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Jung H, Lee Y, Lee SH, Sohn JH. Auditory or Audiovisual Stimulation Ameliorates Cognitive Impairment and Neuropathology in ApoE4 Knock-In Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24020938. [PMID: 36674449 PMCID: PMC9863367 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24020938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
We hypothesized that auditory stimulation could reduce the progression of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), and that audiovisual stimulation could have additional effects through multisensory integration. We exposed 12 month old Apoetm1.1(APOE*4)Adiuj mice (a mouse model of sporadic AD) to auditory (A) or audiovisual stimulation (AV) at 40 Hz for 14 days in a soundproof chamber system (no stimulation, N). Behavioral tests were performed before and after each session, and their brain tissues were assessed for amyloid-beta expression and apoptotic cell death, after 14 days. Furthermore, brain levels of acetylcholine and apoptosis-related proteins were analyzed. In the Y-maze test, the percentage relative alternation was significantly higher in group A than in group N mice. Amyloid-beta and TUNEL positivity in the hippocampal CA3 region was significantly lower in group A and group AV mice than in group N mice (p < 0.05). Acetylcholine levels were significantly higher in group A and group AV mice than in group N mice (p < 0.05). Compared to group N mice, expression of the proapoptotic proteins Bax and caspase-3 was lower in group A, and expression of the antiapoptotic protein Bcl-2 was higher in group AV. In a mouse model of early-stage sporadic AD, auditory or audiovisual stimulation improved cognitive performance and neuropathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harry Jung
- Institute of New Frontier Research Team, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeonkyeong Lee
- Institute of New Frontier Research Team, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Hwa Lee
- Institute of New Frontier Research Team, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea
- Department of Neurology, Chuncheon Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Hee Sohn
- Institute of New Frontier Research Team, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea
- Department of Neurology, Chuncheon Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea
- Correspondence:
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Steele OG, Stuart AC, Minkley L, Shaw K, Bonnar O, Anderle S, Penn AC, Rusted J, Serpell L, Hall C, King S. A multi-hit hypothesis for an APOE4-dependent pathophysiological state. Eur J Neurosci 2022; 56:5476-5515. [PMID: 35510513 PMCID: PMC9796338 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The APOE gene encoding the Apolipoprotein E protein is the single most significant genetic risk factor for late-onset Alzheimer's disease. The APOE4 genotype confers a significantly increased risk relative to the other two common genotypes APOE3 and APOE2. Intriguingly, APOE4 has been associated with neuropathological and cognitive deficits in the absence of Alzheimer's disease-related amyloid or tau pathology. Here, we review the extensive literature surrounding the impact of APOE genotype on central nervous system dysfunction, focussing on preclinical model systems and comparison of APOE3 and APOE4, given the low global prevalence of APOE2. A multi-hit hypothesis is proposed to explain how APOE4 shifts cerebral physiology towards pathophysiology through interconnected hits. These hits include the following: neurodegeneration, neurovascular dysfunction, neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, endosomal trafficking impairments, lipid and cellular metabolism disruption, impaired calcium homeostasis and altered transcriptional regulation. The hits, individually and in combination, leave the APOE4 brain in a vulnerable state where further cumulative insults will exacerbate degeneration and lead to cognitive deficits in the absence of Alzheimer's disease pathology and also a state in which such pathology may more easily take hold. We conclude that current evidence supports an APOE4 multi-hit hypothesis, which contributes to an APOE4 pathophysiological state. We highlight key areas where further study is required to elucidate the complex interplay between these individual mechanisms and downstream consequences, helping to frame the current landscape of existing APOE-centric literature.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Lucy Minkley
- School of Life SciencesUniversity of SussexBrightonUK
| | - Kira Shaw
- School of Life SciencesUniversity of SussexBrightonUK
| | - Orla Bonnar
- School of Life SciencesUniversity of SussexBrightonUK
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Sarah King
- School of PsychologyUniversity of SussexBrightonUK
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Neuroimaging of Mouse Models of Alzheimer’s Disease. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10020305. [PMID: 35203515 PMCID: PMC8869427 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10020305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and positron emission tomography (PET) have made great strides in the diagnosis and our understanding of Alzheimer’s Disease (AD). Despite the knowledge gained from human studies, mouse models have and continue to play an important role in deciphering the cellular and molecular evolution of AD. MRI and PET are now being increasingly used to investigate neuroimaging features in mouse models and provide the basis for rapid translation to the clinical setting. Here, we provide an overview of the human MRI and PET imaging landscape as a prelude to an in-depth review of preclinical imaging in mice. A broad range of mouse models recapitulate certain aspects of the human AD, but no single model simulates the human disease spectrum. We focused on the two of the most popular mouse models, the 3xTg-AD and the 5xFAD models, and we summarized all known published MRI and PET imaging data, including contrasting findings. The goal of this review is to provide the reader with broad framework to guide future studies in existing and future mouse models of AD. We also highlight aspects of MRI and PET imaging that could be improved to increase rigor and reproducibility in future imaging studies.
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Silaghi CN, Farcaș M, Crăciun AM. Sirtuin 3 (SIRT3) Pathways in Age-Related Cardiovascular and Neurodegenerative Diseases. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9111574. [PMID: 34829803 PMCID: PMC8615405 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9111574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Age-associated cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases lead to high morbidity and mortality around the world. Sirtuins are vital enzymes for metabolic adaptation and provide protective effects against a wide spectrum of pathologies. Among sirtuins, mitochondrial sirtuin 3 (SIRT3) is an essential player in preserving the habitual metabolic profile. SIRT3 activity declines as a result of aging-induced changes in cellular metabolism, leading to increased susceptibility to endothelial dysfunction, hypertension, heart failure and neurodegenerative diseases. Stimulating SIRT3 activity via lifestyle, pharmacological or genetic interventions could protect against a plethora of pathologies and could improve health and lifespan. Thus, understanding how SIRT3 operates and how its protective effects could be amplified, will aid in treating age-associated diseases and ultimately, in enhancing the quality of life in elders.
