Plant root mechanisms and their effects on carbon and nutrient accumulation in desert ecosystems under changes in land use and climate

Deserts represent key carbon reservoirs, yet as these systems are threatened this has implications for biodiversity and climate change. This review focuses on how these changes affect desert ecosystems, particularly plant root systems and their impact on carbon and mineral nutrient stocks. Desert plants have diverse root architectures shaped by water acquisition strategies, affecting plant biomass and overall carbon and nutrient stocks. Climate change can disrupt desert plant communities, with droughts impacting both shallow and deep-rooted plants as groundwater levels fluctuate. Vegetation management practices, like grazing, significantly influence plant communities, soil composition, root microorganisms, biomass, and nutrient stocks. Shallow-rooted plants are particularly susceptible to climate change and human interference. To safeguard desert ecosystems, understanding root architecture and deep soil layers is crucial. Implementing strategic management practices such as reducing grazing pressure, maintaining moderate harvesting levels, and adopting moderate fertilization can help preserve plant-soil systems. Employing socio-ecological approaches for community restoration enhances carbon and nutrient retention, limits desert expansion, and reduces CO2 emissions. This review underscores the importance of investigating belowground plant processes and their role in shaping desert landscapes, emphasizing the urgent need for a comprehensive understanding of desert ecosystems.

Dispersal syndromes of Vachellia caven: Dismantling introduction hypotheses and the role of man as a conceptual support for an archaeophyte in South America

Vachellia caven has a disjunct distribution at the southern cone of South America, occupying two major ranges: west of Andes (Central Chile) and east of them (mainly the South American Gran Chaco). For decades, the species has been subject to various ecological and natural history studies across its distribution, but questions concerning its origin in the western range remain unresolved. Thus far, it is unclear whether Vachellia caven was always a natural component of the Chilean forests, and "how" and "when" the species arrived in the country. In this study, we revised the dispersal syndromes of the species and contrast the two main hypotheses of dispersion to the west of Andes that have been proposed in the 90's, namely animal versus human-mediated dispersal. For this, we reviewed all scientific literature on the species and explored the available information on morphology, genetics, fossil records and distribution patterns of closely related species. Here we illustrate how the collected evidence provides support for the human-mediated dispersal hypothesis, by including a conceptual synthesis that summarizes the outcomes of different dispersal scenarios. Lastly, and regarding the positive ecological effects this species has in the introduced area, we suggest reconsidering the (underappreciated) historical impacts of archaeophytes and rethinking the role that indigenous human tribes may have had in the dispersion of different plants in South America.

A Comparative Approach to Understanding Floral Adaptation to Climate and Pollinators During Diversification in European and Mediterranean Silene

Pollinator selection on floral traits is a well-studied phenomenon, but less is known about the influence of climate on this species interaction. Floral trait evolution could be a result of both adaptation to climate and pollinator-mediated selection. In addition, climate may also determine pollinator communities, leading to an indirect influence of climate on floral traits. In this study, we present evidence of both direct and indirect effects of climate on plant morphology through a phylogenetic comparative analysis of the relationships between climate, pollinators, and morphology in 89 European and Mediterranean Silene species. Climate directly influences vegetative morphology, where both leaf size and internode length were found to be smaller in habitats that are warmer in the driest quarter of the year and that have more precipitation in the coldest quarter of the year. Similarly, flower size was directly influenced by climate, where smaller calyxes were also associated with habitats that are warmer in the driest quarter of the year. These results suggest that reduced leaf and flower size promote water conservation in species that occupy arid climates. Floral traits also evolved in response to pollinators, with elongated calyxes associated with nocturnal pollination, though we also found evidence that climate influences pollinator distribution. Nocturnal pollinators of Silene are found in habitats that have more temperature evenness across seasons than diurnal pollinators. Correspondingly, nocturnally-pollinated Silene are more likely to occur in habitats that have lower daily temperature fluctuation and more temperature evenness across seasons. Altogether these results show that climate can directly influence vegetative and floral morphology, but it can also affect pollinator distribution, which in turn drives floral adaptation. Our study therefore suggests that climate mediates the influence of species interactions on trait evolution by imposing direct selective demands on floral phenotypes and by determining the pollinator community that imposes its own selective demands on flowers.

Growth and Nutritional Quality of Lemnaceae Viewed Comparatively in an Ecological and Evolutionary Context

This review focuses on recently characterized traits of the aquatic floating plant Lemna with an emphasis on its capacity to combine rapid growth with the accumulation of high levels of the essential human micronutrient zeaxanthin due to an unusual pigment composition not seen in other fast-growing plants. In addition, Lemna's response to elevated CO₂ was evaluated in the context of the source-sink balance between plant sugar production and consumption. These and other traits of Lemnaceae are compared with those of other floating aquatic plants as well as terrestrial plants adapted to different environments. It was concluded that the unique features of aquatic plants reflect adaptations to the freshwater environment, including rapid growth, high productivity, and exceptionally strong accumulation of high-quality vegetative storage protein and human antioxidant micronutrients. It was further concluded that the insensitivity of growth rate to environmental conditions and plant source-sink imbalance may allow duckweeds to take advantage of elevated atmospheric CO₂ levels via particularly strong stimulation of biomass production and only minor declines in the growth of new tissue. It is proposed that declines in nutritional quality under elevated CO₂ (due to regulatory adjustments in photosynthetic metabolism) may be mitigated by plant-microbe interaction, for which duckweeds have a high propensity.

Dynamics of leaf water relations components in co-occurring iso- and anisohydric conifer species

Because iso- and anisohydric species differ in stomatal regulation of the rate and magnitude of fluctuations in shoot water potential, they may be expected to show differences in the plasticity of their shoot water relations components, but explicit comparisons of this nature have rarely been made. We subjected excised shoots of co-occurring anisohydric Juniperus monosperma and isohydric Pinus edulis to pressure-volume analysis with and without prior artificial rehydration. In J. monosperma, the shoot water potential at turgor loss (Ψ(TLP)) ranged from -3.4 MPa in artificially rehydrated shoots to -6.6 MPa in shoots with an initial Ψ of -5.5 MPa, whereas in P. edulis mean Ψ(TLP) remained at ∼ -3.0 MPa over a range of initial Ψ from -0.1 to -2.3 MPa. The shoot osmotic potential at full turgor and the bulk modulus of elasticity also declined sharply with shoot Ψ in J. monosperma, but not in P. edulis. The contrasting behaviour of J. monosperma and P. edulis reflects differences in their capacity for homeostatic regulation of turgor that may be representative of aniso- and isohydric species in general, and may also be associated with the greater capacity of J. monosperma to withstand severe drought.

Biological Feedbacks in Global Desertification

Studies of ecosystem processes on the Jornada Experimental Range in southern New Mexico suggest that longterm grazing of semiarid grasslands leads to an increase in the spatial and temporal heterogeneity of water, nitrogen, and other soil resources. Heterogeneity of soil resources promotes invasion by desert shrubs, which leads to a further localization of soil resources under shrub canopies. In the barren area between shrubs, soil fertility is lost by erosion and gaseous emissions. This positive feedback leads to the desertification of formerly productive land in southern New Mexico and in other regions, such as the Sahel. Future desertification is likely to be exacerbated by global climate warming and to cause significant changes in global biogeochemical cycles.