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Changes in bee functional traits at community and intraspecific levels along an elevational gradient in a Mexical-type scrubland. Oecologia 2022; 200:145-158. [PMID: 36053349 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-022-05248-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the causes of morphological variation of organisms along climatic gradients has been a central challenge in ecological research. We studied the variation of community weighted mean (CWM) and two functional diversity metrics (Rao-Q and functional richness) computed for five morphological traits of wild bees (Hymenoptera: Apoidea) related to thermal performance (namely body size, relative appendage length and hairiness), at community and interspecific levels, along an elevation gradient in a Mexical-type scrubland. At the community level we found a decreasing CWM of body size pattern with increasing elevation which is consistent with the species-energy theory (and contrary to Bergmann's rule). We also found an increase in the CWM of relative tibia length, which is contrary to Allen's rule. Additionally, we found an increase in the CWM of relative hair length towards high levels of elevation, which would be consistent with the hypothesis that hairiness plays an important role as thermal insulation. We found that functional diversity was larger at low elevations with respect to high elevation for body size and hair length, which could imply that highland communities were more sensitive towards environmental changes than lowland communities. Overall, at intraspecific level, most of species showed no pattern for any of the traits along the elevation gradient. Future research should provide further evidence on the possible behavioral or physiological mechanisms behind it.
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Martínez de León R, Castellanos-Morales G, Moreno-Letelier A. Incipient speciation, high genetic diversity, and ecological divergence in the alligator bark juniper suggest complex demographic changes during the Pleistocene. PeerJ 2022; 10:e13802. [PMID: 35910768 PMCID: PMC9336613 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.13802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The most recent glacial cycles of the Pleistocene affected the distribution, population sizes, and levels of genetic structure of temperate-forest species in the main Mexican mountain systems. Our objective was to investigate the effects these cycles had on the genetic structure and distribution of a dominant species of the "mexical" vegetation across North and Central America. We studied the genetic diversity of Juniperus deppeana, a conifer distributed from the Southwestern United States to the highlands of Central America. We combined information of one plastid marker and two nuclear markers to infer phylogeographic structure, genetic diversity and demographic changes. We also characterized the climatic niche for each variety to infer the plausible area of suitability during past climatic conditions and to evaluate climatic niche discontinuities along with the species distribution. We found a marked phylogeographic structure separating the populations North and South of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec, with populations to the South of this barrier forming a distinct genetic cluster corresponding to Juniperus deppeana var. gamboana. We also found signals of population expansion in the Northern genetic cluster. Ecological niche modeling results confirmed climatic niche differences and discontinuities among J. deppeana varieties and heterogeneous responses to climatic oscillations. Overall, J. deppeana's genetic diversity has been marked by distribution shifts, population growth and secondary contact the North, and in situ permanence in the South since the last interglacial to the present. High genetic variation suggests a wide and climatically diverse distribution during climatic oscillations. We detected the existence of two main genetic clusters, supporting previous proposals that Juniperus deppeana and Juniperus gamboana may be considered two separate species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Martínez de León
- Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico,Jardín Botánico, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | | | - Alejandra Moreno-Letelier
- Jardín Botánico, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
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Osorio-Canadas S, Flores-Hernández N, Sánchez-Ortiz T, Valiente-Banuet A. Changes in the structure and composition of the 'Mexical' scrubland bee community along an elevational gradient. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0254072. [PMID: 34197555 PMCID: PMC8248643 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0254072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
