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Liu T, Chen S, Du J, Xing S, Li R, Li Z. Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of novel (4-(1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl)phenyl)-2-aminoacetamide derivatives as multifunctional agents for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 227:113973. [PMID: 34752955 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
On the basis of our previous work, a novel series of (4-(1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl)phenyl)-2-aminoacetamide derivatives were synthesized and evaluated as multifunctional ligands for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Biological evaluations indicated that the derivatives can be used as anti-AD drugs that have multifunctional properties, inhibit the activity of butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE), inhibit neuroinflammation, have neuroprotective properties, and inhibit the self-aggregation of Aβ. Compound f9 showed good potency in BuChE inhibition (IC50: 1.28 ± 0.18 μM), anti-neuroinflammatory potency (NO, IL-1β, TNF-α; IC50: 0.67 ± 0.14, 1.61 ± 0.21, 4.15 ± 0.44 μM, respectively), and inhibited of Aβ self-aggregation (51.91 ± 3.90%). Preliminary anti-inflammatory mechanism studies indicated that the representative compound f9 blocked the activation of the NF-κB signaling pathway. Moreover, f9 exhibited 1,1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging effect, and an inhibitory effect on the production of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS). In the bi-directional transport assay, f9 displayed proper blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability. In addition, the title compound improved memory and cognitive functions in a mouse model induced by scopolamine. Hence, the compound f9 can be considered as a promising lead compound for further investigation in the treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tongtong Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, The Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicines, Ministry of Education, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Shiming Chen
- The Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, The Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicines, Ministry of Education, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Jiyu Du
- The Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, The Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicines, Ministry of Education, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Siqi Xing
- The Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, The Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicines, Ministry of Education, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Rong Li
- The Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, The Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicines, Ministry of Education, Hefei, 230032, China.
| | - Zeng Li
- The Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, The Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicines, Ministry of Education, Hefei, 230032, China.
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2
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Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of compounds with a new scaffold as anti-neuroinflammatory agents for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 149:129-138. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.02.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Revised: 02/18/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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3
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Zhou W, Zhong G, Fu S, Xie H, Chi T, Li L, Rao X, Zeng S, Xu D, Wang H, Sheng G, Ji X, Liu X, Ji X, Wu D, Zou L, Tortorella M, Zhang K, Hu W. Microglia-Based Phenotypic Screening Identifies a Novel Inhibitor of Neuroinflammation Effective in Alzheimer's Disease Models. ACS Chem Neurosci 2016; 7:1499-1507. [PMID: 27504670 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.6b00125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, anti-AD drug discovery using target-based approaches is extremely challenging due to unclear etiology of AD and absence of validated therapeutic protein targets. Neuronal death, regardless of causes, plays a key role in AD progression, and it is directly linked to neuroinflammation. Meanwhile, phenotypic screening is making a resurgence in drug discovery process as an alternative to target-focused approaches. Herein, we employed microglia-based phenotypic screenings to search for small molecules that modulate the release of detrimental proinflammatory cytokines. The identified novel pharmacological inhibitor of neuroinflammation (named GIBH-130) was validated to alter phenotypes of neuroinflammation in AD brains. Notably, this molecule exhibited comparable in vivo efficacy of cognitive impairment relief to donepezil and memantine respectively in both β amyloid-induced and APP/PS1 double transgenic Alzheimer's murine models at a substantially lower dose (0.25 mg/kg). Therefore, GIBH-130 constitutes a unique chemical probe for pathogenesis research and drug development of AD, and it also suggests microglia-based phenotypic screenings that target neuroinflammation as an effective and feasible strategy to identify novel anti-AD agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhou
