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Miravet-Verde S, Mazzolini R, Segura-Morales C, Broto A, Lluch-Senar M, Serrano L. ProTInSeq: transposon insertion tracking by ultra-deep DNA sequencing to identify translated large and small ORFs. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2091. [PMID: 38453908 PMCID: PMC10920889 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46112-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Identifying open reading frames (ORFs) being translated is not a trivial task. ProTInSeq is a technique designed to characterize proteomes by sequencing transposon insertions engineered to express a selection marker when they occur in-frame within a protein-coding gene. In the bacterium Mycoplasma pneumoniae, ProTInSeq identifies 83% of its annotated proteins, along with 5 proteins and 153 small ORF-encoded proteins (SEPs; ≤100 aa) that were not previously annotated. Moreover, ProTInSeq can be utilized for detecting translational noise, as well as for relative quantification and transmembrane topology estimation of fitness and non-essential proteins. By integrating various identification approaches, the number of initially annotated SEPs in this bacterium increases from 27 to 329, with a quarter of them predicted to possess antimicrobial potential. Herein, we describe a methodology complementary to Ribo-Seq and mass spectroscopy that can identify SEPs while providing other insights in a proteome with a flexible and cost-effective DNA ultra-deep sequencing approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Miravet-Verde
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Dr Aiguader 88, 08003, Barcelona, Spain.
- Department of Biology, Institute of Microbiology and Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | | | - Carolina Segura-Morales
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Dr Aiguader 88, 08003, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alicia Broto
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Dr Aiguader 88, 08003, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria Lluch-Senar
- Pulmobiotics, Dr Aiguader 88, 08003, Barcelona, Spain.
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biomedicine "Vicent Villar Palasi" (IBB), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Luis Serrano
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Dr Aiguader 88, 08003, Barcelona, Spain.
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain.
- ICREA, Pg. Lluis Companys 23, 08010, Barcelona, Spain.
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Synergistic Role of Plant Extracts and Essential Oils against Multidrug Resistance and Gram-Negative Bacterial Strains Producing Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamases. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11070855. [PMID: 35884109 PMCID: PMC9312036 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11070855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Plants, being the significant and natural source of medication for humankind against several ailments with characteristic substances hidden on them, have been recognized for many centuries. Accessibility of various methodologies for the revelation of therapeutically characteristic items has opened new avenues to redefine plants as the best reservoirs of new structural types. The role of plant metabolites to hinder the development and movement of pathogenic microbes is cherished. Production of extended-spectrum β-lactamases is an amazing tolerance mechanism that hinders the antibacterial treatment of infections caused by Gram-negative bacteria and is a serious problem for the current antimicrobial compounds. The exploration of the invention from sources of plant metabolites gives sustenance against the concern of the development of resistant pathogens. Essential oils are volatile, natural, complex compounds described by a solid odor and are framed by aromatic plants as secondary metabolites. The bioactive properties of essential oils are commonly controlled by the characteristic compounds present in them. They have been commonly utilized for bactericidal, virucidal, fungicidal, antiparasitic, insecticidal, medicinal, and antioxidant applications. Alkaloids are plant secondary metabolites that have appeared to have strong pharmacological properties. The impact of alkaloids from Callistemon citrinus and Vernonia adoensis leaves on bacterial development and efflux pump activity was assessed on Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Plant-derived chemicals may have direct antibacterial activity and/or indirect antibacterial activity as antibiotic resistance modifying agents, increasing the efficiency of antibiotics when used in combination. The thorough screening of plant-derived bioactive chemicals as resistance-modifying agents, including those that can act synergistically with antibiotics, is a viable method to overcome bacterial resistance. The synergistic assessment studies with the plant extract/essential oil and the antibiotic compounds is essential with a target for achieving a redesigned model with sustainable effects which are appreciably noticeable in specific sites of the plants compared to the entirety of their individual parts.
