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Pavlin J, Nagel TA, Svitok M, Di Filippo A, Mikac S, Keren S, Dikku A, Toromani E, Panayotov M, Zlatanov T, Haruta O, Dorog S, Chaskovskyy O, Bače R, Begović K, Buechling A, Dušátko M, Frankovič M, Janda P, Kameniar O, Kozák D, Marchand W, Mikoláš M, Rodrigo R, Svoboda M. Pathways and drivers of canopy accession across primary temperate forests of Europe. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 906:167593. [PMID: 37802334 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 10/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023]
Abstract
Canopy accession strategies reveal much about tree life histories and forest stand dynamics. However, the protracted nature of ascending to the canopy makes direct observation challenging. We use a reconstructive approach based on an extensive tree ring database to study the variability of canopy accession patterns of dominant tree species (Abies alba, Acer pseudoplatanus, Fagus sylvatica, Picea abies) in temperate mountain forests of Europe and elucidate how disturbance histories, climate, and topography affect canopy accession. All four species exhibited high variability of radial growth histories leading to canopy accession and indicated varying levels of shade tolerance. Individuals of all four species survived at least 100 years of initial suppression. Fir and particularly beech, however, survived longer periods of initial suppression, exhibited more release events, and reached the canopy later on average, with a larger share of trees accessing the canopy after initially suppressed growth. These results indicate the superior shade tolerance of beech and fir compared to spruce and maple. The two less shade-tolerant species conversely relied on faster growth rates, revealing their competitive advantage in non-suppressed conditions. Additionally, spruce from higher-elevation spruce-dominated forests survived shorter periods of initial shading and exhibited fewer releases, with a larger share of trees reaching the canopy after open canopy recruitment (i.e. in absence of suppression) and no subsequent releases compared to spruce growing in lower-elevation mixed forests. Finally, disturbance factors were identified as the primary driver of canopy accession, whereby disturbances accelerate canopy accession and consequently regulate competitive interactions. Intensifying disturbance regimes could thus promote shifts in species composition, particularly in favour of faster-growing, more light-demanding species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Pavlin
- Department of Forest Ecology, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcka 129, 165 21 Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Thomas A Nagel
- Department of Forest Ecology, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcka 129, 165 21 Prague, Czech Republic; Department of Forestry and Renewable Forest Resources, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 83, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Marek Svitok
- Department of Forest Ecology, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcka 129, 165 21 Prague, Czech Republic; Department of Biology and General Ecology, Faculty of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Technical University in Zvolen, Masaryka 24, 96053 Zvolen, Slovakia
| | - Alfredo Di Filippo
- Department of Agriculture and Forest Sciences (DAFNE), University of Tuscia, Via SC de Lellis, 01100 Viterbo, Italy
| | - Stjepan Mikac
- Department of Forest Ecology and Silviculture, Faculty of Forestry, University of Zagreb, Svetošimunska cesta 25, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Srdjan Keren
- Faculty of Forestry, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Al. 29 Listopada 46, 31-425 Kraków, Poland
| | | | - Elvin Toromani
- Faculty of Forestry Sciences, Agricultural University of Tirana, 1029 Koder-Kamez, Albania
| | - Momchil Panayotov
- Department of Dendrology, University of Forestry Sofia, Kliment Ohridski 10 Blvd., 1797 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Tzvetan Zlatanov
- Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Research, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Gagarin Street 2, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Ovidiu Haruta
- Forestry and Forest Engineering Department, University of Oradea, Oradea, Romania
| | - Sorin Dorog
- Forestry and Forest Engineering Department, University of Oradea, Oradea, Romania
| | - Oleh Chaskovskyy
