Differences Between Mothers and Fathers of Young Children in Their Use of the Internet to Support Healthy Family Lifestyle Behaviors: Cross-Sectional Study

Effects of mobile Internet use on the health of middle-aged and older adults: evidences from China health and retirement longitudinal study

The rapid development of digital technology has radically changed people's lives. Simultaneously, as the population is rapidly aging, academic research is focusing on the use of Internet technology to improve middle-aged and older people's health, particularly owing to the popularity of mobile networks, which has further increased the population's accessibility to the Internet. However, related studies have not yet reached a consensus. Herein, empirical analysis of the influence of mobile Internet use on the subjective health and chronic disease status of individuals in their Middle Ages and above was conducted utilizing ordered logit, propensity score matching (PSM), and ordered probit models with data from the 2020 China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study. The study aimed to provide a theoretical basis and reference for exploring technological advances to empower the development of a healthy Chinese population and to advance the process of healthy aging. The health of middle-aged and older adults mobile Internet users was greatly improved, according to our findings. Further, the use of mobile Internet by these persons resulted in improvements to both their self-assessed health and the state of their chronic diseases. As per the findings of the heterogeneity analysis, the impact of mobile Internet use was shown to be more pronounced on the well-being of middle-aged persons aged 45-60 years compared to those aged ≥ 60 years. Further, the endogeneity test revealed that the PSM model could better eliminate bias in sample selection. The results suggest that the estimates are more robust after eliminating endogeneity, and that failure to disentangle sample selectivity bias would overestimate not only the facilitating effect of mobile Internet use on the self-assessed health impacts of middle-aged and older adults, but also the ameliorating effect of mobile Internet use on the chronic diseases of middle-aged and older adults. The results of the mechanistic analysis suggest that social engagement is an important mediating mechanism between mobile Internet use and the health of middle-aged and older adults. This implies that mobile Internet use increases opportunities for social participation among middle-aged and older adults, thereby improving their health.

Nonlinear spreading behavior across multi-platform social media universe

Understanding how harmful content (mis/disinformation, hate, etc.) manages to spread among online communities within and across social media platforms represents an urgent societal challenge. We develop a non-linear dynamical model for such viral spreading, which accounts for the fact that online communities dynamically interconnect across multiple social media platforms. Our mean-field theory (Effective Medium Theory) compares well to detailed numerical simulations and provides a specific analytic condition for the onset of outbreaks (i.e., system-wide spreading). Even if the infection rate is significantly lower than the recovery rate, it predicts system-wide spreading if online communities create links between them at high rates and the loss of such links (e.g., due to moderator pressure) is low. Policymakers should, therefore, account for these multi-community dynamics when shaping policies against system-wide spreading.

Fathers' use of social media for social comparison is associated with their food parenting practices

Over 85% of parents use social media; however, limited research has investigated the associations between parental social media use and food parenting practices. The objectives of this study were to: 1) describe how mothers and fathers use social media focused on topics related to child feeding and family meals; and 2) examine associations between parental social media use focused on child feeding and family meals and mothers' and fathers' food parenting practices. Data were obtained from 179 mothers and 116 fathers of children aged 3-8 years enrolled in a family-based obesity prevention intervention. We used descriptive statistics to describe parents' social media use in relation to child feeding and family meals and linear regressions with generalized estimating equations to explore associations between parents' social media use and food parenting practices. Models were stratified by parent gender and adjusted for household income, parent ethnicity, parent age, child sex, and intervention status. A higher percent of mothers than fathers reported using social media to seek information related to child feeding and family meals (64.8% mothers; 25.0% fathers) and to share and compare family meals and food choices (41.9% mothers; 19.8% fathers). While social media use was not associated with food parenting practices in mothers, fathers' social media use to share and compare family meals and food choices was associated with negative food parenting practices, i.e., greater use of food for emotional regulation (β = 0.37, p = 0.02) and greater use of food for reward (β = 0.34, p = 0.02). Study results can inform strategies to promote healthy social media use among parents of young children.

Fathers' perceived role, self-efficacy and support needs in promoting positive nutrition and physical activity in the first 2000 days of life: a mixed methods study

BACKGROUND

The first 2000 days of life are a crucial and opportunistic time to promote positive dietary and physical activity behaviours that can continue throughout life. The bulk of research on the impact of parents promoting positive dietary and physical activity behaviours has been on mothers, with the impact of fathers rarely investigated. The aim of this study is to investigate fathers' perceived role, self-efficacy and support needs in promoting positive dietary and physical activity behaviours in early childhood.