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Martínez-Polanco MP, Valderrama-Rincón JA, Martínez-Rojas AJ, Luna-Wandurraga HJ, Díaz-Báez MC, Bustos-López MC, Valderrama-Rincon JD. Degradation of high concentrations of azithromycin when present in a high organic content wastewater by using a continuously fed laboratory-scale UASB bioreactor. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 287:132191. [PMID: 34509021 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
As the presence of emergent contaminants in wastewater, such as antibiotics, has become a threat for public health, the evaluation of strategies to treat them has been gaining importance. A critical example of this situation can be found in wastewaters coming from the pharmaceutical industry, where high concentrations of antibiotics are sometimes accompanied by high organic contents. Even the agroindustry can be affected by a similar problem when cattle infections are treated with antibiotics and part of the antibiotic-contaminated milk has to be wasted. With these situations in mind, in the present study we evaluated a progressive acclimation strategy for a granular sludge in a UASB reactor treating a high organic-content synthetic wastewater contaminated with azithromycin. In parallel, we tested a previously reported low-cost method for azithromycin determination by spectrophotometry, obtaining results comparable with liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. Although azithromycin has been reported as recalcitrant and resistant to biological degradation, the antibiotic was removed with efficiencies over 50% for wastewater with 10 mg L-1 of azithromycin and a COD of more than 4000 mgO2 L-1. Furthermore, efficiencies over 40% were achieved for wastewater with higher azithromycin concentrations (80 mg L-1) and a COD of 20,000 mgO2 L-1. A careful acclimation strategy permitted the partial removal of azithromycin from wastewater when treating concentrations comparable and higher than what would be expected for domestic and hospital wastewaters, even when its chemical oxygen demand is considerably higher than the average maximum of around 1000 mgO2 L-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- María P Martínez-Polanco
- Departamento de Ingenieria Civil y Agrícola, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Grupo de Investigación RESA, Bogotá, 111321142, Colombia
| | - Joaquín A Valderrama-Rincón
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Grupo GRESIA, Antonio Nariño University, Bogotá, 111321084, Colombia
| | - Andrés J Martínez-Rojas
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Grupo GRESIA, Antonio Nariño University, Bogotá, 111321084, Colombia
| | - Héctor J Luna-Wandurraga
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Grupo GRESIA, Antonio Nariño University, Bogotá, 111321084, Colombia
| | - María C Díaz-Báez
- Departamento de Ingenieria Civil y Agrícola, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Grupo de Investigación RESA, Bogotá, 111321142, Colombia
| | - Martha C Bustos-López
- Departamento de Ingenieria Civil y Agrícola, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Grupo de Investigación RESA, Bogotá, 111321142, Colombia
| | - Juan D Valderrama-Rincon
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Grupo GRESIA, Antonio Nariño University, Bogotá, 111321084, Colombia.
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Midecamycin Is Inactivated by Several Different Sugar Moieties at Its Inactivation Site. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222312636. [PMID: 34884439 PMCID: PMC8657839 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222312636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 11/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycosylation inactivation is one of the important macrolide resistance mechanisms. The accumulated evidences attributed glycosylation inactivation to a glucosylation modification at the inactivation sites of macrolides. Whether other glycosylation modifications lead to macrolides inactivation is unclear. Herein, we demonstrated that varied glycosylation modifications could cause inactivation of midecamycin, a 16-membered macrolide antibiotic used clinically and agriculturally. Specifically, an actinomycetic glycosyltransferase (GT) OleD was selected for its glycodiversification capacity towards midecamycin. OleD was demonstrated to recognize UDP-D-glucose, UDP-D-xylose, UDP-galactose, UDP-rhamnose and UDP-N-acetylglucosamine to yield corresponding midecamycin 2'-O-glycosides, most of which displayed low yields. Protein engineering of OleD was thus performed to improve its conversions towards sugar donors. Q327F was the most favorable variant with seven times the conversion enhancement towards UDP-N-acetylglucosamine. Likewise, Q327A exhibited 30% conversion enhancement towards UDP-D-xylose. Potent biocatalysts for midecamycin glycosylation were thus obtained through protein engineering. Wild OleD, Q327F and Q327A were used as biocatalysts for scale-up preparation of midecamycin 2'-O-glucopyranoside, midecamycin 2'-O-GlcNAc and midecamycin 2'-O-xylopyranoside. In contrast to midecamycin, these midecamycin 2'-O-glycosides displayed no antimicrobial activities. These evidences suggested that besides glucosylation, other glycosylation patterns also could inactivate midecamycin, providing a new inactivation mechanism for midecamycin resistance. Cumulatively, glycosylation inactivation of midecamycin was independent of the type of attached sugar moieties at its inactivation site.