- Institute of Forest Management, Ukrainian National Forestry University, Vul. Henerala Chuprynky 103, 79031 Lviv, Ukraine
| | - Radek Bače
- Department of Forest Ecology, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcka 129, 165 21 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Krešimir Begović
- Department of Forest Ecology, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcka 129, 165 21 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Arne Buechling
- Department of Forest Ecology, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcka 129, 165 21 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Dušátko
- Department of Forest Ecology, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcka 129, 165 21 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Frankovič
- Department of Forest Ecology, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcka 129, 165 21 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Janda
- Department of Forest Ecology, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcka 129, 165 21 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ondrej Kameniar
- Department of Forest Ecology, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcka 129, 165 21 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Daniel Kozák
- Department of Forest Ecology, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcka 129, 165 21 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - William Marchand
- Department of Forest Ecology, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcka 129, 165 21 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Mikoláš
- Department of Forest Ecology, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcka 129, 165 21 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ruffy Rodrigo
- Department of Forest Ecology, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcka 129, 165 21 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Svoboda
- Department of Forest Ecology, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcka 129, 165 21 Prague, Czech Republic
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Policy interventions and competing management paradigms shape the long-term distribution of forest harvesting across the landscape. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2208360119. [PMID: 36191184 PMCID: PMC9564940 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2208360119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Industrial economic models of natural resource management often incentivize the sequential harvesting of resources based on profitability, disproportionately targeting the higher-value elements of the environment. In fisheries, this issue is framed as a problem of "fishing down the food chain" when these elements represent different trophic levels or sequential depletion more generally. Harvesting that focuses on high grading the most profitable, productive, and accessible components of environmental gradients is also thought to occur in the forestry sector. Such a paradigm is inconsistent with a stewardship ethic, entrenched in the forestry literature, that seeks to maintain or enhance forest condition over time. We ask 1) how these conflicting paradigms have influenced patterns of forest harvesting over time and 2) whether more recent conservation-oriented policies influenced these historical harvesting patterns. We use detailed harvest data over a 47-y period and aggregated time series data that span over a century on the central coast of British Columbia, Canada to assess temporal changes in how logging is distributed among various classes of site productivity and terrain accessibility, corresponding to timber value. Most of this record shows a distinct trend of harvesting shifting over time to less productive stands, with some evidence of harvesting occurring in increasingly less accessible forests. However, stewardship-oriented policy changes enacted in the mid-1990s appear to have strongly affected these trends. This illustrates both a profit-maximizing tendency to log down the value chain when choices are unconstrained and the potential of policy choices to impose a greater stewardship ethic on harvesting behavior.
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Hoffman KM, Starzomski BM, Lertzman KP, Giesbrecht IJW, Trant AJ. Old‐growth forest structure in a low‐productivity hypermaritime rainforest in coastal British Columbia, Canada. Ecosphere 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.3513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kira M. Hoffman
- Hakai Institute P.O. Box 309 Heriot Bay British ColumbiaV0P 1H0Canada
