1
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Sharma A, Sharma A, Parkash J, Changotra H. An artificial-restriction fragment length polymorphism (A-RFLP) method for genotyping intronic SNP rs7587633 C/T of ATG16L1. NUCLEOSIDES, NUCLEOTIDES & NUCLEIC ACIDS 2024:1-11. [PMID: 38660996 DOI: 10.1080/15257770.2024.2344736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
SNPs could either cause a disorder or directly alter the efficacy of a particular treatment and act as biological markers. The SNP rs7587633 C/T present in the intronic region of the ATG16L1 gene has been studied for its role in psoriasis vulgaris and Palmoplantar pustulosis. To genotype rs7587633 C/T using PCR-RFLP no restriction site is present for any of the restriction enzymes at the SNP position. To develop an artificial-RFLP method for genotyping rs7587633 C/T, the forward primer was designed in such a way that it resulted in the creation of an EcoRI restriction site in the amplified product which could further be digested with EcoRI to find the genotype of the individual. The newly developed A-RFLP method was applied to genotype the SNP rs7587633 C/T in DNA samples of 100 healthy control individuals. The allelic and genotypic frequencies of the SNPs were 0.80(C), 0.20(T) and 65%(CC), 31%(CT) and 4%(TT), respectively. In conclusion, we developed an A-RFLP method to genotype the SNP rs7587633 C/T which is not present in any of the natural restriction sites and this method could be applied to genotype this SNP in various populations/diseases to find its role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ambika Sharma
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Jaypee University of Information Technology, Waknaghat, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Arti Sharma
- Department of Computational Biology, School of Biological Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab, India
| | - Jyoti Parkash
- Department of Zoology, School of Basic and Applied Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India
| | - Harish Changotra
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, India
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2
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Bali JS, Sambyal V, Mehrotra S, Gupta P, Guleria K, Uppal MS, Sudan M. Association of ATG10 rs1864183, ATG16L1 rs2241880 and miR-126 with esophageal cancer. Mol Biol Rep 2024; 51:231. [PMID: 38281293 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-023-09012-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In India, esophageal cancer (EC) is among the major cause of cancer-related deaths in both sexes. In recent past, autophagy has emerged as one of the crucial process associated with cancer. In the development of EC, the role of autophagy and the precise molecular mechanism involved has yet to be fully understood. Recently, a small number of studies have proposed how variations in autophagy genes affect the growth and development of EC. Micro-RNA's are also known to play a critical role in the development of EC. Here, we examined the relationship between the risk of EC and two single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the key autophagy genes, ATG10 rs1864183 and ATG16L1 rs2241880. We also analyzed the association of miR-107 and miR-126 with EC as these miRNA's are associated with autophagy. METHODS AND RESULTS A total of 230 EC patients and 230 healthy controls from North-west Indian population were enrolled. ATG10 rs1864183 and ATG16L1 rs2241880 polymorphism were analyzed using TaqMan genotyping assay. Expression levels of miR-107 and miR-126 were analyzed through quantitative PCR using SYBR green chemistry. We found significant association of CT + CC genotype (OR 0.64, p = 0.022) in recessive model for ATG10 rs1864183 polymorphism with decreased EC risk. For ATG16L1 rs2241880 polymorphism significant association for AG genotype (OR 1.48, p = 0.05) and G allele (OR 1.43, p = 0.025) was observed for increased EC risk. Expression levels of miR-126 were also found to be significantly up regulated (p = 0.008). CONCLUSION Our results suggest that ATG10 rs1864183, ATG16L1 rs2241880 and miR-126 may be associated with esophageal carcinogenesis and warrant further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jagmohan Singh Bali
- Human Cytogenetics Laboratory, Department of Human Genetics, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, India
| | - Vasudha Sambyal
- Human Cytogenetics Laboratory, Department of Human Genetics, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, India.
| | - Sanjana Mehrotra
- Human Cytogenetics Laboratory, Department of Human Genetics, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, India
| | - Priyanka Gupta
- Human Cytogenetics Laboratory, Department of Human Genetics, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, India
| | - Kamlesh Guleria
- Human Cytogenetics Laboratory, Department of Human Genetics, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, India
| | - Manjit Singh Uppal
- Department of Surgery, Sri Guru Ram Das Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Vallah, Amritsar, Punjab, India
| | - Meena Sudan
- Department of Radiotherapy, Sri Guru Ram Das Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Vallah, Amritsar, Punjab, India
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3
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Zhao X, Zhang Q, Zheng R. The interplay between oxidative stress and autophagy in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Front Physiol 2022; 13:1004275. [PMID: 36225291 PMCID: PMC9548529 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.1004275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a highly conserved process that is indispensable for cell survival, embryonic development, and tissue homeostasis. Activation of autophagy protects cells against oxidative stress and is a major adaptive response to injury. When autophagy is dysregulated by factors such as smoking, environmental insults and aging, it can lead to enhanced formation of aggressors and production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), resulting in oxidative stress and oxidative damage to cells. ROS activates autophagy, which in turn promotes cell adaptation and reduces oxidative damage by degrading and circulating damaged macromolecules and dysfunctional cell organelles. The cellular response triggered by oxidative stress includes changes in signaling pathways that ultimately regulate autophagy. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is the most common lung disease among the elderly worldwide, with a high mortality rate. As an induced response to oxidative stress, autophagy plays an important role in the pathogenesis of COPD. This review discusses the regulation of oxidative stress and autophagy in COPD, and aims to provide new avenues for future research on target-specific treatments for COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Rui Zheng
- *Correspondence: Qiang Zhang, ; Rui Zheng,
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4
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Zahan MS, Ahmed KA, Moni A, Sinopoli A, Ha H, Uddin MJ. Kidney protective potential of lactoferrin: pharmacological insights and therapeutic advances. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY & PHARMACOLOGY : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSIOLOGICAL SOCIETY AND THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF PHARMACOLOGY 2022; 26:1-13. [PMID: 34965991 PMCID: PMC8723984 DOI: 10.4196/kjpp.2022.26.1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Kidney disease is becoming a global public health issue. Acute kidney injury (AKI) and chronic kidney disease (CKD) have serious adverse health outcomes. However, there is no effective therapy to treat these diseases. Lactoferrin (LF), a multi-functional glycoprotein, is protective against various pathophysiological conditions in various disease models. LF shows protective effects against AKI and CKD. LF reduces markers related to inflammation, oxidative stress, apoptosis, and kidney fibrosis, and induces autophagy and mitochondrial biogenesis in the kidney. Although there are no clinical trials of LF to treat kidney disease, several clinical trials and studies on LF-based drug development are ongoing. In this review, we discussed the possible kidney protective mechanisms of LF, as well as the pharmacological and therapeutic advances. The evidence suggests that LF may become a potent pharmacological agent to treat kidney diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Akhi Moni
- ABEx Bio-Research Center, Dhaka 1230, Bangladesh
| | - Alessandra Sinopoli
- Department of Prevention, Local Health Unit Roma 1, Rome 00185, Italy
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome 00185, Italy
| | - Hunjoo Ha
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ewha Womans University College of Pharmacy, Seoul 03760, Korea
| | - Md Jamal Uddin
- ABEx Bio-Research Center, Dhaka 1230, Bangladesh
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ewha Womans University College of Pharmacy, Seoul 03760, Korea
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5
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Chen W, Shen T, Wang L, Lu K. Oligomerization of Selective Autophagy Receptors for the Targeting and Degradation of Protein Aggregates. Cells 2021; 10:cells10081989. [PMID: 34440758 PMCID: PMC8394947 DOI: 10.3390/cells10081989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2021] [Revised: 07/31/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The selective targeting and disposal of solid protein aggregates are essential for cells to maintain protein homoeostasis. Autophagy receptors including p62, NBR1, Cue5/TOLLIP (CUET), and Tax1-binding protein 1 (TAX1BP1) proteins function in selective autophagy by targeting ubiquitinated aggregates through ubiquitin-binding domains. Here, we summarize previous beliefs and recent findings on selective receptors in aggregate autophagy. Since there are many reviews on selective autophagy receptors, we focus on their oligomerization, which enables receptors to function as pathway determinants and promotes phase separation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjun Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; (W.C.); (T.S.); (L.W.)
- Department of Neurology, Shanxi Provincial People’s Hospital, Taiyuan 030012, China
| | - Tianyun Shen
- Department of Neurosurgery, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; (W.C.); (T.S.); (L.W.)
| | - Lijun Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; (W.C.); (T.S.); (L.W.)
| | - Kefeng Lu
- Department of Neurosurgery, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; (W.C.); (T.S.); (L.W.)
- Correspondence:
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6
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Autophagy and proinflammatory cytokine expression in the intestinal mucosa and mesenteric fat tissue of patients with Crohn's disease. JOURNAL OF COLOPROCTOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcol.2012.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Background Recently, mesenteric fat has been proposed to play a role in the pathophysiol- ogy of Crohn's disease (CD), as fat hypertrophy is detected close to the affected intestinal area; however, there are few studies regarding autophagy and creeping fat tissue in CD.
Objective Evaluate autophagy-related proteins and proinflammatory cytokines in intestinal mucosa and mesenteric fat in patients with CD and controls.
Patients and methods Ten patients with CD, eight with non-inflammatory disease who underwent surgery, and eight with normal ileocolonoscopy were studied. The expression of LC3-II, TNF-α and IL-23 was determined by immunoblot of protein extracts. In addition, total RNA of LC3 and Atg16-L1 were determined using RT-PCR.
Results The expression of LC3-II was significantly lower in the mesenteric tissue of CD when compared to controls (p < 0.05). In contrast, the intestinal mucosa of the CD group had higher levels of LC3-II (p < 0.05). However, mRNA expression of autophagy-related pro- teins was similar when compared to mesenteric fat groups. TNF-α and IL-23 expressions were higher in intestinal mucosa of CD than in control (p < 0.05).
Conclusion These findings suggest a defect in the autophagic activity of the creeping fat tissue in CD, which could be involved with the maintenance of the inflammatory process in the intestinal mucosa.
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Battistini C, Ballan R, Herkenhoff ME, Saad SMI, Sun J. Vitamin D Modulates Intestinal Microbiota in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 22:E362. [PMID: 33396382 PMCID: PMC7795229 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22010362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2020] [Revised: 12/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT), including Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), which differ in the location and lesion extensions. Both diseases are associated with microbiota dysbiosis, with a reduced population of butyrate-producing species, abnormal inflammatory response, and micronutrient deficiency (e.g., vitamin D hypovitaminosis). Vitamin D (VitD) is involved in immune cell differentiation, gut microbiota modulation, gene transcription, and barrier integrity. Vitamin D receptor (VDR) regulates the biological actions of the active VitD (1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3), and is involved in the genetic, environmental, immune, and microbial aspects of IBD. VitD deficiency is correlated with disease activity and its administration targeting a concentration of 30 ng/mL may have the potential to reduce disease activity. Moreover, VDR regulates functions of T cells and Paneth cells and modulates release of antimicrobial peptides in gut microbiota-host interactions. Meanwhile, beneficial microbial metabolites, e.g., butyrate, upregulate the VDR signaling. In this review, we summarize the clinical progress and mechanism studies on VitD/VDR related to gut microbiota modulation in IBD. We also discuss epigenetics in IBD and the probiotic regulation of VDR. Furthermore, we discuss the existing challenges and future directions. There is a lack of well-designed clinical trials exploring the appropriate dose and the influence of gender, age, ethnicity, genetics, microbiome, and metabolic disorders in IBD subtypes. To move forward, we need well-designed therapeutic studies to examine whether enhanced vitamin D will restore functions of VDR and microbiome in inhibiting chronic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Battistini
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biochemical Technology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Av. Lineu Prestes, 580, São Paulo, SP 05508-000, Brazil; (C.B.); (R.B.); (M.E.H.)
