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Abstract
Covering: 1986 to 2020Natural products are an enduring source of chemical information useful for probing biologically relevant chemical space. Toward gathering further structure-activity relationship (SAR) information for a particular natural product, synthetic chemists traditionally proceeded first by a total synthesis effort followed by the synthesis of simplified derivatives. While this approach has proven fruitful, it often does not incorporate hypotheses regarding structural features necessary for bioactivity at the synthetic planning stage, but rather focuses on the rapid assembly of the targeted natural product; a goal that often supersedes the opportunity to gather SAR information en route to the natural product. Furthermore, access to simplified variants of a natural product possessing only the proposed essential structural features necessary for bioactivity, typically at lower oxidation states overall, is sometimes non-trivial from the original established synthetic route. In recent years, several synthetic design strategies were described to streamline the process of finding bioactive molecules in concert with fathering further SAR studies for targeted natural products. This review article will briefly discuss traditional retrosynthetic strategies and contrast them to selected examples of recent synthetic strategies for the investigation of biologically relevant chemical space revealed by natural products. These strategies include: diversity-oriented synthesis (DOS), biology-oriented synthesis (BIOS), diverted-total synthesis (DTS), analogue-oriented synthesis (AOS), two-phase synthesis, function-oriented synthesis (FOS), and computed affinity/dynamically ordered retrosynthesis (CANDOR). Finally, a description of pharmacophore-directed retrosynthesis (PDR) developed in our laboratory and initial applications will be presented that was initially inspired by a retrospective analysis of our synthetic route to pateamine A completed in 1998.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathanyal J Truax
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Baylor University, Waco, Texas 76710, USA.
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2
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Wu R, Chen H, Chang N, Xu Y, Jiao J, Zhang H. Unlocking the Drug Potential of the Bryostatin Family: Recent Advances in Product Synthesis and Biomedical Applications. Chemistry 2019; 26:1166-1195. [PMID: 31479550 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201903128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Revised: 09/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Bryostatins are a class of naturally occurring macrocyclic lactones with a unique fast developing portfolio of clinical applications, including treatment of AIDS, Alzheimer's disease, and cancer. This comprehensive account summarizes the recent progress (2014-present) in the development of bryostatins, including their total synthesis and biomedical applications. An emphasis is placed on the discussion of bryostatin 1, the most-studied analogue to date. This review highlights the synthetic and biological challenges of bryostatins and provides an outlook on their future development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongzhen Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology of China, Shenzhen, 518055, P. R. China
| | - Hongyu Chen
- Department of Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology of China, Shenzhen, 518055, P. R. China
| | - Ninghui Chang
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, P. R. China
| | - Yuzhi Xu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
| | - Jiao Jiao
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Sustainable Energy Materials Chemistry, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P. R. China
| | - Hailong Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, P. R. China
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3
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Itoh H, Inoue M. Comprehensive Structure–Activity Relationship Studies of Macrocyclic Natural Products Enabled by Their Total Syntheses. Chem Rev 2019; 119:10002-10031. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.9b00063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Itoh
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Masayuki Inoue
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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4
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Zheng S, Yan X, Gu Q, Yang Y, Du Y, Lu Y, Xu J. QBMG: quasi-biogenic molecule generator with deep recurrent neural network. J Cheminform 2019; 11:5. [PMID: 30656426 PMCID: PMC6689867 DOI: 10.1186/s13321-019-0328-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Biogenic compounds are important materials for drug discovery and chemical biology. In this work, we report a quasi-biogenic molecule generator (QBMG) to compose virtual quasi-biogenic compound libraries by means of gated recurrent unit recurrent neural networks. The library includes stereo-chemical properties, which are crucial features of natural products. QMBG can reproduce the property distribution of the underlying training set, while being able to generate realistic, novel molecules outside of the training set. Furthermore, these compounds are associated with known bioactivities. A focused compound library based on a given chemotype/scaffold can also be generated by this approach combining transfer learning technology. This approach can be used to generate virtual compound libraries for pharmaceutical lead identification and optimization.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuangjia Zheng
- Research Center for Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, 132 East Circle at University City, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Xin Yan
- Research Center for Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, 132 East Circle at University City, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
| | - Qiong Gu
- Research Center for Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, 132 East Circle at University City, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yuedong Yang
- National Supercomputer Center in Guangzhou and School of Data and Computer Science, Sun Yat-Sen University, 132 East Circle at University City, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yunfei Du
- National Supercomputer Center in Guangzhou and School of Data and Computer Science, Sun Yat-Sen University, 132 East Circle at University City, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yutong Lu
- National Supercomputer Center in Guangzhou and School of Data and Computer Science, Sun Yat-Sen University, 132 East Circle at University City, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Jun Xu
- Research Center for Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, 132 East Circle at University City, Guangzhou, 510006, China. .,School of Computer Science and Technology, Wuyi University, 99 Yingbin Road, Jiangmen, 529020, China.