- School of Environmental Studies University of Victoria 3800 Finnerty Road Victoria British ColumbiaV8P 5C2Canada
- Bulkley Valley Research Centre P.O. Box 4274 Smithers British ColumbiaV0J 2N0Canada
- School of Environment, Resources and Sustainability University of Waterloo 200 University Avenue West Waterloo OntarioN2L 3G1Canada
| | - Brian M. Starzomski
- Hakai Institute P.O. Box 309 Heriot Bay British ColumbiaV0P 1H0Canada
- School of Environmental Studies University of Victoria 3800 Finnerty Road Victoria British ColumbiaV8P 5C2Canada
| | - Ken P. Lertzman
- Hakai Institute P.O. Box 309 Heriot Bay British ColumbiaV0P 1H0Canada
- School of Resource and Environmental Management Simon Fraser University 8888 University Drive Burnaby British ColumbiaV5A 1S6Canada
| | - Ian J. W. Giesbrecht
- Hakai Institute P.O. Box 309 Heriot Bay British ColumbiaV0P 1H0Canada
- School of Resource and Environmental Management Simon Fraser University 8888 University Drive Burnaby British ColumbiaV5A 1S6Canada
| | - Andrew J. Trant
- Hakai Institute P.O. Box 309 Heriot Bay British ColumbiaV0P 1H0Canada
- School of Environmental Studies University of Victoria 3800 Finnerty Road Victoria British ColumbiaV8P 5C2Canada
- School of Environment, Resources and Sustainability University of Waterloo 200 University Avenue West Waterloo OntarioN2L 3G1Canada
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Martin-Benito D, Pederson N, Lanter C, Köse N, Doğan M, Bugmann H, Bigler C. Disturbances and Climate Drive Structure, Stability, and Growth in Mixed Temperate Old-growth Rainforests in the Caucasus. Ecosystems 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10021-019-00462-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Benner J, Knudby A, Nielsen J, Krawchuk M, Lertzman K. Combining data from field surveys and archaeological records to predict the distribution of culturally important trees. DIVERS DISTRIB 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/ddi.12947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jordan Benner
- School of Resource and Environmental Management Simon Fraser University Burnaby British Columbia Canada
| | - Anders Knudby
- Department of Geography University of Ottawa Ottawa Ontario Canada
| | - Julie Nielsen
- School of Resource and Environmental Management Simon Fraser University Burnaby British Columbia Canada
| | - Meg Krawchuk
- Department of Forest Ecosystems & Society Oregon State University Corvallis Oregon
| | - Ken Lertzman
- School of Resource and Environmental Management Simon Fraser University Burnaby British Columbia Canada
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Comparison of LiDAR and Digital Aerial Photogrammetry for Characterizing Canopy Openings in the Boreal Forest of Northern Alberta. REMOTE SENSING 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/rs11161919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Forest canopy openings are a key element of forest structure, influencing a host of ecological dynamics. Light detection and ranging (LiDAR) is the de-facto standard for measuring three-dimensional forest structure, but digital aerial photogrammetry (DAP) has emerged as a viable and economical alternative. We compared the performance of LiDAR and DAP data for characterizing canopy openings and no-openings across a 1-km2 expanse of boreal forest in northern Alberta, Canada. Structural openings in canopy cover were delineated using three canopy height model (CHM) alternatives, from (i) LiDAR, (ii) DAP, and (iii) a LiDAR/DAP hybrid. From a point-based detectability perspective, the LiDAR CHM produced the best results (87% overall accuracy), followed by the hybrid and DAP models (47% and 46%, respectively). The hybrid and DAP CHMs experienced large errors of omission (9–53%), particularly with small openings up to 20m2, which are an important element of boreal forest structure. By missing these, DAP and hybrid datasets substantially under-reported the total area of openings across our site (152,470 m2 and 159,848 m2, respectively) compared to LiDAR (245,920 m2). Our results illustrate DAP’s sensitivity to occlusions, mismatched tie points, and other optical challenges inherent to using structure-from-motion workflows in complex forest scenes. These under-documented constraints currently limit the technology’s capacity to fully characterize canopy structure. For now, we recommend that operational use of DAP in forests be limited to mapping large canopy openings, and area-based attributes that are well-documented in the literature.
