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Pouget JG, Giratallah H, Langlois AWR, El-Boraie A, Lerman C, Knight J, Cox LS, Nollen NL, Ahluwalia JS, Benner C, Chenoweth MJ, Tyndale RF. Fine-mapping the CYP2A6 regional association with nicotine metabolism among African American smokers. Mol Psychiatry 2025; 30:943-953. [PMID: 39217253 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-024-02703-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2024] [Accepted: 08/16/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
The nicotine metabolite ratio (NMR; 3'hydroxycotinine/cotinine) is a stable biomarker for CYP2A6 enzyme activity and nicotine clearance, with demonstrated clinical utility in personalizing smoking cessation treatment. Common genetic variation in the CYP2A6 region is strongly associated with NMR in smokers. Here, we investigated this regional association in more detail. We evaluated the association of CYP2A6 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and * alleles with NMR among African American smokers (N = 953) from two clinical trials of smoking cessation. Stepwise conditional analysis and Bayesian fine-mapping were undertaken. Putative causal variants were incorporated into an existing African ancestry-specific genetic risk score (GRS) for NMR, and the performance of the updated GRS was evaluated in both African American (n = 953) and European ancestry smokers (n = 933) from these clinical trials. Five independent associations with NMR in the CYP2A6 region were identified using stepwise conditional analysis, including the deletion variant CYP2A6*4 (beta = -0.90, p = 1.55 × 10-11). Six putative causal variants were identified using Bayesian fine-mapping (posterior probability, PP = 0.67), with the top causal configuration including CYP2A6*4, rs116670633, CYP2A6*9, rs28399451, rs8192720, and rs10853742 (PP = 0.09). Incorporating these putative causal variants into an existing ancestry-specific GRS resulted in comparable prediction of NMR within African American smokers, and improved trans-ancestry portability of the GRS to European smokers. Our findings suggest that both * alleles and SNPs underlie the association of the CYP2A6 region with NMR among African American smokers, identify a shortlist of variants that may causally influence nicotine clearance, and suggest that portability of GRSs across populations can be improved through inclusion of putative causal variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennie G Pouget
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Haidy Giratallah
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Alec W R Langlois
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Ahmed El-Boraie
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Caryn Lerman
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jo Knight
- Data Science Institute and Medical School, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
| | - Lisa Sanderson Cox
- Department of Population Health, University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Nikki L Nollen
- Department of Population Health, University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Jasjit S Ahluwalia
- Departments of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Christian Benner
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Meghan J Chenoweth
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Rachel F Tyndale
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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Langlois AW, Chenoweth MJ, Twesigomwe D, Scantamburlo G, Whirl-Carrillo M, Sangkuhl K, Klein TE, Nofziger C, Tyndale RF, Gaedigk A. PharmVar GeneFocus: CYP2A6. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2024; 116:948-962. [PMID: 39051767 PMCID: PMC11452280 DOI: 10.1002/cpt.3387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
The Pharmacogene Variation Consortium (PharmVar) provides nomenclature for the human CYP2A gene locus containing the highly polymorphic CYP2A6 gene. CYP2A6 plays a role in the metabolism of nicotine and various drugs. Thus, genetic variation can substantially contribute to the function of this enzyme and associated efficacy and safety. This GeneFocus provides an overview of the clinical significance of CYP2A6, including its genetic variation and function. We also highlight and discuss caveats in the identification and characterization of allelic variation of this complex pharmacogene, a prerequisite for accurate genotype determination and prediction of phenotype status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alec W.R. Langlois
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Toronto; 1 King’s College Circle, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health 100 Stokes Street, Toronto, ON, M6J 1H4, Canada
| | - Meghan J. Chenoweth
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Toronto; 1 King’s College Circle, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health 100 Stokes Street, Toronto, ON, M6J 1H4, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto; 250 College Street, Toronto, ON, M5T 1R8, Canada
| | - David Twesigomwe
- Sydney Brenner Institute for Molecular Bioscience, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | | | | | - Katrin Sangkuhl
- Department of Biomedical Data Science, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Teri E. Klein
- Department of Biomedical Data Science, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
- Departments of Medicine (BMIR) and Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | | | - Rachel F. Tyndale
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Toronto; 1 King’s College Circle, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health 100 Stokes Street, Toronto, ON, M6J 1H4, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto; 250 College Street, Toronto, ON, M5T 1R8, Canada
| | - Andrea Gaedigk
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Innovation, Children’s Mercy Research Institute (CMRI), Kansas City, Missouri, USA and School of Medicine, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri, USA
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Twesigomwe D, Drögemöller BI, Wright GEB, Adebamowo C, Agongo G, Boua PR, Matshaba M, Paximadis M, Ramsay M, Simo G, Simuunza MC, Tiemessen CT, Lombard Z, Hazelhurst S. Characterization of CYP2B6 and CYP2A6 Pharmacogenetic Variation in Sub-Saharan African Populations. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2024; 115:576-594. [PMID: 38049200 DOI: 10.1002/cpt.3124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023]
Abstract
Genetic variation in CYP2B6 and CYP2A6 is known to impact interindividual response to antiretrovirals, nicotine, and bupropion, among other drugs. However, the full catalogue of clinically relevant pharmacogenetic variants in these genes is yet to be established, especially across African populations. This study therefore aimed to characterize the star allele (haplotype) distribution in CYP2B6 and CYP2A6 across diverse and understudied sub-Saharan African (SSA) populations. We called star alleles from 961 high-depth full genomes using StellarPGx, Aldy, and PyPGx. In addition, we performed CYP2B6 and CYP2A6 star allele frequency comparisons between SSA and other global biogeographical groups represented in the new 1000 Genomes Project high-coverage dataset (n = 2,000). This study presents frequency information for star alleles in CYP2B6 (e.g., *6 and *18; frequency of 21-47% and 2-19%, respectively) and CYP2A6 (e.g., *4, *9, and *17; frequency of 0-6%, 3-10%, and 6-20%, respectively), and predicted phenotypes (for CYP2B6), across various African populations. In addition, 50 potentially novel African-ancestry star alleles were computationally predicted by StellarPGx in CYP2B6 and CYP2A6 combined. For each of these genes, over 4% of the study participants had predicted novel star alleles. Three novel star alleles in CYP2A6 (*54, *55, and *56) and CYP2B6 apiece, and several suballeles were further validated via targeted Single-Molecule Real-Time resequencing. Our findings are important for informing the design of comprehensive pharmacogenetic testing platforms, and are highly relevant for personalized medicine strategies, especially relating to antiretroviral medication and smoking cessation treatment in Africa and the African diaspora. More broadly, this study highlights the importance of sampling diverse African ethnolinguistic groups for accurate characterization of the pharmacogene variation landscape across the continent.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Twesigomwe
- Sydney Brenner Institute for Molecular Bioscience, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Division of Human Genetics, National Health Laboratory Service, and School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Britt I Drögemöller
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Galen E B Wright
- Neuroscience Research Program, Kleysen Institute for Advanced Medicine, Winnipeg Health Sciences Centre and Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Clement Adebamowo
- Institute for Human Virology, Abuja, Nigeria
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, and the Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Centre, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Godfred Agongo