METHODS

A sequential explanatory mixed methods study design consisted of a cross sectional survey of Australian fathers (n = 200) from a convenience sample, followed by semi-structured qualitative interviews (n = 21) with a purposeful sample of Australian fathers.

RESULTS

Quantitative survey data revealed that more than 90.0% of fathers agreed that it is important to role model healthy eating and participating in physical activity with their babies, toddlers and children. A majority of fathers were confident in getting their child to eat fruit/ vegetables (90%) and playing with their child (80%). When searching for information about nutrition and physical activity, the highest proportion of fathers nominated online sources (52%) as their preferred source in survey data. Qualitative interview data revealed that while fathers exhibited high self-efficacy in their abilities, this was susceptible to deterioration due to feelings of isolation, pressures of fatherhood, a lack of information and resources that are father specific, and difficulties navigating the different types of information/resources to find what is right for them.

CONCLUSIONS

Although possessing self-efficacy, being committed and seeking knowledge, many fathers found that useful information was hard to find and understand. Appropriate resources are therefore required to support the specific needs of fathers to promote positive dietary and physical activity behaviours in their infants and young children.

Controlling bad-actor-artificial intelligence activity at scale across online battlefields

We consider the looming threat of bad actors using artificial intelligence (AI)/Generative Pretrained Transformer to generate harms across social media globally. Guided by our detailed mapping of the online multiplatform battlefield, we offer answers to the key questions of what bad-actor-AI activity will likely dominate, where, when-and what might be done to control it at scale. Applying a dynamical Red Queen analysis from prior studies of cyber and automated algorithm attacks, predicts an escalation to daily bad-actor-AI activity by mid-2024-just ahead of United States and other global elections. We then use an exactly solvable mathematical model of the observed bad-actor community clustering dynamics, to build a Policy Matrix which quantifies the outcomes and trade-offs between two potentially desirable outcomes: containment of future bad-actor-AI activity vs. its complete removal. We also give explicit plug-and-play formulae for associated risk measures.

Acceptance, Knowledge, and Attitude of Parents Toward the Human Papillomavirus Vaccine in the Eastern Region of Saudi Arabia: A Cross-Sectional Study

Background Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a common sexually transmitted virus associated with conditions such as skin warts and cervical cancer. Although many individuals clear the infection, some face persistent risks. Cervical cancer, which is linked to certain types of HPV, is a major health concern both globally and in Saudi Arabia, with preventive measures including HPV vaccination. However, parental knowledge and attitudes toward vaccinating their children vary. Therefore, this research aims to assess parental acceptance and understanding of the HPV vaccine in the Eastern Region of Saudi Arabia. Methodology This cross-sectional study was conducted in the Eastern Region of Saudi Arabia using an online questionnaire during 2022-2023. The data were cleaned in Excel and analyzed using SPSS version 29 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA). The study assessed parents' knowledge and acceptance of HPV vaccination. Results A total of 380 participants were included in this study, the majority of whom were female, married, well-educated, and residents of Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia. Awareness about the HPV vaccine was modest, with only 46.6% of participants having heard of it. Most parents reported that their doctors did not mention the vaccine (62.9%), and 67.1% stated that their children had not received it. Factors influencing acceptance included support from the Ministry of Health and belief in the vaccine's effectiveness. Concerns about side effects and vaccine effectiveness were the main barriers to vaccination. Sociodemographic factors, including gender, age, education, employment, and number of children, significantly influenced both knowledge and acceptance. Notably, awareness of HPV was strongly associated with acceptance. Conclusions Our study revealed limited knowledge and vaccine acceptance among parents in the Eastern Region of Saudi Arabia. Sociodemographic factors, including gender, age, education, employment, and number of children, significantly influenced both knowledge and acceptance. Thus, sociodemographic factors played a significant role in shaping these attitudes, emphasizing the need for targeted awareness campaigns and improved communication between healthcare providers and parents to enhance vaccine uptake.

