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Patel PA, Lee TJ, Kodeboyina SK, Jones G, Bollinger K, Ulrich L, Bogorad D, Estes A, Zhi W, Sharma S, Sharma A. Intra-population differences of apolipoproteins in the aqueous humor. Lipids Health Dis 2021; 20:128. [PMID: 34602085 PMCID: PMC8487476 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-021-01555-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evidence suggests that proteins related to lipid metabolism, such as apolipoproteins, play an important role in the maintenance of normal vision. While several members of the apolipoprotein family are abundant in human aqueous humor (AH), their study remains difficult due to the AH's small volume, low protein concentration, and the invasive nature of sample collection. In this study, we report the use of Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) to discover associations between AH apolipoproteins and race, gender, and ocular structure in patients with and without primary open angle glaucoma (POAG). METHODS AH samples were collected from 231 patients undergoing phacoemulsification or glaucoma incisional surgery at the Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University and subsequently analyzed via LC-MS/MS. The number of peptide spectrum matches (PSMs) for each protein was used as a semi-quantitative measure of relative protein levels. Parameters related to ocular structure were determined using Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) and Heidelberg Retinal Tomography (HRT). These data sets were probed for relationships between apolipoprotein levels and POAG, demographics (gender and race), and ocular structure. RESULTS A total of ten apolipoproteins were detected in the 231 collected AH samples, with six detected in 100% of the samples, one detected in almost 57% of the samples and three detected in less than 10% of the samples. The levels of APOA1, APOC3, and APOD were higher among POAG subjects. Stratification by gender and race revealed demographic-specific variations. The levels of five apolipoproteins (APOA1, APOA2, APOA4, APOC3, and APOD) were higher in female POAG patients, whereas no apolipoprotein levels were altered in male POAG patients. The levels of APOA1, APOA2, APOA4, and APOD were increased in glaucomatous African American patients, whereas APOE and APOH levels were decreased in glaucomatous Caucasian patients. We also found distinct associations between apolipoprotein levels and OCT and HRT parameters in patients with and without POAG. CONCLUSIONS The intra-population variation in apolipoprotein levels highlights the heterogeneity of glaucoma as a disease, suggesting the importance of personalized treatments. Gender and race-specific alterations may be associated with higher risks of POAG in females and members of the African American population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parth A Patel
- Center for Biotechnology and Genomic Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, 1120 15th Street, CA4094, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Tae Jin Lee
- Center for Biotechnology and Genomic Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, 1120 15th Street, CA4094, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Sai Karthik Kodeboyina
- Center for Biotechnology and Genomic Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, 1120 15th Street, CA4094, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
- Mass General Brigham, 215 First Street, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Garrett Jones
- Center for Biotechnology and Genomic Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, 1120 15th Street, CA4094, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Kathryn Bollinger
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Lane Ulrich
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - David Bogorad
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Amy Estes
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Wenbo Zhi
- Center for Biotechnology and Genomic Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, 1120 15th Street, CA4094, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Shruti Sharma
- Center for Biotechnology and Genomic Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, 1120 15th Street, CA4094, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Ashok Sharma
- Center for Biotechnology and Genomic Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, 1120 15th Street, CA4094, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA.
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA.
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA.
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Lee H, Rhee SJ, Kim J, Lee Y, Kim H, Lee J, Lee K, Shin H, Kim H, Lee TY, Kim M, Kim EY, Kim SH, Ahn YM, Kwon JS, Han D, Ha K. Predictive protein markers for depression severity in mood disorders: A preliminary trans-diagnostic approach study. J Psychiatr Res 2021; 142:63-72. [PMID: 34325234 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2021.07.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Depression is a common symptom of many mental disorders, especially major depressive disorder (MDD) and bipolar disorder (BD). Previous studies have reported that these diseases share common pathophysiological pathways; therefore, this study elucidated whether the plasma levels of protein markers related to common depressive symptoms differed between patients with BD and those with MDD. Plasma samples of 71 patients with mood disorders and clinical manifestations were analyzed in this study. After depleting the abundant proteins, liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and label-free quantification were performed. Five proteins, viz., cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP), apolipoprotein D (APOD), mannan-binding lectin serine protease 2 (MASP2), Ig lambda chain V-II region BO (IGLV2-8) and Ig kappa chain V-III region NG9 (IGKV3-20) were negatively associated with the total scores of the Hamilton depression rating scale (HAM-D), after adjusting for the covariates. CETP and APOD also showed significant negative correlations with the anhedonia/retardation and guilt/agitation scores of the HAM-D. Four proteins, namely, Ig kappa chain V-II region TEW (IGKC; IGKV2D-28), Ig lambda variable 5-45 (IGLV5-45), complement factor H (CFH) and attractin (ATRN), showed significant associations with anhedonia/retardation after adjusting for covariates. Proteins that significantly correlated with the symptoms could predict the remission state of depression (area under the curve [AUC], 0.83) and anhedonia/retardation (AUC, 0.80). Bioinformatics analysis revealed that complement activation, immune response, and lipid metabolism were significantly enriched pathways. Although our study design was cross-sectional and no controls were included, protein markers identified in this preliminary study will be further investigated in our subsequent longitudinal study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunju Lee
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sang Jin Rhee
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jayoun Kim
- Medical Research Collaborating Center, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Yunna Lee
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Kosin University Gospel Hospital, Busan, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hyeyoung Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Inha University Hospital, Incheon, Republic of Korea.
| | - Junhee Lee
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Kangeun Lee
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hyunsuk Shin
- Proteomics Core Facility, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hyeyoon Kim
- Proteomics Core Facility, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Pathology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Tae Young Lee
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan, Republic of Korea.