- Navrongo Health Research Centre, Ghana Health Service, Navrongo, Ghana
- Department of Biochemistry and Forensic Sciences, School of Chemical and Biochemical Sciences, C.K. Tedam University of Technology and Applied Sciences, Navrongo, Ghana
| | - Palwendé R Boua
- Sydney Brenner Institute for Molecular Bioscience, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Clinical Research Unit of Nanoro, Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé, Nanoro, Burkina Faso
| | - Mogomotsi Matshaba
- Botswana-Baylor Children's Clinical Centre of Excellence, Gaborone, Botswana
- Retrovirology, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Maria Paximadis
- Centre for HIV and STIs, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, National Health Laboratory Services and Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- School of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Michèle Ramsay
- Sydney Brenner Institute for Molecular Bioscience, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Division of Human Genetics, National Health Laboratory Service, and School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Gustave Simo
- Molecular Parasitology and Entomology Unit, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Dschang, Dschang, Cameroon
| | - Martin C Simuunza
- Department of Disease Control, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Caroline T Tiemessen
- Centre for HIV and STIs, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, National Health Laboratory Services and Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Zané Lombard
- Division of Human Genetics, National Health Laboratory Service, and School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Scott Hazelhurst
- Sydney Brenner Institute for Molecular Bioscience, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- School of Electrical and Information Engineering, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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Nollen NL, Ahluwalia JS, Sanderson Cox L, Okuyemi K, Lawrence D, Samuels L, Benowitz NL. Assessment of Racial Differences in Pharmacotherapy Efficacy for Smoking Cessation: Secondary Analysis of the EAGLES Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Netw Open 2021; 4:e2032053. [PMID: 33464316 PMCID: PMC7816102 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.32053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Importance Understanding Black vs White differences in pharmacotherapy efficacy and the underlying reasons is critically important to reducing tobacco-related health disparities. Objective To compare pharmacotherapy efficacy and examine variables to explain Black vs White differences in smoking abstinence. Design, Setting, and Participants This study is a secondary analysis of the Evaluating Adverse Events in a Global Smoking Cessation Study (EAGLES) double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trial, which took place at clinical trial centers, academic centers, and outpatient clinics in 29 states in the US. US Black and White smokers who smoked 10 or more cigarettes per day with and without psychiatric comorbidity were enrolled between November 2011 and January 2015. Data analysis was performed from July 2019 to January 2020. Interventions Participants were randomized (1:1:1:1) in a double-blind, triple-dummy, placebo- and active-controlled (nicotine patch) trial of varenicline and bupropion for 12 weeks with follow-up through week 24. Main Outcomes and Measures Biochemically verified continuous cigarette abstinence rate (CAR) from weeks 9 to 24. Baseline, postbaseline treatment, and safety characteristics were examined as variables to explain race differences in abstinence. Results Of the 1065 Black smokers enrolled, 255 were randomized to receive varenicline, 259 received bupropion, 286 received nicotine replacement therapy (NRT [ie, nicotine patch]), and 265 received placebo. Among the 3044 White smokers enrolled, 778 were randomized to receive varenicline, 769 received bupropion, 738 received NRT, and 759 received placebo. Participants were predominantly female (614 Black [57.7%] and 1786 White [58.7%] women) and heavy smokers (mean [SD] cigarettes per day, 18.2 [7.9] for Black and 20.0 [7.5] for White smokers), with a mean (SD) age of 47.2 (11.2) years for Black and 46.5 (12.7) years for White participants. Treatment and race were associated with CAR for weeks 9 to 24. The CAR was 4.9% lower for Black vs White participants (odds ratio [OR], 0.53; 95% CI, 0.41-0.69; P < .001); differences were found across all treatments. Pooling psychiatric and nonpsychiatric cohorts, varenicline (OR, 2.63; 95% CI, 1.90-3.63; P < .001), bupropion (OR, 1.75; 95% CI, 1.25-2.46; P = .001), and NRT (OR, 1.52; 95% CI, 1.07-2.16; P = .02) had greater efficacy than placebo for White participants. Only varenicline (OR, 2.63; 95% CI, 1.26-5.48; P = .01) had greater efficacy than placebo for Black participants. Baseline, postbaseline, and safety characteristics differed by race, but these variables did not eliminate the association of race with CAR. Black participants had 49% reduced odds of CAR for weeks 9 to 24 compared with White participants in the adjusted model (OR, 0.51; 95% CI, 0.39-0.66; P < .001). Conclusions and Relevance Black and White smokers achieved the highest rate of abstinence while taking varenicline, suggesting that it is the best first-line therapy for these groups. However, Black smokers were less responsive to all therapies, including placebo. Understanding variables (eg, socioeconomic or biological) beyond those may lead to improved treatment outcomes for Black smokers. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01456936.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole L. Nollen
- Department of Population Health, University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City
| | - Jasjit S. Ahluwalia
- Alpert Medical School, Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, Rhode Island
- Alpert Medical School, Department of Medicine, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Lisa Sanderson Cox
- Department of Population Health, University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City
| | - Kolawole Okuyemi
- Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, The University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City
| | | | | | - Neal L. Benowitz
- Department of Medicine, Bioengineering, and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco
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Nollen NL, Mayo MS, Sanderson Cox L, Benowitz NL, Tyndale RF, Ellerbeck EF, Scheuermann TS, Ahluwalia JS. Factors That Explain Differences in Abstinence Between Black and White Smokers: A Prospective Intervention Study. J Natl Cancer Inst 2020; 111:1078-1087. [PMID: 30657926 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djz001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Revised: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Black-white differences in smoking abstinence are not well understood. This trial sought to confirm previously reported differences in quitting between blacks and whites and to identify factors underlying this difference. METHODS During enrollment, 224 black and 225 white low-income smokers were stratified on race and within race on age and sex to ensure balance on these factors known to impact abstinence. The intervention included varenicline for 12 weeks and six guideline-based smoking cessation counseling sessions. The primary endpoint was cotinine-verified 7-day point prevalence smoking abstinence at week 26. A priori socioeconomic, smoking, treatment process (eg, treatment utilization, side effects, withdrawal relief), psychosocial, and biological factors were assessed to investigate race differences in abstinence. Unadjusted odds ratios (OR) were used to compare abstinence between blacks and whites. Adjusted odds ratios from logistic regression models were used to examine predictors of abstinence. All statistical tests were two-sided. RESULTS Blacks were less likely to achieve abstinence at week 26 (14.3% vs 24.4%, OR = 0.51, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.32 to 0.83, P = .007). Utilizing best subsets logistic regression, five factors associated with race jointly predicted abstinence: home ownership (yes/no, OR = 3.03, 95% CI = 1.72 to 5.35, P < .001), study visits completed (range = 0-6, OR = 2.81, 95% CI = 1.88 to 4.20, P < .001), income (household member/$1000, OR = 1.03, 95% CI = 1.01 to 1.06, P = .02), plasma cotinine (per 1 ng/mL, OR = 0.997, 95% CI = 0.994 to 0.999, P = .002), and neighborhood problems (range = 10-30, OR = 0.88, 95% CI = 0.81 to 0.96, P = .003). CONCLUSIONS The race difference in abstinence was fully explained by lack of home ownership, lower income, greater neighborhood problems, higher baseline cotinine, and higher visit completion, which were disproportionately represented among blacks. Findings illuminate factors that make it harder for blacks in the United States to quit smoking relative to whites and provide important areas for future studies to reduce tobacco-related health disparities.