- Food Research Center, University of São Paulo, Rua do Lago, 250, São Paulo, SP 05508-080, Brazil
| | - Rafael Ballan
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biochemical Technology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Av. Lineu Prestes, 580, São Paulo, SP 05508-000, Brazil; (C.B.); (R.B.); (M.E.H.)
- Food Research Center, University of São Paulo, Rua do Lago, 250, São Paulo, SP 05508-080, Brazil
| | - Marcos Edgar Herkenhoff
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biochemical Technology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Av. Lineu Prestes, 580, São Paulo, SP 05508-000, Brazil; (C.B.); (R.B.); (M.E.H.)
- Food Research Center, University of São Paulo, Rua do Lago, 250, São Paulo, SP 05508-080, Brazil
| | - Susana Marta Isay Saad
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biochemical Technology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Av. Lineu Prestes, 580, São Paulo, SP 05508-000, Brazil; (C.B.); (R.B.); (M.E.H.)
- Food Research Center, University of São Paulo, Rua do Lago, 250, São Paulo, SP 05508-080, Brazil
| | - Jun Sun
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, UIC Cancer Center, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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8
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Shadab M, Millar MW, Slavin SA, Leonard A, Fazal F, Rahman A. Autophagy protein ATG7 is a critical regulator of endothelial cell inflammation and permeability. Sci Rep 2020; 10:13708. [PMID: 32792588 PMCID: PMC7426828 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-70126-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelial cell (EC) inflammation and permeability are critical pathogenic mechanisms in many inflammatory conditions including acute lung injury. In this study, we investigated the role of ATG7, an essential autophagy regulator with no autophagy-unrelated functions, in the mechanism of EC inflammation and permeability. Knockdown of ATG7 using si-RNA significantly attenuated thrombin-induced expression of proinflammatory molecules such as IL-6, MCP-1, ICAM-1 and VCAM-1. Mechanistic study implicated reduced NF-κB activity in the inhibition of EC inflammation in ATG7-silenced cells. Moreover, depletion of ATG7 markedly reduced the binding of RelA/p65 to DNA in the nucleus. Surprisingly, the thrombin-induced degradation of IκBα in the cytosol was not affected in ATG7-depleted cells, suggesting a defect in the translocation of released RelA/p65 to the nucleus in these cells. This is likely due to suppression of thrombin-induced phosphorylation and thereby inactivation of Cofilin1, an actin-depolymerizing protein, in ATG7-depleted cells. Actin stress fiber dynamics are required for thrombin-induced translocation of RelA/p65 to the nucleus, and indeed our results showed that ATG7 silencing inhibited this response via inactivation of Cofilin1. ATG7 silencing also reduced thrombin-mediated EC permeability by inhibiting the disassembly of VE-cadherin at adherens junctions. Together, these data uncover a novel function of ATG7 in mediating EC inflammation and permeability, and provide a mechanistic basis for the linkage between autophagy and EC dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Shadab
- Department of Pediatrics, Lung Biology and Disease Program, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Box 850, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - Michelle Warren Millar
- Department of Pediatrics, Lung Biology and Disease Program, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Box 850, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - Spencer A Slavin
- Department of Pediatrics, Lung Biology and Disease Program, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Box 850, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - Antony Leonard
- Department of Pediatrics, Lung Biology and Disease Program, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Box 850, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - Fabeha Fazal
- Department of Pediatrics, Lung Biology and Disease Program, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Box 850, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - Arshad Rahman
- Department of Pediatrics, Lung Biology and Disease Program, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Box 850, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA.
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9
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Li M, Luo T, Huang Y, Su J, Li D, Chen X, Zhang Y, Huang L, Li S, Jiao C, Li W, Xie Y, Li W. Polysaccharide from Pycnoporus sanguineus ameliorates dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis via helper T cells repertoire modulation and autophagy suppression. Phytother Res 2020; 34:2649-2664. [PMID: 32281697 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.6695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Revised: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic autoimmune disease associated with various risk factors. Pycnoporus sanguineus (L.) Murrill is a saprotrophic fungus used worldwide for its industrial and medical purposes. Here, polysaccharide from P. sanguineus (PPS) was explored for its antiinflammatory potential in a murine colitis model of IBD induced by dextran sulfate sodium (DSS). PPS ameliorated the colitis as manifested by the lowered disease activity index (DAI), prolonged colon, and reduced serum lipopolysaccharide (LPS). PPS recovered the histological lesion by upregulating the expressions of Zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1), E-cadherin, and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA). PPS inhibited the helper T cells (Th)-mediated immune response by decreasing the proportions of Th cells (including Th2 cells, Th17 cells, and regulatory T cells), which was accompanied with reductions on myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity and releases of several interleukins and chemokines within the colon. Moreover, PPS exhibited an evident inhibition on autophagy, in which the ratio of light chain 3 (LC3) II/I was declined, while the expression of p62 and Beclin-1 was increased. The present study highlighted important clinical implications for the treatment application of PPS against IBD, which relies on the regulation of Th cells repertoire and autophagy suppression to restore epithelium barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muxia Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Development and Research of Chinese Medicine, Mathematical Engineering Academy of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.,State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratoryof Applied Microbiology, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Ting Luo
- Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.,Guangdong Laboratory Animals Monitoring Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Laboratory Animals, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Huang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiyan Su
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratoryof Applied Microbiology, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Dan Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Development and Research of Chinese Medicine, Mathematical Engineering Academy of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.,State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratoryof Applied Microbiology, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.,Guangdong Yuewei Edible Fungi Technology Co. Ltd., Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaohong Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Development and Research of Chinese Medicine, Mathematical Engineering Academy of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.,State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratoryof Applied Microbiology, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.,Guangdong Yuewei Edible Fungi Technology Co. Ltd., Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yifan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratoryof Applied Microbiology, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Longhua Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratoryof Applied Microbiology, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Shunxian Li
- Guangdong Yuewei Edible Fungi Technology Co. Ltd., Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunwei Jiao
- Guangdong Yuewei Edible Fungi Technology Co. Ltd., Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenzhi Li
- Infinitus (China) Company Ltd., Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yizhen Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratoryof Applied Microbiology, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.,Guangdong Yuewei Edible Fungi Technology Co. Ltd., Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Wende Li
- Guangdong Laboratory Animals Monitoring Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Laboratory Animals, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
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10
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Tang J, Ye Z, Liu Y, Zhou M, Huang L, Mo Q, Su X, Qin C. Autophagy-deficiency in bone marrow mononuclear cells from patients with myasthenia gravis: a possible mechanism of pathogenesis. Int J Neurosci 2020; 131:239-253. [PMID: 32122204 DOI: 10.1080/00207454.2020.1738429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Myasthenia gravis (MG) is a chronic autoimmune disorder resulting from autoantibodies against neuromuscular junction components. Research shows that this disease might be a primary bone marrow (BM) stem cell disorder. Autophagy protects the dynamics and homeostasis of the host cells by removing damaged mitochondria, protein aggregates and other intercellular materials. Dysfunctional autophagy is associated with autoimmune diseases. However, the autophagy activity and mechanisms in BM stem cell from MG patients remain largely uncharacterized. We evaluated the autophagy activity in bone marrow mononuclear cells (BM-MNCs) and the effects of autophagy on cell survival from patients with MG and healthy controls. Our results revealed that autophagy was significantly decreased in patients with MG before immunomodulation treatment compared with that in age-/sex-matched controls, and was lower in generalized MG (GMG) patients than in ocular MG (OMG) patients. Immunomodulatory treatment partially increased autophagy activity of BM-MNCs in MG patients and improved the symptoms. Furthermore, defective BM-MNCs differentiation, proliferation and apoptosis were observed due to dysfunctional autophagy. These findings suggest for the first time that BM-MNCs autophagy is impaired in patients with MG before immunomodulation therapy, and that autophagy is indispensable for the survival of BM-MNCs, implicating autophagy might be a potential pathogenic mechanism of MG and a novel therapeutic strategy for MG treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingqun Tang
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Ziming Ye
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Yi Liu
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Mengxiao Zhou
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Liqiang Huang
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Qin Mo
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Xiaotao Su
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Chao Qin
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
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11
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Long Term Pharmacological Perturbation of Autophagy in Mice: Are HCQ Injections a Relevant Choice? Biomedicines 2020; 8:biomedicines8030047. [PMID: 32121613 PMCID: PMC7148514 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines8030047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Revised: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Macroautophagy (hereafter referred to as autophagy) is an evolutionarily conserved catabolic process whose loss-of-function has been linked to a growing list of pathologies. Knockout mouse models of key autophagy genes have been instrumental in the demonstration of the critical functions of autophagy, but they display early lethality, neurotoxicity and unwanted autophagy-independent phenotypes, limiting their applications for in vivo studies. To avoid problems encountered with autophagy-null transgenic mice, we investigated the possibility of disturbing autophagy pharmacologically in the long term. Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) ip injections were done in juvenile and adult C57bl/6j mice, at range doses adapted from the human malaria prophylactic treatment. The impact on autophagy was assessed by western-blotting, and juvenile neurodevelopment and adult behaviours were evaluated for four months. Quite surprisingly, our results showed that HCQ treatment in conditions used in this study neither impacted autophagy in the long term in several tissues and organs nor altered neurodevelopment, adult behaviour and motor capabilities. Therefore, we recommend for future long-term in vivo studies of autophagy, to use genetic mouse models allowing conditional inhibition of selected Atg genes in appropriate lineage cells instead of HCQ treatment, until it could be successfully revisited using higher HCQ doses and/or frequencies with acceptable toxicity.
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12
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Leonard A, Millar MW, Slavin SA, Bijli KM, Dionisio Santos DA, Dean DA, Fazal F, Rahman A. Critical role of autophagy regulator Beclin1 in endothelial cell inflammation and barrier disruption. Cell Signal 2019; 61:120-129. [PMID: 31054328 PMCID: PMC6685427 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2019.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Revised: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 04/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have implicated autophagy in several inflammatory diseases involving aberrant endothelial cell (EC) responses, such as acute lung injury (ALI). However, the mechanistic basis for a role of autophagy in EC inflammation and permeability remain poorly understood. In this study, we impaired autophagy by silencing the essential Beclin1 autophagy gene in human pulmonary artery EC. This resulted in reduced expression of proinflammatory genes in response to thrombin, a procoagulant and proinflammatory mediator whose concentration is elevated in many diseases including sepsis and ALI. These (Beclin1-depleted) cells also displayed a marked decrease in NF-κB activity secondary to impaired DNA binding of RelA/p65 in the nucleus, but exhibited normal IκBα degradation in the cytosol. Further analysis showed that Beclin1 knockdown was associated with impaired RelA/p65 translocation to the nucleus. Additionally, Beclin1 knockdown attenuated thrombin-induced phosphorylation of RelA/p65 at Ser536, a critical event necessary for the transcriptional activity of RelA/p65. Beclin1 silencing also protected against thrombin-induced EC barrier disruption by preventing the loss of VE-cadherin at adherens junctions. Moreover, Beclin1 knockdown reduced thrombin-induced phosphorylation/inactivation of actin depolymerizing protein Cofilin1 and thereby actin stress fiber formation required for EC permeability as well as RelA/p65 nuclear translocation. Together, these data identify Beclin1 as a novel mechanistic link between autophagy and EC dysfunction (inflammation and permeability).
