditions in vivo in the Caenorhabditis elegans model. Also, the extract showed higher inhibitory selectivity towards COX-2 than COX-1 in vitro with higher selectivity towards COX-2 than that of diclofenac. The extract also exhibited anti-inflammatory properties: It attenuated the edema thickness in a dose dependent fashion in carrageenan-induced hind-paw odema in rats. In addition, the extract reduced the carrageenan-induced leukocyte migration into the peritoneal cavity at the highest dose. Furthermore, the extract showed antipyretic and analgesic activities in a mouse model. Eugenia supra-axillaris appears to be a promising candidate in treating inflammation, pain and related oxidative stress diseases.

Albizia anthelmintica: HPLC-MS/MS profiling and in vivo anti-inflammatory, pain killing and antipyretic activities of its leaf extract

In the current work, the phytochemical composition of a leaf methanol extract from Albizia anthelmintica was thoroughly investigated. The antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antipyretic activities of the extract were investigated. In the carrageenan induced hind paw edema bioassay; the extract significantly reduced the edema thickness in rats and diminished the leukocyte migration to the peritoneal cavity in mice. The extract exhibited central and peripheral anti-nociceptive effects; it significantly decreased the number of acetic acid induced writhes and prolonged the latency time in the hot plate test. The extract showed a substantial antipyretic activity as it decreased significantly the elevated rectal temperature in mice after intraperitoneal injection of Brewer's yeast. Molecular docking of some major compounds in the extract to COX-1, COX-2 and 5-LOX, enzymes involved in the inflammation cascade, revealed appreciable interactions with the conserved amino acid residues in these target proteins. These findings were confirmed with in vitro enzyme inhibitory assays in which the extract showed IC₅₀ values of 4.11, 0.054, and 1.74 μg/mL towards COX-1, COX-2 and 5-LOX, respectively. The extract displayed solid antioxidant properties as well with a TAC value of 35.13 U/L and EC₅₀of 5.36 μg/mL in DPPH assay. These findings suggested that Albizia anthelmintica is a good antioxidant with potential therapeutic efficacy for treating inflammation, pain and related oxidative stress disorders.

Synthesis, in vivo and in silico evaluation of novel 2,3-dihydroquinazolin-4(1H)-one derivatives as potential anticonvulsant agents

In light of the pharmacophoric structural requirements for achieving anticonvulsant activity, a series of N-(1-methyl-4-oxo-2-un/substituted-1,2-dihydroquinazolin-3[4H]-yl)benzamide (4a-g) and N-(1-methyl-4-oxo-2-un/substituted-1,2-dihydroquinazolin-3[4H]-yl)-2-phenylacetamide (4h-n) derivatives were synthesized in two steps starting from the reaction of N-methyl isatoic anhydride with the appropriate hydrazide and followed by condensation with the appropriate aldehyde. The anticonvulsant activities of the synthesized compounds were evaluated according to the anticonvulsant drug development (ADD) programme protocol. Among the synthesized compounds, 4n showed promising activity in both the maximal electroshock (MES) and pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) tests with median effective dose (ED₅₀ ) values of 40.7 and 6 mg/kg, respectively. The six most promising derivatives, 4b, 4a, 4c, 4f, 4j, and 4i, showed very low ED₅₀ values in the PTZ test (3.1, 4.96, 8.68, 9.89, 12, and 13.53 mg/kg, respectively). All the tested compounds showed no to low neurotoxicity in the rotarod test with a wide therapeutic index. Docking studies of compound 4n suggested that GABA_A binding could be the mechanism of action of these derivatives. The in silico drug likeliness parameters indicated that none of the designed compounds violate Lipinski's rule of five and that they are able to cross the blood-brain barrier. Hit, Lead & Candidate Discovery.

Syzygium aqueum: A Polyphenol- Rich Leaf Extract Exhibits Antioxidant, Hepatoprotective, Pain-Killing and Anti-inflammatory Activities in Animal Models