- State
Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine
and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, People’s Republic of China
- Institute
of Natural Products and Green Chemistry, School of Light Industry
and Chemical Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510003, People’s Republic of China
| | - Guifa Zhong
- State
Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine
and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, People’s Republic of China
| | - Sihai Fu
- Department
of Pharmacy, South China Center of Innovative Pharmaceuticals, Guangzhou 510663, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hui Xie
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510120, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tianyan Chi
- Department
of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, People’s Republic of China
| | - Luyi Li
- Department
of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiurong Rao
- State
Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine
and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shaogao Zeng
- State
Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine
and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, People’s Republic of China
| | - Dengfeng Xu
- State
Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine
and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hao Wang
- State
Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine
and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, People’s Republic of China
| | - Guoqing Sheng
- State
Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine
and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xing Ji
- Department
of Pharmacy, South China Center of Innovative Pharmaceuticals, Guangzhou 510663, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaorong Liu
- State
Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine
and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xuefei Ji
- Department
of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, People’s Republic of China
| | - Donghai Wu
- State
Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine
and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, People’s Republic of China
| | - Libo Zou
- Department
of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, People’s Republic of China
| | - Micky Tortorella
- State
Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine
and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, People’s Republic of China
| | - Kejian Zhang
- Department
of Pharmacy, South China Center of Innovative Pharmaceuticals, Guangzhou 510663, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wenhui Hu
- State
Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine
and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, People’s Republic of China
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4
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Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is complicated and difficult to fully understand, it might need multiple drug-discovery strategies to combat the disease. Regardless of the cause of AD, neuronal death in the brain plays a key role in AD progression and is directly linked to neuroinflammation. Thus, the regulation of neuroinflammatory processes might be a practical strategy for the treatment of AD. This review highlights the development of anti-neuroinflammatory agents that have shown promise in vitro or in vivo by attenuating microglial activation or cognitive decline. The agents are categorized based on the related signaling pathways, including the receptor for advanced glycation end products, p38 MAPKs, NF-κB and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ; and inhibitors against microglial activation lacking clear mechanisms. These anti-neuroinflammatory agents support the concept and represent important chemical probes for the development of anti-neuroinflammatory drugs for the treatment of AD.
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5
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Zhou W, Zhong G, Rao X, Xie H, Zeng S, Chi T, Zou L, Wu D, Hu W. Identification of aminopyridazine-derived antineuroinflammatory agents effective in an Alzheimer's mouse model. ACS Med Chem Lett 2012; 3:903-7. [PMID: 24900405 DOI: 10.1021/ml3001769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2012] [Accepted: 09/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Targeting neuroinflammation may be a new strategy to combat Alzheimer's disease. An aminopyridazine 1b previously reported as a novel antineuroinflammatory agent was considered to have a potential therapeutic effect for Alzheimer's disease. In this study, we further explored the chemical space to identify more potent antineuroinflammatory agents and validate their in vivo efficacy in an animal model. Compound 14 was finally identified as an effective agent with comparable in vivo efficacy to the marketed drug donepezil in counteracting spatial learning and working memory impairment in an Aβ-induced Alzheimer's mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhou
- Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine
and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, People's Republic of China
| | - Guifa Zhong
- Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine
and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiurong Rao
- Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine
and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Xie
- Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine
and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, People's Republic of China
| | - Shaogao Zeng
- Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine
and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, People's Republic of China
| | - Tianyan Chi
- Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016,
People's Republic of China
| | - Libo Zou
- Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016,
People's Republic of China
| | - Donghai Wu
- Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine
and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenhui Hu
- Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine
and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou 510120, People's Republic
of China
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6
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Gabbita SP, Srivastava MK, Eslami P, Johnson MF, Kobritz NK, Tweedie D, Greig NH, Zemlan FP, Sharma SP, Harris-White ME. Early intervention with a small molecule inhibitor for tumor necrosis factor-α prevents cognitive deficits in a triple transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. J Neuroinflammation 2012; 9:99. [PMID: 22632257 PMCID: PMC3403851 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-9-99] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2012] [Accepted: 05/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic neuroinflammation is an important component of Alzheimer's disease and could contribute to neuronal dysfunction, injury and loss that lead to disease progression. Multiple clinical studies implicate tumor necrosis factor-α as an inflammatory mediator of neurodegeneration in patients with Alzheimer's because of elevated levels of this cytokine in the cerebrospinal fluid, hippocampus and cortex. Current Alzheimer's disease interventions are symptomatic treatments with limited efficacy that do not address etiology. Thus, a critical need exists for novel treatments directed towards modifying the pathophysiology and progression. METHODS To investigate the effect of early immune modulation on neuroinflammation and cognitive outcome, we treated triple transgenic Alzheimer's disease mice (harboring PS1(M146V), APP(Swe), and tau(P301L) transgenes) with the small molecule tumor necrosis factor-α inhibitors, 3,6'-dithiothalidomide and thalidomide, beginning at four months of age. At this young age, mice do not exhibit plaque or tau pathology but do show mild intraneuronal amyloid beta protein staining and a robust increase in tumor necrosis factor-α. After 10 weeks of treatment, cognitive performance was assessed using radial arm maze and neuroinflammation was assessed using biochemical, stereological and flow cytometric endpoints. RESULTS 3,6'-dithiothalidomide reduced tumor necrosis factor-α mRNA and protein levels in the brain and improved working memory performance and the ratio of resting to reactive microglia in the hippocampus of triple transgenic mice. In comparison to non-transgenic controls, triple transgenic Alzheimer's disease mice had increased total numbers of infiltrating peripheral monomyelocytic/granulocytic leukocytes with enhanced intracytoplasmic tumor necrosis factor-α, which was reduced after treatment with 3,6'-dithiothalidomide. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that modulation of tumor necrosis factor-α with small molecule inhibitors is safe and effective with potential for the long-term prevention and treatment of Alzheimer's disease.
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7
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Somera-Molina KC, Nair S, Van Eldik LJ, Watterson DM, Wainwright MS. Enhanced microglial activation and proinflammatory cytokine upregulation are linked to increased susceptibility to seizures and neurologic injury in a 'two-hit' seizure model. Brain Res 2009; 1282:162-72. [PMID: 19501063 PMCID: PMC2739829 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2009.05.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2009] [Revised: 05/18/2009] [Accepted: 05/20/2009] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Early-life seizures result in increased susceptibility to seizures and greater neurologic injury with a second insult in adulthood. The mechanisms which link seizures in early-life to increased susceptibility to neurologic injury following a 'second hit' are not known. We examined the contribution of microglial activation and increased proinflammatory cytokine production to the subsequent increase in susceptibility to neurologic injury using a kainic acid (KA)-induced, established 'two-hit' seizure model in rats. Postnatal day (P)15 rats were administered intraperitoneal KA (early-life seizures) or saline, followed on P45 with either a 'second hit' of KA, a first exposure to KA (adult seizures), or saline. We measured the levels of proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1 beta, TNF-alpha, and S100B), the chemokine CCL2, microglial activation, seizure susceptibility and neuronal outcomes in adult rats 12 h and 10 days after the second hit on P45. The 'two-hit' group exposed to KA on both P15 and P45 had higher levels of cytokines, greater microglial activation, and increased susceptibility to seizures and neurologic injury compared to the adult seizures group. Treatment after early-life seizures with Minozac, a small molecule experimental therapeutic that targets upregulated proinflammatory cytokine production, attenuated the enhanced microglial and cytokine responses, the increased susceptibility to seizures, and the greater neuronal injury in the 'two-hit' group. These results implicate microglial activation as one mechanism by which early-life seizures contribute to increased vulnerability to neurologic insults in adulthood, and indicate the potential longer term benefits of early-life intervention with therapies that target up-regulation of proinflammatory cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen C. Somera-Molina