Rise of post-pandemic resilience across the distrust ecosystem

Why does online distrust (e.g., of medical expertise) continue to grow despite numerous mitigation efforts? We analyzed changing discourse within a Facebook ecosystem of approximately 100 million users who were focused pre-pandemic on vaccine (dis)trust. Post-pandemic, their discourse interconnected multiple non-vaccine topics and geographic scales within and across communities. This interconnection confers a unique, system-level (i.e., at the scale of the full network) resistance to mitigations targeting isolated topics or geographic scales-an approach many schemes take due to constrained funding. For example, focusing on local health issues but not national elections. Backed by numerical simulations, we propose counterintuitive solutions for more effective, scalable mitigation: utilize "glocal" messaging by blending (1) strategic topic combinations (e.g., messaging about specific diseases with climate change) and (2) geographic scales (e.g., combining local and national focuses).

BabyByte: Qualitative Research to Inform the Development of an App to Improve Responsive Feeding Practices in Parents of Infants and Toddlers

Responsive feeding is associated with a reduced risk of childhood obesity. The objective of this qualitative study was to determine parental preferences for mobile health (mHealth) app content and features designed to improve responsive feeding practices. Parents of 0-2-year-old children were interviewed individually. Interview questions were informed by the Technology Acceptance Model, and parents provided feedback on sample app content and features. Interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed verbatim, and coded by two researchers using thematic analysis; responses were compared by parent gender and income. Parents (n = 20 fathers, n = 20 mothers) were, on average, 33 years old, low-income (50%), identified as non-white (52.5%), and had a bachelor's degree or higher (62%). Overall, parents were most interested in feeding tips and recipe content, and app features that allowed tracking child growth and setting feeding goals. Fathers were most interested in content about first foods, choking hazards, and nutrition information, while mothers preferred content on breastfeeding, picky eating, and portion sizes. Parents with lower incomes were interested in nutrition guidelines, breastfeeding, and introducing solids. Non-low-income parents preferred information related to food allergies, portion sizes, and picky eating. The findings of this study provide considerations when developing mHealth apps to improve responsive feeding practices in parents.

Losing the battle over best-science guidance early in a crisis: COVID-19 and beyond

Ensuring widespread public exposure to best-science guidance is crucial in any crisis, e.g., coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), monkeypox, abortion misinformation, climate change, and beyond. We show how this battle got lost on Facebook very early during the COVID-19 pandemic and why the mainstream majority, including many parenting communities, had already moved closer to more extreme communities by the time vaccines arrived. Hidden heterogeneities in terms of who was talking and listening to whom explain why Facebook's own promotion of best-science guidance also appears to have missed key audience segments. A simple mathematical model reproduces the exposure dynamics at the system level. Our findings could be used to tailor guidance at scale while accounting for individual diversity and to help predict tipping point behavior and system-level responses to interventions in future crises.

Social networking sites: a new source of child feeding information for parents in Thailand

Social networking sites (SNSs) provide opportunities for health and nutrition communication. Data are lacking on whether these SNSs influence Thai parent's food provisioning to young children. In the current study, we examined the prevalence and characteristics of Thai parents who reported participating in child food and nutrition-SNSs and investigated the association between participation in these sites and parents' perceptions and feeding practices. A sample of 379 Thai parents completed a survey about the use of child food and nutrition-SNSs, and feeding practices and child eating behavior. Around 70% of participants, especially female millennials with their first child, have participated in SNSs that provide information about children's diets. High engagement was more common among younger and less educated participants, as well as rural dwellers and those with abnormal body mass index. Among these SNSs' participants, those with higher engagement had higher levels of trust in the nutritional information shared on SNSs. Further analyses showed that parents who have joined these sites had positive associations with not only providing children with more fresh fruits and vegetable but also more processed meats. Further investigations are needed to explore the information these SNSs provided and what influences they have on parents' perceptions around feeding children.

Support Seeking in the Postpartum Period: Content Analysis of Posts in Web-Based Parenting Discussion Groups

Background

The transition from pregnancy to motherhood is a major developmental phase that can be challenging for both women and their families. For new mothers, the postpartum period is recognized as a critical period for increased risk of both physical and mental health concerns. For this reason, it is imperative that women receive accurate, evidence-based information during this time.

Objective

This study aims to explore the conversations of new mothers on a web-based parenting forum to investigate what topics or concerns are being discussed.