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Watson Y, Nelson B, Kluesner JH, Tanzy C, Ramesh S, Patel Z, Kluesner KH, Singh A, Murthy V, Mitchell CS. Aggregate Trends of Apolipoprotein E on Cognition in Transgenic Alzheimer's Disease Mice. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 83:435-450. [PMID: 34334405 PMCID: PMC8461675 DOI: 10.3233/jad-210492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Background: Apolipoprotein E (APOE) genotypes typically increase risk of amyloid-β deposition and onset of clinical Alzheimer’s disease (AD). However, cognitive assessments in APOE transgenic AD mice have resulted in discord. Objective: Analysis of 31 peer-reviewed AD APOE mouse publications (n = 3,045 mice) uncovered aggregate trends between age, APOE genotype, gender, modulatory treatments, and cognition. Methods: T-tests with Bonferroni correction (significance = p < 0.002) compared age-normalized Morris water maze (MWM) escape latencies in wild type (WT), APOE2 knock-in (KI2), APOE3 knock-in (KI3), APOE4 knock-in (KI4), and APOE knock-out (KO) mice. Positive treatments (t+) to favorably modulate APOE to improve cognition, negative treatments (t–) to perturb etiology and diminish cognition, and untreated (t0) mice were compared. Machine learning with random forest modeling predicted MWM escape latency performance based on 12 features: mouse genotype (WT, KI2, KI3, KI4, KO), modulatory treatment (t+, t–, t0), mouse age, and mouse gender (male = g_m; female = g_f, mixed gender = g_mi). Results: KI3 mice performed significantly better in MWM, but KI4 and KO performed significantly worse than WT. KI2 performed similarly to WT. KI4 performed significantly worse compared to every other genotype. Positive treatments significantly improved cognition in WT, KI4, and KO compared to untreated. Interestingly, negative treatments in KI4 also significantly improved mean MWM escape latency. Random forest modeling resulted in the following feature importance for predicting superior MWM performance: [KI3, age, g_m, KI4, t0, t+, KO, WT, g_mi, t–, g_f, KI2] = [0.270, 0.094, 0.092, 0.088, 0.077, 0.074, 0.069, 0.061, 0.058, 0.054, 0.038, 0.023]. Conclusion: APOE3, age, and male gender was most important for predicting superior mouse cognitive performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yassin Watson
- Laboratory for Pathology Dynamics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Brenae Nelson
- Laboratory for Pathology Dynamics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jamie Hernandez Kluesner
- Laboratory for Pathology Dynamics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Caroline Tanzy
- Laboratory for Pathology Dynamics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Shreya Ramesh
- Laboratory for Pathology Dynamics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Zoey Patel
- Laboratory for Pathology Dynamics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Kaci Hernandez Kluesner
- Laboratory for Pathology Dynamics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Anita Singh
- Laboratory for Pathology Dynamics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Vibha Murthy
- Laboratory for Pathology Dynamics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Cassie S Mitchell
- Laboratory for Pathology Dynamics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Institute for Machine Learning, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Kim JH, Jung H, Lee Y, Sohn JH. Surgery Performed Under Propofol Anesthesia Induces Cognitive Impairment and Amyloid Pathology in ApoE4 Knock-In Mouse Model. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 13:658860. [PMID: 33981208 PMCID: PMC8107235 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.658860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) following anesthesia and surgery is a common and severe complication, especially in elderly patients. A pre-existing cognitive impairment may impart susceptibility to further cognitive dysfunction; the mechanism remains unclear. We hypothesized that the specific impacts of anesthesia and surgery on individuals with preclinical Alzheimer’s disease (AD) may render them more susceptible to an increase in the risk of cognitive impairment. The aim of this study was to compare the cognitive impairment between normal adult mice and those with preclinical AD after propofol anesthesia and surgery. Methods: We performed abdominal surgery in cognitively pre-symptomatic, 5-month-old male mice with sporadic AD (apolipoprotein E4 allele, ApoE4-KI) and age-matched (C57BL/6J) controls. Propofol anesthesia (170 mg/kg) was induced via retro-orbital injection over 2 h. Morris water maze (MWM) and Y-maze tests were conducted 2 days before and 2, 4, and 7 days after surgery. The mean escape latencies and spontaneous alternation percentages were the major outcomes. Neuronal apoptosis in hippocampal sections was evaluated using the terminal dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL) assay. Hippocampal amyloid beta (Aβ) levels were assessed via quantitative immunohistochemistry (IHC). Results: The control mice exhibited increased mean escape latencies of MWM at postoperative 2 and 4, but not at day 7; ApoE4-KI mice exhibited such increases at postoperative days 2, 4 and 7. Significant differences between ApoE4-KI and control mice in terms of the mean escape latencies were evident at days 2 and 7 (both P < 0.05). However, performance on a non-hippocampal memory tasks (Y-maze test) did not differ. More TUNEL-positive neurons were evident in the hippocampal CA3 region of ApoE4-KI mice at postoperative days 2 and 4, but not at day 7 compared to the control group (both P < 0.05). IHC revealed significantly elevated Aβ deposition in the hippocampal CA3 region of ApoE4-KI mice at postoperative days 4 and 7 compared to control mice (both P < 0.05). Conclusions: Propofol anesthesia followed by surgery induced persistent changes in cognition, and pathological hippocampal changes in pre-symptomatic, but vulnerable AD mice. It would be appropriate to explore whether preclinical AD patients are more vulnerable to POCD development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Ho Kim
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Chuncheon Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon, South Korea.,Institute of New Frontier Research, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Harry Jung
- Institute of New Frontier Research, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Yeonkyeong Lee
- Institute of New Frontier Research, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Jong-Hee Sohn