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5
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamal Kumar
- Max-Planck-Institut für molekulare PhysiologieAbteilung Chemische Biologie Otto-Hahn Str. 11 44227- Dortmund Germany
| | - Herbert Waldmann
- Max-Planck-Institut für molekulare PhysiologieAbteilung Chemische Biologie Otto-Hahn Str. 11 44227- Dortmund Germany
- Technische Universität DortmundFakultät Chemie, Chemische Biologie Otto-Hahn-Straße 6 Dortmund 44221 Germany
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6
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Benner NL, Near KE, Bachmann MH, Contag CH, Waymouth RM, Wender PA. Functional DNA Delivery Enabled by Lipid-Modified Charge-Altering Releasable Transporters (CARTs). Biomacromolecules 2018; 19:2812-2824. [PMID: 29727572 PMCID: PMC6542359 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.8b00401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Safe and effective DNA delivery systems are required to enable or enhance clinical strategies and research involving gene therapy and DNA vaccinations. To address this delivery problem, a series of charge-altering releasable transporters (CARTs) with varied lipid content were prepared and evaluated for plasmid DNA (pDNA) delivery into cultured cells. These lipid-modified CART co-oligomers were synthesized in only two steps via sequential organocatalytic ring-opening polymerization of lipid-containing cyclic carbonate monomers and morpholinone monomers. Lipid variations of the CARTs substantially impacted the delivery efficiency of pDNA, with oleyl- and linoleyl-based CARTs showing enhanced performance relative to the commercial transfection agent Lipofectamine 2000 (L2000). The best-performing oleyl CART was carried forward to study stable luciferase transfection with a Sleeping Beauty ( SB) transposon system. The oleyl CART outperformed the L2000 positive control with respect to stable transfection efficiency. CART-pDNA complexes represent a new DNA delivery system for research and clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy L. Benner
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Katherine E. Near
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Michael H. Bachmann
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Christopher H. Contag
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Robert M. Waymouth
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Paul A. Wender
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
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7
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Chamakuri S, Jain P, Reddy Guduru SK, Arney JW, MacKenzie KR, Santini C, Young DW. Synthesis of Enantiomerically Pure 6-Substituted-Piperazine-2-Acetic Acid Esters as Intermediates for Library Production. J Org Chem 2018; 83:6541-6555. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.8b00854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - J. Winston Arney
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
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8
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Ketcham JM, Volchkov I, Chen TY, Blumberg PM, Kedei N, Lewin NE, Krische MJ. Evaluation of Chromane-Based Bryostatin Analogues Prepared via Hydrogen-Mediated C-C Bond Formation: Potency Does Not Confer Bryostatin-like Biology. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:13415-13423. [PMID: 27676096 PMCID: PMC5094189 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b08695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis and biological evaluation of chromane-containing bryostatin analogues WN-2-WN-7 and the previously reported salicylate-based analogue WN-8 are described. Analogues WN-2-WN-7 are prepared through convergent assembly of the chromane-containing fragment B-I with the "binding domain" fragment A-I or its C26-des-methyl congener, fragment A-II. The synthesis of fragment B-I features enantioselective double C-H allylation of 1,3-propanediol to form the C2-symmetric diol 3 and Heck cyclization of bromo-diene 5 to form the chromane core. The synthesis of salicylate WN-8 is accomplished through the union of fragments A-III and B-II. The highest binding affinities for PKCα are observed for the C26-des-methyl analogues WN-3 (Ki = 63.9 nM) and WN-7 (Ki = 63.1 nM). All analogues, WN-2-WN-8, inhibited growth of Toledo cells, with the most potent analogue being WN-7. This response, however, does not distinguish between phorbol ester-like and bryostatin-like behavior. In contrast, while many of the analogues contain a conserved C-ring in the binding domain and other features common to analogues with bryostatin-like properties, all analogues evaluated in the U937 proliferation and cell attachment assays displayed phorbol ester-like and/or toxic behavior, including WN-8, for which "bryostatin-like PKC modulatory activities" previously was suggested solely on the basis of PKC binding. These results underscore the importance of considering downstream biological effects, as tumor suppression cannot be inferred from potent PKC binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M. Ketcham
- University of Texas at Austin, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Ivan Volchkov
- University of Texas at Austin, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Te-Yu Chen
- University of Texas at Austin, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Peter M. Blumberg
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, NCI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-4255, USA
| | - Noemi Kedei
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, NCI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-4255, USA
| | - Nancy E. Lewin
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, NCI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-4255, USA
| | - Michael J. Krische
- University of Texas at Austin, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Austin, TX 78712, USA
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9
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Sourbier C, Scroggins BT, Mannes PZ, Liao PJ, Siems K, Wolf D, Beutler JA, Linehan WM, Neckers L. Tonantzitlolone cytotoxicity toward renal cancer cells is PKCθ- and HSF1-dependent. Oncotarget 2016; 6:29963-74. [PMID: 26298773 PMCID: PMC4745775 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.4676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2015] [Accepted: 07/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Elucidating the targets and mechanism of action of natural products is strategically important prior to drug development and assessment of potential clinical applications. In this report, we elucidated the main targets and mechanism of action of the natural product tonantzitlolone (TZL) in clear cell renal cell carcinoma (CCRCC). We identified TZL as a dual PKCα and PKCθ activator in vitro, although in CCRCC cells its activity was mostly PKCθ-dependent. Through activation of PKCθ, TZL induced an insulin resistant phenotype by inhibiting IRS1 and the PI3K/Akt pathway. Simultaneously, TZL activated the heat shock factor 1 (HSF1) transcription factor driving glucose dependency. Thus, similar to the selective PKCθ activator englerin A, TZL induces a metabolic catastrophe in CCRCC, starving cells of glucose while simultaneously increasing their glycolytic dependency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carole Sourbier
- Urologic Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Bradley T Scroggins
- Radiation Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Philip Z Mannes
- Urologic Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Pei-Jyun Liao
- Urologic Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | | | - Dietmar Wolf
- AnalytiCon Discovery GmbH, D-14473 Potsdam, Germany
| | - John A Beutler
- Molecular Targets Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - W Marston Linehan
- Urologic Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Leonard Neckers