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Zhirin VM, Knyazeva SV, Eidlina SP. Estimation of Linkages between Biometric Indexes of Forests and Pattern of Canopy Spaces on Super-High-Resolution Satellite Images. CONTEMP PROBL ECOL+ 2019. [DOI: 10.1134/s1995425518070107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Tsai HC, Chiang JM, McEwan RW, Lin TC. Decadal effects of thinning on understory light environments and plant community structure in a subtropical forest. Ecosphere 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.2464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ho-Chen Tsai
- Department of Life Science; National Taiwan Normal University; No 88 Section 4, Ting-Chow Road Taipei 11677 Taiwan
| | - Jyh-Min Chiang
- Department of Life Science; Tunghai University; No. 1727, Section 4, Taiwan Boulevard Taichung 40704 Taiwan
| | - Ryan W. McEwan
- Department of Biology; The University of Dayton; 300 College Park Dayton Ohio 45469-2320 USA
| | - Teng-Chiu Lin
- Department of Life Science; National Taiwan Normal University; No 88 Section 4, Ting-Chow Road Taipei 11677 Taiwan
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Tree Death Not Resulting in Gap Creation: An Investigation of Canopy Dynamics of Northern Temperate Deciduous Forests. REMOTE SENSING 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/rs10010121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Ovaska K, Sopuck L, Robichaud D. Short-Term Effects of Variable-Retention Logging Practices on Terrestrial Gastropods in Coastal Forests of British Columbia. NORTHWEST SCIENCE 2016. [DOI: 10.3955/046.090.0304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kristiina Ovaska
- Biolinx Environmental Research Ltd. 1759 Colburne Place, Sidney, BC, Canada V8L 5A2
| | - Lennart Sopuck
- Biolinx Environmental Research Ltd. 1759 Colburne Place, Sidney, BC, Canada V8L 5A2
| | - David Robichaud
- Biolinx Environmental Research Ltd. 1759 Colburne Place, Sidney, BC, Canada V8L 5A2
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Vaughn NR, Asner GP, Giardina CP. Long-term fragmentation effects on the distribution and dynamics of canopy gaps in a tropical montane forest. Ecosphere 2015. [DOI: 10.1890/es15-00235.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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Duan RY, Huang MY, Wang XA. The distribution pattern of different patch types and heterogeneity of the light and temperature: Larix chinensis Beissn in Qinling Mountains (China). RUSS J ECOL+ 2014. [DOI: 10.1134/s1067413614030096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Gavin DG, Brubaker LB, Greenwald DN. Postglacial climate and fire-mediated vegetation change on the western Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA). ECOL MONOGR 2013. [DOI: 10.1890/12-1742.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Asner GP, Kellner JR, Kennedy-Bowdoin T, Knapp DE, Anderson C, Martin RE. Forest canopy gap distributions in the southern Peruvian Amazon. PLoS One 2013; 8:e60875. [PMID: 23613748 PMCID: PMC3626694 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0060875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2013] [Accepted: 03/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Canopy gaps express the time-integrated effects of tree failure and mortality as well as regrowth and succession in tropical forests. Quantifying the size and spatial distribution of canopy gaps is requisite to modeling forest functional processes ranging from carbon fluxes to species interactions and biological diversity. Using high-resolution airborne Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR), we mapped and analyzed 5,877,937 static canopy gaps throughout 125,581 ha of lowland Amazonian forest in Peru. Our LiDAR sampling covered a wide range of forest physiognomies across contrasting geologic and topographic conditions, and on depositional floodplain and erosional terra firme substrates. We used the scaling exponent of the Zeta distribution (λ) as a metric to quantify and compare the negative relationship between canopy gap frequency and size across sites. Despite variable canopy height and forest type, values of λ were highly conservative (λ mean = 1.83, s = 0.09), and little variation was observed regionally among geologic substrates and forest types, or at the landscape level comparing depositional-floodplain and erosional terra firme landscapes. λ-values less than 2.0 indicate that these forests are subjected to large gaps that reset carbon stocks when they occur. Consistency of λ-values strongly suggests similarity in the mechanisms of canopy failure across a diverse array of lowland forests in southwestern Amazonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory P Asner
- Department of Global Ecology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, California, United States of America.