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Biodegradation of antibiotics: The new resistance determinants – part II. N Biotechnol 2020; 54:13-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbt.2019.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Revised: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 08/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Chandar B, Bhattacharya D. Role of Natural Product in Modulation of Drug Transporters and New Delhi Metallo-β Lactamases. Curr Top Med Chem 2019; 19:874-885. [PMID: 30987566 DOI: 10.2174/1871529x19666190415110724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2019] [Revised: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A rapid growth in drug resistance has brought options for treating antimicrobial resistance to a halt. Bacteria have evolved to accumulate a multitude of genes that encode resistance for a single drug within a single cell. Alternations of drug transporters are one of the causes for the development of resistance in drug interactions. Conversely, the production of enzymes also inactivates most antibiotics. The discovery of newer classes of antibiotics and drugs from natural products is urgently needed. Alternative medicines play an integral role in countries across the globe but many require validation for treatment strategies. It is essential to explore this chemical diversity in order to find novel drugs with specific activities which can be used as alternative drug targets. This review describes the interaction of drugs with resistant pathogens with a special focus on natural product-derived efflux pump and carbapenemase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brinda Chandar
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, United States
| | - Debdutta Bhattacharya
- ICMRRegional Medical Research Centre (Dept. of Health Research, Govt. of India), Chandrasekharpur, Bhubaneswar, India
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7
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Peterson E, Kaur P. Antibiotic Resistance Mechanisms in Bacteria: Relationships Between Resistance Determinants of Antibiotic Producers, Environmental Bacteria, and Clinical Pathogens. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2928. [PMID: 30555448 PMCID: PMC6283892 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 418] [Impact Index Per Article: 69.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Emergence of antibiotic resistant pathogenic bacteria poses a serious public health challenge worldwide. However, antibiotic resistance genes are not confined to the clinic; instead they are widely prevalent in different bacterial populations in the environment. Therefore, to understand development of antibiotic resistance in pathogens, we need to consider important reservoirs of resistance genes, which may include determinants that confer self-resistance in antibiotic producing soil bacteria and genes encoding intrinsic resistance mechanisms present in all or most non-producer environmental bacteria. While the presence of resistance determinants in soil and environmental bacteria does not pose a threat to human health, their mobilization to new hosts and their expression under different contexts, for example their transfer to plasmids and integrons in pathogenic bacteria, can translate into a problem of huge proportions, as discussed in this review. Selective pressure brought about by human activities further results in enrichment of such determinants in bacterial populations. Thus, there is an urgent need to understand distribution of resistance determinants in bacterial populations, elucidate resistance mechanisms, and determine environmental factors that promote their dissemination. This comprehensive review describes the major known self-resistance mechanisms found in producer soil bacteria of the genus Streptomyces and explores the relationships between resistance determinants found in producer soil bacteria, non-producer environmental bacteria, and clinical isolates. Specific examples highlighting potential pathways by which pathogenic clinical isolates might acquire these resistance determinants from soil and environmental bacteria are also discussed. Overall, this article provides a conceptual framework for understanding the complexity of the problem of emergence of antibiotic resistance in the clinic. Availability of such knowledge will allow researchers to build models for dissemination of resistance genes and for developing interventions to prevent recruitment of additional or novel genes into pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Peterson
- Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Parjit Kaur
- Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, United States
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An automated on-line turbulent flow liquid-chromatography technology coupled to a high resolution mass spectrometer LTQ-Orbitrap for suspect screening of antibiotic transformation products during microalgae wastewater treatment. J Chromatogr A 2018; 1568:57-68. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2018.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Revised: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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9