- Institute of New Frontier Research, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, South Korea.,Department of Neurology, Chuncheon Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon, South Korea
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Kulkarni P, Grant S, Morrison TR, Cai X, Iriah S, Kristal BS, Honeycutt J, Brenhouse H, Hartner JC, Madularu D, Ferris CF. Characterizing the human APOE epsilon 4 knock-in transgene in female and male rats with multimodal magnetic resonance imaging. Brain Res 2020; 1747:147030. [PMID: 32745658 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2020.147030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The APOE Ɛ4 genotype is the most prevalent genetic risk for Alzheimer's disease (AD). Women carriers of Ɛ4 have higher risk for an early onset of AD than men. Human imaging studies suggest apolipoprotein Ɛ4 may affect brain structures associated with cognitive decline in AD many years before disease onset. It was hypothesized that female APOE Ɛ4 carriers would present with decreased cognitive function and neuroradiological evidence of early changes in brain structure and function as compared to male carriers. Six-month old wild-type (WT) and human APOE Ɛ4 knock-in (TGRA8960), male and female Sprague Dawley rats were studied for changes in brain structure using voxel-based morphometry, alteration in white and gray matter microarchitecture using diffusion weighted imaging with indices of anisotropy, and functional coupling using resting state BOLD functional connectivity. Images from each modality were registered to, and analyzed, using a 3D MRI rat atlas providing site-specific data on over 168 different brain areas. Quantitative volumetric analysis revealed areas involved in memory and arousal were significantly different between Ɛ4 and wild-type (WT) females, with few differences between male genotypes. Diffusion weighted imaging showed few differences between WT and Ɛ4 females, while male genotypes showed significant different measures in fractional anisotropy and apparent diffusion coefficient. Resting state functional connectivity showed Ɛ4 females had greater connectivity between areas involved in cognition, emotion, and arousal compared to WT females, with male Ɛ4 showing few differences from controls. Interestingly, male Ɛ4 showed increased anxiety and decreased performance in spatial and episodic memory tasks compared to WT males, with female genotypes showing little difference across behavioral tests. The sex differences in behavior and diffusion weighted imaging suggest male carriers of the Ɛ4 allele may be more vulnerable to cognitive and emotional complications compared to female carriers early in life. Conversely, the data may also suggest that female carriers are more resilient to cognitive/emotional problems at this stage of life perhaps due to altered brain volumes and enhanced connectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Praveen Kulkarni
- Northeastern Univ, Center for Translational NeuroImaging, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Simone Grant
- Dept of Psychiatry and Neurosciences, Univ California at Davis, United States
| | - Thomas R Morrison
- Northeastern Univ, Center for Translational NeuroImaging, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Xuezhu Cai
- Northeastern Univ, Center for Translational NeuroImaging, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Sade Iriah
- Northeastern Univ, Center for Translational NeuroImaging, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Bruce S Kristal
- Dept Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | | | | | | | - Dan Madularu
- Northeastern Univ, Center for Translational NeuroImaging, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Craig F Ferris
- Northeastern Univ, Center for Translational NeuroImaging, Boston, MA, United States; Northeastern Univ, Dept. Pharmaceutical Sciences, Boston, MA, United States.
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Yin J, Nielsen M, Li S, Shi J. Ketones improves Apolipoprotein E4-related memory deficiency via sirtuin 3. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 11:4579-4586. [PMID: 31280254 PMCID: PMC6660057 DOI: 10.18632/aging.102070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Background: Apolipoprotein E4 (ApoE4) is the major genetic risk factor of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). ApoE4 carriers have cerebral hypometabolism which is thought as a harbinger of AD. Our previous studies indicated ketones improved mitochondria energy metabolism via sirtuin 3 (Sirt3). However, it is unclear whether ketones upregulate Sirt3 and improve ApoE4-related learning and memory deficits. Results: Ketones improved learning and memory abilities of ApoE4 mice but not ApoE3 mice. Sirt3, synaptic proteins, the NAD+/ NADH ratio, and ATP production were significantly increased in the hippocampus and the cortex from ketone treatment. Methods: Human ApoE3 and ApoE4 transgenic mice (9-month-old) were treated with either ketones or normal saline by daily subcutaneous injections for 3 months (ketones, beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB): 600 mg/kg/day; acetoacetate (ACA): 150 mg/kg/day). Learning and memory ability of these mice were assessed. Sirt3 protein, synaptic proteins (PSD95, Synaptophysin), the NAD+/ NADH ratio, and ATP levels were measured in the hippocampus and the cortex. Conclusion: Our current studies suggest that ketones improve learning and memory abilities of ApoE4 transgenic mice. Sirt3 may mediate the neuroprotection of ketones by increasing neuronal energy metabolism in ApoE4 transgenic mice. This provides the foundation for Sirt3’s potential role in the prevention and treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junxiang Yin
- Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph Hospital and Medical Center, Dignity Health Organization, Phoenix, AZ 85013, USA
| | - Megan Nielsen
- Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph Hospital and Medical Center, Dignity Health Organization, Phoenix, AZ 85013, USA.,School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85257, USA
| | - Shiping Li
- Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph Hospital and Medical Center, Dignity Health Organization, Phoenix, AZ 85013, USA.,Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, China
| | - Jiong Shi
- Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph Hospital and Medical Center, Dignity Health Organization, Phoenix, AZ 85013, USA.,Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100160, China.,China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100160, China