Syzygium aqueum is widely used in folk medicine. A polyphenol-rich extract from its leaves demonstrated a plethora of substantial pharmacological properties. The extract showed solid antioxidant properties in vitro and protected human keratinocytes (HaCaT cells) against UVA damage. The extract also reduced the elevated levels of ALT, AST, total bilirubin (TB), total cholesterol (TC) and triglycerides (TG) in rats with acute CCl₄ intoxication. In addition to reducing the high MDA level, the extract noticeably restored GSH and SOD to the normal control levels in liver tissue homogenates and counteracted the deleterious histopathologic changes in liver after CCl₄ injection. Additionally, the extract exhibited promising anti-inflammatory activities in vitro where it inhibited LOX, COX-1, and COX-2 with a higher COX-2 selectivity than that of indomethacin and diclofenac and reduced the extent of lysis of erythrocytes upon incubation with hypotonic buffer solution. S. aqueum extract also markedly reduced leukocyte numbers with similar activities to diclofenac in rats challenged with carrageenan. Additionally, administration of the extract abolished writhes induced by acetic acid in mice and prolonged the response latency in hot plate test. Meanwhile, the identified polyphenolics from the extract showed a certain affinity for the active pockets of 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX), cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) explaining the observed anti-inflammatory activities. Finally, 87 secondary metabolites (mostly phenolics) were tentatively identified in the extract based on LC-MS/MS analyses. Syzygium aqueum displays good protection against oxidative stress, free radicals, and could be a good candidate for treating oxidative stress related diseases.

Rostral Ventrolateral Medulla EP3 Receptor Mediates the Sympathoexcitatory and Pressor Effects of Prostaglandin E2 in Conscious Rats

Whereas few studies have dealt with the central sympathoexcitatory action of the inflammatory prostanoid prostaglandin E₂ (PGE₂), there is no information on the expression and cardiovascular function of different PGE₂ (EP) receptors in one of the major cardiovascular-regulating nuclei, the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM). The current study aimed at filling this knowledge gap as well as elucidating the implicated molecular mechanisms. To achieve these goals, we showed the expression of EP2, EP3, and EP4 receptors in the RVLM and investigated their cardiovascular roles in conscious rats, ex vivo as well as in cultured PC12 cells. Intra-RVLM PGE₂ significantly increased blood pressure and sympathetic dominance (spectral analysis). Studies with selective EP receptor subtype agonists and antagonists showed that these PGE₂-evoked responses were only replicated by intra-RVLM activation of the EP3 receptor with its agonist sulprostone. The RVLM of PGE₂-treated rats exhibited increases in c-Fos expression and extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 and neuronal nitric oxide synthase phosphorylation along with oxidative stress, and PGE₂ increased l-glutamate release in PC12 cells (surrogates of RVLM neurons). Abrogation of the PGE₂-evoked pressor and biochemical responses only occurred following EP3 receptor blockade (N-[(5-Bromo-2-methoxyphenyl)sulfonyl]-3-[2-(2-naphthalenylmethyl)phenyl]-2-propenamide, L-798106). These findings suggest the dependence of RVLM PGE₂-mediated sympathoexcitation/pressor response on local EP3 receptor signaling in conscious rats, and highlight central EP3 receptor blockade as a potential therapeutic modality for hypertension management.

Central GPR109A Activation Mediates Glutamate-Dependent Pressor Response in Conscious Rats

G protein-coupled receptor 109A (GPR109A) activation by its ligand nicotinic acid (NA) in immune cells increases Ca(2+) levels, and Ca(2+) induces glutamate release and oxidative stress in central blood pressure (BP)-regulating nuclei, for example, the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM), leading to sympathoexcitation. Despite NA's ability to reach the brain, the expression and function of its receptor GPR109A in the RVLM remain unknown. We hypothesized that NA activation of RVLM GPR109A causes Ca(2+)-dependent l-glutamate release and subsequently increases neuronal oxidative stress, sympathetic activity, and BP. To test this hypothesis, we adopted a multilevel approach, which included pharmacologic in vivo studies along with ex vivo and in vitro molecular studies in rat pheochromocytoma cell line (PC12) cells (which exhibit neuronal phenotype). We present the first evidence for GPR109A expression in the RVLM and in PC12 cells. Next, we showed that RVLM GPR109A activation (NA) caused pressor and bradycardic responses in conscious rats. The resemblance of these responses to those caused by intra-RVLM glutamate and their attenuation by NMDA receptor (NMDAR) blockade (2-amino-5-phosphonopentanoic acid) and enhancement by l-glutamate uptake inhibition (l-trans-pyrrolidine-2,4-dicarboxylic acid, PDC) supported our hypothesis. NA increased Ca(2+), glutamate, nitric oxide and reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels in PC12 cells and increased RVLM ROS levels. The inactive NA analog isonicotinic acid failed to replicate the cardiovascular and biochemical effects of NA. Further, GPR109A knockdown (siRNA) abrogated the biochemical effects of NA in PC12 cells. These novel findings yield new insight into the role of RVLM GPR109A in central BP control.