| | - Minah Kim
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Eun Young Kim
- Department of Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Se Hyun Kim
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Yong Min Ahn
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Institute of Human Behavioral Medicine, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jun Soo Kwon
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Institute of Human Behavioral Medicine, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Dohyun Han
- Proteomics Core Facility, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Kyooseob Ha
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Institute of Human Behavioral Medicine, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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3
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Ermakov EA, Dmitrieva EM, Parshukova DA, Kazantseva DV, Vasilieva AR, Smirnova LP. Oxidative Stress-Related Mechanisms in Schizophrenia Pathogenesis and New Treatment Perspectives. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021; 2021:8881770. [PMID: 33552387 PMCID: PMC7847339 DOI: 10.1155/2021/8881770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is recognized to be a highly heterogeneous disease at various levels, from genetics to clinical manifestations and treatment sensitivity. This heterogeneity is also reflected in the variety of oxidative stress-related mechanisms contributing to the phenotypic realization and manifestation of schizophrenia. At the molecular level, these mechanisms are supposed to include genetic causes that increase the susceptibility of individuals to oxidative stress and lead to gene expression dysregulation caused by abnormal regulation of redox-sensitive transcriptional factors, noncoding RNAs, and epigenetic mechanisms favored by environmental insults. These changes form the basis of the prooxidant state and lead to altered redox signaling related to glutathione deficiency and impaired expression and function of redox-sensitive transcriptional factors (Nrf2, NF-κB, FoxO, etc.). At the cellular level, these changes lead to mitochondrial dysfunction and metabolic abnormalities that contribute to aberrant neuronal development, abnormal myelination, neurotransmitter anomalies, and dysfunction of parvalbumin-positive interneurons. Immune dysfunction also contributes to redox imbalance. At the whole-organism level, all these mechanisms ultimately contribute to the manifestation and development of schizophrenia. In this review, we consider oxidative stress-related mechanisms and new treatment perspectives associated with the correction of redox imbalance in schizophrenia. We suggest that not only antioxidants but also redox-regulated transcription factor-targeting drugs (including Nrf2 and FoxO activators or NF-κB inhibitors) have great promise in schizophrenia. But it is necessary to develop the stratification criteria of schizophrenia patients based on oxidative stress-related markers for the administration of redox-correcting treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgeny A. Ermakov
- Laboratory of Repair Enzymes, Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Division of Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Elena M. Dmitrieva
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Mental Health Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk 634014, Russia
| | - Daria A. Parshukova
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Mental Health Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk 634014, Russia
| | | | | | - Liudmila P. Smirnova
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Mental Health Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk 634014, Russia
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4
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Santana MFM, Lira ALA, Pinto RS, Minanni CA, Silva ARM, Sawada MIBAC, Nakandakare ER, Correa-Giannella MLC, Queiroz MS, Ronsein GE, Passarelli M. Enrichment of apolipoprotein A-IV and apolipoprotein D in the HDL proteome is associated with HDL functions in diabetic kidney disease without dialysis. Lipids Health Dis 2020; 19:205. [PMID: 32921312 PMCID: PMC7488728 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-020-01381-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and aims Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is associated with lipid derangements that worsen kidney function and enhance cardiovascular (CVD) risk. The management of dyslipidemia, hypertension and other traditional risk factors does not completely prevent CVD complications, bringing up the participation of nontraditional risk factors such as advanced glycation end products (AGEs), carbamoylation and changes in the HDL proteome and functionality. The HDL composition, proteome, chemical modification and functionality were analyzed in nondialysis subjects with DKD categorized according to the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and urinary albumin excretion rate (AER). Methods Individuals with DKD were divided into eGFR> 60 mL/min/1.73 m2 plus AER stages A1 and A2 (n = 10) and eGFR< 60 plus A3 (n = 25) and matched by age with control subjects (eGFR> 60; n = 8). Results Targeted proteomic analyses quantified 28 proteins associated with HDL in all groups, although only 2 were more highly expressed in the eGFR< 60 + A3 group than in the controls: apolipoprotein D (apoD) and apoA-IV. HDL from the eGFR< 60 + A3 group presented higher levels of total AGEs (20%), pentosidine (6.3%) and carbamoylation (4.2 x) and a reduced ability to remove 14C-cholesterol from macrophages (33%) in comparison to HDL from controls. The antioxidant role of HDL (lag time for LDL oxidation) was similar among groups, but HDL from the eGFR< 60 + A3 group presented a greater ability to inhibit the secretion of IL-6 and TNF-alpha (95%) in LPS-elicited macrophages in comparison to the control group. Conclusion The increase in apoD and apoA-IV could contribute to counteracting the HDL chemical modification by AGEs and carbamoylation, which contributes to HDL loss of function in well-established DKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monique F M Santana
- Laboratório de Lípides (LIM-10), Hospital das Clínicas (HCFMUSP) da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Dr. Arnaldo 455, room 3305; CEP, São Paulo, 01246-000, Brazil
| | - Aécio L A Lira
- Laboratório de Lípides (LIM-10), Hospital das Clínicas (HCFMUSP) da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Dr. Arnaldo 455, room 3305; CEP, São Paulo, 01246-000, Brazil
| | - Raphael S Pinto
- Laboratório de Lípides (LIM-10), Hospital das Clínicas (HCFMUSP) da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Dr. Arnaldo 455, room 3305; CEP, São Paulo, 01246-000, Brazil.,Centro Universitário CESMAC, Maceio, Alagoas, Brazil
| | - Carlos A Minanni
- Laboratório de Lípides (LIM-10), Hospital das Clínicas (HCFMUSP) da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Dr. Arnaldo 455, room 3305; CEP, São Paulo, 01246-000, Brazil.,Faculdade Israelita de Ciências da Saúde Albert Einstein, Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein (HIAE), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Amanda R M Silva
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria I B A C Sawada
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina, Universidade Nove de Julho, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Edna R Nakandakare
- Laboratório de Lípides (LIM-10), Hospital das Clínicas (HCFMUSP) da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Dr. Arnaldo 455, room 3305; CEP, São Paulo, 01246-000, Brazil
| | - Maria L C Correa-Giannella
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina, Universidade Nove de Julho, São Paulo, Brazil.,Laboratório de Carboidratos e Radioimunoensaio (LIM 18), Hospital das Clínicas (HCFMUSP) da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcia S Queiroz
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina, Universidade Nove de Julho, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Graziella E Ronsein
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marisa Passarelli
- Laboratório de Lípides (LIM-10), Hospital das Clínicas (HCFMUSP) da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Dr. Arnaldo 455, room 3305; CEP, São Paulo, 01246-000, Brazil. .,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina, Universidade Nove de Julho, São Paulo, Brazil.