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Arger CA, Taghavi T, Heil SH, Skelly J, Tyndale RF, Higgins ST. Pregnancy-Induced Increases in the Nicotine Metabolite Ratio: Examining Changes During Antepartum and Postpartum. Nicotine Tob Res 2020; 21:1706-1710. [PMID: 30165458 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/nty172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Pregnancy-induced increases in nicotine metabolism may contribute to difficulties in quitting smoking during pregnancy. However, the time course of changes in nicotine metabolism during early and late pregnancy is unclear. This study investigated how pregnancy alters the nicotine metabolite ratio (NMR), a common biomarker of nicotine metabolism among nonpregnant smokers. METHODS Urinary NMR (trans-3'-hydroxycotinine [3HC]/cotinine [COT]) was assessed using total (free + glucuronide) and free compounds among women (N = 47) from a randomized controlled trial for smoking cessation who self-reported smoking and provided a urine sample during early pregnancy (M ± SD = 12.5 ± 4.5 weeks' gestation), late pregnancy (28.9 ± 2.0 weeks' gestation), and 6 months postpartum (24.7 ± 1.2 weeks since childbirth). Urine samples were analyzed using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and NMR were calculated as Total 3HC/Free COT, Free 3HC/Free COT, and Total 3HC/Total COT. RESULTS NMR was significantly higher during early and late pregnancy compared to postpartum and significantly increased from early to late pregnancy as measured by Total 3HC/Free COT (0.76, 0.89, 0.60; all p's < .05) and Free 3HC/Free COT (0.68, 0.80, 0.51; all p's < .05). Total 3HC/Total COT did not vary over time (p = .81). CONCLUSIONS Total 3HC/Free COT and Free 3HC/Free COT increased in the first trimester and continued to increase throughout pregnancy, suggesting a considerable increase in nicotine metabolism over gestation. Future analyses are needed to interpret the changes in NMR in the context of nicotine pharmacokinetics, as well as its impact on changes in smoking behavior and cessation outcomes. IMPLICATIONS We observed that the NMR was significantly higher as early as 12 weeks' gestation and increased further as a function of gestational age. Among nonpregnant smokers, elevated NMR is associated with smoking phenotypes such as smoking more cigarettes per day and poorer response to nicotine patch; therefore, pregnancy-induced increases in the NMR may contribute to smoking during the first trimester of pregnancy and reducing or quitting smoking may become more challenging as the rate of nicotine metabolism accelerates over the course of pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher A Arger
- Tobacco Center on Regulatory Science, Vermont Center on Behavior and Health, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT.,Department of Psychological Science, College of Arts and Science, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT.,Department of Psychiatry, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT
| | - Taraneh Taghavi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON
| | - Sarah H Heil
- Tobacco Center on Regulatory Science, Vermont Center on Behavior and Health, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT.,Department of Psychological Science, College of Arts and Science, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT.,Department of Psychiatry, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT
| | - Joan Skelly
- Tobacco Center on Regulatory Science, Vermont Center on Behavior and Health, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT
| | - Rachel F Tyndale
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON.,Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Toronto, ON
| | - Stephen T Higgins
- Tobacco Center on Regulatory Science, Vermont Center on Behavior and Health, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT.,Department of Psychological Science, College of Arts and Science, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT.,Department of Psychiatry, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT
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Chaudhary S, Ganguly K, Muniyan S, Pothuraju R, Sayed Z, Jones DT, Batra SK, Macha MA. Immunometabolic Alterations by HPV Infection: New Dimensions to Head and Neck Cancer Disparity. J Natl Cancer Inst 2019; 111:233-244. [PMID: 30615137 PMCID: PMC6410958 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djy207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Revised: 09/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is the sixth most common cancer, with high morbidity and mortality. Racial disparity in HNSCC is observed between African Americans (AAs) and whites, effecting both overall and 5-year survival, with worse prognosis for AAs. In addition to socio-economic status and demographic factors, many epidemiological studies have also identified factors including coexisting human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, primary tumor location, and a variety of somatic mutations that contribute to the prognostic incongruities in HNSCC patients among AAs and whites. Recent research also suggests HPV-induced dysregulation of tumor metabolism and immune microenvironment as the major regulators of HNSCC patient prognosis. Outcomes of several preclinical and clinical studies on targeted therapeutics warrant the need to elucidate the inherent mechanistic and population-based disparities underlying patient responses. This review systematically reports the underlying reasons for inconsistency in disease prognosis and therapy responses among HNSCC patients from different racial populations. The focus of this review is twofold: aside from discussing the causes of racial disparity, we also seek to identify the consequences of such disparity in terms of HPV infection and its associated mutational, metabolic, and immune landscapes. Considering the clinical impact of differential patient outcomes among AA and white populations, understanding the underlying cause of this disparity may pave the way for novel precision therapy for HNSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjib Chaudhary
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE
| | - Koelina Ganguly
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE
| | - Sakthivel Muniyan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE
| | - Ramesh Pothuraju
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE
| | - Zafar Sayed
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE
| | - Dwight T Jones
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE
| | - Surinder K Batra
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE
- Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE
| | - Muzafar A Macha
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE
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Xia R, Zhu X, Chen Z, He Y, Kang L, Yuan D, Jin T, Wang L. Genetic polymorphisms of the drug-metabolizing enzyme cytochrome P450 2A6 in a Tibetan Chinese population. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PATHOLOGY 2018; 11:5024-5033. [PMID: 31949579 PMCID: PMC6962933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Detection of CYP2A6 variant alleles, and knowledge about their allelic frequency in Tibetan ethnic groups, is important to establish the clinical relevance of screening for these polymorphisms to optimize pharmacotherapy. We used DNA sequencing to investigate the promoter, exons and surrounding introns, and untranslated region of the CYP2A6 gene in 100 unrelated healthy Tibetan individuals. We also used SIFT and PolyPhen-2 to predict the protein function of the novel non-synonymous mutation in CYP2A6 coding regions. We found 33 different CYP2A6 polymorphisms in the Tibetan population, five of which were novel: -98T > G in promoter region, 1886C > A, 5640C > A, 5827G > T in intron and missense mutation 5011G > A in exon 7. We identified six CYP2A6 alleles (*1, *10, *11, *14, *15 and *18), with a wide frequency range from 1.00% to 86.50% in the population. We also detected six CYP2A6 genotypes, with a wide frequency range from 2.00% to 73.00%. Three of which (*1/*10, *1/*11 and *1/*18) lead to decreased enzyme activity. This study provided new information regarding CYP2A6genetic polymorphisms in Tibetan individuals, which will greatly facilitate studies on the relevance of pharmacogenetics for CYP2A6 with respect to disease risk and to the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of many drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ridong Xia