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Yin J, Nielsen M, Carcione T, Li S, Shi J. Apolipoprotein E regulates mitochondrial function through the PGC-1α-sirtuin 3 pathway. Aging (Albany NY) 2019; 11:11148-11156. [PMID: 31808750 PMCID: PMC6932918 DOI: 10.18632/aging.102516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Cerebral hypometabolism is a pathophysiological hallmark of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Our previous studies found that a mitochondrial protein, sirtuin3 (Sirt3), was down-regulated in human AD postmortem brains. Sirt3 protected neurons against oligo-amyloid β-42 induced hypometabolism in human Apolipoprotein E4 (ApoE4) transgenic mice. However, how ApoE affects mitochondrial function and its proteins such as Sirt3 remains unclear. We characterized and compared levels of Sirt3 and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha (PGC-1α, a Sirt3 activator), oxidative stress proteins, synaptic proteins, cognitive task performance and ATP production in 12-month old human ApoE4 and ApoE3 transgenic mice, and assessed changes in Sirt3 expression on cellular metabolism in primary neurons from ApoE4 and ApoE3 transgenic mice. Compared to ApoE3 mice, Sirt3 and PGC-1α levels were significantly lower in ApoE4 mice. Learning and memory, synaptic proteins, the NAD+/ NADH ratios, and ATP production were significantly lower in ApoE4 mice as well. Sirt3 knockdown reduced the oxygen consumption and ATP production in primary neurons with the human ApoE3, while Sirt3 overexpression protected these damages in ApoE4 neurons. Our findings suggest that ApoE4 suppresses mitochondrial function via the PGC-1α- Sirt3 pathway. This discovery provides us novel therapeutic targets for the treatment and prevention of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junxiang Yin
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph Hospital and Medical Center, Dignity Health Organization, Phoenix, AZ 85013, USA
| | - Megan Nielsen
- Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph Hospital and Medical Center, Dignity Health Organization, Phoenix, AZ 85013, USA.,School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA
| | - Tanner Carcione
- Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph Hospital and Medical Center, Dignity Health Organization, Phoenix, AZ 85013, USA
| | - Shiping Li
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Jiong Shi
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph Hospital and Medical Center, Dignity Health Organization, Phoenix, AZ 85013, USA.,Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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10
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Li Z, Yang N, Lei X, Lin C, Li N, Jiang X, Wei X, Xu B. The association between the ApoE polymorphisms and the MRI-defined intracranial lesions in a cohort of southern China population. J Clin Lab Anal 2019; 33:e22950. [PMID: 31199015 PMCID: PMC6757122 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.22950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2019] [Revised: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The apolipoprotein E (APOE) ε4 allele is considered as a risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, the association of APOE allele with MRI evidence of intracranial lesions has not been well understood. Methods Quantitative real‐time PCR was performed to detect the APOE genotype; MRI was examined for intracranial lesions. Their association was evaluated in a cohort of 226 AD patients and 2607 healthy individuals in southern China. Results The frequencies of ε2, ε3, and ε4 alleles were 8.0%, 82.9%, and 9.1% in the whole study population. The frequency of APOE‐ε4 allele was significantly higher in the AD subjects than that in the control group (14.4% vs 8.6%, P < 0.001). We found that brain atrophy occurred at a rate of 12.3% in ε4 allele group vs 8.5% in non‐ε4 genotype group, with a significance of P = 0.008. Severe brain atrophy occurred at a rate of 1.0% in ε4 allele group vs 0.2% in non‐ε4 genotype group (P = 0.011). The individuals carrying APOE ε4/ε4 had an odds ratio (OR) of 7.64 (P < 0.01) for developing AD, while the APOE ε3/ε4 gene carriers had an OR of 1.47 (P = 0.031) and the OR in APOE ε2/ε3 carriers is 0.81 (P = 0.372). Interestingly, we found that the risk of ε4/ε4 allele carrier developing AD was significantly higher in male (P < 0.001) than female (P = 0.478). Conclusion Compared to ε2 and ε3 alleles, the presence of APOE‐ε4 allele might increase the risk for AD in a dose‐dependent manner in southern China. Moreover, the presence of APOE‐ε4 allele results in a higher incidence of brain atrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuoran Li
- Department of Radiology, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Na Yang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiuxia Lei
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chuying Lin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Nan Li
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xinqing Jiang
- Department of Radiology, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xinhua Wei
- Department of Radiology, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Banglao Xu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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11
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Khan MA, Alam Q, Haque A, Ashafaq M, Khan MJ, Ashraf GM, Ahmad M. Current Progress on Peroxisome Proliferator-activated Receptor Gamma Agonist as an Emerging Therapeutic Approach for the Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease: An Update. Curr Neuropharmacol 2019; 17:232-246. [PMID: 30152284 PMCID: PMC6425074 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x16666180828100002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Revised: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is an age-related progressive neurodegenerative disorder, characterized by the deposition of amyloid-β within the brain parenchyma resulting in a significant decline in cognitive functions. The pathophysiological conditions of the disease are recognized by the perturbation of synaptic function, energy and lipid metabolism. In Addition deposition of amyloid plaques also triggers inflammation upon the induction of microglia. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are ligand-activated transcription factors known to play important role in the regulation of glucose ab-sorption, homeostasis of lipid metabolism and are further known to involved in repressing the expression of genes related to inflammation. Therefore, agonists of this receptor represent an attractive therapeutic target for AD. Recently, both clinical and preclinical studies showed that use of Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) agonist improves both learning and memory along with other AD related pathology. Thus, PPARγ signifies a significant new therapeutic target in treating AD. In this review, we have shed some light on the recent progress of how, PPARγ agonist selectively modulated different cellular targets in AD and its amazing potential in the treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmood Ahmad Khan