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5
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Rassart E, Desmarais F, Najyb O, Bergeron KF, Mounier C. Apolipoprotein D. Gene 2020; 756:144874. [PMID: 32554047 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2020.144874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
ApoD is a 25 to 30 kDa glycosylated protein, member of the lipocalin superfamily. As a transporter of several small hydrophobic molecules, its known biological functions are mostly associated to lipid metabolism and neuroprotection. ApoD is a multi-ligand, multi-function protein that is involved lipid trafficking, food intake, inflammation, antioxidative response and development and in different types of cancers. An important aspect of ApoD's role in lipid metabolism appears to involve the transport of arachidonic acid, and the modulation of eicosanoid production and delivery in metabolic tissues. ApoD expression in metabolic tissues has been associated positively and negatively with insulin sensitivity and glucose homeostasis in a tissue dependent manner. ApoD levels rise considerably in association with aging and neuropathologies such as Alzheimer's disease, stroke, meningoencephalitis, moto-neuron disease, multiple sclerosis, schizophrenia and Parkinson's disease. ApoD is also modulated in several animal models of nervous system injury/pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Rassart
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire, Département des Sciences Biologiques, Case Postale 8888, Succursale Centre-ville, Montréal, QC H3C 3P8, Canada.
| | - Frederik Desmarais
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire, Département des Sciences Biologiques, Case Postale 8888, Succursale Centre-ville, Montréal, QC H3C 3P8, Canada; Laboratoire du Métabolisme Moléculaire des Lipides, Université du Québec à Montréal, Département des Sciences Biologiques, Case Postale 8888, Succursale Centre-ville, Montréal, QC H3C 3P8, Canada
| | - Ouafa Najyb
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire, Département des Sciences Biologiques, Case Postale 8888, Succursale Centre-ville, Montréal, QC H3C 3P8, Canada
| | - Karl-F Bergeron
- Laboratoire du Métabolisme Moléculaire des Lipides, Université du Québec à Montréal, Département des Sciences Biologiques, Case Postale 8888, Succursale Centre-ville, Montréal, QC H3C 3P8, Canada
| | - Catherine Mounier
- Laboratoire du Métabolisme Moléculaire des Lipides, Université du Québec à Montréal, Département des Sciences Biologiques, Case Postale 8888, Succursale Centre-ville, Montréal, QC H3C 3P8, Canada
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6
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Lin CH, Lane HY. Early Identification and Intervention of Schizophrenia: Insight From Hypotheses of Glutamate Dysfunction and Oxidative Stress. Front Psychiatry 2019; 10:93. [PMID: 30873052 PMCID: PMC6400883 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a severe mental disorder which leads to functional deterioration. Early detection and intervention are vital for better prognosis. However, the diagnosis of schizophrenia still depends on clinical observation to date. Without reliable biomarkers, schizophrenia is difficult to detect in its early phase. Further, there is no approved medication for prodromal schizophrenia because current antipsychotics fail to show satisfactory efficacy and safety. Therefore, to develop an effective early diagnostic and therapeutic approach for schizophrenia, especially in its prodromal phase, is crucial. Glutamate signaling dysfunction and dysregulation of oxidative stress have been considered to play important roles in schizophrenic prodrome. The N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) is one of three types of ionotropic glutamate receptors. In this article, we reviewed literature regarding NMDAR hypofunction, oxidative stress, and the linkage between both in prodromal schizophrenia. The efficacy of NMDAR enhancers such as D-amino acid oxidase inhibitor was addressed. Finally, we highlighted potential biomarkers related to NMDAR and oxidative stress regulation, and therefore suggested the strategies of early detection and intervention of prodromal schizophrenia. Future larger-scale studies combining biomarkers and novel drug development for early psychosis are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chieh-Hsin Lin
- Department of Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Hsien-Yuan Lane
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Psychiatry and Brain Disease Research Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Psychology, College of Medical and Health Sciences, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
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7
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Desmarais F, Bergeron KF, Lacaille M, Lemieux I, Bergeron J, Biron S, Rassart E, Joanisse DR, Mauriege P, Mounier C. High ApoD protein level in the round ligament fat depot of severely obese women is associated with an improved inflammatory profile. Endocrine 2018; 61:248-257. [PMID: 29869155 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-018-1621-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Apolipoprotein D (ApoD) is a lipocalin participating in lipid transport. It binds to a variety of ligands, with a higher affinity for arachidonic acid, and is thought to have a diverse array of functions. We investigated a potential role for ApoD in insulin sensitivity, inflammation, and thrombosis-processes related to lipid metabolism-in severely obese women. METHODS We measured ApoD expression in a cohort of 44 severely obese women including dysmetabolic and non-dysmetabolic patients. Physical and metabolic characteristics of these women were determined from anthropometric measurements and blood samples. ApoD was quantified at the mRNA and protein levels in samples from three intra-abdominal adipose tissues (AT): omental, mesenteric and round ligament (RL). RESULTS ApoD protein levels were highly variable between AT of the same individual. High ApoD protein levels, particularly in the RL depot, were linked to lower plasma insulin levels (-40%, p = 0.015) and insulin resistance (-47%, p = 0.022), and increased insulin sensitivity (+10%, p = 0.008). Lower circulating pro-inflammatory PAI-1 (-39%, p = 0.001), and TNF-α (-19%, p = 0.030) levels were also correlated to high ApoD protein in the RL AT. CONCLUSIONS ApoD variability between AT was consistent with different accumulation efficiencies and/or metabolic functions according to the anatomic location of fat depots. Most statistically significant correlations implicated ApoD protein levels, in agreement with protein accumulation in target tissues. These correlations associated higher ApoD levels in fat depots with improved metabolic health in severely obese women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederik Desmarais
- BioMed Research Center, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Quebec in Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Karl-F Bergeron
- BioMed Research Center, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Quebec in Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Michel Lacaille
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Isabelle Lemieux
- Research Center of the Quebec University Heart and Lung Institute, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Jean Bergeron
- Endocrinology and Nephrology Axis, Research Center of the University Hospital, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Simon Biron
- Research Center of the Quebec University Heart and Lung Institute, Quebec City, QC, Canada
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Eric Rassart
- BioMed Research Center, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Quebec in Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Denis R Joanisse
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec City, QC, Canada
- Research Center of the Quebec University Heart and Lung Institute, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Pascale Mauriege
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec City, QC, Canada
- Research Center of the Quebec University Heart and Lung Institute, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Catherine Mounier
- BioMed Research Center, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Quebec in Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada.