- Urologic Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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10
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Huang B, Zhang F, Yu G, Song Y, Wang X, Wang M, Gong Z, Su R, Jia Y. Gram Scale Syntheses of (-)-Incarvillateine and Its Analogs. Discovery of Potent Analgesics for Neuropathic Pain. J Med Chem 2016; 59:3953-63. [PMID: 27022999 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b00132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
(-)-Incarvillateine (INCA) is the major antinociceptive component of Incarvillea sinensis, which has been used to treat rheumatism and relieve pain in traditional Chinese medicine. We have developed a concise and general synthetic approach for INCA, which enabled gram-scale asymmetric syntheses of (-)-INCA, (-)-incarvilline, (-)-isoincarvilline, and six other INCA analogues. The synthesis of isoincarvilline was reported for the first time. Three structurally simplified analogues of INCA were also synthesized. In vivo screening found that INCA and two structurally optimized analogues were efficacious in preventing the acetic acid-induced writhing response. Moreover, their analgesic efficacy was demonstrated in formalin induced pain model. More importantly, administration of 20 or 40 mg/kg INCA and two structurally optimized analogues showed strong analgesic effects in spared nerve injury (SNI) model, and their effective doses were lower than the current gold standard, gabapentin (100 mg/kg in this model).
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University , 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China.,State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Fengying Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University , 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China.,State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Gang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Key Laboratory of Neuropsychopharmacology, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology , 27 Taiping Road, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Yan Song
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University , 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China.,State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xintong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University , 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China.,State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Meiliang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Key Laboratory of Neuropsychopharmacology, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology , 27 Taiping Road, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Zehui Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Key Laboratory of Neuropsychopharmacology, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology , 27 Taiping Road, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Ruibin Su
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Key Laboratory of Neuropsychopharmacology, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology , 27 Taiping Road, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Yanxing Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University , 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China.,State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
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11
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Loy BA, Lesser AB, Staveness D, Billingsley KL, Cegelski L, Wender PA. Toward a biorelevant structure of protein kinase C bound modulators: design, synthesis, and evaluation of labeled bryostatin analogues for analysis with rotational echo double resonance NMR spectroscopy. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:3678-85. [PMID: 25710634 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b00886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Protein kinase C (PKC) modulators are currently of great importance in preclinical and clinical studies directed at cancer, immunotherapy, HIV eradication, and Alzheimer's disease. However, the bound conformation of PKC modulators in a membrane environment is not known. Rotational echo double resonance (REDOR) NMR spectroscopy could uniquely address this challenge. However, REDOR NMR requires strategically labeled, high affinity ligands to determine interlabel distances from which the conformation of the bound ligand in the PKC-ligand complex could be identified. Here we report the first computer-guided design and syntheses of three bryostatin analogues strategically labeled for REDOR NMR analysis. Extensive computer analyses of energetically accessible analogue conformations suggested preferred labeling sites for the identification of the PKC-bound conformers. Significantly, three labeled analogues were synthesized, and, as required for REDOR analysis, all proved highly potent with PKC affinities (∼1 nM) on par with bryostatin. These potent and strategically labeled bryostatin analogues are new structural leads and provide the necessary starting point for projected efforts to determine the PKC-bound conformation of such analogues in a membrane environment, as needed to design new PKC modulators and understand PKC-ligand-membrane structure and dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian A Loy
- †Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Adam B Lesser
- †Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Daryl Staveness
- †Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Kelvin L Billingsley
- †Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Lynette Cegelski
- †Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Paul A Wender
- †Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
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12
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Andrews IP, Ketcham JM, Blumberg PM, Kedei N, Lewin N, Peach ML, Krische MJ. Synthesis of seco-B-ring bryostatin analogue WN-1 via C-C bond-forming hydrogenation: critical contribution of the B-ring in determining bryostatin-like and phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate-like properties. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:13209-16. [PMID: 25207655 PMCID: PMC4183601 DOI: 10.1021/ja507825s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The seco-B-ring bryostatin analogue, macrodiolide WN-1, was prepared in 17 steps (longest linear sequence) and 30 total steps with three bonds formed via hydrogen-mediated C-C coupling. This synthetic route features a palladium-catalyzed alkoxycarbonylation of a C2-symmetric diol to form the C9-deoxygenated bryostatin A-ring. WN-1 binds to PKCα (Ki = 16.1 nM) and inhibits the growth of multiple leukemia cell lines. Although structural features of the WN-1 A-ring and C-ring are shared by analogues that display bryostatin-like behavior, WN-1 displays PMA-like behavior in U937 cell attachment and proliferation assays, as well as in K562 and MV-4-11 proliferation assays. Molecular modeling studies suggest the pattern of internal hydrogen bonds evident in bryostatin 1 is preserved in WN-1, and that upon docking WN-1 into the crystal structure of the C1b domain of PKCδ, the binding mode of bryostatin 1 is reproduced. The collective data emphasize the critical contribution of the B-ring to the function of the upper portion of the molecule in conferring a bryostatin-like pattern of biological activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian P. Andrews
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - John M. Ketcham
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Peter M. Blumberg
- Laboratory
of Cancer Biology and Genetics, National
Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-4255, United States
| | - Noemi Kedei
- Laboratory
of Cancer Biology and Genetics, National
Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-4255, United States
| | - Nancy
E. Lewin
- Laboratory
of Cancer Biology and Genetics, National
Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-4255, United States
| | - Megan L. Peach
- Basic Science Program,
Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Chemical Biology Laboratory, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
| | - Michael J. Krische
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
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13
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Irie K, Yanagita RC. Synthesis and Biological Activities of Simplified Analogs of the Natural PKC Ligands, Bryostatin-1 and Aplysiatoxin. CHEM REC 2014; 14:251-67. [DOI: 10.1002/tcr.201300036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiro Irie
- Division of Food Science and Biotechnology; Graduate School of Agriculture; Kyoto University; Kyoto 606-8502 Japan
| | - Ryo C. Yanagita
- Department of Applied Biological Science; Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University; Kagawa 761-0795 Japan
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14
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Grewal BK, Elizabeth Sobhia M. Identification of specific features of inhibition of PKCβII and its potential lead by shape-based virtual screening and molecular docking studies. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 22:4672-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.05.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2011] [Revised: 02/10/2012] [Accepted: 05/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Abstract
The largely unexplored marine world that presumably harbors the most biodiversity may be the vastest resource to discover novel 'validated' structures with novel modes of action that cover biologically relevant chemical space. Several challenges, including the supply problem and target identification, need to be met for successful drug development of these often complex molecules; however, approaches are available to overcome the hurdles. Advances in technologies such as sampling strategies, nanoscale NMR for structure determination, total chemical synthesis, fermentation and biotechnology are all crucial to the success of marine natural products as drug leads. We illustrate the high degree of innovation in the field of marine natural products, which in our view will lead to a new wave of drugs that flow into the market and pharmacies in the future.
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16
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Wender PA, Reuber J. Function Oriented Synthesis: Preparation and Initial Biological Evaluation of New A-Ring-Modified Bryologs. Tetrahedron 2011; 67:9998-10005. [PMID: 22247574 DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2011.09.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis and biological evaluation of the first members of a new series of designed bryostatin A-ring analogues (bryologs) are described. An advanced intermediate is produced that allows for step economical access to diverse analogs. The first of these analogues, bearing side chains of completely different polarities from alkyl to hydroxyl and carboxyl functionalities, were evaluated. All exhibit potent protein kinase C binding (54.7 to 2.4 nM) with affinities increasing with decreasing side chain polarity. This series of bryostatin analogues demonstrates that A ring surrogates can indeed be used for tuning pharmacophore and ADME characteristics as needed to improve bryolog function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul A Wender
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-5080, USA
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17
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Kedei N, Lubart E, Lewin NE, Telek A, Lim L, Mannan P, Garfield SH, Kraft MB, Keck GE, Kolusheva S, Jelinek R, Blumberg PM. Some phorbol esters might partially resemble bryostatin 1 in their actions on LNCaP prostate cancer cells and U937 leukemia cells. Chembiochem 2011; 12:1242-51. [PMID: 21542090 PMCID: PMC3313843 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201100064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) and bryostatin 1 are both potent protein kinase C (PKC) activators. In LNCaP human prostate cancer cells, PMA induces tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) secretion and inhibits proliferation; bryostatin 1 does not, and indeed blocks the response to PMA. This difference has been attributed to bryostatin 1 not localizing PKCδ to the plasma membrane. Since phorbol ester lipophilicity influences PKCδ localization, we have examined in LNCaP cells a series of phorbol esters and related derivatives spanning some eight logs in lipophilicity (logP) to see if any behave like bryostatin 1. The compounds showed marked differences in their effects on proliferation and TNFα secretion. For example, maximal responses for TNFα secretion relative to PMA ranged from 97 % for octyl-indolactam V to 24 % for phorbol 12,13-dibenzoate. Dose-response curves ranged from monophasic for indolactam V to markedly biphasic for sapintoxin D. The divergent patterns of response, however, correlated neither to lipophilicity, to plasma membrane translocation of PKCδ, nor to the ability to interact with model membranes. In U937 human leukemia cells, a second system in which PMA and bryostatin 1 have divergent effects, viz. PMA but not bryostatin 1 inhibits proliferation and induces attachment, all the compounds acted like PMA for proliferation, but several induced a reduced level or a biphasic dose-response curve for attachment. We conclude that active phorbol esters are not all equivalent. Depending on the system, some might partially resemble bryostatin 1 in their behavior; this encourages the concept that bryostatin-like behavior may be obtained from other structural templates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noemi Kedei
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, U.S.A
| | - Emanuel Lubart
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, U.S.A
| | - Nancy E. Lewin
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, U.S.A
| | - Andrea Telek
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, U.S.A
| | - Langston Lim
- Laboratory of Experimental Carcinogenesis, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, U.S.A
| | - Poonam Mannan
- Laboratory of Experimental Carcinogenesis, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, U.S.A
| | - Susan H. Garfield
- Laboratory of Experimental Carcinogenesis, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, U.S.A
| | - Matthew B. Kraft
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, U.S.A
| | - Gary E. Keck
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, U.S.A
| | - Sofiya Kolusheva
- Department of Chemistry, Ben Gurion University, Beer Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Raz Jelinek
- Department of Chemistry, Ben Gurion University, Beer Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Peter M. Blumberg
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, U.S.A
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Wender PA, Loy BA, Schrier AJ. Translating Nature's Library: The Bryostatins and Function-Oriented Synthesis. Isr J Chem 2011; 51:453-472. [PMID: 22661768 PMCID: PMC3364006 DOI: 10.1002/ijch.201100020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
We review in part our computational, design, synthesis, and biological studies on a remarkable class of compounds and their designed analogs that have led to preclinical candidates for the treatment of cancer, a first-in-class approach to Alzheimer's disease, and a promising strategy to eradicate HIV/AIDS. Because these leads target, in part, protein kinase C (PKC) isozymes, they have therapeutic potential even beyond this striking set of therapeutic indications. This program has given rise to new synthetic methodology and represents an increasingly important direction of synthesis focused on achieving function through synthesis-informed design (function-oriented synthesis).