- Department of Biochemistry, University College of Medical Sciences and GTB Hospital, University of Delhi, Dilshad Garden, Delhi 110095, India
| | - Qamre Alam
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80216, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Absarul Haque
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80216, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad Ashafaq
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohd Jahir Khan
- School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Ghulam Md Ashraf
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80216, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mahboob Ahmad
- Department of Biochemistry, Hind Institute of Medical Sciences, Sitapur-2613013, India
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Tzioras M, Davies C, Newman A, Jackson R, Spires‐Jones T. Invited Review: APOE at the interface of inflammation, neurodegeneration and pathological protein spread in Alzheimer's disease. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2019; 45:327-346. [PMID: 30394574 PMCID: PMC6563457 DOI: 10.1111/nan.12529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Despite more than a century of research, the aetiology of sporadic Alzheimer's disease (AD) remains unclear and finding disease modifying treatments for AD presents one of the biggest medical challenges of our time. AD pathology is characterized by deposits of aggregated amyloid beta (Aβ) in amyloid plaques and aggregated tau in neurofibrillary tangles. These aggregates begin in distinct brain regions and spread throughout the brain in stereotypical patterns. Neurodegeneration, comprising loss of synapses and neurons, occurs in brain regions with high tangle pathology, and an inflammatory response of glial cells appears in brain regions with pathological aggregates. Inheriting an apolipoprotein E ε4 (APOE4) allele strongly increases the risk of developing AD for reasons that are not yet entirely clear. Substantial amounts of evidence support a role for APOE in modulating the aggregation and clearance of Aβ, and data have been accumulating recently implicating APOE4 in exacerbating neurodegeneration, tau pathology and inflammation. We hypothesize that APOE4 influences all the pathological hallmarks of AD and may sit at the interface between neurodegeneration, inflammation and the spread of pathologies through the brain. Here, we conducted a systematic search of the literature and review evidence supporting a role for APOE4 in neurodegeneration and inflammation. While there is no direct evidence yet for APOE4 influencing the spread of pathology, we postulate that this may be found in future based on the literature reviewed here. In conclusion, this review highlights the importance of understanding the role of APOE in multiple important pathological mechanisms in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Tzioras
- UK Dementia Research Institute and Centre for Discovery Brain SciencesThe University of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - C. Davies
- UK Dementia Research Institute and Centre for Discovery Brain SciencesThe University of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - A. Newman
- UK Dementia Research Institute and Centre for Discovery Brain SciencesThe University of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - R. Jackson
- UK Dementia Research Institute and Centre for Discovery Brain SciencesThe University of EdinburghEdinburghUK
- Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical SchoolCharlestownMAUSA
| | - T. Spires‐Jones
- UK Dementia Research Institute and Centre for Discovery Brain SciencesThe University of EdinburghEdinburghUK
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13
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Female mice with apolipoprotein E4 domain interaction demonstrated impairments in spatial learning and memory performance and disruption of hippocampal cyto-architecture. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2019; 161:106-114. [PMID: 30954674 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2019.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Revised: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We have previously reported cognitive impairments in both young and old mice, particularly in female mice expressing mouse Arg-61 apoE, with a point mutation to mimic the domain interaction feature of human apoE4, as compared to the wildtype mouse (C57BL/6J) apoE. In this study, we further evaluated water maze performance in the female Arg-61 mice at an additional time point and then investigated related hippocampal cyto-architecture in these young female Arg-61 apoE mice vs. the wildtype mice. The results of behavioral performance consistently support our previous report that the young female Arg-61 apoE showed cognitive impairment versus C57BL/6J at the same age. The cyto-architectural results showed that volume of the granular cell layer (GCL) was significantly larger in both 5- and 10-month old Arg-61 apoE mice versus C57BL/6J mice. While the number of newborn calretinin-positive neurons was greater in the sub-granular zone (SGZ) in 5-month old Arg-61 mice, this number dropped significantly in 10-month old Arg-61 mice to a lower level than in age-matched C57BL/6J mice. In addition, the amyloid β species was significantly higher in 5-month old Arg-61 mice versus age-matched C57BL/6J mice. In conclusion, impaired cognitive functions in female Arg-61 apoE mice appear correlated with larger GCL volume and higher calretinin-positive cell number and suggest a compensatory cellular response that may be related to amyloid beta perturbations early in life. Therefore this study suggests a novel cyto-architectural mechanism of apoE4-dependent pathologies and increased susceptibility of APOEε4 subjects to Alzheimer's disease.
