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Positive interactions among native and invasive vascular plants in Antarctica: assessing the “nurse effect” at different spatial scales. Biol Invasions 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10530-019-02016-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Zwolicki A, Zmudczyńska-Skarbek K, Matuła J, Wojtuń B, Stempniewicz L. Differential Responses of Arctic Vegetation to Nutrient Enrichment by Plankton- and Fish-Eating Colonial Seabirds in Spitsbergen. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:1959. [PMID: 28083002 PMCID: PMC5187377 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2016] [Accepted: 12/09/2016] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The role of seabirds as sea-land biovectors of nutrients is well documented. However, no studies have examined whether and how colonial seabirds that differ in diet may influence terrestrial vegetation. Therefore, the purpose of the study was to describe and compare plant communities located in the vicinity of the two most common types of seabird colonies in Arctic, occupied by piscivorous or planktivorous species. Within 46 plots arranged in four transects in the vicinity of planktivorous (little auk, Alle alle) and piscivorous colonies (mixed colony of Brunnich's guillemot, Uria lomvia, and black-legged kittiwake, Rissa tridactyla) we measured the following: guano deposition, physical and chemical characteristics of soil, total nitrogen and its stable isotope signatures in soil and plants, ground vegetation cover of vascular plants and mosses, and the occurrence of lichens, algae and cyanobacteria. Using LINKTREE analysis, we distinguished five plant communities, which reflected declining influence along a birds fertilization gradient measured as guano deposition. SIMPROOF test revealed that these communities differed significantly in species composition, with the differences related to total soil nitrogen content and δ15N, distinctive levels of phosphates, potassium and nitrates, and physical soil properties, i.e., pH, conductivity and moisture. The communities were also clearly distinguished by distance from the bird colony. The two colony types promoted development of specific plant communities: the immediate vicinity of the planktivorous colony characterized by a Deschampsia alpina-Cerastium arcticum community while under the piscivorous colony a Cochlearia groenlandica-Poa alpina community was present. Despite the similar size of the colonies and similar magnitude of guano input, differences between ornithogenic communities were connected mostly to phosphate content in the soil. Our results show that the guano input from seabirds which have different diets can affect High Arctic vegetation in specific and more complex ways than previously realized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Zwolicki
- Department of Vertebrate Ecology and Zoology, University of GdańskGdańsk, Poland
| | | | - Jan Matuła
- Institute of Biology, The Faculty of Biology and Animal Science, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life SciencesWrocław, Poland
- Department of Botany and Plant Ecology, The Faculty of Life Sciences and Technology, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life SciencesWrocław, Poland
| | - Bronisław Wojtuń
- Department of Ecology, Biogeochemistry and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of WrocławWrocław, Poland
| | - Lech Stempniewicz
- Department of Vertebrate Ecology and Zoology, University of GdańskGdańsk, Poland
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Aschehoug ET, Brooker R, Atwater DZ, Maron JL, Callaway RM. The Mechanisms and Consequences of Interspecific Competition Among Plants. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ECOLOGY EVOLUTION AND SYSTEMATICS 2016. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-121415-032123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
During the past 100 years, studies spanning thousands of taxa across almost all biomes have demonstrated that competition has powerful negative effects on the performance of individuals and can affect the composition of plant communities, the evolution of traits, and the functioning of whole ecosystems. In this review, we highlight new and important developments that have the potential to greatly improve our understanding of how plants compete and the consequences of competition from individuals to communities in the following major areas of research: (a) mechanisms of competition, (b) competitive effect and response, (c) direct and indirect effects of competition, (d) population-level effects of competition, (e) biogeographical differences in competition, and (f) conditionality of competition. Ecologists have discovered much about competition, but the mechanisms of competition and how competition affects the organization of communities in nature still require both theoretical and empirical exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik T. Aschehoug
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803
| | - Rob Brooker
- The James Hutton Institute, Aberdeen AB15 8QH, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel Z. Atwater
- Department of Plant Pathology, Physiology, and Weed Science, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061
| | - John L. Maron
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana 59812
| | - Ragan M. Callaway
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana 59812
- The Institute on Ecosystems, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana 59812
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Lara-Romero C, de la Cruz M, Escribano-Ávila G, García-Fernández A, Iriondo JM. What causes conspecific plant aggregation? Disentangling the role of dispersal, habitat heterogeneity and plant-plant interactions. OIKOS 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.03099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Lara-Romero
- Biodiversity and Conservation Area, ESCET, Univ. Rey Juan Carlos; C/Tulipán s/n ES-28933 Móstoles Madrid Spain
| | - Marcelino de la Cruz
- Biodiversity and Conservation Area, ESCET, Univ. Rey Juan Carlos; C/Tulipán s/n ES-28933 Móstoles Madrid Spain
| | | | - Alfredo García-Fernández
- Biodiversity and Conservation Area, ESCET, Univ. Rey Juan Carlos; C/Tulipán s/n ES-28933 Móstoles Madrid Spain
| | - Jose M. Iriondo