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Rathbun LC, LeMay V, Smith N. Diameter growth models for mixed-species stands of Coastal British Columbia including thinning and fertilization effects. Ecol Modell 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2011.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Weiser A, Lepofsky D. Ancient Land Use and Management of Ebey's Prairie, Whidbey Island, Washington. J ETHNOBIOL 2009. [DOI: 10.2993/0278-0771-29.2.184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Manabe T, Shimatani K, Kawarasaki S, Aikawa SI, Yamamoto SI. The patch mosaic of an old-growth warm-temperate forest: patch-level descriptions of 40-year gap-forming processes and community structures. Ecol Res 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s11284-008-0528-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Gergel SE, Stange Y, Coops NC, Johansen K, Kirby KR. What is the Value of a Good Map? An Example Using High Spatial Resolution Imagery to Aid Riparian Restoration. Ecosystems 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/s10021-007-9040-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Davis H, Weir RD, Hamilton AN, Deal JA. Influence of phenology on site selection by female American black bears in coastal British Columbia. URSUS 2006. [DOI: 10.2192/1537-6176(2006)17[41:ioposs]2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Within community patch dynamics in a tropical montane rain forest of Hainan Island, South China. ACTA OECOLOGICA-INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ECOLOGY 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.actao.2005.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Parish R, Antos JA. Structure and dynamics of an ancient montane forest in coastal British Columbia. Oecologia 2004; 141:562-76. [PMID: 15322898 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-004-1690-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2004] [Accepted: 07/13/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Old-growth forests are common in the snowy, montane environments of coastal western North America. To examine dynamics of a stand containing four canopy tree species (Abies amabilis, Chamaecyparis nootkatensis, Tsuga mertensiana and T. heterophylla), we used four stem-mapped, 50 m x 50 m plots. From measurements of annual rings, we obtained ages from basal discs of 1,336 live trees, developed master chronologies for each species, reconstructed early growth rates, and delineated periods of release. The stand was ancient; individuals of all four species exceeded 900 years in age, and the oldest tree exceeded 1,400 years. The four plots differed in the timing of events, and we found no evidence of major, stand-level disturbance. Instead the stand was structured by small-scale patch dynamics, resulting from events that affected one to several trees and initiated episodes of release and relatively rapid early growth. The species differed in age structure and dynamics. A. amabilis and T. heterophylla had a classical reverse-J age structure indicative of stable populations, whereas C. nootkatensis and T. mertensiana appeared to rely on local episodes of increased recruitment, which were often separated by centuries, and were probably related to multiple-tree gaps that occurred infrequently. However, such gaps could be considered normal in the long-term history of the stand, and thus these species with their long life spans can persist. Most individuals of all four species grew extremely slowly, with trees typically spending centuries in the understory before reaching the canopy, where they were able to persist for additional centuries. Thus, the key features of this forest are the very slow dynamics dominated by small-scale events, and the slow growth of stress-tolerant trees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Parish
- Research Branch, BC Ministry of Forests, P.O. Box 9519, Stn. Prov. Govt., Victoria, BC, V8 W 9C2, Canada.
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GOODSELL PJ, FOWLER-WALKER MJ, GILLANDERS BM, CONNELL SD. Variations in the configuration of algae in subtidal forests: Implications for invertebrate assemblages. AUSTRAL ECOL 2004. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1442-9993.2004.01372.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Walters BB. Local Mangrove Planting in the Philippines: Are Fisherfolk and Fishpond Owners Effective Restorationists? Restor Ecol 2001. [DOI: 10.1046/j.1526-100x.2000.80035.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bradley B. Walters
- Human Ecology Department and Graduate Program in Ecology & Evolution , Cook College, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901‐8520, U.S.A
- Current address: Department of Geography , Mount Allison University, 144 Main St., Sackville, N.B. Canada E4L 1A7
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Kramer MG, Hansen AJ, Taper ML, Kissinger EJ. ABIOTIC CONTROLS ON LONG-TERM WINDTHROW DISTURBANCE AND TEMPERATE RAIN FOREST DYNAMICS IN SOUTHEAST ALASKA. Ecology 2001. [DOI: 10.1890/0012-9658(2001)082[2749:acoltw]2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Mailly D, Kimmins J, Busing R. Disturbance and succession in a coniferous forest of northwestern North America: simulations with dryades, a spatial gap model. Ecol Modell 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0304-3800(99)00208-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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