Methods

A leading Australian web-based support forum for women before and after birth was used to obtain a sample of posts from the mothers of infants aged 0-12 months. Quantitative data (word frequencies and sentiment analysis) and qualitative data (post content) were extracted from discussion threads and examined to determine sentiments and theoretical storylines.

Results

In total, 260 posts were sampled. Infant care was the most prominent overarching topic discussed, with feeding and sleep being the most discussed subtopics. Discussions about maternal care were much less frequent but included questions about birth recovery, breastfeeding concerns, and interconception. A pattern of behavior emerged within the posts. This pattern resembled a cycle of learning across five phases: help seeking, solution ideation, testing and skill development, consolidation, and empowerment and improved mental well-being. A dynamic interplay was observed as mothers navigated new concerns or developmental changes.

Conclusions

Engagement in web-based forums to seek help and support during the postpartum period was common, with infant health and well-being being the primary concerns for new mothers during this time. The identification of a maternal learning cycle within the forum underscores the contributory role of web-based communities in maternal peer social support, information seeking, and early parenting practices.

Indigenous Mothers' Use of Web- and App-Based Information Sources to Support Healthy Parenting and Infant Health in Canada: Interpretive Description

BACKGROUND

Web-based sources of health information are widely used by parents to support healthy parenting and aid in decision making about their infants' health. Although fraught with challenges such as misinformation, if used appropriately, web-based resources can improve access to health education and promote healthy choices. How Indigenous mothers use web-based information to support their parenting and infants' health has not yet been investigated; however, web-based modalities may be important methods for mitigating the reduced access to health care and negative health care interactions that many Indigenous people are known to experience.

OBJECTIVE

This study aims to understand the experience of Indigenous mothers who use web-based information to support the health of their infants.

METHODS

This interpretive description qualitative study used semistructured interviews and a discussion group to understand how Indigenous mothers living in Hamilton, Ontario and caring for an infant aged <2 years experienced meeting the health needs of their infants. The data presented reflect their experiences of using web-based sources of health information to support their infants' health. The Two-Eyed Seeing approach was applied to the study design, which ensured that both western and Indigenous worldviews were considered throughout.

RESULTS

A total of 19 Indigenous mothers participated in this study. The resulting 4 themes included distrusting information, staying anonymous, using visual information to support decision making, and accessing a world of experiences. Although fewer Indigenous mothers used web-based sources of information compared to mothers in the general population in other studies, tailoring web-based modalities to meet the unique needs of Indigenous mothers is an important opportunity for supporting the health and wellness of both mothers and infants.

CONCLUSIONS

Web-based information sources are commonly used among parents, and ever-evolving web-based technologies make this information increasingly available and accessible. Tailoring web-based modalities to meet the unique preferences and needs of Indigenous mothers is an important method for improving their access to reliable and accurate health care information, thereby supporting healthy parenting and promoting infant health.

Recipe Components and Parents' Infant and Young Child Feeding Concerns: A Mixed-Methods Study of Recipe Posts Shared in Thai Facebook Groups for Parents

Social media is increasingly becoming a significant source of information for parents, including about feeding young children. However, little attention has been given to the characteristics of recipes for infants and young children and how they interact with parental perceptions regarding food decisions shared by users on social media. Building on findings related to shared recipe components and parental food choices, between December 2019 and July 2020, this study retrospectively collected 80 shared recipes each from five Thai Facebook groups. This extraction created 379 shared recipes with 1751 peers’ commentaries on the shared recipes’ posts. The shared recipes were classified and components quantified across child age groups, then the textual contents around the reasons behind the food choices were described qualitatively. The results showed that there were differences in meal types, food ingredients, and seasoning used across child age groups. Further analysis found that food allergy awareness was one driving concern behind parental perceptions on food choices in children’s diets. These concerns resulted in delays in the introduction of animal-source foods. Moreover, peers’ commentaries on shared recipes offered a venue for exchanging experiences with food products. Because of the potential influence on parental beliefs and perceptions, further studies are required to understand the impact of existing online communities on actual feeding practices.