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Genetic Mechanisms and Intervention Research on High Altitude Disease of Tibet Autonomous Region, School of Medicine, Xizang Minzu UniversityXianyang, Shaanxi, China
- Key Laboratory of High Altitude Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of Tibet Autonomous Region, School of Medicine, Xizang Minzu UniversityXianyang, Shaanxi, China
- Key Laboratory for Basic Life Science Research of Tibet Autonomous Region, School of Medicine, Xizang Minzu UniversityXianyang, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xikai Zhu
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Genetic Mechanisms and Intervention Research on High Altitude Disease of Tibet Autonomous Region, School of Medicine, Xizang Minzu UniversityXianyang, Shaanxi, China
- Key Laboratory of High Altitude Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of Tibet Autonomous Region, School of Medicine, Xizang Minzu UniversityXianyang, Shaanxi, China
- Key Laboratory for Basic Life Science Research of Tibet Autonomous Region, School of Medicine, Xizang Minzu UniversityXianyang, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zhengshuai Chen
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (Northwest University), Ministry of EducationXi’an, Shaanxi 710069, China
| | - Yongjun He
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Genetic Mechanisms and Intervention Research on High Altitude Disease of Tibet Autonomous Region, School of Medicine, Xizang Minzu UniversityXianyang, Shaanxi, China
- Key Laboratory of High Altitude Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of Tibet Autonomous Region, School of Medicine, Xizang Minzu UniversityXianyang, Shaanxi, China
- Key Laboratory for Basic Life Science Research of Tibet Autonomous Region, School of Medicine, Xizang Minzu UniversityXianyang, Shaanxi, China
| | - Longli Kang
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Genetic Mechanisms and Intervention Research on High Altitude Disease of Tibet Autonomous Region, School of Medicine, Xizang Minzu UniversityXianyang, Shaanxi, China
- Key Laboratory of High Altitude Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of Tibet Autonomous Region, School of Medicine, Xizang Minzu UniversityXianyang, Shaanxi, China
- Key Laboratory for Basic Life Science Research of Tibet Autonomous Region, School of Medicine, Xizang Minzu UniversityXianyang, Shaanxi, China
| | - Dongya Yuan
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Genetic Mechanisms and Intervention Research on High Altitude Disease of Tibet Autonomous Region, School of Medicine, Xizang Minzu UniversityXianyang, Shaanxi, China
- Key Laboratory of High Altitude Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of Tibet Autonomous Region, School of Medicine, Xizang Minzu UniversityXianyang, Shaanxi, China
- Key Laboratory for Basic Life Science Research of Tibet Autonomous Region, School of Medicine, Xizang Minzu UniversityXianyang, Shaanxi, China
| | - Tianbo Jin
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Genetic Mechanisms and Intervention Research on High Altitude Disease of Tibet Autonomous Region, School of Medicine, Xizang Minzu UniversityXianyang, Shaanxi, China
- Key Laboratory of High Altitude Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of Tibet Autonomous Region, School of Medicine, Xizang Minzu UniversityXianyang, Shaanxi, China
- Key Laboratory for Basic Life Science Research of Tibet Autonomous Region, School of Medicine, Xizang Minzu UniversityXianyang, Shaanxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (Northwest University), Ministry of EducationXi’an, Shaanxi 710069, China
| | - Li Wang
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Genetic Mechanisms and Intervention Research on High Altitude Disease of Tibet Autonomous Region, School of Medicine, Xizang Minzu UniversityXianyang, Shaanxi, China
- Key Laboratory of High Altitude Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of Tibet Autonomous Region, School of Medicine, Xizang Minzu UniversityXianyang, Shaanxi, China
- Key Laboratory for Basic Life Science Research of Tibet Autonomous Region, School of Medicine, Xizang Minzu UniversityXianyang, Shaanxi, China
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9
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Borrie AE, Rose RV, Choi YH, Perera FE, Read N, Sexton T, Lock M, Vandenberg TA, Hahn K, Dinniwell R, Younus J, Logan D, Potvin K, Yaremko B, Yu E, Lenehan J, Welch S, Tyndale RF, Teft WA, Kim RB. Letrozole concentration is associated with CYP2A6 variation but not with arthralgia in patients with breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2018; 172:371-379. [PMID: 30094551 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-018-4910-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aromatase inhibitor (AI) letrozole is a first-line drug in the adjuvant treatment of breast cancer in postmenopausal women. Adherence to AI therapy, including letrozole, remains problematic due to the development of debilitating AI-induced arthralgia. Letrozole is metabolized in the liver by CYP2A6. It remains unknown if plasma letrozole levels or CYP2A6 genetic variation is associated with the development of arthralgia. METHODS We enrolled 126 female breast cancer patients initiated on letrozole therapy and prospectively collected blood samples at baseline and two follow-up time points to determine letrozole plasma concentrations and CYP2A6 genotype. At each visit, participants completed two validated questionnaires to assess the severity of arthralgia symptoms. RESULTS More than half (55%) of patients experienced a significant increase in their arthralgia symptoms after initiation of treatment. The clinical variables of body mass index (P = 0.0003) and age (P = 0.0430) were negatively and positively associated with plasma letrozole concentrations, respectively. CYP2A6 genotype was significantly associated with letrozole levels (P < 0.0001), and increased plasma letrozole levels were observed in patients with CYP2A6 reduced-function genotypes. Plasma levels of letrozole and CYP2A6 genotype were not significantly associated with a change in pain score from baseline. CONCLUSIONS CYP2A6 genotype was a significant predictor of letrozole plasma levels, but was not associated with the development of arthralgia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrienne E Borrie
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Western University, London, ON, Canada.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Rhiannon V Rose
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Yun-Hee Choi
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | | | - Nancy Read
- Department of Oncology, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Tracy Sexton
- Department of Oncology, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Michael Lock
- Department of Oncology, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | | | - Karin Hahn
- Department of Oncology, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | | | - Jawaid Younus
- Department of Oncology, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Diane Logan
- Department of Oncology, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Kylea Potvin
- Department of Oncology, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Brian Yaremko
- Department of Oncology, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Edward Yu
- Department of Oncology, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - John Lenehan
- Department of Oncology, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Stephen Welch
- Department of Oncology, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Rachel F Tyndale
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, and Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Wendy A Teft
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Western University, London, ON, Canada.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Richard B Kim
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Western University, London, ON, Canada. .,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Western University, London, ON, Canada. .,LHSC - University Hospital, Western University, Room B9-116, 339 Windermere Road, London, ON, N6A 5A5, Canada.