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Affiliation(s)
- Antony Leonard
- Department of Pediatrics, Lung Biology and Disease Program, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642, United States of America
| | - Michelle Warren Millar
- Department of Pediatrics, Lung Biology and Disease Program, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642, United States of America
| | - Spencer A Slavin
- Department of Pediatrics, Lung Biology and Disease Program, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642, United States of America
| | - Kaiser M Bijli
- Department of Pediatrics, Lung Biology and Disease Program, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642, United States of America
| | - Dawling A Dionisio Santos
- Department of Pediatrics, Lung Biology and Disease Program, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642, United States of America
| | - David A Dean
- Department of Pediatrics, Lung Biology and Disease Program, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642, United States of America
| | - Fabeha Fazal
- Department of Pediatrics, Lung Biology and Disease Program, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642, United States of America
| | - Arshad Rahman
- Department of Pediatrics, Lung Biology and Disease Program, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642, United States of America.
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Mathavarajah S, Salsman J, Dellaire G. An emerging role for calcium signalling in innate and autoimmunity via the cGAS-STING axis. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2019; 50:43-51. [PMID: 30955997 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2019.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Type I interferons are effector cytokines essential for the regulation of the innate immunity. A key effector of the type I interferon response that is dysregulated in autoimmunity and cancer is the cGAS-STING signalling axis. Recent work suggests that calcium and associated signalling proteins can regulate both cGAS-STING and autoimmunity. How calcium regulates STING activation is complex and involves both stimulatory and inhibitory mechanisms. One of these is calmodulin-mediated signalling that is necessary for STING activation. The alterations in calcium flux that occur during STING activation can also regulate autophagy, which in turn plays a role in innate immunity through the clearance of intracellular pathogens. Also connected to calcium signalling pathways is the cGAS inhibitor TREX1, a cytoplasmic exonuclease linked to several autoimmune diseases including systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). In this review, we summarize these and other findings that indicate a regulatory role for calcium signalling in innate and autoimmunity through the cGAS-STING pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jayme Salsman
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Graham Dellaire
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada.
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14
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Nanduri R, Kalra R, Bhagyaraj E, Chacko AP, Ahuja N, Tiwari D, Kumar S, Jain M, Parkesh R, Gupta P. AutophagySMDB: a curated database of small molecules that modulate protein targets regulating autophagy. Autophagy 2019; 15:1280-1295. [PMID: 30669929 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2019.1571717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Macroautophagy/autophagy is a complex self-degradative mechanism responsible for clearance of non functional organelles and proteins. A range of factors influences the autophagic process, and disruptions in autophagy-related mechanisms lead to disease states, and further exacerbation of disease. Despite in-depth research into autophagy and its role in pathophysiological processes, the resources available to use it for therapeutic purposes are currently lacking. Herein we report the Autophagy Small Molecule Database (AutophagySMDB; http://www.autophagysmdb.org/ ) of small molecules and their cognate protein targets that modulate autophagy. Presently, AutophagySMDB enlists ~10,000 small molecules which regulate 71 target proteins. All entries are comprised of information such as EC50 (half maximal effective concentration), IC50 (half maximal inhibitory concentration), Kd (dissociation constant) and Ki (inhibition constant), IUPAC name, canonical SMILE, structure, molecular weight, QSAR (quantitative structure activity relationship) properties such as hydrogen donor and acceptor count, aromatic rings and XlogP. AutophagySMDB is an exhaustive, cross-platform, manually curated database, where either the cognate targets for small molecule or small molecules for a target can be searched. This database is provided with different search options including text search, advanced search and structure search. Various computational tools such as tree tool, cataloging tools, and clustering tools have also been implemented for advanced analysis. Data and the tools provided in this database helps to identify common or unique scaffolds for designing novel drugs or to improve the existing ones for autophagy small molecule therapeutics. The approach to multitarget drug discovery by identifying common scaffolds has been illustrated with experimental validation. Abbreviations: AMPK: AMP-activated protein kinase; ATG: autophagy related; AutophagySMDB: autophagy small molecule database; BCL2: BCL2, apoptosis regulator; BECN1: beclin 1; CAPN: calpain; MTOR: mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase; PPARG: peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma; SMILES: simplified molecular input line entry system; SQSTM1: sequestosome 1; STAT3: signal transducer and activator of transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravikanth Nanduri
- a Department of Molecular Biology , CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology , Chandigarh , India
| | - Rashi Kalra
- a Department of Molecular Biology , CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology , Chandigarh , India
| | - Ella Bhagyaraj
- a Department of Molecular Biology , CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology , Chandigarh , India
| | - Anuja P Chacko
- a Department of Molecular Biology , CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology , Chandigarh , India
| | - Nancy Ahuja
- a Department of Molecular Biology , CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology , Chandigarh , India
| | - Drishti Tiwari
- a Department of Molecular Biology , CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology , Chandigarh , India
| | - Sumit Kumar
- a Department of Molecular Biology , CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology , Chandigarh , India
| | - Monika Jain
- a Department of Molecular Biology , CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology , Chandigarh , India
| | - Raman Parkesh
- a Department of Molecular Biology , CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology , Chandigarh , India
| | - Pawan Gupta
- a Department of Molecular Biology , CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology , Chandigarh , India
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15
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Roles of Autophagy-Related Genes in the Pathogenesis of Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Cells 2019; 8:cells8010077. [PMID: 30669622 PMCID: PMC6356351 DOI: 10.3390/cells8010077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2018] [Revised: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is an intracellular catabolic process that is essential for a variety of cellular responses. Due to its role in the maintenance of biological homeostasis in conditions of stress, dysregulation or disruption of autophagy may be linked to human diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). IBD is a complicated inflammatory colitis disorder; Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis are the principal types. Genetic studies have shown the clinical relevance of several autophagy-related genes (ATGs) in the pathogenesis of IBD. Additionally, recent studies using conditional knockout mice have led to a comprehensive understanding of ATGs that affect intestinal inflammation, Paneth cell abnormality and enteric pathogenic infection during colitis. In this review, we discuss the various ATGs involved in macroautophagy and selective autophagy, including ATG16L1, IRGM, LRRK2, ATG7, p62, optineurin and TFEB in the maintenance of intestinal homeostasis. Although advances have been made regarding the involvement of ATGs in maintaining intestinal homeostasis, determining the precise contribution of autophagy has remained elusive. Recent efforts based on direct targeting of ATGs and autophagy will further facilitate the development of new therapeutic opportunities for IBD.
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Wang Z, Tao L, Xue Y, Xue L, Wang Z, Chong T. Association of ATG7 Polymorphisms and Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma Risk. Curr Mol Med 2019; 19:40-47. [PMID: 30827239 DOI: 10.2174/1566524019666190227202003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Revised: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Kidney cancer is one of the most common cancers worldwide. Recent studies have suggested that single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in autophagy-related gene are associated with the risk of kidney cancer. OBJECTIVE This study was undertaken to investigate the association of autophagyrelated gene 7 (ATG7) polymorphisms with the risk of clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) in the Chinese Han population. METHODS Blood samples were collected from 293 ccRCC patients and 297 healthy controls. Three ATG7 polymorphisms (rs1375206, rs2606736 and rs6442260) were genotyped by Agena MassARRAY. The association was estimated by genetic models and stratification analyses. RESULTS A significant association was observed between allele A of rs6442260 and ccRCC risk (OR = 0.76, 95% CI: 0.58-0.99, p = 0.039). Genetic model analysis revealed that rs2606736 (OR = 0.57, 95% CI: 0.34-0.95, p = 0.031) and rs6442260 (OR = 0.44, 95% CI: 0.22-0.90, p = 0.021) were associated with decreased risk of ccRCC under recessive model. Age stratification analysis showed that rs2606736 (OR = 0.67, 95% CI: 0.46-0.98, p = 0.036) and rs6442260 (OR = 0.26, 95% CI: 0.07-0.89, p = 0.014) were significantly decreased risk of ccRCC under the log-additive model in age > 55 years old and ≤ 55 years old, respectively. CONCLUSIONS This study indicated that ATG7 polymorphisms (rs2606736 and rs6442260) have a protective role for ccRCC risk. Further large sample size and functional assays are needed to confirm our findings and reveal the role of ATG7 polymorphisms in ccRCC carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenlong Wang
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, China
| | - Lei Tao
- Department of anesthesiology, Tangdu Hospital of Air Force Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710038, China
| | - Yuquan Xue
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, China
| | - Li Xue
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, China
| | - Ziming Wang
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, China
| | - Tie Chong
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, China
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17
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Moein S, Vaghari-Tabari M, Qujeq D, Majidinia M, Nabavi SM, Yousefi B. MiRNAs and inflammatory bowel disease: An interesting new story. J Cell Physiol 2018; 234:3277-3293. [PMID: 30417350 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.27173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), as a chronic and recurrent inflammatory disorder, is caused by a dysregulated and aberrant immune response to exposed environmental factors in genetically susceptible individuals. Despite huge efforts in determining the molecular pathogenesis of IBD, an increasing worldwide incidence of IBD has been reported. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a set of noncoding RNA molecules that are about 22 nucleotides long, and these molecules are involved in the regulation of the gene expression. By clarifying the important role of miRNAs in a number of diseases, their role was also considered in IBD; numerous studies have been performed on this topic. In this review, we attempt to summarize a number of studies and discuss some of the recent developments in the roles of miRNAs in the pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment of IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soheila Moein
- Medicinal Plants Processing Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.,Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | - Mostafa Vaghari-Tabari
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran.,Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Durdi Qujeq
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center (CMBRC), Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Irantab.,Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Maryam Majidinia
- Solid Tumor Research Center, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Seyed Mohammad Nabavi
- Applied Biotechnology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Bahman Yousefi
- Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Molecular Medicine Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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18