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Peterson E, Kaur P. Antibiotic Resistance Mechanisms in Bacteria: Relationships Between Resistance Determinants of Antibiotic Producers, Environmental Bacteria, and Clinical Pathogens. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2928. [PMID: 30555448 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02928/bibtex] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Emergence of antibiotic resistant pathogenic bacteria poses a serious public health challenge worldwide. However, antibiotic resistance genes are not confined to the clinic; instead they are widely prevalent in different bacterial populations in the environment. Therefore, to understand development of antibiotic resistance in pathogens, we need to consider important reservoirs of resistance genes, which may include determinants that confer self-resistance in antibiotic producing soil bacteria and genes encoding intrinsic resistance mechanisms present in all or most non-producer environmental bacteria. While the presence of resistance determinants in soil and environmental bacteria does not pose a threat to human health, their mobilization to new hosts and their expression under different contexts, for example their transfer to plasmids and integrons in pathogenic bacteria, can translate into a problem of huge proportions, as discussed in this review. Selective pressure brought about by human activities further results in enrichment of such determinants in bacterial populations. Thus, there is an urgent need to understand distribution of resistance determinants in bacterial populations, elucidate resistance mechanisms, and determine environmental factors that promote their dissemination. This comprehensive review describes the major known self-resistance mechanisms found in producer soil bacteria of the genus Streptomyces and explores the relationships between resistance determinants found in producer soil bacteria, non-producer environmental bacteria, and clinical isolates. Specific examples highlighting potential pathways by which pathogenic clinical isolates might acquire these resistance determinants from soil and environmental bacteria are also discussed. Overall, this article provides a conceptual framework for understanding the complexity of the problem of emergence of antibiotic resistance in the clinic. Availability of such knowledge will allow researchers to build models for dissemination of resistance genes and for developing interventions to prevent recruitment of additional or novel genes into pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Peterson
- Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Parjit Kaur
- Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, United States
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10
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Gaillard T, Dormoi J, Madamet M, Pradines B. Macrolides and associated antibiotics based on similar mechanism of action like lincosamides in malaria. Malar J 2016; 15:85. [PMID: 26873741 PMCID: PMC4752764 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-016-1114-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Malaria, a parasite vector-borne disease, is one of the biggest health threats in tropical regions, despite the availability of malaria chemoprophylaxis. The emergence and rapid extension of Plasmodium falciparum resistance to various anti-malarial drugs has gradually limited the potential malaria therapeutics available to clinicians. In this context, macrolides and associated antibiotics based on similar mechanism of action like lincosamides constitute an interesting alternative in the treatment of malaria. These molecules, whose action spectrum is similar to that of tetracyclines, are typically administered to children and pregnant women. Recent studies have examined the effects of azithromycin and the lincosamide clindamycin, on isolates from different continents. Azithromycin and clindamycin are effective and well tolerated in the treatment of uncomplicated malaria in combination with quinine. This literature review assesses the roles of macrolides and lincosamides in the prophylaxis and treatment of malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiphaine Gaillard
- Unité de Parasitologie, Département d'Infectiologie de Terrain, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, Marseille, France. .,Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Emergentes, Aix Marseille Université, UM 63, CNRS 7278, IRD 198, Inserm, 1095, Marseille, France. .,Fédération des Laboratoires, Hôpital d'Instruction des Armées Saint Anne, Toulon, France.
| | - Jérôme Dormoi
- Unité de Parasitologie, Département d'Infectiologie de Terrain, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, Marseille, France. .,Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Emergentes, Aix Marseille Université, UM 63, CNRS 7278, IRD 198, Inserm, 1095, Marseille, France. .,Unité de Parasitologie et d'Entomologie, Département des Maladies Infectieuses, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, Brétigny sur Orge, France.
| | - Marylin Madamet
- Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Emergentes, Aix Marseille Université, UM 63, CNRS 7278, IRD 198, Inserm, 1095, Marseille, France. .,Equipe Résidente de Recherche en Infectiologie Tropicale, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, Hôpital d'Instruction des Armées, Marseille, France. .,Centre National de Référence du Paludisme, Marseille, France.
| | - Bruno Pradines
- Unité de Parasitologie, Département d'Infectiologie de Terrain, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, Marseille, France. .,Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Emergentes, Aix Marseille Université, UM 63, CNRS 7278, IRD 198, Inserm, 1095, Marseille, France. .,Unité de Parasitologie et d'Entomologie, Département des Maladies Infectieuses, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, Brétigny sur Orge, France. .,Centre National de Référence du Paludisme, Marseille, France.