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10
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Tanner JA, Tyndale RF. Variation in CYP2A6 Activity and Personalized Medicine. J Pers Med 2017; 7:jpm7040018. [PMID: 29194389 PMCID: PMC5748630 DOI: 10.3390/jpm7040018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2017] [Revised: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The cytochrome P450 2A6 (CYP2A6) enzyme metabolizes several clinically relevant substrates, including nicotine-the primary psychoactive component in cigarette smoke. The gene that encodes the CYP2A6 enzyme is highly polymorphic, resulting in extensive interindividual variation in CYP2A6 enzyme activity and the rate of metabolism of nicotine and other CYP2A6 substrates including cotinine, tegafur, letrozole, efavirenz, valproic acid, pilocarpine, artemisinin, artesunate, SM-12502, caffeine, and tyrosol. CYP2A6 expression and activity are also impacted by non-genetic factors, including induction or inhibition by pharmacological, endogenous, and dietary substances, as well as age-related changes, or interactions with other hepatic enzymes, co-enzymes, and co-factors. As variation in CYP2A6 activity is associated with smoking behavior, smoking cessation, tobacco-related lung cancer risk, and with altered metabolism and resulting clinical responses for several therapeutics, CYP2A6 expression and enzyme activity is an important clinical consideration. This review will discuss sources of variation in CYP2A6 enzyme activity, with a focus on the impact of CYP2A6 genetic variation on metabolism of the CYP2A6 substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie-Anne Tanner
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, ON M5T 1R8, Canada.
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada.
| | - Rachel F Tyndale
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, ON M5T 1R8, Canada.
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada.
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5T 1R8, Canada.
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11
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López-Flores LA, Pérez-Rubio G, Falfán-Valencia R. Distribution of polymorphic variants of CYP2A6 and their involvement in nicotine addiction. EXCLI JOURNAL 2017; 16:174-196. [PMID: 28507465 PMCID: PMC5427481 DOI: 10.17179/excli2016-847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Tobacco consumption has become a major public health issue, which has motivated studies to identify and understand the biological processes involved in the smoking behavior for prevention and smoking cessation treatments. CYP2A6 has been identified as the main gene that codifies the enzyme that metabolizes nicotine. Many alleles have been identified after the discovery of CYP2A6, suggesting a wide interethnic variability and a diverse smoking behavior of the allele carrying individuals. The main purpose of this review is to update and highlight the effects of the CYP2A6 gene variability related to tobacco consumption reported from diverse human populations. The review further aims to consider CYP2A6 in future studies as a possible genetic marker for the prevention and treatment of nicotine addiction. Therefore, we analyzed several population studies and their importance at addressing and characterizing a population using specific parameters. Our efforts may contribute to a personalized system for detecting, preventing and treating populations at a higher risk of smoking to avoid diseases related to tobacco consumption.
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12
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Nollen NL, Cox LS, Yu Q, Ellerbeck EF, Scheuermann TS, Benowitz NL, Tyndale RF, Mayo MS, Ahluwalia JS. A clinical trial to examine disparities in quitting between African-American and White adult smokers: Design, accrual, and baseline characteristics. Contemp Clin Trials 2016; 47:12-21. [PMID: 26667382 PMCID: PMC4818177 DOI: 10.1016/j.cct.2015.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Revised: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 12/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND African-Americans smoke fewer cigarettes per day than Whites but experience greater smoking attributable morbidity and mortality. African-American-White differences may also exist in cessation but rigorously designed studies have not been conducted to empirically answer this question. METHODS/DESIGN Quit2Live is, to our knowledge, the first head-to-head trial designed with the primary aim of examining African-American-White disparities in quitting smoking. Secondary aims are to identify mechanisms that mediate and/or moderate the relationship between race and quitting. The study is ongoing. Study aims are accomplished through a 5-year prospective cohort intervention study designed to recruit equal numbers of African-Americans (n=224) and Whites (n=224) stratified on age (<40, ≥40) and gender, key factors known to impact cessation, and all within a restricted income range (≤400% federal poverty level). All participants will receive 12 weeks of varenicline in combination with smoking cessation counseling. The primary outcome is cotinine-verified 7-day point prevalence abstinence from smoking at week 26. Secondary outcomes are cotinine-verified 7-day point prevalence abstinence from smoking at weeks 4 and 12. DISCUSSION Findings from Quit2Live will not only address if African-American-White disparities in quitting smoking exist but, more importantly, will examine mechanisms underlying the difference. Attention to proximal, modifiable mechanisms (e.g., adherence, response to treatment, depression, stress) maximizes Quit2Live's potential to inform practice. Findings will provide an empirically-derived approach that will guide researchers and clinicians in identifying specific factors to address to improve cessation outcomes and reduce tobacco-related morbidity and mortality in African-American and White smokers. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT01836276.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole L Nollen
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City, Kansas, United States.
| | - Lisa Sanderson Cox
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City, Kansas, United States.
| | - Qing Yu
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City, Kansas, United States.
| | - Edward F Ellerbeck
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City, Kansas, United States.
| | - Taneisha S Scheuermann
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City, Kansas, United States.
| | - Neal L Benowitz
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States; Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States; Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States; Department of Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States.
| | - Rachel F Tyndale
- Center for Addiction and Mental Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Pharmacology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Matthew S Mayo
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City, Kansas, United States.
| | - Jasjit S Ahluwalia
- Department of Epidemiology, Rutgers School of Public Health, Piscataway, New Jersey, United States.
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13
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Ramakodi MP, Kulathinal RJ, Chung Y, Serebriiskii I, Liu JC, Ragin CC. Ancestral-derived effects on the mutational landscape of laryngeal cancer. Genomics 2015; 107:76-82. [PMID: 26721311 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2015.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Revised: 11/26/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Laryngeal cancer disproportionately affects more African-Americans than European-Americans. Here, we analyze the genome-wide somatic point mutations from the tumors of 13 African-Americans and 57 European-Americans from TCGA to differentiate between environmental and ancestrally-inherited factors. The mean number of mutations was different between African-Americans (151.31) and European-Americans (277.63). Other differences in the overall mutational landscape between African-American and European-American were also found. The frequency of C>A, and C>G were significantly different between the two populations (p-value<0.05). Context nucleotide signatures for some mutation types significantly differ between these two populations. Thus, the context nucleotide signatures along with other factors could be related to the observed mutational landscape differences between two races. Finally, we show that mutated genes associated with these mutational differences differ between the two populations. Thus, at the molecular level, race appears to be a factor in the progression of laryngeal cancer with ancestral genomic signatures best explaining these differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meganathan P Ramakodi
- Cancer Prevention and Control Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center-Temple Health, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA; Department of Biology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA; African-Caribbean Cancer Consortium; Center for Computational Genetics and Genomics, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
| | - Rob J Kulathinal
- Department of Biology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA; African-Caribbean Cancer Consortium; Center for Computational Genetics and Genomics, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
| | - Yujin Chung
- Department of Biology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA; Center for Computational Genetics and Genomics, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
| | - Ilya Serebriiskii
- Developmental Therapeutics, Fox Chase Cancer Center- Temple Health, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA; Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
| | - Jeffrey C Liu
- Cancer Prevention and Control Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center-Temple Health, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA; Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Camille C Ragin
- Cancer Prevention and Control Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center-Temple Health, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA; African-Caribbean Cancer Consortium; Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA; College of Public Health, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA.