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8
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Kliuchnikova AA, Samokhina NI, Ilina IY, Karpov DS, Pyatnitskiy MA, Kuznetsova KG, Toropygin IY, Kochergin SA, Alekseev IB, Zgoda VG, Archakov AI, Moshkovskii SA. Human aqueous humor proteome in cataract, glaucoma, and pseudoexfoliation syndrome. Proteomics 2017; 16:1938-46. [PMID: 27193151 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201500423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2015] [Revised: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Twenty-nine human aqueous humor samples from patients with eye diseases such as cataract and glaucoma with and without pseudoexfoliation syndrome were characterized by LC-high resolution MS analysis. In total, 269 protein groups were identified with 1% false discovery rate including 32 groups that were not reported previously for this biological fluid. Since the samples were analyzed individually, but not pooled, 36 proteins were identified in all samples, comprising the constitutive proteome of the fluid. The most dominant molecular function of aqueous humor proteins as determined by GO analysis is endopeptidase inhibitor activity. Label-free protein quantification showed no significant difference between glaucoma and cataract aqueous humor proteomes. At the same time, we found decrease in the level of apolipoprotein D as a marker of the pseudoexfoliation syndrome. The data are available from ProteomeXchange repository (PXD002623).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nadezhda I Samokhina
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Moscow, Russia.,Russian Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Dmitry S Karpov
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Moscow, Russia.,Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Mikhail A Pyatnitskiy
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Moscow, Russia.,Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University (RNRMU), Moscow, Russia
| | | | | | | | - Igor B Alekseev
- Russian Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education, Moscow, Russia
| | | | | | - Sergei A Moshkovskii
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Moscow, Russia.,Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University (RNRMU), Moscow, Russia
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9
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Lee MY, Kim EY, Kim SH, Cho KC, Ha K, Kim KP, Ahn YM. Discovery of serum protein biomarkers in drug-free patients with major depressive disorder. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2016; 69:60-8. [PMID: 27105922 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2016.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Revised: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a systemic and multifactorial disorder involving complex interactions between genetic predisposition and disturbances of various molecular pathways. Its underlying molecular pathophysiology remains unclear, and no valid and objective diagnostic tools for the condition are available. METHODS We performed large-scale proteomic profiling to identify novel peripheral biomarkers implicated in the pathophysiology of MDD in 25 drug-free female MDD patients and 25 healthy controls. First, quantitative serum proteome profiles were obtained and analyzed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry using serum samples from 10 MDD patients and 10 healthy controls. Next, candidate biomarker sets, including differentially expressed proteins from the profiling experiment and those identified in the literature, were verified using multiple-reaction monitoring in 25 patients and 25 healthy controls. The final panel of potential biomarkers was selected using multiparametric statistical analysis. RESULTS We identified a serum biomarker panel consisting of six proteins: apolipoprotein D, apolipoprotein B, vitamin D-binding protein, ceruloplasmin, hornerin, and profilin 1, which could be used to distinguish MDD patients from controls with 68% diagnostic accuracy. Our results suggest that modulation of the immune and inflammatory systems and lipid metabolism are involved in the pathophysiology of MDD. CONCLUSIONS Our findings of functional proteomic changes in the peripheral blood of patients with MDD further clarify the molecular biological pathway underlying depression. Further studies using larger, independent cohorts are needed to verify the role of these candidate biomarkers for the diagnosis of MDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Young Lee
- Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle, WA, United States; Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Applied Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Young Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Sanggye Paik Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Se Hyun Kim
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Dongguk University Medical School, Dongguk University International Hospital, Goyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Cho Cho
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Applied Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyooseob Ha
- Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Republic of Korea;; Seoul National Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Institute of Human Behavioral Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang Pyo Kim
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Applied Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Republic of Korea.
| | - Yong Min Ahn
- Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Institute of Human Behavioral Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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10
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Najyb O, Do Carmo S, Alikashani A, Rassart E. Apolipoprotein D Overexpression Protects Against Kainate-Induced Neurotoxicity in Mice. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:3948-3963. [PMID: 27271124 PMCID: PMC7091089 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-9920-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Excitotoxicity due to the excessive activation of glutamatergic receptors leads to neuronal dysfunction and death. Excitotoxicity has been implicated in the pathogenesis of a myriad of neurodegenerative diseases with distinct etiologies such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's. Numerous studies link apolipoprotein D (apoD), a secreted glycoprotein highly expressed in the central nervous system (CNS), to maintain and protect neurons in various mouse models of acute stress and neurodegeneration. Here, we used a mouse model overexpressing human apoD in neurons (H-apoD Tg) to test the neuroprotective effects of apoD in the kainic acid (KA)-lesioned hippocampus. Our results show that apoD overexpression in H-apoD Tg mice induces an increased resistance to KA-induced seizures, significantly attenuates inflammatory responses and confers protection against KA-induced cell apoptosis in the hippocampus. The apoD-mediated protection against KA-induced toxicity is imputable in part to increased plasma membrane Ca2+ ATPase type 2 expression (1.7-fold), decreased N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) subunit NR2B levels (30 %) and lipid metabolism alterations. Indeed, we demonstrate that apoD can attenuate intracellular cholesterol content in primary hippocampal neurons and in brain of H-apoD Tg mice. In addition, apoD can be internalised by neurons and this internalisation is accentuated in ageing and injury conditions. Our results provide additional mechanistic information on the apoD-mediated neuroprotection in neurodegenerative conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ouafa Najyb
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire, Département des Sciences Biologiques, Centre BioMed, Université du Québec à Montréal, Case Postale 8888, Succursale Centre-ville, Montréal, QC, H3C-3P8, Canada
| | - Sonia Do Carmo
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire, Département des Sciences Biologiques, Centre BioMed, Université du Québec à Montréal, Case Postale 8888, Succursale Centre-ville, Montréal, QC, H3C-3P8, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Azadeh Alikashani
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire, Département des Sciences Biologiques, Centre BioMed, Université du Québec à Montréal, Case Postale 8888, Succursale Centre-ville, Montréal, QC, H3C-3P8, Canada
| | - Eric Rassart
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire, Département des Sciences Biologiques, Centre BioMed, Université du Québec à Montréal, Case Postale 8888, Succursale Centre-ville, Montréal, QC, H3C-3P8, Canada.