- Integrated Graduate Program, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neurology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Pediatric Critical Illness and Injury, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
- Center for Drug Discovery and Chemical Biology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
| | - Sangeetha Nair
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neurology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Pediatric Critical Illness and Injury, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
| | - Linda J. Van Eldik
- Center for Drug Discovery and Chemical Biology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
| | - D. Martin Watterson
- Center for Drug Discovery and Chemical Biology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Biological Chemistry, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
| | - Mark S. Wainwright
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neurology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Pediatric Critical Illness and Injury, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
- Center for Drug Discovery and Chemical Biology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
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8
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Theodore WH, Epstein L, Gaillard WD, Shinnar S, Wainwright MS, Jacobson S. Human herpes virus 6B: a possible role in epilepsy? Epilepsia 2008; 49:1828-37. [PMID: 18627418 DOI: 10.1111/j.1528-1167.2008.01699.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Human herpes virus 6 (HHV6) infection is nearly ubiquitous in childhood and may include central nervous system invasion. There are two variants, HHV6A and HHV6B. Usually asymptomatic, it is associated with the common, self-limited childhood illness roseola infantum and rarely with more severe syndromes. In patients with immune compromise, subsequent reactivation of viral activity may lead to severe limbic encephalitis. HHV6 has been identified as a possible etiologic agent in multiple sclerosis, myocarditis, and encephalitis. A preponderance of evidence supports an association between HHV6 and febrile seizures. An ongoing multicenter study is investigating possible links between HHV6 infection, febrile status epilepticus, and development of mesial temporal sclerosis (MTS). Investigation of temporal lobectomy specimens showed evidence of active HHV6B but not HHV6A replication in hippocampal astrocytes in about two-thirds of patients with MTS but not other causes of epilepsy. It has been suggested that HHV6B may cause "excitotoxicity" by interfering with astrocyte excitatory amino acid transport. Although conventional inflammatory changes are not found in most MTS specimens, inflammatory modulators may play a role in neuronal injury leading to MTS as well. If the link between early viral infection, complex or prolonged febrile seizures, and later development of intractable temporal lobe epilepsy is confirmed, new therapeutic approaches to a common intractable epilepsy syndrome may be possible.
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Zaheer A, Zaheer S, Thangavel R, Wu Y, Sahu SK, Yang B. Glia maturation factor modulates beta-amyloid-induced glial activation, inflammatory cytokine/chemokine production and neuronal damage. Brain Res 2008; 1208:192-203. [PMID: 18395194 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2008.02.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2008] [Revised: 02/19/2008] [Accepted: 02/24/2008] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Glia maturation factor (GMF), discovered and characterized in our laboratory, is a highly conserved protein primarily localized in mammalian central nervous system. Previously we demonstrated that GMF is required in the induced production of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines in brain cells. We now report that ventricular infusion of human amyloid beta peptide1-42 (Abeta1-42) in mouse brain caused glial activation and large increases in the levels of GMF as well as induction of inflammatory cytokine/chemokine known for launching the neuro inflammatory cascade in Alzheimer's disease (AD). To test the hypothesis that GMF is involved in the pathogenesis of AD, we infused Abeta1-42 in the brain of GMF-deficient (GMF-KO) mice, recently prepared in our laboratory. GMF-deficient mice showed reduced glial activation and significantly suppressed proinflammatory cytokine/chemokine production following Abeta infusion compared to wild type (Wt) mice. The decrease in glial activation in the GMF-KO mice is also associated with significant reduction in Abeta induced loss of pre-synaptic marker, synaptophysin, and post-synaptic density protein-95 (PSD 95). We also examined the potential relationship between GMF or lack of it with learning and memory using the T-maze, Y-maze, and water maze, hippocampal-dependent spatial memory tasks. Our results show that memory retention was improved in GMF-KO mice compared to Wt controls following Abeta infusion. Diminution of these Abeta1-42 effects in primary cultures of GMF-KO astrocyte and microglia were reversed by reconstituted expression of GMF. Taken together, our results indicate a novel mediatory role of GMF in the neuro-inflammatory pathway of Abeta and its pro-inflammatory functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asgar Zaheer