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14
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Wassenaar CA, Zhou Q, Tyndale RF. CYP2A6 genotyping methods and strategies using real-time and end point PCR platforms. Pharmacogenomics 2015; 17:147-62. [PMID: 26670214 DOI: 10.2217/pgs.15.156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
CYP2A6 genotyping is of clinical importance--CYP2A6 gene variants influence nicotine metabolism and are associated with nicotine dependence, cigarettes per day, smoking cessation and the risk for tobacco-associated cancers. CYP2A6 gene variants also influence the metabolism of therapeutic drugs, such as the anticancer agents, tegafur and letrozole. Over the years, CYP2A6 genotyping methods have evolved to incorporate novel gene variants and to circumvent genotyping errors resulting from the high degree of homology between CYP2A6 and neighboring CYP2A genes. Herein, CYP2A6 genotyping strategies are described for commonly genotyped functionally significant alleles including SNPs, small insertions/deletions and more complex structural variants. The methods presented utilize higher throughput SYBR green real-time PCR technology in addition to standard thermocycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine A Wassenaar
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, M5S 1A8 ON, Canada
| | - Qian Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, M5S 1A8 ON, Canada
| | - Rachel F Tyndale
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction & Mental Health (CAMH), Departments of Pharmacology & Toxicology & Psychiatry, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, M5S 1A8 ON, Canada
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15
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Efectos de los inductores antiepilépticos en la neuropsicofarmacología: una cuestión ignorada. Parte II: cuestiones farmacológicas y comprensión adicional. REVISTA DE PSIQUIATRIA Y SALUD MENTAL 2015; 8:167-88. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rpsm.2014.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2014] [Accepted: 10/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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16
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Tanner JA, Chenoweth MJ, Tyndale RF. Pharmacogenetics of nicotine and associated smoking behaviors. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2015; 23:37-86. [PMID: 25655887 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-13665-3_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
This chapter summarizes genetic factors that contribute to variation in nicotine pharmacokinetics and nicotine's pharmacological action in the central nervous system (CNS), and how this in turn influences smoking behaviors. Nicotine, the major psychoactive compound in cigarette smoke, is metabolized by a number of enzymes, including CYP2A6, CYP2B6, FMOs, and UGTs, among others. Variation in the genes encoding these enzymes, in particular CYP2A6, can alter the rate of nicotine metabolism and smoking behaviors. Faster nicotine metabolism is associated with higher cigarette consumption and nicotine dependence, as well as lower quit rates. Variation in nicotine's CNS targets and downstream signaling pathways can also contribute to interindividual differences in smoking patterns. Binding of nicotine to neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) mediates the release of several neurotransmitters including dopamine and serotonin. Genetic variation in nAChRs, and in transporter and enzyme systems that leads to altered CNS levels of dopamine and serotonin, is associated with a number of smoking behaviors. To date, the precise mechanism underpinning many of these findings remains unknown. Considering the complex etiology of nicotine addiction, a more comprehensive approach that assesses the contribution of multiple gene variants, and their interaction with environmental factors, will likely improve personalized therapeutic approaches and increase smoking cessation rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie-Anne Tanner
- Departments of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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17
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Daly AK. Polymorphic Variants of Cytochrome P450. CYTOCHROME P450 FUNCTION AND PHARMACOLOGICAL ROLES IN INFLAMMATION AND CANCER 2015; 74:85-111. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.apha.2015.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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18
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Lung cancer risk in relation to nicotinic acetylcholine receptor, CYP2A6 and CYP1A1 genotypes in the Bangladeshi population. Clin Chim Acta 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2012.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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19
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Cytochrome P450 enzymes in drug metabolism: regulation of gene expression, enzyme activities, and impact of genetic variation. Pharmacol Ther 2013; 138:103-41. [PMID: 23333322 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2012.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2721] [Impact Index Per Article: 226.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2012] [Accepted: 12/27/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cytochromes P450 (CYP) are a major source of variability in drug pharmacokinetics and response. Of 57 putatively functional human CYPs only about a dozen enzymes, belonging to the CYP1, 2, and 3 families, are responsible for the biotransformation of most foreign substances including 70-80% of all drugs in clinical use. The highest expressed forms in liver are CYPs 3A4, 2C9, 2C8, 2E1, and 1A2, while 2A6, 2D6, 2B6, 2C19 and 3A5 are less abundant and CYPs 2J2, 1A1, and 1B1 are mainly expressed extrahepatically. Expression of each CYP is influenced by a unique combination of mechanisms and factors including genetic polymorphisms, induction by xenobiotics, regulation by cytokines, hormones and during disease states, as well as sex, age, and others. Multiallelic genetic polymorphisms, which strongly depend on ethnicity, play a major role for the function of CYPs 2D6, 2C19, 2C9, 2B6, 3A5 and 2A6, and lead to distinct pharmacogenetic phenotypes termed as poor, intermediate, extensive, and ultrarapid metabolizers. For these CYPs, the evidence for clinical significance regarding adverse drug reactions (ADRs), drug efficacy and dose requirement is rapidly growing. Polymorphisms in CYPs 1A1, 1A2, 2C8, 2E1, 2J2, and 3A4 are generally less predictive, but new data on CYP3A4 show that predictive variants exist and that additional variants in regulatory genes or in NADPH:cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase (POR) can have an influence. Here we review the recent progress on drug metabolism activity profiles, interindividual variability and regulation of expression, and the functional and clinical impact of genetic variation in drug metabolizing P450s.