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11
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Armanmehr S, Kalhor HR, Tabarraei A. Production of a soluble and functional recombinant apolipoproteinD in the Pichia pastoris expression system. Protein Expr Purif 2016; 121:157-62. [PMID: 26826316 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2016.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2015] [Revised: 01/17/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
ApolipoproteinD (ApoD) is a human glycoprotein from the lipocalin family. ApoD contains a conserved central motif of an 8-stranded antiparallel β-sheet, which forms a beta-barrel that can be used for transport and storage of diverse hydrophobic ligands. Due to hydrophobic nature of ApoD, it has been difficult to generate a recombinant version of this protein. In the present work, we aimed at the production of ApoD in the robust Pichia pastoris expression system. To this end, the ApoD gene sequence was synthesized and subcloned for expression in the yeast host cells. Following integration of the ApoD gene into the yeast genomic region using homologous recombination, the ApoD recombinant protein was induced using methanol, reaching its maximum induction at 96 h. Having purified the ApoD recombinant protein by affinity chromatography, we measured the dissociation constant (KD) using its natural ligands: progesterone and arachidonic acid. Our results provide a viable solution to the production of recombinant ApoD protein in lieu of previous obstacles in generating soluble and functional ApoD protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiva Armanmehr
- Metabolic Disorder Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Science, Gorgan, Iran; Department of Chemistry, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamid Reza Kalhor
- Department of Chemistry, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Alijan Tabarraei
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Golestan University of Medical Science, Gorgan, Iran
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12
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Apolipoprotein D subcellular distribution pattern in neuronal cells during oxidative stress. Acta Histochem 2015; 117:536-44. [PMID: 25953740 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2015.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2015] [Revised: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Apolipoprotein D (Apo D) is a secreted glycoprotein, member of the lipocalin superfamily, with a related beneficial role in metabolism and lipid transport due to the presence of a binding pocket that allows its interaction with several lipids. Nowadays, it has been clearly demonstrated that Apo D expression is induced and its subcellular location undergoes modifications in stressful and pathological conditions that characterize aging processes and neurodegenerative diseases. The aim of the present work was to study in detail the effect of H2O2 on the subcellular location of Apo D, in the hippocampal cell line HT22, by structural, ultrastructural, immunocytochemical, and molecular techniques in order to characterize the Apo D distribution pattern in neurons during oxidative stress. Our results indicate that Apo D is located in the cytoplasm under physiological conditions but treatment with H2O2 induces apoptosis and causes a displacement of Apo D location to the nucleus, coinciding with DNA fragmentation. In addition, we demonstrated that Apo D tends to accumulate around the nuclear envelope in neurons and glial cells of different brain areas in some neurodegenerative diseases and during human aging, but never inside the nucleus. These data suggest that the presence of Apo D in the nucleus, which some authors related with a specific transport, is a consequence of structural and functional alterations during oxidative stress and not the result of a specific role in the regulation of nuclear processes.
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13
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Najyb O, Brissette L, Rassart E. Apolipoprotein D Internalization Is a Basigin-dependent Mechanism. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:16077-87. [PMID: 25918162 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.644302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Apolipoprotein D (apoD), a member of the lipocalin family, is a 29-kDa secreted glycoprotein that binds and transports small lipophilic molecules. Expressed in several tissues, apoD is up-regulated under different stress stimuli and in a variety of pathologies. Numerous studies have revealed that overexpression of apoD led to neuroprotection in various mouse models of acute stress and neurodegeneration. This multifunctional protein is internalized in several cells types, but the specific internalization mechanism remains unknown. In this study, we demonstrate that the internalization of apoD involves a specific cell surface receptor in 293T cells, identified as the transmembrane glycoprotein basigin (BSG, CD147); more particularly, its low glycosylated form. Our results show that internalized apoD colocalizes with BSG into vesicular compartments. Down-regulation of BSG disrupted the internalization of apoD in cells. In contrast, overexpression of basigin in SH-5YSY cells, which poorly express BSG, restored the uptake of apoD. Cyclophilin A, a known ligand of BSG, competitively reduced apoD internalization, confirming that BSG is a key player in the apoD internalization process. In summary, our results demonstrate that basigin is very likely the apoD receptor and provide additional clues on the mechanisms involved in apoD-mediated functions, including neuroprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ouafa Najyb
- From the Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire and
| | - Louise Brissette
- Laboratoire du Métabolisme des Lipoprotéines, Département des Sciences Biologiques, Centre BioMed, Université du Québec à Montréal, Succursale Centre-ville, Montréal, Quebec H3C 3P8, Canada
| | - Eric Rassart
- From the Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire and
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14
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Schiefner A, Skerra A. The menagerie of human lipocalins: a natural protein scaffold for molecular recognition of physiological compounds. Acc Chem Res 2015; 48:976-85. [PMID: 25756749 DOI: 10.1021/ar5003973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
While immunoglobulins are well-known for their characteristic ability to bind macromolecular antigens (i.e., as antibodies during an immune response), the lipocalins constitute a family of proteins whose role is the complexation of small molecules for various physiological processes. In fact, a number of low-molecular-weight substances in multicellular organisms show poor solubility, are prone to chemical decomposition, or play a pathophysiological role and thus require specific binding proteins for transport through body fluids, storage, or sequestration. In many cases, lipocalins are involved in such tasks. Lipocalins are small, usually monomeric proteins with 150-180 residues and diameters of approximately 40 Å, adopting a compact fold that is dominated by a central eight-stranded up-and-down β-barrel. At the amino-terminal end, this core is flanked by a coiled polypeptide segment, while its carboxy-terminal end is followed by an α-helix that leans against the β-barrel as well as an amino acid stretch in a more-or-less extended conformation, which finally is fixed by a disulfide bond. Within the β-barrel, the antiparallel strands (designated A to H) are arranged in a (+1)7 topology and wind around a central axis in a right-handed manner such that part of strand A is hydrogen-bonded to strand H again. Whereas the lower region of the β-barrel is closed by short loops and densely packed hydrophobic side chains, including many aromatic residues, the upper end is usually open to solvent. There, four long loops, each connecting one pair of β-strands, together form the entrance to a cup-shaped cavity. Depending on the individual structure of a lipocalin, and especially on the lengths and amino acid sequences of its four loops, this pocket can accommodate chemical ligands of various sizes and shapes, including lipids, steroids, and other chemical hormones as well as secondary metabolites such as vitamins, cofactors, or odorants. While lipocalins are ubiquitous in all higher organisms, physiologically important members of this family have long been known in the human body, for example with the plasma retinol-binding protein that serves for the transport of vitamin A. This prototypic human lipocalin was the first for which a crystal structure was solved. Notably, several other lipocalins were discovered and assigned to this protein class before the term itself became familiar, which explains their diverse names in the scientific literature. To date, up to 15 distinct members of the lipocalin family have been characterized in humans, and during the last two decades the three-dimensional structures of a dozen major subtypes have been elucidated. This Account presents a comprehensive overview of the human lipocalins, revealing common structural principles but also deviations that explain individual functional features. Taking advantage of modern methods for combinatorial protein design, lipocalins have also been employed as scaffolds for the construction of artifical binding proteins with novel ligand specificities, so-called Anticalins, hence opening perspectives as a new class of biopharmaceuticals for medical therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Schiefner