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Yin H, Wu H, Chen Y, Zhang J, Zheng M, Chen G, Li L, Lu Q. The Therapeutic and Pathogenic Role of Autophagy in Autoimmune Diseases. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1512. [PMID: 30108582 PMCID: PMC6080611 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a complicated cellular mechanism that maintains cellular and tissue homeostasis and integrity via degradation of senescent, defective subcellular organelles, infectious agents, and misfolded proteins. Accumulating evidence has shown that autophagy is involved in numerous immune processes, such as removal of intracellular bacteria, cytokine production, autoantigen presentation, and survival of lymphocytes, indicating an apparent and important role in innate and adaptive immune responses. Indeed, in genome-wide association studies, autophagy-related gene polymorphisms have been suggested to be associated with the pathogenesis of several autoimmune and inflammatory disorders, such as systemic lupus erythematosus, psoriasis, rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, and multiple sclerosis. In addition, conditional knockdown of autophagy-related genes in mice displayed therapeutic effects on several autoimmune disease models by reducing levels of inflammatory cytokines and autoreactive immune cells. However, the inhibition of autophagy accelerates the progress of some inflammatory and autoimmune diseases via promotion of inflammatory cytokine production. Therefore, this review will summarize the current knowledge of autophagy in immune regulation and discuss the therapeutic and pathogenic role of autophagy in autoimmune diseases to broaden our understanding of the etiopathogenesis of autoimmune diseases and shed light on autophagy-mediated therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Yin
- Department of Dermatology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenomics, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Haijing Wu
- Department of Dermatology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenomics, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yongjian Chen
- Department of Dermatology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenomics, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jianzhong Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Min Zheng
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Genhui Chen
- Beijing Wenfeng Tianji Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Linfeng Li
- Department of Dermatology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Qianjin Lu
- Department of Dermatology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenomics, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
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19
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Teimoori-Toolabi L, Samadpoor S, Mehrtash A, Ghadir M, Vahedi H. Among autophagy genes, ATG16L1 but not IRGM is associated with Crohn's disease in Iranians. Gene 2018; 675:176-184. [PMID: 29960072 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2018.06.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2018] [Revised: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The prevalence of inflammatory bowel diseases is uprising in countries like Iran. Genetic predisposing elements play prominent role in the pathogenesis of Crohn's disease. In this study we studied the role of autophagy genes like IRGM (Immunity related GTPase M) and ATG16L1 (Autophagy related 16 like 1) in the pathogenesis of Crohn's Disease in Iranian patients. METHODS One hundred thirty-eight patients and 99 normal controls were recruited in this study. Polymorphisms in -1644 and -308 upstream of IRGM gene were studied by PCR-sequencing and 20 kb CNVdel/insertion was studied by specific PCR. Rs10065171, rs4958847 in IRGM gene and rs2241880 in ATG16L1 were studied by Taqman genotyping assays. RESULTS None of the so-called predisposing alleles of IRGM gene predispose Iranians to Crohn's disease while the prevalence of some of them like CNV deletion was higher in normal controls. Surprisingly all the so-called predisposing alleles in IRGM were linked to each other (especially rs4958847 with rs10065172 and polymorphisms in -308 region with rs4958847). Patients harboring A allele in rs4958847 site showed higher ratio of fibrostenotic type of disease while in patients with C/T genotype in rs4958847, colonic involvement was seen more frequently. G allele in ATG16L1 was associated with Crohn's disease though it was not associated with any phenotypic manifestation. CONCLUSION In our study the association of ATG16L1 to Crohn's disease in Iranian patients was confirmed while it was shown that the studied polymorphisms in IRGM was not associated with Crohn's disease. Therefore in order to have a better picture about the genetics of Crohn's disease in Iranian patients, it is recommended to study other clinically effective polymorphisms in IRGM and ATG16L1 in addition to other genes which are responsible for the process of autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ladan Teimoori-Toolabi
- Digestive Disease Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Molecular Medicine Department, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Sanaz Samadpoor
- Molecular Medicine Department, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Mahdis Ghadir
- Molecular Medicine Department, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Homayoon Vahedi
- Digestive Disease Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Wang SL, Shao BZ, Zhao SB, Fang J, Gu L, Miao CY, Li ZS, Bai Y. Impact of Paneth Cell Autophagy on Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Front Immunol 2018; 9:693. [PMID: 29675025 PMCID: PMC5895641 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Intestinal mucosal barrier, mainly consisting of the mucus layer and epithelium, functions in absorbing nutrition as well as prevention of the invasion of pathogenic microorganisms. Paneth cell, an important component of mucosal barrier, plays a vital role in maintaining the intestinal homeostasis by producing antimicrobial materials and controlling the host-commensal balance. Current evidence shows that the dysfunction of intestinal mucosal barrier, especially Paneth cell, participates in the onset and progression of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Autophagy, a cellular stress response, involves various physiological processes, such as secretion of proteins, production of antimicrobial peptides, and degradation of aberrant organelles or proteins. In the recent years, the roles of autophagy in the pathogenesis of IBD have been increasingly studied. Here in this review, we mainly focus on describing the roles of Paneth cell autophagy in IBD as well as several popular autophagy-related genetic variants in Penath cell and the related therapeutic strategies against IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Ling Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University and Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bo-Zong Shao
- Department of Pharmocology, Second Military Medical University and Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Sheng-Bing Zhao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University and Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Fang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Lun Gu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University and Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chao-Yu Miao
- Department of Pharmocology, Second Military Medical University and Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhao-Shen Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University and Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Bai
- Department of Gastroenterology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University and Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
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21
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Gui X, Chen H, Cai H, Sun L, Gu L. Leptin promotes pulmonary fibrosis development by inhibiting autophagy via PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018. [PMID: 29524411 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.03.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Leptin, a protein-related product of the obesity gene, plays an important role in the pathogenesis of fibrotic diseases including pulmonary fibrosis. As a highly conservative process, autophagy regulates various biological functions. Otherwise, insufficient autophagy has been described in alveolar epithelial cells (AEC) to cope with the progression of pulmonary fibrosis. Hence, this study is to investigate the effects of leptin on fibrosis in TGF-β1 induced epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) and the potential roles of autophagy in this processes. Our results showed that the elevated leptin level in serum correlated with the severity of lung fibrosis and leptin significantly promoted the EMT in A549 cells as evidenced by promoting collagen I and α-SMA production. Additionally, treatment with leptin decreased autophagosome formation, inhibited the lipidation of LC3I to LC3II, and up-regulated the expression of p62 via activating PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway, which is indicative of inhibition of autophagy by leptin. Finally, rapmycin pretreatment reversed the pro-fibrogenic effects of leptin. Taken together, our study suggested that leptin accelerated the EMT of A549 cells through inhibiting autophagy via PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianhua Gui
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Affiliated Nanjing Drum Tower clinical medical college of Nanjing Medical University, 210008, Nanjing, China; Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing University Medical School, 210008, Nanjing, China
| | - Hongwei Chen
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing University Medical School, 210008, Nanjing, China
| | - Hourong Cai
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Affiliated Nanjing Drum Tower clinical medical college of Nanjing Medical University, 210008, Nanjing, China
| | - Lingyun Sun
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The Affiliated Nanjing Drum Tower Clinical Medical College of Nanjing Medical University, 210008, Nanjing, China.
| | - Luo Gu
- Department of Physiology of Nanjing Medical University, 211166, Nanjing, China.
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22
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Han L, Maciejewski M, Brockel C, Afzelius L, Altman RB. Mendelian Disease Associations Reveal Novel Insights into Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2018; 24:471-481. [PMID: 29462399 PMCID: PMC6037048 DOI: 10.1093/ibd/izx087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Background Monogenic diseases have been shown to contribute to complex disease risk and may hold new insights into the underlying biological mechanism of Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD). Methods We analyzed Mendelian disease associations with IBD using over 55 million patients from the Optum's deidentified electronic health records dataset database. Using the significant Mendelian diseases, we performed pathway enrichment analysis and constructed a model using gene expression datasets to differentiate Crohn's disease (CD), ulcerative colitis (UC), and healthy patient samples. Results We found 50 Mendelian diseases were significantly associated with IBD, with 40 being significantly associated with both CD and UC. Our results for CD replicated those from previous studies. Pathways that were enriched consisted of mainly immune and metabolic processes with a focus on tolerance and oxidative stress. Our 3-way classifier for UC, CD, and healthy samples yielded an accuracy of 72%. Conclusions Mendelian diseases that are significantly associated with IBD may reveal novel insights into the genetic architecture of IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lichy Han
- Biomedical Informatics Training Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
| | | | | | | | - Russ B Altman
- Biomedical Informatics Training Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
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23
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Papaconstantinou I, Kapizioni C, Legaki E, Xourgia E, Karamanolis G, Gklavas A, Gazouli M. Association of miR-146 rs2910164, miR-196a rs11614913, miR-221 rs113054794 and miR-224 rs188519172 polymorphisms with anti-TNF treatment response in a Greek population with Crohn’s disease. World J Gastrointest Pharmacol Ther 2017; 8:193-200. [PMID: 29152405 PMCID: PMC5680166 DOI: 10.4292/wjgpt.v8.i4.193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Revised: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate the correlation between rs2910164, rs11 614913, rs113054794, and rs188519172 polymorphisms and response to anti-TNF treatment in patients with Crohn’s disease (CD).
METHODS One hundred seven patients with CD based on standard clinical, endoscopic, radiological, and pathological criteria were included in the study. They all received infliximab or adalimumab intravenously or subcutaneously at standard induction doses as per international guidelines. Clinical and biochemical response was assessed using the Harvey-Bradshaw index and CRP levels respectively. Endoscopic response was evaluated by ileocolonoscopy at week 12-20 of therapy. The changes in endoscopic appearance compared to baseline were classified into four categories, and patients were classified as responders and non-responders. Whole peripheral blood was extracted and genotyping was performed by PCR.
RESULTS One hundred and seven patients were included in the study. Seventy two (67.3%) patients were classified as complete responders, 22 (20.5%) as partial while 13 (12.1%) were primary non-responders. No correlation was detected between response to anti-TNF agents and patients’ characteristics such as gender, age and disease duration while clinical and biochemical indexes used were associated with endoscopic response. Concerning prevalence of rs2910164, rs11614913, and rs188519172 polymorphisms of miR-146, miR-196a and miR-224 respectively no statistically important difference was found between complete, partial, and non-responders to anti-TNF treatment. Actually CC genotype of rs2910164 was not detected in any patient. Regarding rs113054794 of miR-221, normal CC genotype was the only one detected in all studied patients, suggesting this polymorphism is highly rare in the studied population.