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14
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Shen Z, Lei J, Li X, Wang Z, Bao X, Wang R. Multifaceted assessment of the APP/PS1 mouse model for Alzheimer's disease: Applying MRS, DTI, and ASL. Brain Res 2018; 1698:114-120. [PMID: 30077647 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2018.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Revised: 07/28/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Transgenic animal models of Alzheimer's disease (AD) can mimic pathological and behavioral changes occurring in AD patients, and are usually viewed as the first choice for testing novel therapeutics. Validated biomarkers, particularly non-invasive ones, are urgently needed for AD diagnosis or evaluation of treatment results. However, there are few studies that systematically characterize pathological changes in AD animal models. Here, we investigated the brain of 8-month-old amyloid precursor protein/presenilin 1 (APP/PS1) transgenic and wild-type (WT) mice, employing 7.0-T magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS), diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), and arterial spin labeling (ASL) were obtained through micro-MRI scanning. After MRI examination in both transgenic (n = 12) and WT (n = 12) mice, immunohistochemical staining and ultrastructural analysis were subsequently performed. Cerebral blood flow (CBF) was significantly decreased in the left hippocampus, left thalamus, and right cortex of AD mice (P < 0.05). Moreover, MRS showed significantly changed NAA/Cr, Glu/Cr, and mI/Cr ratios in the hippocampus of transgenic mice. While only NAA/Cr and mI/Cr ratios varied significantly in the cortex of transgenic mice. Regarding DTI imaging, however, the values of FA, MD, DA and DR were not significantly different between transgenic and WT mice. Finally, it is worth noting that pathological damage of metabolism, CBF, and white matter was more distinct between transgenic and WT mice by pathological examination. Altogether, our results suggest that intravital imaging evaluation of 8-month-old APP/PS1 transgenic mice by MRS and ASL is an alternative tool for AD research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwei Shen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jianfeng Lei
- Center for Medical Experiments and Testing, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xueyuan Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Zhanjing Wang
- Center for Medical Experiments and Testing, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xinjie Bao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
| | - Renzhi Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
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15
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de Matos AM, de Macedo MP, Rauter AP. Bridging Type 2 Diabetes and Alzheimer's Disease: Assembling the Puzzle Pieces in the Quest for the Molecules With Therapeutic and Preventive Potential. Med Res Rev 2017; 38:261-324. [PMID: 28422298 DOI: 10.1002/med.21440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Revised: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes (T2D) and Alzheimer's disease (AD) are two age-related amyloid diseases that affect millions of people worldwide. Broadly supported by epidemiological data, the higher incidence of AD among type 2 diabetic patients led to the recognition of T2D as a tangible risk factor for the development of AD. Indeed, there is now growing evidence on brain structural and functional abnormalities arising from brain insulin resistance and deficiency, ultimately highlighting the need for new approaches capable of preventing the development of AD in type 2 diabetic patients. This review provides an update on overlapping pathophysiological mechanisms and pathways in T2D and AD, such as amyloidogenic events, oxidative stress, endothelial dysfunction, aberrant enzymatic activity, and even shared genetic background. These events will be presented as puzzle pieces put together, thus establishing potential therapeutic targets for drug discovery and development against T2D and diabetes-induced cognitive decline-a heavyweight contributor to the increasing incidence of dementia in developed countries. Hoping to pave the way in this direction, we will present some of the most promising and well-studied drug leads with potential against both pathologies, including their respective bioactivity reports, mechanisms of action, and structure-activity relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Marta de Matos
- Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Ed. C8, Campo Grande, 1749-016, Lisbon, Portugal.,CEDOC Chronic Diseases, Nova Medical School, Rua Câmara Pestana n 6, 6-A, Ed. CEDOC II, 1150-082, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Maria Paula de Macedo
- CEDOC Chronic Diseases, Nova Medical School, Rua Câmara Pestana n 6, 6-A, Ed. CEDOC II, 1150-082, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Amélia Pilar Rauter
- Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Ed. C8, Campo Grande, 1749-016, Lisbon, Portugal
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16
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Neuroimaging in Alzheimer's disease: preclinical challenges toward clinical efficacy. Transl Res 2016; 175:37-53. [PMID: 27033146 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2016.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Revised: 03/05/2016] [Accepted: 03/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The scope of this review focuses on recent applications in preclinical and clinical magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) toward accomplishing the goals of early detection and responses to therapy in animal models of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Driven by the outstanding efforts of the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI), a truly invaluable resource, the initial use of MRI in AD imaging has been to assess changes in brain anatomy, specifically assessing brain shrinkage and regional changes in white matter tractography using diffusion tensor imaging. However, advances in MRI have led to multiple efforts toward imaging amyloid beta plaques first without and then with the use of MRI contrast agents. These technological advancements have met with limited success and are not yet appropriate for the clinic. Recent developments in molecular imaging inclusive of high-power liposomal-based MRI contrast agents as well as fluorine 19 ((19)F) MRI and manganese enhanced MRI have begun to propel promising advances toward not only plaque imaging but also using MRI to detect perturbations in subcellular processes occurring within the neuron. This review concludes with a discussion about the necessity for the development of novel preclinical models of AD that better recapitulate human AD for the imaging to truly be meaningful and for substantive progress to be made toward understanding and effectively treating AD. Furthermore, the continued support of outstanding programs such as ADNI as well as the development of novel molecular imaging agents and MRI fast scanning sequences will also be requisite to effectively translate preclinical findings to the clinic.
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17
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Long-term dantrolene treatment reduced intraneuronal amyloid in aged Alzheimer triple transgenic mice. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord 2016; 29:184-191. [PMID: 25650693 DOI: 10.1097/wad.0000000000000075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the long-term treatment of dantrolene on amyloid and tau neuropathology, brain volume, and cognitive function in aged triple transgenic Alzheimer (3xTg-AD) mice. Fifteen-month old 3xTg-AD mice and wild-type controls were treated with oral dantrolene (5 mg/kg) or vehicle control twice a week for 6 months. Learning and memory were examined using the Morris Water Maze at 21 and 22 months of age. After the behavioral testing, hippocampal and cortical brain volumes were calculated with magnetic resonance imaging and motor function was evaluated using the rotorod. The amyloid burden and tau neurofibrillary tangles in the hippocampus were determined using immunohistochemistry. We found that dantrolene significantly decreased the intraneuronal amyloid accumulation by as much as 76% compared with its corresponding vehicle control, together with a trend to reduce phosphorylated tau in the hippocampus. No significant differences could be detected in hippocampal or cortical brain volume, motor function or cognition among all experimental groups, indicating that the mice were still presymptomatic for Alzheimer disease. Thus, presymptomatic and long-term dantrolene treatment significantly decreased the intraneuronal amyloid burden in aged 3xTg-AD mice before significant changes in brain volume, or cognition.