- Munich Center for Integrated
Protein Science (CIPS-M) and Lehrstuhl für Biologische Chemie, Technische Universität München, 85350 Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Arne Skerra
- Munich Center for Integrated
Protein Science (CIPS-M) and Lehrstuhl für Biologische Chemie, Technische Universität München, 85350 Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
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15
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Muffat J, Walker DW. Apolipoprotein D: an overview of its role in aging and age-related diseases. Cell Cycle 2010; 9:269-73. [PMID: 20023409 DOI: 10.4161/cc.9.2.10433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Julien Muffat
- Division of Biology, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
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16
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Expression of somatostatin and somatostatin receptor subtypes in Apolipoprotein D (ApoD) knockout mouse brain: An immunohistochemical analysis. J Chem Neuroanat 2009; 38:20-33. [PMID: 19465111 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2009.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2008] [Revised: 04/30/2009] [Accepted: 05/12/2009] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Apolipoprotein D (ApoD) is widely distributed in central and peripheral nervous system. ApoD expression has been shown to increase in several neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric disorders, as well as during regeneration in the nervous system. Like ApoD, in the central nervous system somatostatin (SST) is widely present and functions as neurotransmitter and neuromodulator. The biological effects of SST are mediated via binding to five high-affinity G-protein coupled receptors termed SSTR1-5. Mice lacking ApoD exhibit reduced SST labeling in cortex and hippocampus and increased expression in striatum and amygdala without any noticeable changes in substantia nigra. Changes in SSTRs expressions have been described in several neurodegenerative disorders including Alzheimer's, Parkinson's and Huntington's diseases. In the present study, using SSTR1-5 receptor-specific antibodies, we mapped their distribution in wild type (wt) and ApoD knockout (ApoD(-/-)) mouse brain. SSTR1-5 expression was observed both as membrane and cytoplasmic protein and display regions and receptor specific differences between wt and ApoD(-/-) mice brains. In cortex and hippocampus, SSTR subtypes like immunoreactivity are decreased in ApoD(-/-) mice brain. Unlike cortex and hippocampus, in the striatum of ApoD(-/-) mice, projection neurons showed increased SSTR immunoreactivity, as compared to wt. Higher SSTR subtypes immunoreactivity is seen in substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) whereas lower in substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNpr) of ApoD(-/-) mice brains as compared to wt. Whereas, amygdala displayed SSTR subtypes changes in different nuclei of ApoD(-/-) mice in comparison to wt mice brain. Taken together, our results describe receptor and region specific changes in SST and SSTR subtypes expression in ApoD(-/-) mice brain, which may be linked to specific neurological disorders.
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17
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Denmark DL, Buck KJ. Molecular analyses and identification of promising candidate genes for loci on mouse chromosome 1 affecting alcohol physical dependence and associated withdrawal. GENES BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR 2008; 7:599-608. [PMID: 18363851 DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-183x.2008.00396.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We recently mapped quantitative trait loci (QTLs) with large effects on predisposition to physical dependence and associated withdrawal severity following chronic and acute alcohol exposure (Alcdp1/Alcw1) to a 1.1-Mb interval of mouse chromosome 1 syntenic with human chromosome 1q23.2-23.3. Here, we provide a detailed analysis of the genes within this interval and show that it contains 40 coding genes, 17 of which show validated genotype-dependent transcript expression and/or non-synonymous coding sequence variation that may underlie the influence of Alcdp1/Alcw1 on ethanol dependence and associated withdrawal. These high priority candidates are involved in diverse cellular functions including intracellular trafficking, oxidative homeostasis, mitochondrial respiration, and extracellular matrix dynamics, and indicate both established and novel aspects of the neurobiological response to ethanol. This work represents a substantial advancement toward identification of the gene(s) that underlies the phenotypic effects of Alcdp1/Alcw1. Additionally, a multitude of QTLs for a variety of complex traits, including diverse behavioral responses to ethanol, have been mapped in the vicinity of Alcdp1/Alcw1, and as many as four QTLs on human chromosome 1q have been implicated in human mapping studies for alcoholism and associated endophenotypes. Thus, our results will be primary to further efforts to identify genes involved in a wide variety of behavioral responses to alcohol and may directly facilitate progress in human alcoholism genetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- D L Denmark
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Neuroscience Graduate Program, and Portland Alcohol Research Center, Veterans Affairs Medical Center and Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA.
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18
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Neuroprotective effect of apolipoprotein D against human coronavirus OC43-induced encephalitis in mice. J Neurosci 2008; 28:10330-8. [PMID: 18842892 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2644-08.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Apolipoprotein D (apoD) is a lipocalin upregulated in the nervous system after injury or pathologies such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and multiple sclerosis. We previously demonstrated that apoD protects against neuropathology by controlling the level of peroxidated lipids. Here, we further investigated the biological function of apoD in a mouse model of acute encephalitis. Our results show that apoD transcript and protein are upregulated during acute encephalitis induced by the human coronavirus OC43 (HCoV-OC43) infection. The apoD upregulation coincides with glial activation, and its expression returns to normal levels when the virus is cleared, concomitantly to a resolved glial reactivity. In addition, the overexpression of human apoD in the neurons of Thy-1/ApoD transgenic mice results in a threefold increase of the number of mice surviving to HCoV-OC43 infection. This increased survival rate is correlated with an upregulated glial activation associated with a limited innate immune response (cytokines, chemokines) and T-cell infiltration into infected brains. Moreover, the protection seems to be associated with a restricted phospholipase A2 activity. These data reveal a role for apoD in the regulation of inflammation and suggest that it protects from HCoV-OC43-induced encephalitis, most likely through the phospholipase A2 signaling pathways.