- Biodiversity and Conservation Area, ESCET, Univ. Rey Juan Carlos; C/Tulipán s/n ES-28933 Móstoles Madrid Spain
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Little CJ, Jägerbrand AK, Molau U, Alatalo JM. Community and species-specific responses to simulated global change in two subarctic-alpine plant communities. Ecosphere 2015. [DOI: 10.1890/es14-00427.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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Pescador DS, Chacón-Labella J, de la Cruz M, Escudero A. Maintaining distances with the engineer: patterns of coexistence in plant communities beyond the patch-bare dichotomy. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2014; 204:140-148. [PMID: 24954264 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2014] [Accepted: 05/17/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Two-phase plant communities with an engineer conforming conspicuous patches and affecting the performance and patterns of coexisting species are the norm under stressful conditions. To unveil the mechanisms governing coexistence in these communities at multiple spatial scales, we have developed a new point-raster approach of spatial pattern analysis, which was applied to a Mediterranean high mountain grassland to show how Festuca curvifolia patches affect the local distribution of coexisting species. We recorded 22 111 individuals of 17 plant perennial species. Most coexisting species were negatively associated with F. curvifolia clumps. Nevertheless, bivariate nearest-neighbor analyses revealed that the majority of coexisting species were confined at relatively short distances from F. curvifolia borders (between 0-2 cm and up to 8 cm in some cases). Our study suggests the existence of a fine-scale effect of F. curvifolia for most species promoting coexistence through a mechanism we call 'facilitation in the halo'. Most coexisting species are displaced to an interphase area between patches, where two opposite forces reach equilibrium: attenuated severe conditions by proximity to the F. curvifolia canopy (nutrient-rich islands) and competitive exclusion mitigated by avoiding direct contact with F. curvifolia.
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Affiliation(s)
- David S Pescador
- Departamento de Biología y Geología, Escuela Superior de Ciencias Experimentales y Tecnológicas, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, c/Tulipán s/n, E-28933, Móstoles, Spain
| | - Julia Chacón-Labella
- Departamento de Biología y Geología, Escuela Superior de Ciencias Experimentales y Tecnológicas, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, c/Tulipán s/n, E-28933, Móstoles, Spain
| | - Marcelino de la Cruz
- Departamento de Biología y Geología, Escuela Superior de Ciencias Experimentales y Tecnológicas, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, c/Tulipán s/n, E-28933, Móstoles, Spain
| | - Adrian Escudero
- Departamento de Biología y Geología, Escuela Superior de Ciencias Experimentales y Tecnológicas, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, c/Tulipán s/n, E-28933, Móstoles, Spain
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Effects of neighboring plants on the growth and reproduction of Deschampsia antarctica in Antarctic tundra. Polar Biol 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s00300-009-0646-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Eviner VT, Hawkes CV. Embracing Variability in the Application of Plant-Soil Interactions to the Restoration of Communities and Ecosystems. Restor Ecol 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1526-100x.2008.00482.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Bret-Harte MS, Mack MC, Goldsmith GR, Sloan DB, Demarco J, Shaver GR, Ray PM, Biesinger Z, Chapin FS. Plant functional types do not predict biomass responses to removal and fertilization in Alaskan tussock tundra. THE JOURNAL OF ECOLOGY 2008; 96:713-726. [PMID: 18784797 PMCID: PMC2438444 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2745.2008.01378.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2007] [Accepted: 03/07/2008] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Plant communities in natural ecosystems are changing and species are being lost due to anthropogenic impacts including global warming and increasing nitrogen (N) deposition. We removed dominant species, combinations of species and entire functional types from Alaskan tussock tundra, in the presence and absence of fertilization, to examine the effects of non-random species loss on plant interactions and ecosystem functioning.After 6 years, growth of remaining species had compensated for biomass loss due to removal in all treatments except the combined removal of moss, Betula nana and Ledum palustre (MBL), which removed the most biomass. Total vascular plant production returned to control levels in all removal treatments, including MBL. Inorganic soil nutrient availability, as indexed by resins, returned to control levels in all unfertilized removal treatments, except MBL.Although biomass compensation occurred, the species that provided most of the compensating biomass in any given treatment were not from the same functional type (growth form) as the removed species. This provides empirical evidence that functional types based on effect traits are not the same as functional types based on response to perturbation. Calculations based on redistributing N from the removed species to the remaining species suggested that dominant species from other functional types contributed most of the compensatory biomass.Fertilization did not increase total plant community biomass, because increases in graminoid and deciduous shrub biomass were offset by decreases in evergreen shrub, moss and lichen biomass. Fertilization greatly increased inorganic soil nutrient availability.In fertilized removal treatments, deciduous shrubs and graminoids grew more than expected based on their performance in the fertilized intact community, while evergreen shrubs, mosses and lichens all grew less than expected. Deciduous shrubs performed better than graminoids when B. nana was present, but not when it had been removed.Synthesis. Terrestrial ecosystem response to warmer temperatures and greater nutrient availability in the Arctic may result in vegetative stable-states dominated by either deciduous shrubs or graminoids. The current relative abundance of these dominant growth forms may serve as a predictor for future vegetation composition.