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18
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Madigan JB, Wilcock DM, Hainsworth AH. Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia: Topical Review of Animal Models. Stroke 2016; 47:1953-9. [PMID: 27301939 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.116.012066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy B Madigan
- From the Cardiovascular and Cell Sciences Research Institute, St George's University of London, London, United Kingdom (J.B.M., A.H.H.); Neuroradiology Department, St George's Hospital, London, United Kingdom (J.B.M.); Atkinson Morley Neurosciences, St George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom (J.B.M., A.H.H.); and Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington (D.M.W.)
| | - Donna M Wilcock
- From the Cardiovascular and Cell Sciences Research Institute, St George's University of London, London, United Kingdom (J.B.M., A.H.H.); Neuroradiology Department, St George's Hospital, London, United Kingdom (J.B.M.); Atkinson Morley Neurosciences, St George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom (J.B.M., A.H.H.); and Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington (D.M.W.)
| | - Atticus H Hainsworth
- From the Cardiovascular and Cell Sciences Research Institute, St George's University of London, London, United Kingdom (J.B.M., A.H.H.); Neuroradiology Department, St George's Hospital, London, United Kingdom (J.B.M.); Atkinson Morley Neurosciences, St George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom (J.B.M., A.H.H.); and Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington (D.M.W.).
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19
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Janssen CIF, Jansen D, Mutsaers MPC, Dederen PJWC, Geenen B, Mulder MT, Kiliaan AJ. The Effect of a High-Fat Diet on Brain Plasticity, Inflammation and Cognition in Female ApoE4-Knockin and ApoE-Knockout Mice. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0155307. [PMID: 27171180 PMCID: PMC4865084 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0155307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Apolipoprotein E4 (ApoE4), one of three common isoforms of ApoE, is a major risk factor for late-onset Alzheimer disease (AD). ApoE-deficient mice, as well as mice expressing human ApoE4, display impaired learning and memory functions and signs of neurodegeneration. Moreover, ApoE protects against high-fat (HF) diet induced neurodegeneration by its role in the maintenance of the integrity of the blood-brain barrier. The influence of a HF diet on the progression of AD-like cognitive and neuropathological changes was assessed in wild-type (WT), human ApoE4 and ApoE-knockout (ApoE-/-) mice to evaluate the modulatory role of ApoE in this process. From 12 months of age, female WT, ApoE4, and ApoE-/- mice were fed either a standard or a HF diet (19% butter, 0.5% cholate, 1.25% cholesterol) throughout life. At 15 months of age mice performed the Morris water maze, evaluating spatial learning and memory. ApoE-/- showed increased spatial learning compared to WT mice (p = 0.009). HF diet improved spatial learning in WT mice (p = 0.045), but did not affect ApoE4 and ApoE-/- mice. Immunohistochemical analyses of the hippocampus demonstrated increased neuroinflammation (CD68) in the cornu ammonis 1 (CA1) region in ApoE4 (p = 0.001) and in ApoE-/- (p = 0.032) mice on standard diet. HF diet tended to increase CD68 in the CA1 in WT mice (p = 0.052), while it decreased in ApoE4 (p = 0.009), but ApoE-/- remained unaffected. A trend towards increased neurogenesis (DCX) was found in both ApoE4 (p = 0.052) and ApoE-/- mice (p = 0.068). In conclusion, these data suggest that HF intake induces different effects in WT mice compared to ApoE4 and ApoE-/- with respect to markers for cognition and neurodegeneration. We propose that HF intake inhibits the compensatory mechanisms of neuroinflammation and neurogenesis in aged female ApoE4 and ApoE-/- mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carola I. F. Janssen
- Department of Anatomy, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Diane Jansen
- Department of Anatomy, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Martina P. C. Mutsaers
- Department of Anatomy, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Pieter J. W. C. Dederen
- Department of Anatomy, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Bram Geenen
- Department of Anatomy, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Monique T. Mulder
- Department of Internal Medicine, Laboratory of Vascular Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Amanda J. Kiliaan
- Department of Anatomy, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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20
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A Dietary Treatment Improves Cerebral Blood Flow and Brain Connectivity in Aging apoE4 Mice. Neural Plast 2016; 2016:6846721. [PMID: 27034849 PMCID: PMC4806294 DOI: 10.1155/2016/6846721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
APOE ε4 (apoE4) polymorphism is the main genetic determinant of sporadic Alzheimer's disease (AD). A dietary approach (Fortasyn) including docosahexaenoic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid, uridine, choline, phospholipids, folic acid, vitamins B12, B6, C, and E, and selenium has been proposed for dietary management of AD. We hypothesize that the diet could inhibit AD-like pathologies in apoE4 mice, specifically cerebrovascular and connectivity impairment. Moreover, we evaluated the diet effect on cerebral blood flow (CBF), functional connectivity (FC), gray/white matter integrity, and postsynaptic density in aging apoE4 mice. At 10–12 months, apoE4 mice did not display prominent pathological differences compared to wild-type (WT) mice. However, 16–18-month-old apoE4 mice revealed reduced CBF and accelerated synaptic loss. The diet increased cortical CBF and amount of synapses and improved white matter integrity and FC in both aging apoE4 and WT mice. We demonstrated that protective mechanisms on vascular and synapse health are enhanced by Fortasyn, independent of apoE genotype. We further showed the efficacy of a multimodal translational approach, including advanced MR neuroimaging, to study dietary intervention on brain structure and function in aging.