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19
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Ganfornina MD, Do Carmo S, Lora JM, Torres-Schumann S, Vogel M, Allhorn M, González C, Bastiani MJ, Rassart E, Sanchez D. Apolipoprotein D is involved in the mechanisms regulating protection from oxidative stress. Aging Cell 2008; 7:506-15. [PMID: 18419796 DOI: 10.1111/j.1474-9726.2008.00395.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Many nervous system pathologies are associated with increased levels of apolipoprotein D (ApoD), a lipocalin also expressed during normal development and aging. An ApoD homologous gene in Drosophila, Glial Lazarillo, regulates resistance to stress, and neurodegeneration in the aging brain. Here we study for the first time the protective potential of ApoD in a vertebrate model organism. Loss of mouse ApoD function increases the sensitivity to oxidative stress and the levels of brain lipid peroxidation, and impairs locomotor and learning abilities. Human ApoD overexpression in the mouse brain produces opposite effects, increasing survival and preventing the raise of brain lipid peroxides after oxidant treatment. These observations, together with its transcriptional up-regulation in the brain upon oxidative insult, identify ApoD as an acute response protein with a protective and therefore beneficial function mediated by the control of peroxidated lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria D Ganfornina
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Fisiología-IBGM, Universidad de Valladolid-CSIC, 47003 Valladolid, Spain
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20
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Befort K, Filliol D, Darcq E, Ghate A, Matifas A, Lardenois A, Muller J, Thibault C, Dembele D, Poch O, Kieffer BL. Gene expression is altered in the lateral hypothalamus upon activation of the mu opioid receptor. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2008; 1129:175-84. [PMID: 18591478 DOI: 10.1196/annals.1417.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The lateral hypothalamus (LH) is a brain structure that controls hedonic properties of both natural rewards and drugs of abuse. Mu opioid receptors are known to mediate drug reward, but whether overstimulation of these receptors impacts on LH function has not been studied. Here we have used a genome-wide microarray approach to identify LH responses to chronic mu opioid receptor activation at the transcriptional level. We have subjected wild-type and mu opioid receptor knockout mice to an escalating morphine regimen, which produces severe physical dependence in wild-type but not mutant animals. We have analyzed gene profiles in LH samples using the 430A.2 Affymetrix array and identified a set of 25 genes whose expression is altered by morphine in wild-type mice only. The regulation was confirmed for a subset of these genes using real-time quantitative PCR on samples from independent treatments. Altered expression of aquaporin 4, apolipoprotein D, and prostaglandin synthase is indicative of modified LH physiology. The regulation of two signaling genes (the serum glucocorticoid kinase and the regulator of G protein signaling 4) suggests that neurotransmission is altered in LH circuitry. Finally, the downregulation of apelin may indicate a potential role for this neuropeptide in opioid signaling and hedonic homeostasis. Altogether, our study shows that chronic mu opioid receptor stimulation induces gene expression plasticity in the LH and provides a unique collection of mu opioid receptor-dependent genes that potentially contribute to alter reward processes in addictive diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Befort
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Département Neurobiologie et Génétique, Illkirch, France.
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21
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Human ApoD, an apolipoprotein up-regulated in neurodegenerative diseases, extends lifespan and increases stress resistance in Drosophila. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2008; 105:7088-93. [PMID: 18458334 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0800896105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Apolipoprotein D (ApoD) expression increases in several neurological disorders and in spinal cord injury. We provide a report of a physiological role for human ApoD (hApoD): Flies overexpressing hApoD are long-lived and protected against stress conditions associated with aging and neurodegeneration, including hyperoxia, dietary paraquat, and heat stress. We show that the fly ortholog, Glial Lazarillo, is strongly up-regulated in response to these extrinsic stresses and also can protect in vitro-cultured cells in situations modeling Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD). In adult flies, hApoD overexpression reduces age-associated lipid peroxide accumulation, suggesting a proximal mechanism of action. Similar data obtained in the mouse [Ganfornina, M.D., et al., (2008) Apolipoprotein D is involved in the mechanisms regulating protection from oxidative stress. Aging Cell 10.1111/j.1474-9726.2008.00395.] as well as in plants (Charron et al., personal communication) suggest that ApoD and its orthologs play an evolutionarily conserved role in response to stress, possibly managing or preventing lipid peroxidation.
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22
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Søiland H, Janssen EAM, Kørner H, Varhaug JE, Skaland I, Gudlaugsson E, Baak JPA, Søreide JA. Apolipoprotein D predicts adverse outcome in women ≥70 years with operable breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2008; 113:519-28. [DOI: 10.1007/s10549-008-9955-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2008] [Accepted: 02/25/2008] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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23
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Eichinger A, Nasreen A, Kim HJ, Skerra A. Structural Insight into the Dual Ligand Specificity and Mode of High Density Lipoprotein Association of Apolipoprotein D. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:31068-75. [PMID: 17699160 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m703552200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Human apolipoprotein D (ApoD) occurs in plasma associated with high density lipoprotein. Apart from the involvement in lipid metabolism, its binding activity for progesterone and arachidonic acid plays a role in cancer development and neurological diseases. The crystal structures of free ApoD and its complex with progesterone were determined at 1.8A resolution and reveal a lipocalin fold. The narrow, mainly uncharged pocket within the typical beta-barrel accommodates progesterone with its acetyl side chain oriented toward the bottom. The cavity adopts essentially the same shape in the absence of progesterone and allows complexation of arachidonic acid as another cognate ligand. Three of the four extended loops at the open end of the beta-barrel expose hydrophobic side chains, which is an unusual feature for lipocalins and probably effects association with the high density lipoprotein particle by mediating insertion into the lipid phase. This mechanism is in line with an unpaired Cys residue in the same surface region that can form a disulfide cross-link with apolipoprotein A-II.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Eichinger
- Lehrstuhl für Biologische Chemie, Technische Universität München, 85350 Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
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24