Food parenting topics in social media posts: Development of a coding system, examination of frequency of food parenting concepts, and comparison across Reddit and Facebook

This study presents development of a coding system to examine food parenting topics presented in posts on social media, and compared topics between two social media platforms (Facebook, Reddit). Publicly available social media posts were gathered from Facebook (2 groups) and Reddit (3 subreddits) and a coding system was developed based on the concept map of food parenting proposed by Vaughn et al. (2016). Based on the developed coding system, we coded posts into overarching food parenting practice constructs (coercive control: attempts to dominate, pressure or impose parents' will on child, structure: organization of child's environment to facilitate competence, autonomy support: supporting child's ability to self-regulate through allowing food choices, conversations about food, and a positive emotional climate) and recipes. We also coded posts dichotomously as including a question or advice-seeking. Differences in frequencies of food parenting constructs presented in posts on Facebook and Reddit were considered using chi-square tests of independence. Of the 2459 posts coded, 900 were related to food parenting (37%). In the subsample of 900, posts related to structure (43%) and recipes (40%) were the most frequent. Close to half of the posts (44%) included questions about food parenting. Frequency of food parenting topics in posts was related to social media platform, with coercive control and structure more frequently discussed on Reddit and recipes more commonly posted on Facebook. Results suggest that food parenting topics discuss on social media differ by platform, which can aid researchers and practitioners in targeting social media-based outreach to the topics of most interest for users. Findings give insight into the everyday food parenting topics and questions that parents and caregivers may be exposed to on social media. TAXONOMY: Development of Feeding; Parenting; Online Information Services.

Parental perceptions of child's healthy diet: Evidence from a rapidly developing country

BACKGROUND

There are no studies in Qatar or in the Middle East to investigate parental perception of healthy diet in childhood.

PURPOSE

To investigate parental perception of childhood healthy diet in the State of Qatar.

METHODS

Cross-sectional prospective study at Hamad Medical Corporation, State of Qatar. Parents of children <14 years old were invited to complete a questionnaire.

RESULTS

A total of 398 parents agreed to participate, while 22 parents refused (response rate 94%). About 80% of parents were between 20 and 39 years of age, and 77% were females. Around 230 (58%) parents had ≥1 housemaid to help with housework, including food preparation. Whilst 151 children (37%) fell into the overweight and obese category, only 68 parents (17%) perceived that their child was in this category. Less than half the participants (n = 179, 45%) stated that childhood weight should be monitored prior to 5 years of age, while around 35% stated the same, but for children ages 5-14 years. Most participants (n = 324, 81%) agreed that parental eating habits could influence childhood weight. In terms of food preparation at home, mothers cooked almost 50% of the times, housemaids 30%, followed by grandmothers (16.6%), and fathers (3.4%). When asked about the frequency of school meals being prepared at home, 237 parents (60%) prepared their children's lunch box only 1-2 times per week. Moreover, 63% of parents chose the quality of food based on nutritional values, while 44% and 35% chose it based on safety and taste, respectively. When queried about whether the child's pediatrician or the primary care physician counsel families regarding childhood healthy diet, 187 families (47%) had not received counseling by their children's health care providers. Most families agreed that healthy diets lead to better school performance (n = 372, 94%) and better physical activity quality (n = 379, 96%). Compared to families living in the rural areas, parents living in the capital Doha had better insights that healthy diets result in better in school performance (p = 0.032).

CONCLUSION

Parental perception is an important target for public health interventions. Within the current sample, families were aware of the positive impact of healthy diet on overall wellbeing. Qatar is a well-resourced country and it would be cost effective to train and professionally develop pediatricians and primary care physicians to be more proactive in tackling childhood obesity.

Trends in Pediatric Primary Care Visits Among Commercially Insured US Children, 2008-2016

IMPORTANCE

Primary care is the foundation of pediatric care. While policy interventions have focused on improving access and quality of primary care, trends in overall use of primary care among children have not been described.

OBJECTIVE

To assess trends in primary care visit rates and out-of-pocket costs, to examine variation in these trends by patient and visit characteristics, and to assess shifts to alternative care options (eg, retail clinics, urgent care, and telemedicine).

DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS

Observational cohort study of claims data from 2008 to 2016 for children 17 years and younger covered by a large national commercial health plan. Visit rate per 100 child-years was determined for each year overall, by child and geographic characteristics, and by visit type (eg, primary diagnosis), and trends were assessed with a series of child-year Poisson models. Data were analyzed from November 2017 to September 2019.

MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES

Visits to primary care and other settings.