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21
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Ketones block amyloid entry and improve cognition in an Alzheimer's model. Neurobiol Aging 2016; 39:25-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2015.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Revised: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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22
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Suski M, Olszanecki R, Chmura Ł, Stachowicz A, Madej J, Okoń K, Adamek D, Korbut R. Influence of metformin on mitochondrial subproteome in the brain of apoE knockout mice. Eur J Pharmacol 2016; 772:99-107. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.12.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2015] [Revised: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 12/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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AP39, a Mitochondria-Targeted Hydrogen Sulfide Donor, Supports Cellular Bioenergetics and Protects against Alzheimer's Disease by Preserving Mitochondrial Function in APP/PS1 Mice and Neurons. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2016; 2016:8360738. [PMID: 27057285 PMCID: PMC4753001 DOI: 10.1155/2016/8360738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Revised: 12/11/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests that mitochondrial functions are altered in AD and play an important role in AD pathogenesis. It has been established that H2S homeostasis is balanced in AD. The emerging mitochondrial roles of H2S include antioxidation, antiapoptosis, and the modulation of cellular bioenergetics. Here, using primary neurons from the well-characterized APP/PS1 transgenic mouse model, we studied the effects of AP39 (a newly synthesized mitochondrially targeted H2S donor) on mitochondrial function. AP39 increased intracellular H2S levels, mainly in mitochondrial regions. AP39 exerted dose-dependent effects on mitochondrial activity in APP/PS1 neurons, including increased cellular bioenergy metabolism and cell viability at low concentrations (25–100 nM) and decreased energy production and cell viability at a high concentration (250 nM). Furthermore, AP39 (100 nM) increased ATP levels, protected mitochondrial DNA, and decreased ROS generation. AP39 regulated mitochondrial dynamics, shifting from fission toward fusion. After 6 weeks, AP39 administration to APP/PS1 mice significantly ameliorated their spatial memory deficits in the Morris water maze and NORT and reduced Aβ deposition in their brains. Additionally, AP39 inhibited brain atrophy in APP/PS1 mice. Based on these results, AP39 was proposed as a promising drug candidate for AD treatment, and its anti-AD mechanism may involve protection against mitochondrial damage.
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Yin J, Han P, Tang Z, Liu Q, Shi J. Sirtuin 3 mediates neuroprotection of ketones against ischemic stroke. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2015; 35:1783-9. [PMID: 26058697 PMCID: PMC4635233 DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.2015.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Revised: 05/09/2015] [Accepted: 05/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Stroke is one of the leading causes of death. Growing evidence indicates that ketone bodies have beneficial effects in treating stroke, but their underlying mechanism remains unclear. Our previous study showed ketone bodies reduced reactive oxygen species by using NADH as an electron donor, thus increasing the NAD(+)/NADH ratio. In this study, we investigated whether mitochondrial NAD(+)-dependent Sirtuin 3 (SIRT3) could mediate the neuroprotective effects of ketone bodies after ischemic stroke. We injected mice with either normal saline or ketones (beta-hydroxybutyrate and acetoacetate) at 30 minutes after ischemia induced by transient middle cerebral artery (MCA) occlusion. We found that ketone treatment enhanced mitochondria function, reduced oxidative stress, and therefore reduced infarct volume. This led to improved neurologic function after ischemia, including the neurologic score and the performance in Rotarod and open field tests. We further showed that ketones' effects were achieved by upregulating NAD(+)-dependent SIRT3 and its downstream substrates forkhead box O3a (FoxO3a) and superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD2) in the penumbra region since knocking down SIRT3 in vitro diminished ketones' beneficial effects. These results provide us a foundation to develop novel therapeutics targeting this SIRT3-FoxO3a-SOD2 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junxiang Yin
- Department of Neurology, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Pengcheng Han
- Department of Neurology, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Zhiwei Tang
- Department of Neurology, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Qingwei Liu
- Department of Radiology, Keller Center for Imaging Innovation, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Jiong Shi
- Department of Neurology, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA
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25
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Tang Z, Li S, Han P, Yin J, Gan Y, Liu Q, Wang J, Wang C, Li Y, Shi J. Pertussis toxin reduces calcium influx to protect ischemic stroke in a middle cerebral artery occlusion model. J Neurochem 2015; 135:998-1006. [PMID: 26365274 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Revised: 08/30/2015] [Accepted: 09/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwei Tang
- Department of Neurology; Barrow Neurological Institute; St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center; Phoenix Arizona USA
- Department of Neurosurgery; the First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University; Kunming China
| | - Shiping Li
- Department of Neurology; Barrow Neurological Institute; St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center; Phoenix Arizona USA
- Department of Neurology; No.2 Hospital of Hebei Medical University; Shijiazhuang China
| | - Pengcheng Han
- Department of Neurology; Barrow Neurological Institute; St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center; Phoenix Arizona USA
| | - Junxiang Yin
- Department of Neurology; Barrow Neurological Institute; St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center; Phoenix Arizona USA
| | - Yan Gan
- Department of Neurology; Barrow Neurological Institute; St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center; Phoenix Arizona USA
| | - Qingwei Liu
- Department of Radiology; Barrow Neurological Institute; St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center; Phoenix Arizona USA
| | - Jinkun Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery; the First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University; Kunming China
| | - Chongqian Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery; the First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University; Kunming China
| | - Yu Li
- Department of Neurosurgery; the First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University; Kunming China
| | - Jiong Shi
- Department of Neurology; Barrow Neurological Institute; St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center; Phoenix Arizona USA
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