- Veterans Affair Medical Center, and Division of Neurochemistry and Neurobiology, Department of Neurology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
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10
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Hu W, Ranaivo HR, Roy SM, Behanna HA, Wing LK, Munoz L, Guo L, Van Eldik LJ, Watterson DM. Development of a novel therapeutic suppressor of brain proinflammatory cytokine up-regulation that attenuates synaptic dysfunction and behavioral deficits. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2007; 17:414-8. [PMID: 17079143 PMCID: PMC1868432 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2006.10.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2006] [Accepted: 10/12/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
We report the development of a novel, aqueous-soluble, safe, small molecule, experimental therapeutic that suppresses injury-induced, proinflammatory cytokine increases in the brain, with resultant attenuation of synaptic protein biomarker loss and improvement in hippocampus-dependent behavioral deficits. A GMP production scheme for the active pharmaceutical ingredient, compound 17, is presented. The development and large-scale availability of this novel compound allow exploration of new, potentially disease-modifying, therapeutic approaches to CNS disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhui Hu
- Center for Drug Discovery and Chemical Biology, Northwestern University, 303 E. Chicago Avenue, Mail Code W896, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Hantamalala Ralay Ranaivo
- Center for Drug Discovery and Chemical Biology, Northwestern University, 303 E. Chicago Avenue, Mail Code W896, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Saktimayee M. Roy
- Center for Drug Discovery and Chemical Biology, Northwestern University, 303 E. Chicago Avenue, Mail Code W896, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Heather A. Behanna
- Center for Drug Discovery and Chemical Biology, Northwestern University, 303 E. Chicago Avenue, Mail Code W896, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Laura K. Wing
- Center for Drug Discovery and Chemical Biology, Northwestern University, 303 E. Chicago Avenue, Mail Code W896, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Lenka Munoz
- Center for Drug Discovery and Chemical Biology, Northwestern University, 303 E. Chicago Avenue, Mail Code W896, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Ling Guo
- Center for Drug Discovery and Chemical Biology, Northwestern University, 303 E. Chicago Avenue, Mail Code W896, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Linda J. Van Eldik
- Center for Drug Discovery and Chemical Biology, Northwestern University, 303 E. Chicago Avenue, Mail Code W896, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - D. Martin Watterson
- Center for Drug Discovery and Chemical Biology, Northwestern University, 303 E. Chicago Avenue, Mail Code W896, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
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11
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Van Eldik LJ, Thompson WL, Ralay Ranaivo H, Behanna HA, Martin Watterson D. Glia Proinflammatory Cytokine Upregulation as a Therapeutic Target for Neurodegenerative Diseases: Function‐Based and Target‐Based Discovery Approaches. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2007; 82:277-96. [PMID: 17678967 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7742(07)82015-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation is the body's defense mechanism against threats such as bacterial infection, undesirable substances, injury, or illness. The process is complex and involves a variety of specialized cells that mobilize to neutralize and dispose of the injurious material so that the body can heal. In the brain, a similar inflammation process occurs when glia, especially astrocytes and microglia, undergo activation in response to stimuli such as injury, illness, or infection. Like peripheral immune cells, glia in the central nervous system also increase production of inflammatory cytokines and neutralize the threat to the brain. This brain inflammation, or neuroinflammation, is generally beneficial and allows the brain to respond to changes in its environment and dispose of damaged tissue or undesirable substances. Unfortunately, this beneficial process sometimes gets out of balance and the neuroinflammatory process persists, even when the inflammation-provoking stimulus is eliminated. Uncontrolled chronic neuroinflammation is now known to play a key role in the progression of damage in a number of neurodegenerative diseases. Thus, overproduction of proinflammatory cytokines offers a pathophysiology progression mechanism that can be targeted in new therapeutic development for multiple neurodegenerative diseases. We summarize in this chapter the evidence supporting proinflammatory cytokine upregulation as a therapeutic target for neurodegenerative disorders, with a focus on Alzheimer's disease. In addition, we discuss the drug discovery process and two approaches, function-driven and target-based, that show promise for development of neuroinflammation-targeted, disease-modifying therapeutics for multiple neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda J Van Eldik