'Mexical' scrubland is a sclerophyllous evergreen Mediterranean-like vegetation occurring in the leeward slopes of the main Mexican mountain ranges, under tropical climate. This biome occupies an elevational range approximately from 1900 to 2600 meters above sea level, which frequently is the upper-most part of the mountains range. This puts it at risk of extinction in a scenario of global warming in which an upward retraction of this type of vegetation is expected. The Mexical remains one of the least studied ecosystems in Mexico. For instance, nothing is known about pollinator fauna of this vegetation. Our main objective is to make a first insight into the taxonomic identity of the bee fauna that inhabits this biome, and to study how it is distributed along the elevational gradient that it occupies. Our results highlight that elevation gradient negatively affects bee species richness and that this relationship is strongly mediated by temperature. Bee abundance had no significant pattern along elevational gradient, but shows a significant relationship with flower density. Interestingly, and contrary to previous works, we obtained a different pattern for bee richness and bee abundance. Bee community composition changed strongly along elevation gradient, mainly in relation to temperature and flower density. In a global warming scenario, as temperatures increases, species with cold preferences, occupying the highest part of the elevation gradient, are likely to suffer negative consequences (even extinction risk), if they are not flexible enough to adjust their physiology and/or some life-story traits to warmer conditions. Species occupying mid and lower elevations are likely to extend their range of elevational distribution towards higher ranges. This will foreseeably cause a new composition of species and a new scenario of interactions, the adjustment of which still leaves many unknowns to solve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Osorio-Canadas
- Departamento de Ecología de la Biodiversidad, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Noé Flores-Hernández
- Departamento de Ecología de la Biodiversidad, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
- Departamento de Ciencias Ambientales, División de Ciencias Biológicas y de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Unidad Lerma, Lerma de Villada, Mexico
| | - Tania Sánchez-Ortiz
- Departamento de Ecología de la Biodiversidad, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Alfonso Valiente-Banuet
- Departamento de Ecología de la Biodiversidad, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
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Soejima A, Tanabe AS, Takayama I, Kawahara T, Watanabe K, Nakazawa M, Mishima M, Yahara T. Phylogeny and biogeography of the genus Stevia (Asteraceae: Eupatorieae): an example of diversification in the Asteraceae in the new world. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2017; 130:953-972. [PMID: 28536984 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-017-0955-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The genus Stevia comprises approximately 200 species, which are distributed in North and South America, and are representative of the species diversity of the Asteraceae in the New World. We reconstructed the phylogenetic relationships using sequences of ITS and cpDNA and estimated the divergence times of the major clade of this genus. Our results suggested that Stevia originated in Mexico 7.0-7.3 million years ago (Mya). Two large clades, one with shrub species and another with herb species, were separated at about 6.6 Mya. The phylogenetic reconstruction suggested that an ancestor of Stevia was a small shrub in temperate pine-oak forests and the evolutionary change from a shrub state to a herb state occurred only once. A Brazilian clade was nested in a Mexican herb clade, and its origin was estimated to be 5.2 Mya, suggesting that the migration from North America to South America occurred after the formation of the Isthmus of Panama. The species diversity in Mexico appears to reflect the habitat diversity within the temperate pine-oak forest zone. The presence of many conspecific diploid-polyploid clades in the phylogenetic tree reflects the high frequency of polyploidization among the perennial Stevia species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Soejima
- Department of Biological Science, Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, 860-8555, Japan.