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul A. Wender
- Department of Chemistry Department of Chemical and Systems Biology Stanford University Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Brian A. Loy
- Department of Chemistry Department of Chemical and Systems Biology Stanford University Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Adam J. Schrier
- Department of Chemistry Department of Chemical and Systems Biology Stanford University Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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19
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Irie K, Yanagita RC, Nakagawa Y. Challenges to the development of bryostatin-type anticancer drugs based on the activation mechanism of protein kinase Cδ. Med Res Rev 2010; 32:518-35. [DOI: 10.1002/med.20220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiro Irie
- Division of Food Science and Biotechnology; Graduate School of Agriculture; Kyoto University; Kitashirakawa Oiwake-cho, Sakyo-ku Kyoto Japan
| | - Ryo C. Yanagita
- Division of Food Science and Biotechnology; Graduate School of Agriculture; Kyoto University; Kitashirakawa Oiwake-cho, Sakyo-ku Kyoto Japan
| | - Yu Nakagawa
- Synthetic Cellular Chemistry Laboratory; Advanced Science Institute; RIKEN; Wako-shi Saitama Japan
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20
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Hale KJ, Manaviazar S. New approaches to the total synthesis of the bryostatin antitumor macrolides. Chem Asian J 2010; 5:704-54. [PMID: 20354984 DOI: 10.1002/asia.200900634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
In this Focus Review, we give an overview of various bryostatin total syntheses. We also discuss the synthesis of various bryostatin analogues and their biological activity. Work reviewed includes that of Masamune, Evans, Nishiyama and Yamamura, Hale and Manaviazar, Trost, Wender, Keck, Burke, Thomas, and Krische. Our coverage is primarily for the period 2001-2009, since detailed reviews already exist on bryostatin total synthesis work and biology up to this time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl J Hale
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Queen's Universty Belfast, Stranmillis Road, Belfast BT9 5AG, Northern Ireland, UK.
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21
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La Clair JJ. Natural product mode of action (MOA) studies: a link between natural and synthetic worlds. Nat Prod Rep 2010; 27:969-95. [DOI: 10.1039/b909989c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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22
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Nakagawa Y, Yanagita RC, Hamada N, Murakami A, Takahashi H, Saito N, Nagai H, Irie K. A simple analogue of tumor-promoting aplysiatoxin is an antineoplastic agent rather than a tumor promoter: development of a synthetically accessible protein kinase C activator with bryostatin-like activity. J Am Chem Soc 2009; 131:7573-9. [PMID: 19449873 DOI: 10.1021/ja808447r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Protein kinase C (PKC) is widely recognized as a therapeutic target in intractable diseases such as cancer, Alzheimer's disease (AD), and acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). While inhibition of PKC is a general therapeutic strategy for the treatment of cancer, PKC activators are potential therapeutic agents for AD and AIDS. However, concerns have been raised about their therapeutic use since PKC activators such as phorbol esters exhibit potent tumor-promoting activities. Naturally occurring bryostatin 1 (bryo-1), prostratin, and 12-deoxyphorbol 13-phenylacetate (DPP) are fascinating PKC activators without tumor-promoting activities. Bryo-1 is currently in clinical trials for the treatment of cancer and is also effective against AD. Prostratin and DPP are attractive candidates for the adjunctive treatment of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. However, their limited availability from natural sources and synthetic complexity have hampered further development as therapeutic agents. We report here easy access (22 steps) to a simple analogue (1) of the tumor-promoting aplysiatoxin (ATX) as a novel PKC activator with anticancer and anti-tumor-promoting activities. Anticancer activities of 1 against several human cancer cell lines were comparable to those of bryo-1. Moreover, 1 as well as bryo-1 significantly inhibited the Epstein-Barr virus early antigen (EBV-EA) induction by the tumor promoter 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate (TPA), whereas ATX strongly induced EBV-EA. This inhibitory effect is characteristic of antitumor promoters. Compound 1 as well as bryo-1 displayed significant binding and activation of PKCdelta and induced its translocation to the nuclear membrane in CHO-K1 cells. This study provides a synthetically accessible PKC activator with bryo-1-like activities, which could be another therapeutic lead for cancer, AD, and AIDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Nakagawa
- Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
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23
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Sotoca E, Allais C, Constantieux T, Rodriguez J. User-friendly stereoselective one-pot access to 1,4-diazepane derivatives by a cyclodehydrative three-component reaction with 1,3-dicarbonyls. Org Biomol Chem 2009; 7:1911-20. [PMID: 19590788 DOI: 10.1039/b821343g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A multicomponent reaction of 1,3-dicarbonyls with 1,2-diamines and aromatic aldehydes is described for the direct stereoselective synthesis of 1,4-diazepane derivatives. Various reaction conditions were tested, including an efficient, user-friendly solvent- and catalyst-free procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrique Sotoca
- Aix-Marseille Université-Institut des Sciences Moléculaires de Marseille UMR CNRS 6263 iSm2, Centre Saint Jérôme, Service 531, 13397, Marseille Cedex 20, France
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24
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Wender PA, Verma VA. The design, synthesis, and evaluation of C7 diversified bryostatin analogs reveals a hot spot for PKC affinity. Org Lett 2008; 10:3331-4. [PMID: 18588309 DOI: 10.1021/ol801235h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The first series of systematically varied C7-functionalized bryostatin analogs (12 members in all) have been synthesized through an efficient and convergent route. A new hotspot for PKC affinity, not present in the natural products, has been discovered, allowing for affinity control and potentially for selective regulation of PKC isozymes. Several analogs exhibit single-digit nanomolar affinity to PKC and display superior activity compared to bryostatin against the leukemia cell line K562.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul A Wender
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-5080, USA.