- Center for Drug Discovery and Chemical Biology, Northwestern University Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
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12
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Ralay Ranaivo H, Craft JM, Hu W, Guo L, Wing LK, Van Eldik LJ, Watterson DM. Glia as a therapeutic target: selective suppression of human amyloid-beta-induced upregulation of brain proinflammatory cytokine production attenuates neurodegeneration. J Neurosci 2006; 26:662-70. [PMID: 16407564 PMCID: PMC6674428 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.4652-05.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
A corollary of the neuroinflammation hypothesis is that selective suppression of neurotoxic products produced by excessive glial activation will result in neuroprotection. We report here that daily oral administration to mice of the brain-penetrant compound 4,6-diphenyl-3-(4-(pyrimidin-2-yl)piperazin-1-yl)pyridazine (MW01-5-188WH), a selective inhibitor of proinflammatory cytokine production by activated glia, suppressed the human amyloid-beta (Abeta) 1-42-induced upregulation of interleukin-1beta, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and S100B in the hippocampus. Suppression of neuroinflammation was accompanied by restoration of hippocampal synaptic dysfunction markers synaptophysin and postsynaptic density-95 back toward control levels. Consistent with the neuropathophysiological improvements, MW01-5-188WH therapy attenuated deficits in Y maze behavior, a hippocampal-linked task. Oral MW01-5-188WH therapy begun 3 weeks after initiation of intracerebroventricular infusion of human Abeta decreased the numbers of activated astrocytes and microglia and the cytokine levels in the hippocampus without modifying amyloid plaque burden or altering peripheral tissue cytokine upregulation in response to an in vivo inflammatory challenge. The results provide a novel integrative chemical biology proof in support of the neuroinflammation hypothesis of disease progression, demonstrate that neurodegeneration can be attenuated independently of plaque modulation by targeting innate brain proinflammatory cytokine responses, and indicate the feasibility of developing efficacious, safe, and selective therapies for neurodegenerative disorders by targeting key glial activation pathways.
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MESH Headings
- Administration, Oral
- Amyloid beta-Peptides/administration & dosage
- Amyloid beta-Peptides/antagonists & inhibitors
- Amyloid beta-Peptides/toxicity
- Animals
- Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/administration & dosage
- Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/pharmacokinetics
- Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/therapeutic use
- Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/toxicity
- Astrocytes/drug effects
- Astrocytes/metabolism
- Biological Availability
- Brain/drug effects
- Brain/metabolism
- Cells, Cultured/drug effects
- Cells, Cultured/metabolism
- Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury/etiology
- Cytokines/biosynthesis
- Cytokines/genetics
- Depression, Chemical
- Drug Evaluation, Preclinical
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation/drug effects
- Hippocampus/drug effects
- Hippocampus/metabolism
- Hippocampus/physiology
- Humans
- Infusions, Parenteral
- Interleukin-1/biosynthesis
- Interleukin-1/genetics
- Lipopolysaccharides/pharmacology
- Maze Learning/drug effects
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Microglia/drug effects
- Microglia/metabolism
- Microsomes, Liver/metabolism
- Nerve Degeneration/prevention & control
- Nerve Growth Factors/biosynthesis
- Nerve Growth Factors/genetics
- Neuroprotective Agents/administration & dosage
- Neuroprotective Agents/pharmacokinetics
- Neuroprotective Agents/therapeutic use
- Neuroprotective Agents/toxicity
- Peptide Fragments/administration & dosage
- Peptide Fragments/antagonists & inhibitors
- Peptide Fragments/toxicity
- Piperazines/administration & dosage
- Piperazines/pharmacokinetics
- Piperazines/therapeutic use
- Piperazines/toxicity
- Plaque, Amyloid/pathology
- Pyridazines/administration & dosage
- Pyridazines/pharmacokinetics
- Pyridazines/therapeutic use
- Pyridazines/toxicity
- Rats
- S100 Calcium Binding Protein beta Subunit
- S100 Proteins/biosynthesis
- S100 Proteins/genetics
- Single-Blind Method
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/biosynthesis
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/genetics
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13