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Martis S, Mei H, Vijzelaar R, Edelmann L, Desnick RJ, Scott SA. Multi-ethnic cytochrome-P450 copy number profiling: novel pharmacogenetic alleles and mechanism of copy number variation formation. THE PHARMACOGENOMICS JOURNAL 2012; 13:558-66. [PMID: 23164804 PMCID: PMC3580117 DOI: 10.1038/tpj.2012.48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2012] [Revised: 10/09/2012] [Accepted: 10/12/2012] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
To determine the role of CYP450 copy number variation (CNV) beyond CYP2D6, 11 CYP450 genes were interrogated by MLPA and qPCR in 542 African-American, Asian, Caucasian, Hispanic, and Ashkenazi Jewish individuals. The CYP2A6, CYP2B6 and CYP2E1 combined deletion/duplication allele frequencies ranged from 2% to 10% in these populations. High-resolution microarray-based comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) localized CYP2A6, CYP2B6 and CYP2E1 breakpoints to directly-oriented low-copy repeats. Sequencing localized the CYP2B6 breakpoint to a 529 bp intron 4 region with high homology to CYP2B7P1, resulting in the CYP2B6*29 partial deletion allele and the reciprocal, and novel, CYP2B6/2B7P1 duplicated fusion allele (CYP2B6*30). Together, these data identified novel CYP450 CNV alleles (CYP2B6*30 and CYP2E1*1Cx2) and indicate that common CYP450 CNV formation is likely mediated by non-allelic homologous recombination resulting in both full gene and gene-fusion copy number imbalances. Detection of these CNVs should be considered when interrogating these genes for pharmacogenetic drug selection and dosing.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Martis
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
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21
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Binnington MJ, Zhu AZX, Renner CC, Lanier AP, Hatsukami DK, Benowitz NL, Tyndale RF. CYP2A6 and CYP2B6 genetic variation and its association with nicotine metabolism in South Western Alaska Native people. Pharmacogenet Genomics 2012; 22:429-40. [PMID: 22569203 PMCID: PMC3349071 DOI: 10.1097/fpc.0b013e3283527c1c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Alaska Native (AN) people have a high prevalence of tobacco use and associated morbidity and mortality when compared with the general USA population. Variations in the CYP2A6 and CYP2B6 genes, encoding enzymes responsible for nicotine metabolic inactivation and procarcinogen activation, have not been characterized in AN and may contribute toward the increased risk. METHODS AN people (n=400) residing in the Bristol Bay region of South Western Alaska were recruited for a cross-sectional study on tobacco use. They were genotyped for CYP2A6*1X2A, *1X2B, *1B, *2, *4, *7, *8, *9, *10, *12, *17, *35 and CYP2B6*4, *6, *9 and provided plasma and urine samples for the measurement of nicotine and metabolites. RESULTS CYP2A6 and CYP2B6 variant frequencies among the AN Yupik people (n=361) were significantly different from those in other ethnicities. Nicotine metabolism [as measured by the plasma and urinary ratio of metabolites trans-3'-hydroxycotinine to cotinine (3HC/COT)] was significantly associated with CYP2A6 (P<0.001), but not CYP2B6 genotype (P=0.95) when controlling for known covariates. It was noteworthy that the plasma 3HC/COT ratios were high in the entire Yupik people, and among the Yupik CYP2A6 wild-type participants, they were substantially higher than those in previously characterized racial/ethnic groups (P<0.001 vs. Caucasians and African Americans). CONCLUSION Yupik AN people have a unique CYP2A6 genetic profile that associated strongly with in-vivo nicotine metabolism. More rapid CYP2A6-mediated nicotine and nitrosamine metabolism in the Yupik people may modulate the risk of tobacco-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Binnington
- Departments of Psychiatry, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Centre for Addiction & Mental Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Benowitz NL, Dempsey D, Tyndale RF, St Helen G, Jacob P. Dose-independent kinetics with low level exposure to nicotine and cotinine. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2012; 75:277-9. [PMID: 22574797 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2125.2012.04327.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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St Helen G, Novalen M, Heitjan DF, Dempsey D, Jacob P, Aziziyeh A, Wing VC, George TP, Tyndale RF, Benowitz NL. Reproducibility of the nicotine metabolite ratio in cigarette smokers. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2012; 21:1105-14. [PMID: 22552800 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-12-0236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The nicotine metabolite ratio (NMR or 3-hydroxycotinine/cotinine) has been used to phenotype CYP2A6-mediated nicotine metabolism. Our objectives were to analyze (i) the stability of NMR in plasma, saliva, and blood in various storage conditions, (ii) the relationship between NMRs derived from blood, plasma, saliva, and urine, and (iii) the reproducibility of plasma NMR in ad libitum cigarette smokers. METHODS We analyzed data from four clinical studies. In studies 1 and 2, we assessed NMR stability in saliva and plasma samples at room temperature (~22°C) over 14 days and in blood at 4°C for up to 72 hours. In studies 2 and 3, we used Bland-Altman analysis to assess agreement between blood, plasma, saliva, and urine NMRs. In study 4, plasma NMR was measured on six occasions over 44 weeks in 43 ad libitum smokers. RESULTS Reliability coefficients for stability tests of NMR in plasma and saliva at room temperature were 0.97 and 0.98, respectively, and 0.92 for blood at 4°C. Blood NMR agreed consistently with saliva and plasma NMRs but showed more variability in relation to urine NMR. The reliability coefficient for repeated plasma NMR measurements in smokers was 0.85. CONCLUSION The NMR is stable in blood, plasma, and saliva at the conditions tested. Blood, plasma, and saliva NMRs are similar whereas urine NMR is a good proxy for these NMR measures. Plasma NMR was reproducible over time in smokers. IMPACT One measurement may reliably estimate a smoker's NMR for use as an estimate of the rate of nicotine metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gideon St Helen
- Center for Tobacco Control Research and Education, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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Hamidovic A, Goodloe RJ, Bergen AW, Benowitz NL, Styn MA, Kasberger JL, Choquet H, Young TR, Meng Y, Palmer C, Pletcher M, Kertesz S, Hitsman B, Spring B, Jorgenson E. Gene-centric analysis of serum cotinine levels in African and European American populations. Neuropsychopharmacology 2012; 37:968-74. [PMID: 22089314 PMCID: PMC3280653 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2011.280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2011] [Revised: 10/06/2011] [Accepted: 10/06/2011] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
To date, most genetic association studies of tobacco use have been conducted in European American subjects using the phenotype of smoking quantity (cigarettes per day). However, smoking quantity is a very imprecise measure of exposure to tobacco smoke constituents. Analyses of alternate phenotypes and populations may improve our understanding of tobacco addiction genetics. Cotinine is the major metabolite of nicotine, and measuring serum cotinine levels in smokers provides a more objective measure of nicotine dose than smoking quantity. Previous genetic association studies of serum cotinine have focused on individual genes. We conducted a genetic association study of the biomarker in African American (N=365) and European American (N=315) subjects from the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults study using a chip containing densely-spaced tag SNPs in ∼2100 genes. We found that rs11187065, located in the non-coding region (intron 1) of insulin-degrading enzyme (IDE), was the most strongly associated SNP (p=8.91 × 10(-6)) in the African American cohort, whereas rs11763963, located on chromosome 7 outside of a gene transcript, was the most strongly associated SNP in European Americans (p=1.53 × 10(-6)). We then evaluated how the top variant association in each population performed in the other group. We found that the association of rs11187065 in IDE was also associated with the phenotype in European Americans (p=0.044). Our top SNP association in European Americans, rs11763963 was non-polymorphic in our African American sample. It has been previously shown that psychostimulant self-administration is reduced in animals with lower insulin because of interference with dopamine transmission in the brain reward centers. Our finding provides a platform for further investigation of this, or additional mechanisms, involving the relationship between insulin and self-administered nicotine dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajna Hamidovic
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
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McGraw J, Waller D. Cytochrome P450 variations in different ethnic populations. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2012; 8:371-82. [PMID: 22288606 DOI: 10.1517/17425255.2012.657626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Variability of drug response is an important consideration in clinical medicine. A major determinant of drug response variability is hepatic cytochrome P450 oxidase (CYP450)-mediated drug metabolism. Advances in genetics permits genotyping large numbers of patients to identify single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) which may result in variant CYP450 enzyme expression and/or activity. New SNPs with functional impacts are constantly being identified which further explain variability in CYP450 phenotype. AREAS COVERED The racial/ethnic distribution of selected CYP450 (CYP1A2, P2C8/9/19, 2D6 and 3A4/5) SNPs are reviewed with an emphasis on the agreement between genotype and phenotype. The reader will gain insight into the SNP distribution by racial/ethnic group and the corresponding relationship between important, highly prevalent, SNPs and their impact on metabolic phenotype. EXPERT OPINION Racial/ethnic differences in metabolic phenotype can be explained by differences in SNP distribution. However, overlap in substrate specificity, linkage disequilibrium and previously unidentified SNPs have made phenotypic characterization difficult for CYP3A4/5 and 2C8/9. Studies utilizing newly identified, highly prevalent, racially stratified SNPs and their impact on CYP isoform-specific metabolism will provide new answers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph McGraw
- Concordia University Wisconsin, School of Pharmacy, 12800 N. Lakeshore Drive, Mequon, WI 53022, USA.