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25
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Wender PA, Kee JM, Warrington JM. Practical synthesis of prostratin, DPP, and their analogs, adjuvant leads against latent HIV. Science 2008; 320:649-52. [PMID: 18451298 DOI: 10.1126/science.1154690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Although antiretroviral therapies have been effective in decreasing active viral loads in AIDS patients, the persistence of latent viral reservoirs prevents eradication of the virus. Prostratin and DPP (12-deoxyphorbol-13-phenylacetate) activate the latent virus and thus represent promising adjuvants for antiviral therapy. Their limited supply and the challenges of accessing related structures have, however, impeded therapeutic development and the search for clinically superior analogs. Here we report a practical synthesis of prostratin and DPP starting from phorbol or crotophorbolone, agents readily available from renewable sources, including a biodiesel candidate. This synthesis reliably supplies gram quantities of the therapeutically promising natural products, hitherto available only in low and variable amounts from natural sources, and opens access to a variety of new analogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul A Wender
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, 337 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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26
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Analysis of long-term cognitive-enhancing effects of bryostatin-1 on the rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) nictitating membrane response. Behav Pharmacol 2008; 19:245-56. [DOI: 10.1097/fbp.0b013e3282feb0d2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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27
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Coquerel Y, Filippini MH, Bensa D, Rodriguez J. The MARDi Cascade: A Michael-Initiated Domino-Multicomponent Approach for the Stereoselective Synthesis of Seven-Membered Rings. Chemistry 2008; 14:3078-92. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.200701708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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28
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Wender PA, Verma VA, Paxton TJ, Pillow TH. Function-oriented synthesis, step economy, and drug design. Acc Chem Res 2008; 41:40-9. [PMID: 18159936 DOI: 10.1021/ar700155p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 923] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
This Account provides an overview and examples of function-oriented synthesis (FOS) and its increasingly important role in producing therapeutic leads that can be made in a step-economical fashion. Biologically active natural product leads often suffer from several deficiencies. Many are scarce or difficult to obtain from natural sources. Often, they are highly complex molecules and thus not amenable to a practical synthesis that would impact supply. Most are not optimally suitable for human therapeutic use. The central principle of FOS is that the function of a biologically active lead structure can be recapitulated, tuned, or greatly enhanced with simpler scaffolds designed for ease of synthesis and also synthetic innovation. This approach can provide practical access to new (designed) structures with novel activities while at the same time allowing for synthetic innovation by target design. This FOS approach has been applied to a number of therapeutically important natural product leads. For example, bryostatin is a unique natural product anticancer lead that restores apoptosis in cancer cells, reverses multidrug resistance, and bolsters the immune system. Remarkably, it also improves cognition and memory in animals. We have designed and synthesized simplified analogs of bryostatin that can be made in a practical fashion (pilot scale) and are superior to bryostatin in numerous assays including growth inhibition in a variety of human cancer cell lines and in animal models. Laulimalide is another exciting anticancer lead that stabilizes microtubules, like paclitaxel, but unlike paclitaxel, it is effective against multidrug-resistant cell lines. Laulimalide suffers from availability and stability problems, issues that have been addressed using FOS through the design and synthesis of stable and efficacious laulimalide analogs. Another FOS program has been directed at the design and synthesis of drug delivery systems for enabling or enhancing the uptake of drugs or drug candidates into cells and tissue. We have generated improved transporters that can deliver agents in a superior fashion compared with naturally occurring cell-penetrating peptides and that can be synthesized in a practical and step-economical fashion. The use of FOS has allowed for the translation of exciting, biologically active natural product leads into simplified analogs with superior function. This approach enables the development of synthetically innovative strategies while targeting therapeutically novel structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul A. Wender
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-5080
| | - Vishal A. Verma
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-5080
| | - Thomas J. Paxton
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-5080
| | - Thomas H. Pillow
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-5080
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29
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Keck GE, Welch DS, Vivian PK. Synthetic studies toward the bryostatins: a substrate-controlled approach to the A-ring. Org Lett 2007; 8:3667-70. [PMID: 16898787 PMCID: PMC2516405 DOI: 10.1021/ol061173h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
[reaction: see text] The synthesis of a C1-C13 A-ring subunit of bryostatin 1 is detailed. The key features of the approach include the convergent fragment assembly with a highly stereoselective construction of the C7-C8 bond indicated above.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary E Keck
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East RM 2020, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112-0850, USA.