| | - Akifumi S Tanabe
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan
| | - Izumi Takayama
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Takayuki Kawahara
- Hokkaido Research Center, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Sapporo, 062-8516, Japan
| | - Kuniaki Watanabe
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan
| | - Miyuki Nakazawa
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Misako Mishima
- University Museum, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 812-8581, Japan
| | - Tetsukazu Yahara
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
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López-Gil S, Nuño-Lámbarri N, Chávez-Tapia N, Uribe M, Barbero-Becerra VJ. Liver toxicity mechanisms of herbs commonly used in Latin America. Drug Metab Rev 2017; 49:338-356. [PMID: 28571502 DOI: 10.1080/03602532.2017.1335750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Mexico owns approximately 4500 medicinal plants species, a great diversity that position it at the second place after China. According to the Mexican health department, 90% of common population consumes them to treat various diseases. Additionally, herbal remedies in Latin America (LA) are considered a common practice, but the frequency of use and the liver damage related to its consumption is still unknown. Despite the high prevalence and indiscriminate herbal consumption, the exact mechanism of hepatotoxicity and adverse effects is not fully clarified and is still questioned. Some herb products associated with herb induced liver injury (HILI) are characterized by presenting a different chemical composition that may vary from batch to batch, also the biological activity of many medicinal plants and other natural products are directly related to their most active component and its concentration. There are two main biological components that are associated with liver damage, alkaloids, and flavonoids, which are frequent constituents of commonly used herbs. The interaction with the different cytochrome P-450 isoforms, inflammatory, and oxidative activities seem to be the main damage pathway involved in the liver. It is important to know the herbal adverse effects and mechanisms involved; therefore, this article is focused on the beneficial and deleterious effects as well as the possible toxicity mechanisms and interactions of the herbs that are frequently used in LA, since the herb-host interaction may not always be the expected or desired depending on the clinical context in which it is administered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofía López-Gil
- a Translational Research Unit , Medica Sur Clinic & Foundation , Mexico City , Mexico.,b Universidad Popular Autónoma del Estado de Puebla , Puebla , Mexico
| | - Natalia Nuño-Lámbarri
- a Translational Research Unit , Medica Sur Clinic & Foundation , Mexico City , Mexico
| | - Norberto Chávez-Tapia
- a Translational Research Unit , Medica Sur Clinic & Foundation , Mexico City , Mexico.,c Obesity and Digestive Diseases Unit , Medica Sur Clinic & Foundation , Mexico City , Mexico
| | - Misael Uribe
- c Obesity and Digestive Diseases Unit , Medica Sur Clinic & Foundation , Mexico City , Mexico
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Abd El-Ghani MM, Huerta-Martínez FM, Hongyan L, Qureshi R. The Deserts of Mexico. PLANT RESPONSES TO HYPERARID DESERT ENVIRONMENTS 2017:473-501. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-59135-3_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
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Sardans J, Peñuelas J, Rodà F. Plasticity of leaf morphological traits, leaf nutrient content, and water capture in the Mediterranean evergreen oakQuercus ilexsubsp.ballotain response to fertilization and changes in competitive conditions. ECOSCIENCE 2016. [DOI: 10.2980/i1195-6860-13-2-258.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Castillón EE, Arévalo JR, Quintanilla JÁV, Rodríguez MMS, Encina-Domínguez JA, Rodríguez HG, Ayala CMC. Classification and ordination of main plant communities along an altitudinal gradient in the arid and temperate climates of northeastern Mexico. Naturwissenschaften 2015; 102:59. [PMID: 26362779 DOI: 10.1007/s00114-015-1306-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Revised: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 08/19/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Quantitative data on the ecology of the main plant communities along an altitudinal gradient in northeastern Mexico were obtained with the aim of identifying the most important environmental variables that affect plant distribution and composition. The main threats to these communities were also investigated. Importance value index (IVi) of the 39 most important species and 16 environmental variables were recorded at 35 altitudinal gradients each spaced at intervals of at least 100-m altitude. Classification and ordination of vegetation showed six well-differentiated but overlapping plant communities: alpine meadow, cold conifer forest, mesic mixed forest, xeric scrub, Tamaulipan piedmont scrub, and halophytic grassland. Altitude, minimum and average temperatures, and organic matter content are the main variables affecting the plant distribution in northeastern Mexico. Urban growth, mechanized agriculture, and changes in land use are the main threats in the short and medium term to plant communities in this area. Climate change also seems to be having an impact at present or in the near future as shown by the presence of exotic shrubs from warmer areas in mesic and temperate areas inhabited by oak and oak-pine forest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Estrada Castillón
- Facultad de Ciencias Forestales, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Km 145 Carretera Nacional Linares-Cd. Victoria, A.P. 41, Linares, Nuevo León, 67700, Mexico.
| | - José Ramón Arévalo
- Departamento de Botánica, Ecología y Fisiología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de La Laguna, E-38206, Islas, Canarias, Spain.