RESULTS

This cohort study included more than 71 million pediatric primary care visits over 29 million pediatric child-years (51% male in 2008 and 2016; 37% between 12-17 years in 2008 and 38% between 12-17 years in 2016). Unadjusted results for primary care visit rates per 100 child-years decreased from 259.6 in 2008 to 227.2 in 2016, yielding a regression-estimated change in primary care visits across the 9 years of -14.4% (95% CI, -15.0% to -13.9%; absolute change: -32.4 visits per 100 child-years). After controlling for shifts in demographics, the relative decrease was -12.8% (95% CI, -13.3% to -12.2%). Preventive care visits per 100 child-years increased from 74.9 in 2008 to 83.2 visits in 2016 (9.9% change in visit rate; 95% CI, 9.0%-10.9%; absolute change: 8.3 visits per 100 child-years), while problem-based visits per 100 child-years decreased from 184.7 in 2008 to 144.1 in 2016 (-24.1%; 95% CI, -24.6% to -23.5%; absolute change: -40.6 visits per 100 child-years). Visit rates decreased for all diagnostic groups except for the behavioral and psychiatric category. Out-of-pocket costs for problem-based primary care visits increased by 42% during the same period. Per 100 child-years, visits to other acute care venues increased from 21.3 to 27.6 (30.3%; 95% CI, 28.5% to 32.1%; absolute change: 6.3 visits per 100 child-years) and visits to specialists from 45.2 to 53.5 (16.4%; 95% CI, 14.8% to 18.0%, absolute change: 8.3 visits per 100 child-years).

CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE

Primary care visit rates among commercially insured children decreased over the last decade. Increases in out-of-pocket costs and shifts to other venues appear to explain some of this decrease.

The influence of social media on child feeding practices and beliefs among Hispanic mothers: A mixed methods study

OBJECTIVES

(1) To identify factors that influence child feeding practices and beliefs among Hispanic mothers in a low-income community; (2) to describe the use of social media, other internet websites, and text messaging among Hispanic mothers; and (3) to explore mothers' perceptions of social media and/or text messaging interventions to prevent childhood obesity.

METHODS

Mixed methods descriptive study with a sequential explanatory design. Hispanic mothers (N = 66) from Detroit, Michigan with children between 6 and 36 months of age completed surveys regarding their child feeding practices, the source (s) influencing these practices, and their use of social media, internet, and text messaging. During qualitative interviews (N = 19), we explored mothers' use of social media and internet websites to find child health information as well as mothers' perspectives on social media/internet/text messaging interventions to promote child health.

RESULTS

Most survey respondents were between the ages of 20 and 39 years. One-third of mothers breastfed their child for >6 months; 68% did not introduce solids until their child was older than 6 months. The majority (96%) owned a cellphone; 75% used social media at least once daily. Few mothers indicated that social media and other internet websites influenced their child feeding decisions. During qualitative interviews (N = 19), almost all mothers expressed interest in social media and/or text messaging as a tool to communicate information regarding child health and feeding.

CONCLUSIONS

Hispanic mothers had high rates of social media use and most desired social media/internet/text messaging interventions to promote child health.

Maternal Knowledge, Attitudes, and Behavioral Intention after Exposure to Injury Prevention Recommendations in the News Media

INTRODUCTION

Injury prevention recommendations are frequently presented in the media. Parental understanding and response to these recommendations remain uninvestigated.

METHODS

A nationally representative sample of 1,081 mothers completed a cross-sectional survey measuring knowledge, attitudes, and behavioral intention after watching/reading video news stories and print articles on two child safety topics.

RESULTS

Of the 1,081 respondents, 33% reported hearing little about injury prevention in the media in the past 30 days, and 32% reported never hearing about injury prevention. Nearly one-half (46%) reported the injury prevention studies they had previously read or heard about in the media were confusing to them at least some of the time. The proportion of mothers who recalled the correct key statistic presented in the story varied by safety topic and medium in which the story was presented. A greater proportion of mothers correctly recalled information from the story narrative than the statistics. Mothers also rated the most interesting part of the story differently based on safety topic and medium. A small proportion were not planning to follow the safety recommendations after viewing the news story.

CONCLUSIONS

There are gaps in making injury news stories understandable and memorable for mothers in order to encourage behavioral change.