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30
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Lam KS. New aspects of natural products in drug discovery. Trends Microbiol 2007; 15:279-89. [PMID: 17433686 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2007.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 330] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2006] [Revised: 03/26/2007] [Accepted: 04/02/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
During the past 15 years, most large pharmaceutical companies have decreased the screening of natural products for drug discovery in favor of synthetic compound libraries. Main reasons for this include the incompatibility of natural product libraries with high-throughput screening and the marginal improvement in core technologies for natural product screening in the late 1980s and early 1990 s. Recently, the development of new technologies has revolutionized the screening of natural products. Applying these technologies compensates for the inherent limitations of natural products and offers a unique opportunity to re-establish natural products as a major source for drug discovery. Examples of these new advances and technologies are described in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kin S Lam
- Nereus Pharmaceuticals Inc., 10480 Wateridge Circle, San Diego, CA 92121, USA.
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31
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Wender PA, D'Angelo N, Elitzin VI, Ernst M, Jackson-Ugueto EE, Kowalski JA, McKendry S, Rehfeuter M, Sun R, Voigtlaender D. Function-oriented synthesis: studies aimed at the synthesis and mode of action of 1alpha-alkyldaphnane analogues. Org Lett 2007; 9:1829-32. [PMID: 17408281 DOI: 10.1021/ol0705649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
[reaction: see text] An efficient synthetic route to the ABC tricyclic core of 1alpha-alkyldaphnanes has been developed. The conformational bias imparted by the C6-C9 oxo-bridge of BC-ring system 12 was used to elaborate the ABC-ring system precursor including the introduction of the beta-C5 hydroxyl group. A completely diastereoselective palladium-catalyzed enyne cyclization was then employed to establish the A-ring with a C1 appendage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul A Wender
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-5080, USA.
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32
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Wender PA, Horan JC, Verma VA. Total synthesis and initial biological evaluation of new B-ring-modified bryostatin analogs. Org Lett 2007; 8:5299-302. [PMID: 17078702 DOI: 10.1021/ol0620904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
[Structure: see text] The total synthesis and preliminary biological evaluation of the first bryostatin analogs (bryologs) to incorporate B-ring substitution are reported. Asymmetric syntheses of two new polyketide "spacer" domains are described, one exploiting the pseudosymmetry of the C1-C13 region. These fragments are convergently joined to the "recognition" domain through a remarkably versatile macrotransacetalization process. The resulting new analogs exhibit potent nanomolar or picomolar affinity to protein kinase C (PKC), comparable to or better than that found for bryostatin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul A Wender
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-5080, USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Hanessian
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, Succursale Centre-Ville, Montréal, QC, H3C3J7, Canada.
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Wender PA, Horan JC. Synthesis and PKC Binding of a New Class of A-Ring Diversifiable Bryostatin Analogues Utilizing a Double Asymmetric Hydrogenation and Cross-Coupling Strategy. Org Lett 2006; 8:4581-4. [PMID: 16986955 DOI: 10.1021/ol0618149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The design, asymmetric synthesis, and biological evaluation of a new class of bryostatin analogues based on a pseudosymmetric spacer domain are described. An aryl bromide diversification site is incorporated allowing access to systematically varied analogues. The new analogues all exhibit potent, nanomolar affinity to PKC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul A Wender
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-5080, USA.
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35
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Liéby-Muller F, Simon C, Constantieux T, Rodriguez J. Current Developments in Michael Addition-Based Multicomponent Domino Reactions Involving 1,3-Dicarbonyls and Derivatives. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/qsar.200540201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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36
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Wender PA, Verma VA. Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of a Potent, PKC Selective, B-Ring Analog of Bryostatin. Org Lett 2006; 8:1893-6. [PMID: 16623578 DOI: 10.1021/ol060457z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
[structure: see text] The first member of a new class of five-membered B-ring analogs of bryostatin has been synthesized and tested for its ability to bind and translocate protein kinase C (PKC). This synthesis extends the utility of our previously introduced macrotransacetalization strategy to the formation of five-membered dioxolane B-ring analogs. This analog exhibits potent, single-digit nanomolar affinity to PKC and selectively translocates novel PKC isozymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul A Wender
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-5080, USA.
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37
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Wender PA, Baryza JL. Identification of a tunable site in bryostatin analogs: C20 Bryologs through late stage diversification. Org Lett 2005; 7:1177-80. [PMID: 15760168 DOI: 10.1021/ol0501931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
[structure: see text] The C20 region of our bryostatin analogs was identified as a nonpharmacophoric site that could be varied to tune analogs for function and physical properties without significantly affecting their binding affinity for PKC. The use of this site in a late-stage diversification strategy has enabled the facile synthesis of a variety of new C20 analogs, all of which retain nanomolar affinity for PKC, in agreement with our pharmacophore hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul A Wender
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-5080, USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Paterson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK.