CONCLUSION No correlation is detected between studied polymorphisms and patients’ response to anti-TNF treatment. Polymorphism rs113054794 is not detected in our population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Papaconstantinou
- 2nd Department of Surgery, Aretaieio Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11528 Athens, Greece
| | - Christina Kapizioni
- Gastroenterology Department, Tzaneion General Hospital, 18536 Piraeus, Greece
| | - Evangelia Legaki
- Laboratory of Biology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Elena Xourgia
- Laboratory of Biology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - George Karamanolis
- Gastroenterology Unit, 2nd Department of Surgery, Aretaieio Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11528 Athens, Greece
| | - Antonios Gklavas
- 2nd Department of Surgery, Aretaieio Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11528 Athens, Greece
| | - Maria Gazouli
- Laboratory of Biology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
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Slavin SA, Leonard A, Grose V, Fazal F, Rahman A. Autophagy inhibitor 3-methyladenine protects against endothelial cell barrier dysfunction in acute lung injury. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2017; 314:L388-L396. [PMID: 29074492 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00555.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved cellular process that facilitates the continuous recycling of intracellular components (organelles and proteins) and provides an alternative source of energy when nutrients are scarce. Recent studies have implicated autophagy in many disorders, including pulmonary diseases. However, the role of autophagy in endothelial cell (EC) barrier dysfunction and its relevance in the context of acute lung injury (ALI) remain uncertain. Here, we provide evidence that autophagy is a critical component of EC barrier disruption in ALI. Using an aerosolized bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) inhalation mouse model of ALI, we found that administration of the autophagy inhibitor 3-methyladenine (3-MA), either prophylactically or therapeutically, markedly reduced lung vascular leakage and tissue edema. 3-MA was also effective in reducing the levels of proinflammatory mediators and lung neutrophil sequestration induced by LPS. To test the possibility that autophagy in EC could contribute to lung vascular injury, we addressed its role in the mechanism of EC barrier disruption. Knockdown of ATG5, an essential regulator of autophagy, attenuated thrombin-induced EC barrier disruption, confirming the involvement of autophagy in the response. Similarly, exposure of cells to 3-MA, either before or after thrombin, protected against EC barrier dysfunction by inhibiting the cleavage and loss of vascular endothelial cadherin at adherens junctions, as well as formation of actin stress fibers. 3-MA also reversed LPS-induced EC barrier disruption. Together, these data imply a role of autophagy in lung vascular injury and reveal the protective and therapeutic utility of 3-MA against ALI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Spencer A Slavin
- Department of Pediatrics (Neonatology), Lung Biology and Disease Program, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry , Rochester, New York
| | - Antony Leonard
- Department of Pediatrics (Neonatology), Lung Biology and Disease Program, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry , Rochester, New York
| | - Valerie Grose
- Department of Pediatrics (Neonatology), Lung Biology and Disease Program, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry , Rochester, New York
| | - Fabeha Fazal
- Department of Pediatrics (Neonatology), Lung Biology and Disease Program, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry , Rochester, New York
| | - Arshad Rahman
- Department of Pediatrics (Neonatology), Lung Biology and Disease Program, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry , Rochester, New York
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Li CJ, Liao WT, Wu MY, Chu PY. New Insights into the Role of Autophagy in Tumor Immune Microenvironment. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18071566. [PMID: 28753959 PMCID: PMC5536054 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18071566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Revised: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment is a complex system that is affected by various factors, including hypoxia, acidosis, and immune and inflammatory responses, which have significant effects on tumor adhesion, invasion, metastasis, angiogenesis, and autophagy. In this hostile tumor microenvironment, autophagy of tumor cells can promote tumor growth and metastasis. As autophagy is a double-edged sword in tumors, treatment of cancer via regulation of autophagy is extremely complicated. Therefore, understanding the relationship between tumor autophagy and the tumor microenvironment is extremely important. As the immune milieu plays an important role in tumor development, immunotherapy has become a promising form of cancer therapy. A multi-pronged treatment approach using immunotherapy and molecular targets may become the major direction for future cancer treatments. This article reviews existing knowledge regarding the immune factors in the tumor microenvironment and the status of tumor autophagy research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Jung Li
- Research Assistant Center, Show Chwan Memorial Hospital, Changhua 500, Taiwan.
| | - Wan-Ting Liao
- Chinese Medicine Department, Show Chwan Memorial Hospital, Changhua 500, Taiwan.
- Graduate Institute of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan.
| | - Meng-Yu Wu
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, New Taipei City 231, Taiwan.
| | - Pei-Yi Chu
- Department of Pathology, Show Chwan Memorial Hospital, Changhua 500, Taiwan.
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Fu-Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City 242, Taiwan.
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Tainan 704, Taiwan.
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26
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Santos SCDD, Barbosa LER. Crohn's disease: risk factor for colorectal cancer. JOURNAL OF COLOPROCTOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcol.2016.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/11/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Background Crohn's disease is an inflammatory disease that can reach any part of the gastrointestinal tract. This disease has been associated with an increased neoplastic risk, including colorectal carcinoma.
Objective The objective of this work is to describe the mechanisms present in two diseases, and that are responsible for the increased risk in Crohn's disease.
Methods A bibliographic research was conducted in PubMed database. In addition to the articles obtained with an inserted query in Pubmed, other references relevant to the topic in question were included.
Results Colorectal cancer risk varies according to the presence of certain factors, and an example of this is Crohn's disease. Chronic inflammation seems to be an important contribution to carcinogenesis, since it creates a microenvironment suitable for the onset and progression of the disease. There are molecular changes that are common to two conditions, thus justifying the fact of Crohn's disease being a risk factor for colorectal carcinoma. The disease control with an appropriate therapy and with surveillance are two ways to control this risk.
Conclusions A proinflammatory state is the cornerstone in the association between Crohn's disease and colorectal carcinoma. The implementation of surveillance strategies allowed a decrease in morbidity and mortality associated with this cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Laura Elisabete Ribeiro Barbosa
- Universidade do Porto, Faculdade de Medicina, Porto, Portugal
- Hospital de São João, Serviço de Cirurgia Geral, Porto, Portugal
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The Interplay between Defensins and Microbiota in Crohn's Disease. Mediators Inflamm 2017; 2017:8392523. [PMID: 28246439 PMCID: PMC5299173 DOI: 10.1155/2017/8392523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Revised: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Crohn's disease (CD) is a chronic inflammation of the intestinal mucosa, characterized by periods of acute recurrence and remission. Depending on the specific region affected, CD is classified as ileal CD or colonic CD. It is largely accepted that the intestinal microbiota is involved in the onset of the pathology. Indeed, a reduced immune tolerance to components of the intestinal commensal microbiota and inflammation of the intestinal barrier typifies patients with CD. Several studies have shown defective expression of intestinal antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) in patients with CD compared to controls, particularly defensins. A reduction in α-defensins is observed in ileal CD, while β-defensins are increased in colonic CD. In addition to an immunological basis, the disease is frequently associated with genetic alterations including mutations of NOD2 gene. Several therapeutic strategies to circumvent the dysfunction observed in CD are currently under investigation. These include the use of delivery systems to administer endogenous AMPs and the engineering of peptidomimetics that could ameliorate the severity of CD. In this review, the role defensins play in CD and the strategies aimed at overcoming bacterial resistance will be discussed.
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28
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Xu X, Wang H, Liu S, Xing C, Liu Y, Aodengqimuge, Zhou W, Yuan X, Ma Y, Hu M, Hu Y, Zou S, Gu Y, Peng S, Yuan S, Li W, Ma Y, Song L. TP53-dependent autophagy links the ATR-CHEK1 axis activation to proinflammatory VEGFA production in human bronchial epithelial cells exposed to fine particulate matter (PM2.5). Autophagy 2016; 12:1832-1848. [PMID: 27463284 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2016.1204496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTARCT Epidemiological and clinical studies have increasingly shown that fine particulate matter (PM2.5) is associated with a number of pathological respiratory diseases, such as bronchitis, asthma, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, which share the common feature of airway inflammation induced by particle exposure. Thus, understanding how PM2.5 triggers inflammatory responses in the respiratory system is crucial for the study of PM2.5 toxicity. In the current study, we found that exposing human bronchial epithelial cells (immortalized Beas-2B cells and primary cells) to PM2.5 collected in the winter in Wuhan, a city in southern China, induced a significant upregulation of VEGFA (vascular endothelial growth factor A) production, a signaling event that typically functions to control chronic airway inflammation and vascular remodeling. Further investigations showed that macroautophagy/autophagy was induced upon PM2.5 exposure and then mediated VEGFA upregulation by activating the SRC (SRC proto-oncogene, non-receptor tyrosine kinase)-STAT3 (signal transducer and activator of transcription 3) pathway in bronchial epithelial cells. By exploring the upstream signaling events responsible for autophagy induction, we revealed a requirement for TP53 (tumor protein p53) activation and the expression of its downstream target DRAM1 (DNA damage regulated autophagy modulator 1) for the induction of autophagy. These results thus extend the role of TP53-DRAM1-dependent autophagy beyond cell fate determination under genotoxic stress and to the control of proinflammatory cytokine production. Moreover, PM2.5 exposure strongly induced the activation of the ATR (ATR serine/threonine kinase)-CHEK1/CHK1 (checkpoint kinase 1) axis, which subsequently triggered TP53-dependent autophagy and VEGFA production in Beas-2B cells. Therefore, these findings suggest a novel link between processes regulating genomic integrity and airway inflammation via autophagy induction in bronchial epithelial cells under PM2.5 exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuduan Xu
- a Department of Stress Medicine , Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences , Beijing , China.,b Anhui Medical University , Hefei , China
| | - Hongli Wang
- a Department of Stress Medicine , Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences , Beijing , China.,c Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, School of Medicine, Henan University , Kaifeng , China
| | - Shasha Liu
- a Department of Stress Medicine , Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences , Beijing , China.,d Department of Pathology , School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University , Lanzhou , China
| | - Chen Xing
- a Department of Stress Medicine , Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences , Beijing , China
| | - Yang Liu
- e Department of Thoracic Surgery, Chinese PLA General Hospital , Beijing , China
| | - Aodengqimuge
- a Department of Stress Medicine , Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences , Beijing , China.,f Department of New Drug Screening Center , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing , China
| | - Wei Zhou
- g Evaluation and Research Center for Toxicology, Institute of Disease Control and Prevention , Beijing , China
| | - Xiaoyan Yuan
- g Evaluation and Research Center for Toxicology, Institute of Disease Control and Prevention , Beijing , China
| | - Yongfu Ma
- e Department of Thoracic Surgery, Chinese PLA General Hospital , Beijing , China
| | - Meiru Hu
- a Department of Stress Medicine , Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences , Beijing , China
| | - Yongliang Hu
- a Department of Stress Medicine , Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences , Beijing , China
| | - Shuxian Zou
- a Department of Stress Medicine , Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences , Beijing , China
| | - Ye Gu
- a Department of Stress Medicine , Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences , Beijing , China.,d Department of Pathology , School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University , Lanzhou , China
| | - Shuangqing Peng
- g Evaluation and Research Center for Toxicology, Institute of Disease Control and Prevention , Beijing , China
| | - Shengtao Yuan
- f Department of New Drug Screening Center , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing , China
| | - Weiping Li
- d Department of Pathology , School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University , Lanzhou , China
| | - Yuanfang Ma
- c Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, School of Medicine, Henan University , Kaifeng , China
| | - Lun Song
- a Department of Stress Medicine , Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences , Beijing , China.,b Anhui Medical University , Hefei , China
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Abstract
Autophagy is a lysosomal degradation process crucial for adaptation to stress and cellular homeostasis. In cancer, autophagy has been demonstrated to serve multifaceted roles in tumor initiation and progression. Although genetic evidence corroborates a role for autophagy as a tumor suppressor mechanism during tumor initiation, autophagy also sustains metabolic pathways in cancer cells and promotes survival within the harsh tumor microenvironment and in response to diverse anticancer therapies. Moreover, though traditionally viewed as an autodigestive process, more recent work demonstrates that autophagy also facilitates cellular secretion; the importance of these new functions of the autophagy pathway is being increasingly appreciated during cancer progression and treatment. In this review, we discuss how these evolving and diverse roles for autophagy both impede and promote tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Liu
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - J Debnath
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States.