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Thomas EA. Molecular profiling of antipsychotic drug function: convergent mechanisms in the pathology and treatment of psychiatric disorders. Mol Neurobiol 2007; 34:109-28. [PMID: 17220533 DOI: 10.1385/mn:34:2:109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2006] [Revised: 11/30/1999] [Accepted: 06/21/2006] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Despite great progress in antipsychotic drug research, the molecular mechanisms by which these drugs work have remained elusive. High-throughput gene profiling methods have advanced this field by allowing the simultaneous investigation of hundreds to thousands of genes. However, different methodologies, choice of brain region, and drugs studied have made comparisons across different studies difficult. Because of the complexity of gene expression changes caused by drugs, teasing out the most relevant expression differences is a challenging task. One approach is to focus on gene expression changes that converge on the same systems that were previously deemed important to the pathology of psychiatric disorders. From the microarray studies performed on human postmortem brain samples from schizophrenics, the systems most implicated to be dysfunctional are synaptic machinery, oligodendrocyte/myelin function, and mitochondrial/ubiquitin metabolism. Drugs may act directly or indirectly to compensate for underlying pathological deficits in schizophrenia or via other mechanisms that converge on these pathways. Side effects, consisting of motor and metabolic dysfunction (which occur with typical and atypical drugs, respectively), also may be mediated by gene expression changes that have been reported in these studies. This article surveys both the convergent antipsychotic mechanisms and the genes that may be responsible for other effects elicited by antipsychotic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Thomas
- Department of Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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Thomas EA, Yao JK. Clozapine specifically alters the arachidonic acid pathway in mice lacking apolipoprotein D. Schizophr Res 2007; 89:147-53. [PMID: 17011169 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2006.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2006] [Revised: 08/08/2006] [Accepted: 08/10/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Apolipoprotein D (apoD), a member of the lipocalin superfamily of lipid-binding proteins, exhibits abundant expression within the CNS of many species, including humans; however, its physiological role remains unclear. Treatment with atypical antipsychotic drugs, especially clozapine, results in elevation of apoD expression levels in rodent brain and in human plasma samples. In order to further explore the role of apoD in mechanisms of clozapine function, we have measured a panel of membrane fatty acids and membrane lipids in brain from drug-treated apoD knock-out mice. Mice received clozapine (10 mg/kg/day) in their drinking water for 28 days and forebrain samples were analyzed using high performance liquid chromatography and capillary gas chromatography. We identified significant differences in the levels of membrane fatty acids in response to clozapine treatment specifically in the brains of apoD knock-out mice, but not wild-type (wt) mice. The most striking observations were decreases in the levels of fatty acids related to metabolism of arachidonic acid (AA), which is a known binding partner for apoD. These include the precursor to arachidonic acid, linoleic acid (LA; 18:2n6c), arachidonic acid itself (20:4n6) and the elongation product of arachidonic acid, adrenic acid (22:4n6). We further report increases in LA, eicosadienoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid in apoD knock-out compared to wild-type mice. These findings implicate an important apoD/AA interaction, which may be necessary for clozapine function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Thomas
- Department of Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Rd., MB-10, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States.
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Hansen T, Hemmingsen RP, Wang AG, Olsen L, Timm S, Søeby K, Jakobsen KD, Fenger M, Parnas J, Rasmussen HB, Werge T. Apolipoprotein D is associated with long-term outcome in patients with schizophrenia. THE PHARMACOGENOMICS JOURNAL 2006; 6:120-5. [PMID: 16402085 DOI: 10.1038/sj.tpj.6500350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence implicates deficiencies in apolipoprotein D (ApoD) function and arachidonic acid signaling in schizophrenic disorders. We addressed two hypotheses in relation to ApoD: first, polymorphisms in the ApoD gene confer susceptibility to or are markers of disease, and, second, genetic variation in the ApoD is associated with long-term clinical outcome to antipsychotic treatment. We genotyped two single-nucleotide polymorphisms in the ApoD gene in 343 chronic patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders (ICD-10) and 346 control subjects of Danish origin. We did not find ApoD alleles, genotypes or haplotypes to be associated with disease. However, we did find that long-term clinical outcome was associated with the ApoD polymorphism rs7659 (P = 0.041) following adjustment for lifetime clinical global impression, age at first admission and gender.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Hansen
- Research Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Copenhagen University Hospital, H:S Sct. Hans Hospital, Roskilde, Denmark
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Nasreen A, Vogt M, Kim HJ, Eichinger A, Skerra A. Solubility engineering and crystallization of human apolipoprotein D. Protein Sci 2006; 15:190-9. [PMID: 16322568 PMCID: PMC2242363 DOI: 10.1110/ps.051775606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2005] [Revised: 09/30/2005] [Accepted: 10/03/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Human apolipoprotein D (ApoD) is a physiologically important member of the lipocalin protein family that was discovered as a peripheral subunit of the high-density lipoprotein (HDL) but is also abundant in other body fluids and organs, including neuronal tissue. Although it has been possible to produce functional ApoD in the periplasm of Escherichia coli and to demonstrate its ligand-binding activity for progesterone and arachidonic acid, the recombinant protein suffers from a pronounced tendency to aggregate and to adsorb to vessel surfaces as well as chromatography matrices, thus hampering further structural investigation. Here, we describe a systematic mutagenesis study directed at presumably exposed hydrophobic side chains of the unglycosylated recombinant protein. As a result, one ApoD mutant with just three new amino acid substitutions--W99H, I118S, and L120S--was identified, which exhibits the following features: (1) improved yield upon periplasmic biosynthesis in E. coli, (2) elution as a monomeric protein from a gel permeation chromatography column, and (3) unchanged binding activity for its physiological ligands. In addition, the engineered ApoD was successfully crystallized (space group I4 with unit cell parameters a = 75.1 A, b = 75.1 A, c = 166.0 A, alpha = beta = gamma = 90 degrees), thus demonstrating its conformationally homogeneous behavior and providing a basis for the future X-ray structural analysis of this functionally still puzzling protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber Nasreen
- Lehrstuhl für Biologische Chemie, Technische Universität München, D-85350 Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
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Abstract
Several atypical antipsychotics have become available for the treatment of schizophrenia that are at least as effective as conventional treatment and with fewer extrapyramidal side effects. Their presumed mechanisms of therapeutic action vary and are no longer limited to dopamine D2 receptor antagonism. Numerous novel drugs are in development, with a variety of receptor affinities and other supposed therapeutic effects. This article will review current developments in drug discovery alongside contemporary evidence for potential substrates and mechanisms of antipsychotic action. Despite many promising developments there is no ideal antipsychotic to date. Progress in drug treatment for schizophrenia is confronted by several areas of difficulty which, barring serendipity, must be resolved before real advances can be anticipated.
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