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Shaikh S, Fatima J, Shakil S, Rizvi SMD, Kamal MA. Antibiotic resistance and extended spectrum beta-lactamases: Types, epidemiology and treatment. Saudi J Biol Sci 2014; 22:90-101. [PMID: 25561890 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2014.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 338] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2014] [Revised: 08/09/2014] [Accepted: 08/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance is a problem of deep scientific concern both in hospital and community settings. Rapid detection in clinical laboratories is essential for the judicious recognition of antimicrobial resistant organisms. Production of extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) is a significant resistance-mechanism that impedes the antimicrobial treatment of infections caused by Enterobacteriaceae and is a serious threat to the currently available antibiotic armory. ESBLs are classified into several groups according to their amino acid sequence homology. Proper infection control practices and barriers are essential to prevent spread and outbreaks of ESBL producing bacteria. As bacteria have developed different strategies to counter the effects of antibiotics, the identification of the resistance mechanism may help in the discovery and design of new antimicrobial agents. The carbapenems are widely regarded as the drugs of choice for the treatment of severe infections caused by ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae, although comparative clinical trials are scarce. Hence, more expeditious diagnostic testing of ESBL-producing bacteria and the feasible modification of guidelines for community-onset bacteremia associated with different infections are prescribed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jamale Fatima
- Department of Bio-engineering, Integral University, Lucknow 226026, India
| | - Shazi Shakil
- Department of Bio-engineering, Integral University, Lucknow 226026, India
| | | | - Mohammad Amjad Kamal
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80216, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia ; Enzymoic, 7 Peterlee Pl, Hebersham, NSW 2770, Australia
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Atta HM, Radwan HG. Biochemical studies on the production of Sparsomycin antibiotic by Pseudomonas aeurginosa, AZ-SH-B8 using plastic wastes as fermented substrate. JOURNAL OF SAUDI CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jscs.2010.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Abbott IJ, Slavin MA, Turnidge JD, Thursky KA, Worth LJ. Stenotrophomonas maltophilia: emerging disease patterns and challenges for treatment. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2011; 9:471-88. [PMID: 21504403 DOI: 10.1586/eri.11.24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Stenotrophomonas maltophilia is a ubiquitous organism associated with opportunistic infections. In the immunocompromised host, increasing prevalence and severity of illness is observed, particularly opportunistic bloodstream infections and pneumonia syndromes. In this article, the classification and microbiology are outlined, together with clinical presentation, outcomes and management of infections due to S. maltophilia. Although virulence mechanisms and the genetic basis of antibiotic resistance have been identified, a role for standardized and uniform reporting of antibiotic sensitivity is not defined. Infections due to S. maltophilia have traditionally been treated with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, ticarcillin-clavulanic acid, or fluoroquinolone agents. The use of combination therapies, newer fluoroquinolone agents and tetracycline derivatives is discussed. Finally, measures to prevent transmission of S. maltophilia within healthcare facilities are reported, especially in at-risk patient populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iain J Abbott
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
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Transcriptional and translational control of the mlr operon, which confers resistance to seven classes of protein synthesis inhibitors. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2008; 52:1703-12. [PMID: 18299405 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01583-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The methyltransferase genes erm(B) and cfr are adjacent to each other in the chromosome of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strain CM05. Analyses of the transcriptional organization of the erm(B) and cfr genes in the chromosome of strain CM05 showed that the two genes are organized into an operon, designated mlr (for modification of the large ribosomal subunit), which is controlled by the erm(B) promoter. Analysis of the translation control and the inducibility of the erm(B) and cfr genes in the mlr operon showed that despite the presence of putative regulatory short open reading frames, both genes are expressed constitutively. The combined action of the two methyltransferases encoded in the mlr operon results in modification of two specific residues in 23S rRNA, A2058 and A2503, and renders cells resistant to all clinically useful antibiotics that target the large ribosomal subunit. Furthermore, simultaneous modification of both rRNA sites synergistically enhances resistance to 16-member-ring macrolides.
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Combining microarray technology and molecular epidemiology to identify genes associated with invasive group B streptococcus. Interdiscip Perspect Infect Dis 2008; 2008:314762. [PMID: 19259326 PMCID: PMC2648626 DOI: 10.1155/2008/314762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2007] [Accepted: 11/29/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Many bacterial species function as both commensals and pathogens; we used this dual nature to develop a high-throughput molecular epidemiological approach to identifying bacterial virulence genes. We applied our approach to Group B Streptococcus (GBS). Three representative commensal and one invasive GBS isolates were selected as tester strains from a population-based collection. We used microarray-based comparative genomic hybridization to identify open reading frames (ORFs) present in two sequenced invasive strains, but absent or divergent in tester strains. We screened 23 variable ORFs against 949 GBS isolates using a GBS Library on a Slide (LOS) microarray platform. Four ORFs occurred more frequently in invasive than commensal isolates, and one appeared more frequently in commensal isolates. Comparative hybridization using an oligonucleotide microarray, combined with epidemiologic screening using the LOS microarray platform, enabled rapid identification of bacterial genes potentially associated with pathogenicity.
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Abstract
Treatment of infections is compromised worldwide by the emergence of bacteria that are resistant to multiple antibiotics. Although classically attributed to chromosomal mutations, resistance is most commonly associated with extrachromosomal elements acquired from other bacteria in the environment. These include different types of mobile DNA segments, such as plasmids, transposons, and integrons. However, intrinsic mechanisms not commonly specified by mobile elements-such as efflux pumps that expel multiple kinds of antibiotics-are now recognized as major contributors to multidrug resistance in bacteria. Once established, multidrug-resistant organisms persist and spread worldwide, causing clinical failures in the treatment of infections and public health crises.