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Autophagy is a cellular stress response that plays key roles in physiological processes, such as adaptation to starvation, degradation of aberrant proteins or organelles, anti-microbial defense, protein secretion, and innate and adaptive immunity. Dysfunctional autophagy is recognized as a contributing factor in many chronic inflammatory diseases, including inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Genetic studies have identified multiple IBD-associated risk loci that include genes required for autophagy, and several lines of evidence demonstrate that autophagy is impaired in IBD patients. How dysfunctional autophagy contributes to IBD onset is currently under investigation by researchers. KEY MESSAGES Dysfunctional autophagy has been identified to play a role in IBD pathogenesis by altering processes that include (1) intracellular bacterial killing, (2) anti-microbial peptide secretion by Paneth cells, (3) pro-inflammatory cytokine production by macrophages, (4) antigen presentation by dendritic cells, (5) goblet cell function, and (6) the endoplasmic reticulum stress response in enterocytes. The overall effect of dysregulation of these processes varies by cell type, stimulus, as well as cellular context. Manipulation of the autophagic pathway may provide a new avenue in the search for effective therapies for IBD. CONCLUSION Autophagy plays multiple roles in IBD pathogenesis. A better understanding of the role of autophagy in IBD patients may provide better subclassification of IBD phenotypes and novel approaches to disease management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faris El-Khider
- Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Digestive Disease Institute, Cleveland Clinic,Department of Pathobiology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic
| | - Christine McDonald
- Department of Pathobiology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic,Corresponding author: Christine McDonald, Department of Pathobiology, Lerner Research Institute, NC22, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio, 44195, USA, Phone: (216) 445-7058,
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Mimouna S, Bazin M, Mograbi B, Darfeuille-Michaud A, Brest P, Hofman P, Vouret-Craviari V. HIF1A regulates xenophagic degradation of adherent and invasive Escherichia coli (AIEC). Autophagy 2015; 10:2333-45. [PMID: 25484075 PMCID: PMC4502747 DOI: 10.4161/15548627.2014.984275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The hypoxia inducible transcription factor HIF1 activates autophagy, a general catabolic pathway involved in the maintenance of cellular homeostasis. Dysfunction in both autophagy and HIF1 has been implicated in an increasing number of human diseases, including inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), such as Crohn disease (CD). Adherent invasive E. coli (AIEC) colonize ileal mucosa of CD patients and strongly promote gastrointestinal inflammatory disorders by activation of HIF-dependent responses. Here, we aim to characterize the contribution of HIF1 in xenophagy, a specialized form of autophagy involved in the degradation of intracellular bacteria. Our results showed that endogenous HIF1A knockdown increased AIEC survival in intestinal epithelial cells. We demonstrate that the increase in survival rate correlates with a dramatic impairment of the autophagic flux at the autolysosomal maturation step. Furthermore, we show that AIEC remained within single-membrane LC3-II-positive vesicles and that they were unable to induce the phosphorylation of ULK1. These results suggested that, in the absence of HIF1A, AIEC were found within LC3-associated phagosomes. Using blocking antibodies against TLR5 and CEACAM6, the 2 well-known AIEC-bound receptors, we showed that downstream receptor signaling was necessary to mediate ULK1 phosphorylation. Finally, we provide evidence that HIF1 mediates CEACAM6 expression and that CEACAM6 is necessary to recruit ULK1 in a bacteria-containing signaling hub. Collectively, these results identify a new function for HIF1 in AIEC-dedicated xenophagy, and suggest that coactivation of autophagy and HIF1A expression may be a potential new therapy to resolve AIEC infection in CD patients.
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Key Words
- AIEC, adherent invasive E. coli
- AMPK, AMP-activated protein kinase
- ATG16L1, autophagy-related 16-like 1
- ATG5, autophagy-related 5
- BECN1, Beclin 1, autophagy-related
- BNIP3L, BCL2/adenovirus E1B 19kDa interacting protein 3-like
- CD, Crohn disease
- CEACAM6, carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule 6 (nonspecific cross reacting antigen)
- CRTC1/TORC1, CREB regulated transcription coactivator 1
- Crohn disease
- EEA1, early endosome antigen 1
- GFP, green fluorescent protein
- HBSS, Hank's balanced salt solution
- HIF1A, hypoxia inducible factor 1, α subunit (basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor)
- IBD, inflammatory bowel disease
- IRGM, immunity-related GTPase family, M
- LAP
- LAP, LC3-associated phagocytosis
- MAP1LC3-II (LC3-II), microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3-II
- MOI, multiplicity of infection
- SQSTM1/p62 (SQSTM1), sequestosome 1
- TEM, transmission electron microscopy
- TLR5, toll-like receptor 5
- ULK1, unc-51 like autophagy activating kinase 1
- VAV2, vav 2 guanine nucleotide exchange factor
- autophagy
- bacteria
- hypoxia inducible factor
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanda Mimouna
- a Institute for Research on Cancer and Aging; IRCAN U1081 UMR CNRS/UNS 7284 ; Nice , France
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Burada F, Ciurea ME, Nicoli R, Streata I, Vilcea ID, Rogoveanu I, Ioana M. ATG16L1 T300A Polymorphism is Correlated with Gastric Cancer Susceptibility. Pathol Oncol Res 2015; 22:317-22. [PMID: 26547861 DOI: 10.1007/s12253-015-0006-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Gastric cancer is a major leading cause of cancer-related death in both sexes in Europe. The role of autophagy process in carcinogenesis remains unclear and there is increasing evidence that Helicobacter pylori is a key player in modulating autophagy in gastric carcinogenesis. The aim of this study was to assess the potential association of ATG16L1 T300A polymorphism with susceptibility of gastric cancer, and further to analyze the expression profile of ATG16L1 gene in paired tumoral and peritumoral gastric tissue. A total of 108 patients diagnosed with gastric cancer and 242 healthy controls were enrolled. ATG16L1 T300A polymorphism was detected using TaqMan genotyping assay containing primers and specific probes for A and G allele, respectively. ATG16L1 mRNA level was evaluated in 34 paired tumoral and peritumoral tissues using qRT-PCR. We found a significant association for both carriers of AG (OR 0.52, 95% CI: 0.30-0.91, p = 0.02) and GG genotype (OR 0.53, 95% CI: 0.28-0.98, p = 0.043), these were at a lower risk for gastric cancer when compared with the wild-type AA genotype. The strongest association was observed in a dominant model, the carriers of G allele were protected against gastric cancer (OR 0.52, 95% CI: 0.13-0.88, p = 0.013). In a stratified analyse, the association was limited to non-cardia type and intestinal type. ATG16L1 gene expression was detected in both tumor and peritumoral tissues, with the mRNA-ATG16L1 levels significantly higher in tumor sample. Our results suggest that ATG16L1 T300A polymorphism may be associated with gastric carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florin Burada
- Research Center of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 1 May street no 66, Craiova, Romania.
| | - Marius Eugen Ciurea
- Research Center of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 1 May street no 66, Craiova, Romania
| | - Raluca Nicoli
- Research Center of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 1 May street no 66, Craiova, Romania
| | - Ioana Streata
- Research Center of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 1 May street no 66, Craiova, Romania
| | - Ionica Dan Vilcea
- Department of Surgery, University of Medicine and Pharmacy from Craiova, Petru Rares street no 2-4, 200349, Craiova, Romania
| | - Ion Rogoveanu
- Research Center of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 1 May street no 66, Craiova, Romania
| | - Mihai Ioana
- Research Center of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 1 May street no 66, Craiova, Romania
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CD11b deficiency suppresses intestinal tumor growth by reducing myeloid cell recruitment. Sci Rep 2015; 5:15948. [PMID: 26526388 PMCID: PMC4630647 DOI: 10.1038/srep15948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mac-1 (CD11b) is expressed on bone marrow-derived immune cells. CD11b binds to ligands to regulate leukocyte adhesion and migration across the endothelium or epithelium. Here, we employed CD11b knockout mice and an ApcMin/+ spontaneous intestinal adenoma mouse model to clarify the function of CD11b in intestinal tumorigenesis. We showed that CD11b deficiency may contribute to the inhibition of myeloid cell trafficking to the tumor microenvironment and inactivated Wnt/β-catenin pathway to suppress tumor growth. This effect was partly mediated by inhibiting the myeloid cell-mediated decrease in TNF-α secretion, which inhibits the recruitment of myeloid-derived suppressor cells to the tumor microenvironment and subsequently induces IFN-γ and CXCL9 production. This work provides evidence for the mechanism by which CD11b may function as an important oncogene and highlights the potential of CD11b as a therapeutic target in CRC.
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Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a complex disease that develops as a consequence of both genetic and environmental risk factors. A small proportion (3-5%) of cases arise from hereditary syndromes predisposing to early onset CRC as a result of mutations in over a dozen well defined genes. In contrast, CRC is predominantly a late onset 'sporadic' disease, developing in individuals with no obvious hereditary syndrome. In recent years, genome wide association studies have discovered that over 40 genetic regions are associated with weak effects on sporadic CRC, and it has been estimated that increasingly large genome wide scans will identify many additional novel genetic regions. Subsequent experimental validations have identified the causally related variant(s) in a limited number of these genetic regions. Further biological insight could be obtained through ethnically diverse study populations, larger genetic sequencing studies and development of higher throughput functional experiments. Along with inherited variation, integration of the tumour genome may shed light on the carcinogenic processes in CRC. In addition to summarising the genetic architecture of CRC, this review discusses genetic factors that modify environmental predictors of CRC, as well as examples of how genetic insight has improved clinical surveillance, prevention and treatment strategies. In summary, substantial progress has been made in uncovering the genetic architecture of CRC, and continued research efforts are expected to identify additional genetic risk factors that further our biological understanding of this disease. Subsequently these new insights will lead to improved treatment and prevention of colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrike Peters
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington School of Public Health, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Stephanie Bien
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Niha Zubair
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
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Abstract
Dynamins and BAR proteins are crucial in a wide variety of cellular processes for their ability to mediate membrane remodeling, such as membrane curvature and membrane fission and fusion. In this review, we highlight dynamins and BAR proteins and the cellular mechanisms that are involved in the initiation and progression of cancer. We specifically discuss the roles of the seproteinsin endocytosis, endo-lysosomal trafficking, autophagy, and apoptosis as these processes are all tightly linked to membrane remodeling and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna C. Sundborger
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Jenny E. Hinshaw
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
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Girolamo F, Lia A, Amati A, Strippoli M, Coppola C, Virgintino D, Roncali L, Toscano A, Serlenga L, Trojano M. Overexpression of autophagic proteins in the skeletal muscle of sporadic inclusion body myositis. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2014; 39:736-49. [PMID: 23452291 DOI: 10.1111/nan.12040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2012] [Accepted: 02/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Sporadic inclusion body myositis (s-IBM) is characterized by rimmed vacuole formation and misfolded protein accumulation. Intracellular protein aggregates are cleared by autophagy. When autophagy is blocked aggregates accumulate, resulting in abnormal rimmed vacuole formation. This study investigated the autophagy-lysosome pathway contribution to rimmed vacuole accumulation. METHODS Autophagy was studied in muscle biopsy specimens obtained from eleven s-IBM patients, one suspected hereditary IBM patient, nine patients with other inflammatory myopathies and nine non-myopathic patients as controls. The analysis employed morphometric methods applied to immunohistochemistry using the endosome marker Clathrin, essential proteins of the autophagic cascade such as AuTophaGy-related protein ATG5, splicing variants of microtubule-associated protein light chain 3a (LC3a) and LC3b, compared with Beclin 1, the major autophagy regulator of both the initiation phase and late endosome/lysosome fusion of the autophagy-lysosome pathway. RESULTS In muscle biopsies of s-IBM patients, an increased expression of Clathrin, ATG5, LC3a, LC3b and Beclin 1 was shown. Moreover, the inflammatory components of the disease, essentially lymphocytes, were preferentially distributed around the Beclin 1(+) myofibres. These affected myofibres also showed a moderate sarcoplasmic accumulation of SMI-31(+) phospho-tau paired helical filaments. CONCLUSION The overexpression of autophagy markers linked to the decreased clearance of misfolded proteins, including SMI-31, and rimmed vacuoles accumulation may exhaust cellular resources and lead to cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Girolamo
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, University of Bari School of Medicine, Bari, Italy
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Carrière J, Darfeuille-Michaud A, Nguyen HTT. Infectious etiopathogenesis of Crohn’s disease. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20:12102-12117. [PMID: 25232246 PMCID: PMC4161797 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i34.12102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2014] [Revised: 04/18/2014] [Accepted: 05/26/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Important advances during the last decade have been made in understanding the complex etiopathogenesis of Crohn’s disease (CD). While many gaps in our knowledge still exist, it has been suggested that the etiology of CD is multifactorial including genetic, environmental and infectious factors. The most widely accepted theory states that CD is caused by an aggressive immune response to infectious agents in genetically predisposed individuals. The rise of genome-wide association studies allowed the identification of loci and genetic variants in several components of host innate and adaptive immune responses to microorganisms in the gut, highlighting an implication of intestinal microbiota in CD etiology. Moreover, numerous independent studies reported a dysbiosis, i.e., a modification of intestinal microbiota composition, with an imbalance between the abundance of beneficial and harmful bacteria. Although microorganisms including viruses, yeasts, fungi and bacteria have been postulated as potential CD pathogens, based on epidemiological, clinicopathological, genetic and experimental evidence, their precise role in this disease is not clearly defined. This review summarizes the current knowledge of the infectious agents associated with an increased risk of developing CD. Therapeutic approaches to modulate the intestinal dysbiosis and to target the putative CD-associated pathogens, as well as their potential mechanisms of action are also discussed.