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39
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Wender PA, Clarke MO, Horan JC. Role of the A-Ring of Bryostatin Analogues in PKC Binding: Synthesis and Initial Biological Evaluation of New A-Ring-Modified Bryologs. Org Lett 2005; 7:1995-8. [PMID: 15876038 DOI: 10.1021/ol0504650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The syntheses of three newly designed bryostatin analogues are reported. These simplified analogues, which lack the A-ring present in the natural product but possess differing groups at C9, were obtained using a divergent approach from a common intermediate. All three analogues exhibit potent, single-digit nanomolar affinity to protein kinase C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul A Wender
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, California 94305-5080, USA.
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40
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Wender PA, Gamber GG, Hubbard RD, Pham SM, Zhang L. Multicomponent Cycloadditions: The Four-Component [5+1+2+1] Cycloaddition of Vinylcyclopropanes, Alkynes, and CO. J Am Chem Soc 2005; 127:2836-7. [PMID: 15740103 DOI: 10.1021/ja042728b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Prompted by the view that intermediates of transition metal-catalyzed reactions could be intercepted by one or more additional components, studies in our laboratory have led to the design and development of new three-component [5+2+1], [4+2+1], and [2+2+1] cycloadditions. These continuing studies have now led to the identification of a fundamentally new four-component [5+1+2+1] cycloaddition reaction of vinylcyclopropanes, alkynes and CO, yielding hydroxyindanone products in generally good yields. Terminal alkynes bearing aryl or alkyl groups are tolerated well. Substitution at any position of the VCP leads predictably to substituted hydroxyindanone products. Using a bis-alkynyl substrate, the reaction can be carried out bi-directionally, forming 10 C-C bonds and four new rings from seven components in a single, operationally simple process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul A Wender
- Stanford University, Department of Chemistry, Stanford, California 94305-5080, USA.
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41
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Irie K, Nakagawa Y, Ohigashi H. Toward the development of new medicinal leads with selectivity for protein kinase C isozymes. CHEM REC 2005; 5:185-95. [PMID: 16041745 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.20044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Tumor promoters such as phorbol esters bind strongly to protein kinase C (PKC) isozymes to induce their activation. Since each PKC isozyme is involved in diverse biological events in addition to tumor promotion, the isozymes serve as promising therapeutic targets. Tumor promoters bind to the C1A and/or C1B domain of conventional (alpha, betaI, betaII, and gamma) and novel PKC isozymes (delta, epsilon, eta, and theta). As these C1 domains play differential roles in PKC activation and their translocation in cells, the development of agents with binding selectivity for individual C1 domains is a pressing need. For this purpose, we established a synthetic C1 peptide library of all PKC isozymes. The library enabled us to identify indolactam-V (1) as a promising lead compound. Our diverse structure-activity studies on 1 indicated that the position of the hydrophobic substituent on the indole ring dominates the PKC isozyme- and C1 domain-selective binding rather than conformation of the nine-membered lactam. Moreover, we suggested that the indole ring of 1 could be involved in the CH/pi interaction with Pro-11 of the C1B domain of PKCdelta. This invaluable information will lead to the structural optimization of the PKCdelta ligand as exemplified by the design and synthesis of naphtholactam-V8 (21).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiro Irie
- Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan.
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Butler MS. The role of natural product chemistry in drug discovery. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2004; 67:2141-53. [PMID: 15620274 DOI: 10.1021/np040106y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 748] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Although traditionally natural products have played an important role in drug discovery, in the past few years most Big Pharma companies have either terminated or considerably scaled down their natural product operations. This is despite a significant number of natural product-derived drugs being ranked in the top 35 worldwide selling ethical drugs in 2000, 2001, and 2002. There were 15 new natural product-derived drugs launched from 2000 to 2003, as well as 15 natural product-derived compounds in Phase III clinical trials or registration at the end of 2003. Recently, there has been a renewed interest in natural product research due to the failure of alternative drug discovery methods to deliver many lead compounds in key therapeutic areas such as immunosuppression, anti-infectives, and metabolic diseases. To continue to be competitive with other drug discovery methods, natural product research needs to continually improve the speed of the screening, isolation, and structure elucidation processes, as well addressing the suitability of screens for natural product extracts and dealing with issues involved with large-scale compound supply.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark S Butler
- MerLion Pharmaceuticals, 1 Science Park Road, The Capricorn #05-01, Singapore Science Park II, 117528, Singapore.
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Baryza JL, Brenner SE, Craske ML, Meyer T, Wender PA. Simplified Analogs of Bryostatin with Anticancer Activity Display Greater Potency for Translocation of PKCδ-GFP. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 11:1261-7. [PMID: 15380186 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2004.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2004] [Revised: 06/21/2004] [Accepted: 06/28/2004] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Structurally simplified analogs of bryostatin 1, a marine natural product in clinical trials for the treatment of cancer, have been shown to be up to 50 times more potent than bryostatin 1 at inducing the translocation of PKCdelta-GFP from the cytosol of rat basophilic leukemia (RBL) cells. The end distribution of the protein is similar for all three compounds, despite a significant difference in translocation kinetics. The potency of the compounds for inducing the translocation response appears to be only qualitatively related to their binding affinity for PKC, highlighting the importance of using binding affinity in conjunction with real-time measurements of protein localization for the pharmacological profiling of biologically active agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy L Baryza
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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