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17
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Chesneau O, Tsvetkova K, Courvalin P. Resistance phenotypes conferred by macrolide phosphotransferases. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2007; 269:317-22. [PMID: 17302923 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2007.00643.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aims to compare the resistance phenotypes conferred by various genes encoding enzymes that phosphorylate erythromycin. The mph genes were cloned into Escherichia coli AG100A susceptible to macrolides and ketolides following disruption of the AcrAB pump. An 882 bp sequence containing a premature stop codon, homologous to the three other previously described mph genes and present widely among Enterobacteriaceae, was found to confer resistance to erythromycin by phosphorylation. The mph(C) gene, as reported for mph(B), also conferred resistance to spiramycin. The mph(A) gene was unique in conferring resistance to azithromycin. The four investigated genes conferred resistance to telithromycin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Chesneau
- Unité des Agents Antibactériens, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
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Basch J, Chiang SJ. Cloning and expression of a cytochrome P450 hydroxylase gene from Amycolatopsis orientalis: hydroxylation of epothilone B for the production of epothilone F. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2006; 34:171-6. [PMID: 16972046 DOI: 10.1007/s10295-006-0173-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2006] [Accepted: 07/31/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Degenerate PCR primers were used to amplify cytochrome P450 gene fragments from the high-GC gram-negative bacteria Amycolatopsis orientalis, which catalyzes the hydroxylation of epothilone B to produce epothilone F. The amplified fragments were used as hybridization probes to identify and clone two intact cytochrome P450 genes. The expression of one of the cloned genes in a Streptomyces lividans transformant resulted in the biotransformation of epothilone B to epothilone F. The conversion of epothilone B to epothilone F by the S. lividans transformant was confirmed by mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Basch
- Technical Operations, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, P.O. Box 4755, Syracuse, NY 13221-4755, USA.
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La Clair JJ. Cellular routines in the synthesis of cyclic peptide probes. Tetrahedron 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2006.01.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Dembitsky VM. Astonishing diversity of natural surfactants: 2. Polyether glycosidic ionophores and macrocyclic glycosides. Lipids 2005; 40:219-48. [PMID: 15957249 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-005-1378-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Polyether glycosidic ionophores and macrocyclic glycosides are of great interest, especially for the medicinal and pharmaceutical industries. These biologically active natural surfactants are good prospects for the future chemical preparation of compounds useful as antibiotics, anticancer agents, or in industry. More than 300 interesting and unusual natural surfactants are described in this review article, including their chemical structures and biological activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valery M Dembitsky
- Department of Organic Chemistry and School of Pharmacy, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel.
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Kim YH, Cerniglia CE. Influence of erythromycin A on the microbial populations in aquaculture sediment microcosms. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2005; 73:230-41. [PMID: 15935863 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2005.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2003] [Revised: 02/07/2005] [Accepted: 03/05/2005] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Degradation of erythromycin A was studied using two sediment samples obtained from the salmon and trout hatchery sites at Hupp Springs (HS) and Goldendale (GD), Washington, United States. The former site had been treated for 3 years with erythromycin-medicated feed prior to the experiments, and the latter site had not been treated with any antibiotic for at least 6 years. The two sediment microcosms treated with either N-[methyl-14C]erythromycin A or [1,3,5,7,9,11,13-14C]erythromycin A showed S-curves for erythromycin A mineralization with a prolonged lag time of 120 days, except for GD microcosms treated with [1,3,5,7,9,11,13-14C]erythromycin A. We proposed a simplified logistic model to interpret the mineralization curves under the assumption of the low densities of initial populations metabolizing erythromycin A. The model was helpful for knowing the biological potential for erythromycin A degradation in sediments. Although erythromycin A added to the two sediment microcosms did not significantly alter the numbers of total viable aerobic bacteria or erythromycin-resistant bacteria, it affected the bacterial composition. The influence on the bacterial composition appeared to be greater in GD microcosms without pre-exposure to antibiotics. PCR-RFLP and DNA sequence analyses of the 16S ribosomal RNA gene and the erythromycin esterase (ere) gene revealed that ereA type 2 (ereA2) was present in potentially erythromycin-degrading Pseudomonas spp. strains GD100, GD200, HS100, HS200 and HS300, isolated from erythromycin-treated and non-treated GD and HS microcosms. Erythromycin A appeared to influence the development and proliferation of strain GD200, possibly via the lateral gene transfer of ereA2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Hak Kim
- Division of Microbiology, National Center for Toxicological Research, US Food and Drug Administration, 3900 NCTR Road, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA.
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