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Balato A, Di Caprio R, Lembo S, Mattii M, Megna M, Schiattarella M, Tarantino G, Balato N, Ayala F, Monfrecola G. Mammalian Target of Rapamycin in Inflammatory Skin Conditions. EUR J INFLAMM 2014. [DOI: 10.1177/1721727x1401200213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The conserved serine/threonine kinase mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a major regulator of survival growth, proliferation and motility, in response to mitogens, energy and nutrient levels. Dysregulation of mTOR pathway has been observed in various inflammatory or neoplastic human diseases. To assess the potential involvement of mTOR in some of the most common inflammatory skin diseases, and its interaction with other inflammatory mediators, we investigated mTOR expression in psoriasis, allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) and atopic dermatitis (AD). mTOR gene expression was assessed in the following conditions: i) skin biopsies from 15 patients affected by psoriasis, 5 patients with ACD, 5 patients with AD and 3 patients with EGFR-inhibitor-induced skin rash; ii) in immortalized keratinocytes HaCaT, primary human keratinocytes (KCs) and full thickness skin organ cultures, incubated with tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL) 17A or their combination; iii) in HaCaT cells stimulated with ultraviolet (UV)B; iv) in skin biopsies from 5 psoriatic patients before and after 16 weeks of anti-TNF-α therapy; mTOR expression was also evaluated through immunohistochemistry in lesional and non-lesional skin samples from 5 psoriatic patients. Moreover, mTOR major up-stream and down-stream regulator gene expression was assessed in skin biopsies from 15 patients affected by psoriasis, 5 patients with ACD, 5 patients with AD and 3 patients with EGFR-inhibitor-induced skin rash. All analyzed skin diseases showed an increase of mTOR gene expression whereas mTOR up-stream negative regulators were reduced or not enhanced in all of them. mTOR was strongly expressed in all epidermal layers of lesional and non-lesional psoriatic skin. Conversely, pro-inflammatory conditions, in vitro, were not able to increase mTOR levels, except for UVB. Similarly, anti-TNF-α therapy was not able to reduce mTOR gene expression in patients with psoriasis. Our study provides evidence that mTOR is involved in cutaneous inflammatory process, but through a signalling not directly dependent from Th1-Th17 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Balato
- Department of Dermatology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - R. Di Caprio
- Department of Dermatology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - S. Lembo
- Department of Dermatology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - M. Mattii
- Department of Dermatology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - M. Megna
- Department of Dermatology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - M. Schiattarella
- Department of Dermatology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - G. Tarantino
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - N. Balato
- Department of Dermatology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - F. Ayala
- Department of Dermatology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - G. Monfrecola
- Department of Dermatology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
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39
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Chargui A, El May MV. Autophagy mediates neutrophil responses to bacterial infection. APMIS 2014; 122:1047-58. [PMID: 24735202 DOI: 10.1111/apm.12271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2013] [Accepted: 02/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Neutrophils constitute the first line of cellular defense against pathogens and autophagy is a fundamental cellular homeostasis pathway that operates with the intracellular degradation/recycling system. Induction of the autophagic process in neutrophils, in response to invading pathogens, constitutes a crucial mechanism in innate immunity. Exploration of autophagy has greatly progressed and diverse strategies have been reported for studying this molecular process in different biological systems; especially in infectious and inflammatory diseases. Furthermore, the role of autophagy in neutrophils, during pathogenic infection, continues to be of interest, due to the role of the cell in immunity function, its recruitment to the site of infection and its implication in inflammatory diseases. This review focuses on the known role of autophagy in neutrophils defence against pathogenic infections. A more detailed discussion will concern the recent findings highlighting the role of autophagy in inflammation and cell death in infected neutrophils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abderrahman Chargui
- Laboratory of Histology, Embryology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Tunis, Tunisia; Higher School of Agriculture, Kef, Tunisia
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40
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Chung LP, Baltic S, Ferreira M, Temple S, Waterer G, Thompson PJ. Beta2 adrenergic receptor (ADRβ2) haplotype pair (2/4) is associated with severe asthma. PLoS One 2014; 9:e93695. [PMID: 24691493 PMCID: PMC3972120 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0093695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2013] [Accepted: 03/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background β2 adrenergic receptor (ADRβ2) polymorphisms including ADRβ2+46G>A have been reported to cause adverse outcomes in mild asthmatics. The extent to which ADRβ2 polymorphisms and in particular their haplotypes contribute to severe asthma is unknown. Objective To determine the association of ADRβ2 polymorphisms and haplotypes with asthma severity. Methods Caucasians (n = 2979) were genotyped for 11 ADRβ2 polymorphisms. The cohort (mean age 39.6, 60% female) included 2296 non-asthmatics, 386 mild asthmatics, 172 moderate asthmatics and 125 severe asthmatics. Haplotype frequency and haplotype pair for each subject was determined using the PHASE algorithm. Results The three asthmatic cohorts were comparable in age and gender but were distinguishable from each other in terms of symptoms, spirometry, medication use and health care utilisation (p <0.001). None of the polymorphisms showed a genotypic or allelic association with asthma diagnosis or severity. Nine haplotypes were identified and no association was found with asthma diagnosis or severity per se. Haplotype pair 2/4 was associated with asthma severity (Trend Test, OR 1.42, p = 0.0008) but not with asthma per se. Prevalence of haplotype pair 2/2 appeared to decrease with asthma severity (Trend Test, OR 0.78, p = 0.067). Two new haplotypes were identified, occurring exclusively in asthmatics at a frequency of ≥ 1%. In addition, a positive association between carriage of ADRβ2 +523*C and increased risk of atopy was discovered. Conclusions ADRβ2 haplotype pair 2/4 is associated with severe asthma and is consistent with findings of poor bronchodilator response in mild asthmatics who are also haplotype 2/4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Ping Chung
- Molecular Genetics and Inflammation Unit, Lung Institute of Western Australia and Centre for Asthma, Allergy and Respiratory Research, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
- School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | - Svetlana Baltic
- Molecular Genetics and Inflammation Unit, Lung Institute of Western Australia and Centre for Asthma, Allergy and Respiratory Research, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
- School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Manuel Ferreira
- The Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Suzanna Temple
- Molecular Genetics and Inflammation Unit, Lung Institute of Western Australia and Centre for Asthma, Allergy and Respiratory Research, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
- School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Grant Waterer
- School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Philip J. Thompson
- Molecular Genetics and Inflammation Unit, Lung Institute of Western Australia and Centre for Asthma, Allergy and Respiratory Research, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
- School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
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41
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Kamba A, Lee IA, Mizoguchi E. Potential association between TLR4 and chitinase 3-like 1 (CHI3L1/YKL-40) signaling on colonic epithelial cells in inflammatory bowel disease and colitis-associated cancer. Curr Mol Med 2014; 13:1110-21. [PMID: 23170831 DOI: 10.2174/1566524011313070006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2012] [Revised: 11/02/2012] [Accepted: 11/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a group of inflammatory disorders in the small and large intestines. Several studies have proved that persistent and disregulated host/microbial interactions are required for the development of IBD. It is well known that chronic IBD is strongly associated with an increased risk of developing colorectal cancer by 0.5-1% annually, 8-10 years after the initial diagnosis. To detect the tiny dysplasia or early stage of cancer in chronic IBD patients, a tremendous amount of effort is currently directed for improving colonoscopic technology and noninvasive serological marker development. However, there is only a limited amount of data available to understand the exact mechanism of how long term chronic colitis is connected to the development of colorectal tumors. Recently, our group has identified significantly increased expression of chitinase 3-like 1 (CHI3L1) molecule in non-dysplastic mucosa from patients with IBD and remote dysplasia/cancer, compared to patients with IBD without dysplasia or healthy controls. CHI3L1 seems to contribute to the proliferation, migration, and neoplastic progression of colonic epithelial cells (CECs) under inflammatory conditions. Furthermore, the TLR4-mediated intracellular signaling cascade is likely to interact with CHI3L1 signaling in CECs. In this review article, we have concisely summarized the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlining the development of IBD and colitis-associated cancer, with particular focus on the TLR4- and CHI3L1-signaling pathways in CECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kamba
- Gastrointestinal Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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Subversion of autophagy in adherent invasive Escherichia coli-infected neutrophils induces inflammation and cell death. PLoS One 2012; 7:e51727. [PMID: 23272151 PMCID: PMC3522719 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0051727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2012] [Accepted: 11/05/2012] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Invading bacteria are recognized, captured and killed by a specialized form of autophagy, called xenophagy. Recently, defects in xenophagy in Crohn’s disease (CD) have been implicated in the pathogenesis of human chronic inflammatory diseases of uncertain etiology of the gastrointestinal tract. We show here that pathogenic adherent-invasive Escherichia coli (AIEC) isolated from CD patients are able to adhere and invade neutrophils, which represent the first line of defense against bacteria. Of particular interest, AIEC infection of neutrophil-like PLB-985 cells blocked autophagy at the autolysosomal step, which allowed intracellular survival of bacteria and exacerbated interleukin-8 (IL-8) production. Interestingly, this block in autophagy correlated with the induction of autophagic cell death. Likewise, stimulation of autophagy by nutrient starvation or rapamycin treatment reduced intracellular AIEC survival and IL-8 production. Finally, treatment with an inhibitor of autophagy decreased cell death of AIEC-infected neutrophil-like PLB-985 cells. In conclusion, excessive autophagy in AIEC infection triggered cell death of neutrophils.