| | - José Ángel Villarreal Quintanilla
- Departamento de Botánica, Universidad Autónoma Agraria Antonio Narro, Blvd. Antonio Narro, s/n, Buenavista, Saltillo, Coahuila, Mexico
| | - María Magdalena Salinas Rodríguez
- Facultad de Ciencias Forestales, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Km 145 Carretera Nacional Linares-Cd. Victoria, A.P. 41, Linares, Nuevo León, 67700, Mexico
| | - Juan Antonio Encina-Domínguez
- Departamento de Botánica, Universidad Autónoma Agraria Antonio Narro, Blvd. Antonio Narro, s/n, Buenavista, Saltillo, Coahuila, Mexico
| | - Humberto González Rodríguez
- Facultad de Ciencias Forestales, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Km 145 Carretera Nacional Linares-Cd. Victoria, A.P. 41, Linares, Nuevo León, 67700, Mexico
| | - César Martín Cantú Ayala
- Facultad de Ciencias Forestales, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Km 145 Carretera Nacional Linares-Cd. Victoria, A.P. 41, Linares, Nuevo León, 67700, Mexico
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Bioassay-guided isolation and identification of cytotoxic compounds from Gymnosperma glutinosum leaves. Molecules 2012; 17:11229-41. [PMID: 22996346 PMCID: PMC6268992 DOI: 10.3390/molecules170911229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2012] [Revised: 09/07/2012] [Accepted: 09/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Bioassay-guided fractionation of hexane extracts of Gymnosperma glutinosum (Asteraceae) leaves, collected in North Mexico, afforded the known compounds hentriacontane (1) and (+)-13S,14R,15-trihydroxy-ent-labd-7-ene (2), as well as the new ent-labdane diterpene (−)-13S,14R,15-trihydroxy-7-oxo-ent-labd-8(9)-ene (3). In addition, D-glycero-D-galactoheptitol (4) was isolated from the methanolic extract of this plant. Their structures were established on the basis of high-field 1D- and 2D NMR methods supported by HR-MS data. The cytotoxic activity was determined by using the in vitro L5178Y-R lymphoma murine model. Hentriacontane (1) and the new ent-labdane 3 showed weak cytotoxicity, whereas the ent-labdane 2 showed significant (p < 0.05) and concentration dependent cytotoxicity (up to 78%) against L5178Y-R cells at concentrations ranging from 7.8 to 250 µg/mL.
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10
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Functional and evolutionary correlations of steep leaf angles in the mexical shrubland. Oecologia 2009; 163:25-33. [DOI: 10.1007/s00442-009-1520-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2009] [Accepted: 11/12/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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BARCHUK ALICIAH, IGLESIAS MARÍADELROSARIO, BOETTO MARTAN. Spatial association ofAspidosperma quebracho-blancojuveniles with shrubs and conspecific adults in the Arid Chaco, Argentina. AUSTRAL ECOL 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1442-9993.2008.01846.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Bullock SH, Salazar Ceseña JM, Rebman JP, Riemann H. Flora and Vegetation of an Isolated Mountain Range in the Desert of Baja California. SOUTHWEST NAT 2008. [DOI: 10.1894/0038-4909(2008)53[61:favoai]2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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13
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Estrada E, Villarreal JA, Cantú C, Cabral I, Scott L, Yen C. Ethnobotany in the Cumbres de Monterrey National Park, Nuevo León, México. JOURNAL OF ETHNOBIOLOGY AND ETHNOMEDICINE 2007; 3:8. [PMID: 17263889 PMCID: PMC1805743 DOI: 10.1186/1746-4269-3-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2006] [Accepted: 01/30/2007] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND An ethnobotanical study in the Cumbres de Monterrey National Park (CMNP), Nuevo Leon, Mexico was conducted. In spite of the large area (1,773.7 km2), heterogeneous physiography, contrasting plant communities and high species diversity of the CMNP, very little was previously known about its useful plants. Based on 95 interviews with inhabitants of the region who were 35 years old or older, we recorded ethnobotanical data of 240 species (comprising 170 genera and 69 botanical families), and 146 different uses. Most of the cited uses (98) were found to be medicinal ones. METHODS Ninety five inhabitants 35 years old and oldest were interviewed to know what are the main plant uses in the Cumbres de Monterrey National Park. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Two hundred and forty species, 170 genera, and 69 families of useful plants and 146 different uses were recorded. We found most of the uses to be medicinal (98), while the rest (48) represent various purposes. Herbaceous plants are the most used, followed by shrubs and trees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Estrada
- Facultad de Ciencias Forestales, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, km 145 Carretera Nacional Linares-Cd. Victoria, A.P. 41, 67700, Linares, N.L., México
| | - José A Villarreal