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Litaor MI, Williams M, Seastedt TR. Topographic controls on snow distribution, soil moisture, and species diversity of herbaceous alpine vegetation, Niwot Ridge, Colorado. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2007jg000419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. I. Litaor
- Department of Biotechnology and Environmental Sciences; Tel-Hai Academic College; Upper Galilee Israel
| | - M. Williams
- Geography Department, and INSTAAR; University of Colorado; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - T. R. Seastedt
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, and INSTAAR; University of Colorado; Boulder Colorado USA
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Abstract
The importance of interspecific competition as a cause of resource partitioning among species has been widely assumed but rarely tested. Using neighbor removals in combination with 15N tracer additions in the field, we examined variation among three alpine species in the uptake of 15N-NH4+, 15N-NO3-, and 15N-13C-[2]-glycine in intact neighborhoods, when paired with a specific neighbor, and when all neighbors were removed. Species varied in the capacity to take up 15N-labeled NH4+, NO3-, and glycine in intact neighborhoods and in interspecific pairs. When interspecific neighbor pairs were compared with no neighbor controls, neighbors reduced 15N uptake in target species by as much as 50%, indicating competition for N. Furthermore, neighbor identity influenced the capacity of species to take up different forms of N. Thus, competition within interspecific neighbor pairs often caused reduced uptake of a particular form of N, as well as shifts to uptake of an alternative form of N. Such shifts in resource use as a result of competition are an implicit assumption in studies of resource partitioning but have rarely been documented. Our study suggests that plasticity in the uptake of different forms of N may be a mechanism by which cooccurring plants reduce competition for N.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy E Miller
- Mountain Research Station, Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research, and Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA.
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The Response of Alpine Plants to Environmental Change: Feedbacks to Ecosystem Function. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1007/1-4020-3508-x_37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Drenovsky RE, Vo D, Graham KJ, Scow KM. Soil water content and organic carbon availability are major determinants of soil microbial community composition. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2004; 48:424-30. [PMID: 15692862 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-003-1063-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2003] [Accepted: 11/26/2003] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Exploration of environmental factors governing soil microbial community composition is long overdue and now possible with improved methods for characterizing microbial communities. Previously, we observed that rice soil microbial communities were distinctly different from tomato soil microbial communities, despite management and seasonal variations within soil type. Potential contributing factors included types and amounts of organic inputs, organic carbon content, and timing and amounts of water inputs. Of these, both soil water content and organic carbon availability were highly correlated with observed differences in composition. We examined how organic carbon amendment (compost, vetch, or no amendment) and water additions (from air dry to flooded) affect microbial community composition. Using canonical correspondence analysis of phospholipid fatty acid data, we determined flooded, carbon-amended (+C) microcosm samples were distinctly different from other +C samples and unamended (-C) samples. Although flooding without organic carbon addition influenced composition some, organic carbon addition was necessary to substantially alter community composition. Organic carbon availability had the same general effects on microbial communities regardless of whether it was compost or vetch in origin. In addition, flooded samples, regardless of organic carbon inputs, had significantly lower ratios of fungal to bacterial biomarkers, whereas under drier conditions and increased organic carbon availability the microbial communities had higher proportions of fungal biomass. When comparing field and microcosm soil, flooded +C microcosm samples were most similar to field-collected rice soil, whereas all other treatments were more similar to field-collected tomato soil. Overall, manipulating water and carbon content selected for microbial communities similar to those observed when the same factors were manipulated at the field scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- R E Drenovsky
- Department of Land, Air and Water Resources, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616-8627, USA.
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Graham SA, Turkington R. Population dynamics response of Lupinus arcticus to fertilization, clipping, and neighbour removal in the understory of the boreal forest. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1139/b00-039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A demographic study was conducted on field populations of Lupinus arcticus S. Wats. growing in the understory of a white spruce dominated forest, near Kluane Lake, Yukon. The relative effects of soil fertility level, neighbours, and herbivory were assessed using a factorial experiment of ± fertilizer (N-P-K), ± neighbour removal, and ± clipping. We monitored the dynamics of leaves and collected data on reproduction, survival, and size for two growing seasons. Fertilizing increased the incidence of disease on leaves and reduced reproductive efficiency. Clipping reduced leaf cohort survivorship, total leaf density, and the incidence of disease on leaves. Removing neighbours increased the percent cover of L. arcticus and decreased total leaf mortality. Treatments had no effect on the survival of leaves in early cohorts. Although there were some significant responses to treatments, the overall tendency was a lack of response, especially pertaining to leaf population dynamics. This low response to the treatments imposed is consistent with the argument that plants growing in low productivity, infrequently disturbed habitats should show little response to short-term changes in local environmental conditions. The results are also consistent with suggestions that plants in moderately stressed habitats should be more adapted to withstand grazing than competition.Key words: boreal forest, competition, demography, fertilization, population dynamics, Lupinus arcticus.
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