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43
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Extracellular ATP induces cell death in human intestinal epithelial cells. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2012; 1820:1867-78. [PMID: 22951220 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2012.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2012] [Revised: 07/15/2012] [Accepted: 08/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Extracellular ATP is an endogenous signaling molecule released by various cell types and under different stimuli. High concentrations of ATP released into the extracellular medium activate the P2X7 receptor in most inflammatory conditions. Here, we seek to characterize the effects of ATP in human intestinal epithelial cells and to evaluate morphological changes in these cells in the presence of ATP. METHODS We treated human intestinal epithelial cells with ATP and evaluated the effects of this nucleotide by scanning and transmission electron microscopy analysis and calcium measurements. We used flow cytometry to evaluate apoptosis. We collected human intestinal explants for immunohistochemistry, apoptosis by the TUNEL approach and caspase-3 activity using flow cytometry analyses. We also evaluated the ROS production by flow cytometry and NO secretion by the Griess technique. RESULTS ATP treatment induced changes characteristic of cell death by apoptosis and autophagy but not necrosis in the HCT8 cell line. ATP induced apoptosis in human intestinal explants that showed TUNEL-positive cells in the epithelium and in the lamina propria. The explants exhibited a significant increase of caspase-3 activity when the colonic epithelial cells were incubated with IFN-gamma followed by ATP as compared to control cells. In addition, it was found that antioxidants were able to inhibit both the ROS production and the apoptosis induced by ATP in epithelial cells. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE The activation of P2X7 receptors by ATP induces apoptosis and autophagy in human epithelial cells, possibly via ROS production, and this effect might have implications for gut inflammatory conditions.
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44
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Zhou XJ, Zhang H. Autophagy in immunity: implications in etiology of autoimmune/autoinflammatory diseases. Autophagy 2012; 8:1286-99. [PMID: 22878595 DOI: 10.4161/auto.21212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is now emerging as a spotlight in trafficking events that activate innate and adaptive immunity. It facilitates innate pathogen detection and antigen presentation, as well as pathogen clearance and lymphocyte homeostasis. In this review, we first summarize new insights into its functions in immunity, which underlie its associations with autoimmunity. As some lines of evidence are emerging to support its role in autoimmune and autoinflammatory diseases, we further discuss whether and how it affects autoimmune diseases including systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, diabetes mellitus and multiple sclerosis, as well as autoinflammatory diseases, such as Crohn disease and vitiligo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu-Jie Zhou
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Peking University First Hospital, Peking University Institute of Nephrology, Key Laboratory of Renal Disease, Ministry of Health of China, Key Laboratory of Chronic Kidney Disease Prevention and Treatment (Peking University), Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
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45
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Etiology of Crohn’s disease: many roads lead to autophagy. J Mol Med (Berl) 2012; 90:987-96. [DOI: 10.1007/s00109-012-0934-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2012] [Revised: 06/25/2012] [Accepted: 06/27/2012] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Stern ST, Adiseshaiah PP, Crist RM. Autophagy and lysosomal dysfunction as emerging mechanisms of nanomaterial toxicity. Part Fibre Toxicol 2012; 9:20. [PMID: 22697169 PMCID: PMC3441384 DOI: 10.1186/1743-8977-9-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 539] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2012] [Accepted: 06/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The study of the potential risks associated with the manufacture, use, and disposal of nanoscale materials, and their mechanisms of toxicity, is important for the continued advancement of nanotechnology. Currently, the most widely accepted paradigms of nanomaterial toxicity are oxidative stress and inflammation, but the underlying mechanisms are poorly defined. This review will highlight the significance of autophagy and lysosomal dysfunction as emerging mechanisms of nanomaterial toxicity. Most endocytic routes of nanomaterial cell uptake converge upon the lysosome, making the lysosomal compartment the most common intracellular site of nanoparticle sequestration and degradation. In addition to the endo-lysosomal pathway, recent evidence suggests that some nanomaterials can also induce autophagy. Among the many physiological functions, the lysosome, by way of the autophagy (macroautophagy) pathway, degrades intracellular pathogens, and damaged organelles and proteins. Thus, autophagy induction by nanoparticles may be an attempt to degrade what is perceived by the cell as foreign or aberrant. While the autophagy and endo-lysosomal pathways have the potential to influence the disposition of nanomaterials, there is also a growing body of literature suggesting that biopersistent nanomaterials can, in turn, negatively impact these pathways. Indeed, there is ample evidence that biopersistent nanomaterials can cause autophagy and lysosomal dysfunctions resulting in toxicological consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan T Stern
- Nanotechnology Characterization Laboratory, Advanced Technology Program, SAIC-Frederick, Inc, NCI-Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
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47
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Xu J, Wang Y, Tan X, Jing H. MicroRNAs in autophagy and their emerging roles in crosstalk with apoptosis. Autophagy 2012; 8:873-82. [PMID: 22441107 DOI: 10.4161/auto.19629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Macroautophagy (hereafter referred to as autophagy) is an evolutionarily conserved self-degradative process, which involves the regular turnover of cellular components via sequestering damaged macromolecules and transporting them for lysosomal degradation. In the past few years, the scientific community has produced remarkable advances in our understanding of the genes that are involved in autophagy and of their profound effects on various diseases. Recently, a new class of noncoding RNAs, known as microRNAs (miRNAs), has been demonstrated to play crucial roles in diverse biological processes including development, cell differentiation and apoptosis. Here, we review the current understanding about miRNAs focusing on their involvement in the autophagy process. Intriguingly, several confirmed targets of these autophagy-miRNAs are also important regulators in the crosstalk between autophagy and apoptosis. Furthermore, transcripts involved in autophagy and apoptosis may indirectly modulate each other by competing for common miRNA binding sites. Thus, miRNAs potentially work as molecular switches between these two intimately connected processes and contribute to the cell fate decision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianzhen Xu
- College of Bioengineering, Henan Universitfy of Technology, Zhengzhou, China.
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48
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Lozy F, Karantza V. Autophagy and cancer cell metabolism. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2012; 23:395-401. [PMID: 22281437 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2012.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2011] [Revised: 01/10/2012] [Accepted: 01/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy is a catabolic process involving lysosomal turnover of proteins and organelles for maintenance of cellular homeostasis and mitigation of metabolic stress. Autophagy defects are linked to diseases, such as liver failure, neurodegeneration, inflammatory bowel disease, aging and cancer. The role of autophagy in tumorigenesis is complex and likely context-dependent. Human breast, ovarian and prostate cancers have allelic deletions of the essential autophagy regulator BECN1 and Becn1(+/-) and other autophagy-deficient transgenic mice are tumor-prone, whereas tumors with constitutive Ras activation, including human pancreatic cancers, upregulate basal autophagy and are commonly addicted to this pathway for survival and growth; furthermore, autophagy suppression by Fip200 deletion compromises PyMT-induced mammary tumorigenesis. The double-edged sword function of autophagy in cancer has been attributed to both cell- and non-cell-autonomous mechanisms, as autophagy defects promote cancer progression in association with oxidative and ER stress, DNA damage accumulation, genomic instability and persistence of inflammation, while functional autophagy enables cancer cell survival under stress and likely contributes to treatment resistance. In this review, we will focus on the intimate link between autophagy and cancer cell metabolism, a topic of growing interest in recent years, which has been recognized as highly clinically relevant and has become the focus of intense investigation in translational cancer research. Many tumor-associated conditions, including intermittent oxygen and nutrient deprivation, oxidative stress, fast growth and cell death suppression, modulate, in parallel and in interconnected ways, both cellular metabolism and autophagy to enable cancer cells to rapidly adapt to environmental stressors, maintain uncontrolled proliferation and evade the toxic effects of radiation and/or chemotherapy. Elucidating the interplay between autophagy and tumor cell metabolism will provide unique opportunities to identify new therapeutic targets and develop synthetically lethal treatment strategies that preferentially target cancer cells, while sparing normal tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fred Lozy
- University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, 675 Hoes Lane, Piscataway, NJ 08854, United States
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49
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Verschuere S, Allais L, Bracke KR, Lippens S, De Smet R, Vandenabeele P, Brusselle GGG, Cuvelier CA. Cigarette smoke and the terminal ileum: increased autophagy in murine follicle-associated epithelium and Peyer's patches. Histochem Cell Biol 2011; 137:293-301. [PMID: 22198275 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-011-0902-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/12/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cigarette smoke (CS) exposure is associated with increased autophagy in several cell types, such as bronchial epithelial cells. Smoking is also an environmental risk factor in Crohn's disease, in which impairment of the autophagy-mediated anti-bacterial pathway has been implicated. So far, it is unknown whether CS induces autophagy in the gut. Here, we examined the effect of chronic CS exposure on autophagy in the follicle-associated epithelium (FAE) of murine Peyer's patches. Transmission electron microscopy revealed that the proportion of cell area occupied by autophagic vesicles significantly increased in the FAE after CS exposure. An increased number of autophagic vesicles was observed in the FAE, whereas the vesicle size remained unaltered. Besides enterocytes, also M-cells contain more autophagic vesicles upon CS exposure. In addition, the mRNA level of the autophagy-related protein Atg7 in the underlying Peyer's patches is increased after CS exposure, which indicates that the autophagy-inducing effect of CS is not limited to the FAE. In conclusion, our results demonstrate that CS exposure induces autophagy in murine FAE and in the underlying immune cells of Peyer's patches, suggesting that CS exposure increases the risk for Crohn's disease by causing epithelial oxidative damage, which needs to be repaired by autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Verschuere
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital Ghent, 5 Blok A, De Pintelaan 185, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
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50
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Abdulrahman BA, Khweek AA, Akhter A, Caution K, Kotrange S, Abdelaziz DHA, Newland C, Rosales-Reyes R, Kopp B, McCoy K, Montione R, Schlesinger LS, Gavrilin MA, Wewers MD, Valvano MA, Amer AO. Autophagy stimulation by rapamycin suppresses lung inflammation and infection by Burkholderia cenocepacia in a model of cystic fibrosis. Autophagy 2011; 7:1359-70. [PMID: 21997369 DOI: 10.4161/auto.7.11.17660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is the most common inherited lethal disease of Caucasians which results in multi organ dysfunction. However, 85% of the deaths are due to pulmonary infections. Infection by Burkholderia cenocepacia (B. cepacia) is a particularly lethal threat to CF patients because it causes severe and persistent lung inflammation and is resistant to nearly all available antibiotics. In CFTR ΔF508 mouse macrophages, B. cepacia persists in vacuoles that do not fuse with the lysosomes and mediates increased production of IL-1β. It is believed that intracellular bacterial survival contributes to the persistence of the bacterium. Here we show for the first time that in wild-type macrophages but not in ΔF508 macrophages, many B. cepacia reside in autophagosomes that fuse with lysosomes at later stages of infection. Accordingly, association and intracellular survival of B. cepacia are higher in CFTR-ΔF508 (ΔF508) macrophages than in WT macrophages. An autophagosome is a compartment that engulfs non-functional organelles and parts of the cytoplasm then delivers them to the lysosome for degradation to produce nutrients during periods of starvation or stress. Furthermore, we show that B. cepacia downregulates autophagy genes in WT and ΔF508 macrophages. However, autophagy dysfunction is more pronounced in ΔF508 macrophages since they already have compromised autophagy activity. We demonstrate that the autophagy-stimulating agent, rapamycin markedly decreases B. cepacia infection in vitro by enhancing the clearance of B. cepacia via induced autophagy. In vivo, Rapamycin decreases bacterial burden in the lungs of CF mice and drastically reduces signs of lung inflammation. Together, our studies reveal that if efficiently activated, autophagy can control B. cepacia infection and ameliorate the associated inflammation. Therefore, autophagy is a novel target for new drug development for CF patients to control B. cepacia infection and accompanying inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basant A Abdulrahman
- Center for Microbial Interface Biology, Department of Microbial Infection, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
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