- Departamento de Botánica, Universidad Autónoma Agraria Antonio Narro, Buenavista, Saltillo, Coahuila 25315, México
| | - César Cantú
- Facultad de Ciencias Forestales, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, km 145 Carretera Nacional Linares-Cd. Victoria, A.P. 41, 67700, Linares, N.L., México
| | - Ismael Cabral
- Facultad de Ciencias Forestales, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, km 145 Carretera Nacional Linares-Cd. Victoria, A.P. 41, 67700, Linares, N.L., México
| | - Laura Scott
- Facultad de Ciencias Forestales, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, km 145 Carretera Nacional Linares-Cd. Victoria, A.P. 41, 67700, Linares, N.L., México
| | - Carmen Yen
- Facultad de Ciencias Forestales, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, km 145 Carretera Nacional Linares-Cd. Victoria, A.P. 41, 67700, Linares, N.L., México
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Bhaskar R, Valiente-Banuet A, Ackerly DD. Evolution of hydraulic traits in closely related species pairs from Mediterranean and nonMediterranean environments of North America. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2007; 176:718-726. [PMID: 17897324 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2007.02208.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Chaparral shrubs in California experience cool, wet winters and hot, dry summers characteristic of mediterranean-type climates; by contrast, morphologically similar close relatives in central Mexico experience summer rainfall. A comparison of closely related species pairs was conducted to examine whether evolutionary divergences in plant hydraulic conductivity were associated with contrasting seasonality of precipitation. Six species pairs in Santa Barbara, California and Tehuacan, Mexico were chosen to test for repeated directional divergences across the habitat contrast. Additionally, evolutionary correlations were examined using phylogenetically independent contrasts (PICs) among a suite of hydraulic traits, including stem- and leaf-specific conductivity, resistance to embolism, wood density, inverse Huber value, and minimum seasonal water potential. Leaf-specific conductivity was generally higher in California, but for most hydraulic traits the species pairs exhibited varied evolutionary trajectories across the climate contrast. A significant correlation was found between divergences in xylem resistance to embolism and minimum seasonal water potential, but no evolutionary trade-off was found between resistance and stem conductivity. Higher leaf-specific conductivity may be adaptive in California, where soil and atmospheric droughts coincide during summer months. This response is consistent with a hydraulic strategy of high leaf water supply under high evaporative demand to prevent excessive drops in water potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radika Bhaskar
- Department of Biological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- (Present address) Department of Integrative Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Alfonso Valiente-Banuet
- Instituto de Ecologia, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Apartado Postal 70-275, UNAM, 04510 Mexico, D.F
| | - David D Ackerly
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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Valiente-Banuet A, Rumebe AV, Verdú M, Callaway RM. Modern Quaternary plant lineages promote diversity through facilitation of ancient Tertiary lineages. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006; 103:16812-7. [PMID: 17068126 PMCID: PMC1636537 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0604933103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 216] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the most important floristic sorting periods to affect modern plant communities occurred during the shift from the wet Tertiary period to the unusually dry Quaternary, when most global deserts developed. During this time, a wave of new plant species emerged, presumably in response to the new climate. Interestingly, most Tertiary species that have been tracked through the fossil record did not disappear but remained relatively abundant despite the development of a much more unfavorable climate for species adapted to moist conditions. Here we find, by integrating paleobotanical, ecological, and phylogenetic analyses, that a large number of ancient Tertiary species in Mediterranean-climate ecosystems appear to have been preserved by the facilitative or "nurse" effects of modern Quaternary species. Our results indicate that these interdependent relationships among plants have played a central role in the preservation of the global biodiversity and provided a mechanism for stabilizing selection and the conservation of ecological traits over evolutionary time scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfonso Valiente-Banuet
- Departamento de Ecología de la Biodiversidad, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, A.P. 70-275, C.P. 04510 México D.F., México.