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Craft JM, Watterson DM, Van Eldik LJ. Neuroinflammation: a potential therapeutic target. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2005; 9:887-900. [PMID: 16185146 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.9.5.887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The increased appreciation of the importance of glial cell-propagated inflammation (termed 'neuroinflammation') in the progression of pathophysiology for diverse neurodegenerative diseases, has heightened interest in the rapid discovery of neuroinflammation-targeted therapeutics. Efforts include searches among existing drugs approved for other uses, as well as development of novel synthetic compounds that selectively downregulate neuroinflammatory responses. The use of existing drugs to target neuroinflammation has largely met with failure due to lack of efficacy or untoward side effects. However, the de novo development of new classes of therapeutics based on targeting selective aspects of glia activation pathways and glia-mediated pathophysiologies, versus targeting pathways of quantitative importance in non-CNS inflammatory responses, is yielding promising results in preclinical animal models. The authors briefly review selected clinical and preclinical data that reflect the prevailing approaches targeting neuroinflammation as a pathophysiological process contributing to onset or progression of neurodegenerative diseases. The authors conclude with opinions based on recent experimental proofs of concept using preclinical animal models of pathophysiology. The focus is on Alzheimer's disease, but the concepts are transferrable to other neurodegenerative disorders with an inflammatory component.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey M Craft
- Center for Drug Discovery and Chemical Biology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, 303 E. Chicago Avenue, Mail Code W-896, Chicago, IL 60611-3008,USA
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14
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Craft JM, Watterson DM, Hirsch E, Van Eldik LJ. Interleukin 1 receptor antagonist knockout mice show enhanced microglial activation and neuronal damage induced by intracerebroventricular infusion of human beta-amyloid. J Neuroinflammation 2005; 2:15. [PMID: 15967035 PMCID: PMC1190207 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-2-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2005] [Accepted: 06/20/2005] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Interleukin 1 (IL-1) is a key mediator of immune responses in health and disease. Although classically the function of IL-1 has been studied in the systemic immune system, research in the past decade has revealed analogous roles in the CNS where the cytokine can contribute to the neuroinflammation and neuropathology seen in a number of neurodegenerative diseases. In Alzheimer's disease (AD), for example, pre-clinical and clinical studies have implicated IL-1 in the progression of a pathologic, glia-mediated pro-inflammatory state in the CNS. The glia-driven neuroinflammation can lead to neuronal damage, which, in turn, stimulates further glia activation, potentially propagating a detrimental cycle that contributes to progression of pathology. A prediction of this neuroinflammation hypothesis is that increased IL-1 signaling in vivo would correlate with increased severity of AD-relevant neuroinflammation and neuronal damage. Methods To test the hypothesis that increased IL-1 signaling predisposes animals to beta-amyloid (Aβ)-induced damage, we used IL-1 receptor antagonist Knock-Out (IL1raKO) and wild-type (WT) littermate mice in a model that involves intracerebroventricular infusion of human oligomeric Aβ1–42. This model mimics many features of AD, including robust neuroinflammation, Aβ plaques, synaptic damage and neuronal loss in the hippocampus. IL1raKO and WT mice were infused with Aβ for 28 days, sacrificed at 42 days, and hippocampal endpoints analyzed. Results IL1raKO mice showed increased vulnerability to Aβ-induced neuropathology relative to their WT counterparts. Specifically, IL1raKO mice exhibited increased mortality, enhanced microglial activation and neuroinflammation, and more pronounced loss of synaptic markers. Interestingly, Aβ-induced astrocyte responses were not significantly different between WT and IL1raKO mice, suggesting that enhanced IL-1 signaling predominately affects microglia. Conclusion Our data are consistent with the neuroinflammation hypothesis whereby increased IL-1 signaling in AD enhances glia activation and leads to an augmented neuroinflammatory process that increases the severity of neuropathologic sequelae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey M Craft
- Center for Drug Discovery and Chemical Biology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
- Cell and Molecular Biology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - D Martin Watterson
- Center for Drug Discovery and Chemical Biology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
- Molecular Pharmacology and Biological Chemistry, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Emmet Hirsch
- Obstetrics and Gynecology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Evanston Northwestern Healthcare, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Linda J Van Eldik
- Center for Drug Discovery and Chemical Biology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
- Cell and Molecular Biology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
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