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Desta Z, Kreutz Y, Nguyen AT, Li L, Skaar T, Kamdem LK, Henry NL, Hayes DF, Storniolo AM, Stearns V, Hoffmann E, Tyndale RF, Flockhart DA. Plasma letrozole concentrations in postmenopausal women with breast cancer are associated with CYP2A6 genetic variants, body mass index, and age. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2011; 90:693-700. [PMID: 21975350 DOI: 10.1038/clpt.2011.174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The associations between plasma letrozole concentrations and CYP2A6 and CYP3A5 genetic variants were tested in the Exemestane and Letrozole Pharmacogenomics (ELPH) trial. ELPH is a multicenter, open-label prospective clinical trial in women randomly assigned (n≈250 in each arm) to receive 2 years of treatment with either oral letrozole (2.5 mg/day) or oral exemestane (25 mg/day). CYP2A6 and CYP3A showed effects on letrozole metabolism in vitro. DNA samples were genotyped for variants in the CYP2A6 and CYP3A5 genes. Plasma letrozole concentrations showed high interpatient variability (>10-fold) and were associated significantly with CYP2A6 genotypes (P<0.0001), body mass index (BMI) (P<0.0001), and age (P=0.0035). However, CYP3A5 genotypes showed no association with plasma letrozole concentrations. These data suggest that CYP2A6 is the principal clearance mechanism for letrozole in vivo. CYP2A6 metabolic status, along with BMI and age, may serve as a biomarker of the efficacy of letrozole treatment or a predictor of adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Desta
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA.
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Wassenaar CA, Dong Q, Wei Q, Amos CI, Spitz MR, Tyndale RF. Relationship between CYP2A6 and CHRNA5-CHRNA3-CHRNB4 variation and smoking behaviors and lung cancer risk. J Natl Cancer Inst 2011; 103:1342-6. [PMID: 21747048 PMCID: PMC3168937 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djr237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2010] [Revised: 05/27/2011] [Accepted: 05/31/2011] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetic variations in the CYP2A6 nicotine metabolic gene and the CHRNA5-CHRNA3-CHRNB4 (CHRNA5-A3-B4) nicotinic gene cluster have been independently associated with lung cancer. With genotype data from ever-smokers of European ancestry (417 lung cancer patients and 443 control subjects), we investigated the relative and combined associations of polymorphisms in these two genes with smoking behavior and lung cancer risk. Kruskal-Wallis tests were used to compare smoking variables among the different genotype groups, and odds ratios (ORs) for cancer risk were estimated using logistic regression analysis. All statistical tests were two-sided. Cigarette consumption (P < .001) and nicotine dependence (P = .036) were the highest in the combined CYP2A6 normal metabolizers and CHRNA5-A3-B4 AA (tag single-nucleotide polymorphism rs1051730 G>A) risk group. The combined risk group also exhibited the greatest lung cancer risk (OR = 2.03; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.21 to 3.40), which was even higher among those who smoked 20 or fewer cigarettes per day (OR = 3.03; 95% CI = 1.38 to 6.66). Variation in CYP2A6 and CHRNA5-A3-B4 was independently and additively associated with increased cigarette consumption, nicotine dependence, and lung cancer risk. CYP2A6 and CHRNA5-A3-B4 appear to be more strongly associated with smoking behaviors and lung cancer risk, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine A Wassenaar
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Medical Sciences Bldg, Rm 4326, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
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Drögemöller BI, Wright GEB, Niehaus DJH, Koen L, Malan S, Da Silva DM, Hillermann-Rebello R, La Grange AM, Venter M, Warnich L. Characterization of the genetic profile of CYP2C19 in two South African populations. Pharmacogenomics 2010; 11:1095-103. [PMID: 20712527 DOI: 10.2217/pgs.10.90] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS This study was aimed at elucidating the common sequence variation present in the CYP2C19 gene within the South African Xhosa population and comparing it with the Cape Mixed Ancestry (CMA) population for possible future pharmacogenetic applications. MATERIALS & METHODS Common sequence variation was identified through the resequencing of 15 Xhosa individuals. The detected variants were prioritized for genotyping in an additional 85 Xhosa and 75 CMA individuals, while 5 -upstream variants were analyzed using dual luciferase reporter assays. RESULTS Resequencing of the Xhosa population revealed 30 variants, including the novel CYP2C19*27 and CYP2C19*28 alleles. CYP2C19*27, characterized by -1041G>A, caused a twofold decrease in luciferase activity, while CYP2C19*28 is characterized by the nonsynonymous V374I variant. In addition, the previously characterized variants, CYP2C19*2, CYP2C19*9 and CYP2C19*17, were present in both populations, while CYP2C19*3 was only observed in the CMA population. CONCLUSION Our data demonstrate that both the Xhosa and CMA populations exhibit unique genetic profiles that could influence the outcome of drug therapy in these populations.
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Ho MK, Mwenifumbo JC, Koudsi NA, Okuyemi KS, Ahluwalia JS, Benowitz NL, Tyndale RF. Association of nicotine metabolite ratio and CYP2A6 genotype with smoking cessation treatment in African-American light smokers. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2009; 85:635-43. [PMID: 19279561 PMCID: PMC3698861 DOI: 10.1038/clpt.2009.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 2A6 (CYP2A6) is the main nicotine (NIC)-metabolizing enzyme in humans. We investigated the relationships between CYP2A6 genotype, baseline plasma trans- 3'-hydroxycotinine/cotinine (3HC/COT) (a phenotypic marker of CYP2A6 activity), and smoking behavior in African-American light smokers. Cigarette consumption, age of initiation, and dependence scores did not differ among 3HC/COT quartiles or CYP2A6 genotype groups. Slow metabolizers (SMs; both genetic and phenotypic) had significantly higher plasma NIC levels, suggesting that cigarette consumption was not reduced to adjust for slower rates of NIC metabolism. Individuals in the slowest 3HC/COT quartile had higher quitting rates with both placebo and NIC gum treatments (odds ratio 1.85, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.08-3.16, P = 0.03). Similarly, the slowest CYP2A6 genotype group had higher quitting rates, although this trend did not reach significance (odds ratio 1.61, 95% CI 0.95-2.72, P = 0.08). The determination of the 3HC/COT ratio, and possibly CYP2A6 genotype, may be useful in the future for personalizing the choice of smoking cessation treatment in African-American light smokers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man Ki Ho
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON
| | - Jill C. Mwenifumbo
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON
| | - Nael Al Koudsi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON
| | | | | | - Neal L. Benowitz
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Departments of Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA
| | - Rachel F. Tyndale
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON
- Centre for Addiction & Mental Health, Toronto, ON
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