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Ackerly DD. Adaptation, niche conservatism, and convergence: comparative studies of leaf evolution in the California chaparral. Am Nat 2004; 163:654-71. [PMID: 15122485 DOI: 10.1086/383062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2003] [Accepted: 09/26/2003] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Small leaves and low specific leaf area (SLA) have long been viewed as adaptations to Mediterranean-type climates in many species of evergreen woody plants. However, paleobotanical and floristic evidence suggests that in many cases these traits originated prior to the advent of the summer-drought climate regime. In this study, molecular phylogenies and ancestral state reconstructions were used to test the hypothesis of adaptive leaf evolution in 12 lineages of evergreen shrubs in the California chaparral. Across all lineages there was a small but significant shift toward lower SLA, but there were no trends in leaf size evolution. For individual lineages, adaptive changes were detected in only three cases for SLA and in one case for leaf size. Three of these cases of evolutionary change were observed in taxa derived from cool temperate ancestors (e.g., Heteromeles). In contrast, most lineages originating from subtropical ancestors exhibited relative stasis in leaf trait evolution (e.g., Ceanothus). The absence of change suggests that ancestors of chaparral taxa had already acquired appropriate traits that contributed to their success under Mediterranean-type climates. These results illustrate how biogeographic history may influence patterns of trait evolution and adaptation and highlight the contribution of ecological sorting processes to the assembly and functional ecology of regional biotas.
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Affiliation(s)
- David D Ackerly
- Department of Biological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA.
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Hernández T, Canales M, Avila JG, Duran A, Caballero J, Romo de Vivar A, Lira R. Ethnobotany and antibacterial activity of some plants used in traditional medicine of Zapotitlán de las Salinas, Puebla (México). JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2003; 88:181-188. [PMID: 12963140 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-8741(03)00213-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The village of Zapotitlán de las Salinas is situated in the Valley of Tehuacán-Cuicatlán, Puebla, Mexico. Plant species used by the local inhabitants to treat gastrointestinal diseases were identified using ethnobotanical, ethnographic and taxonomic methods. Out of 119 interviews, 44 plant species were registered, of which the following are the most frequently used (listed in descending order): Lippia graveolens H.B. et K. (Verbenaceae), Lantana achyranthifolia Desf. (Verbenaceae), Turnera diffusa (Willd.) ex Schult. (Turneraceae), Lippia oaxacana Rob. et Greenm. (Verbenaceae), Gymnolaena oaxacana (Greenm.) Rydb. (Asteraceae), Cordia curassavica (Jacq.) Roem. et Schult. (Boraginaceae), Lantana camara L. (Verbenaceae) and Acalypha hederacea Torrey (Euphorbiaceae). From these plants, hexane, chloroform and ethanol extracts were prepared in order to assess their antibacterial activity against 14 bacterial strains causing the most common gastrointestinal diseases in Mexican population. All hexane extracts showed antibacterial activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. There is a correlation between the frequency of mention (of plant use) and the antibacterial activity. In conclusion, the knowledge of plants most frequently used for gastrointestinal infections in Zapotitlán de las Salinas is supported by scientific rationale.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Hernández
- Laboratorio de Fitoquímica, UBIPRO, Facultad de Estudios Superiores-Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalnepantla 54090, Edo. de Mexico, Mexico.
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VERDÚ M, DÁVILA P, GARCÍA-FAYOS P, FLORES-HERNÁNDEZ N, VALIENTE-BANUET A. ‘Convergent’ traits of mediterranean woody plants belong to pre-mediterranean lineages. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2003. [DOI: 10.1046/j.1095-8312.2003.00160.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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