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Green BT, Welch KD, Lee ST, Stonecipher CA, Gardner DR, Stegelmeier BL, Davis TZ, Cook D. Biomarkers and their potential for detecting livestock plant poisonings in Western North America. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1104702. [PMID: 36908517 PMCID: PMC9992831 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1104702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The United States National Cancer Institute defines a biomarker as: "A biological molecule found in blood, other body fluids, or tissues that is a sign of a normal or abnormal process, or of a condition or disease." In Veterinary Medicine, biomarkers associated with plant poisonings of livestock have great utility. Since grazing livestock poisoned by toxic plants are often found dead, biomarkers of plant poisoning allow for a more rapid postmortem diagnosis and response to prevent further deaths. The presence and concentration of toxins in poisonous plants are biomarkers of risk for livestock poisoning that can be measured by the chemical analysis of plant material. More difficult is, the detection of plant toxins or biomarkers in biological samples from intoxicated or deceased animals. The purpose of this article is to review potential biomarkers of plant poisoning in grazing livestock in the Western North America including recently investigated non-invasive sampling techniques. Plants discussed include larkspur, lupine, water hemlock, swainsonine-containing plants, selenium-containing plants, and pyrrolizidine alkaloid containing plants. Other factors such as animal age and sex that affect plant biomarker concentrations in vivo are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedict T Green
- Poisonous Plant Research Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Logan, UT, United States
| | - Kevin D Welch
- Poisonous Plant Research Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Logan, UT, United States
| | - Stephen T Lee
- Poisonous Plant Research Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Logan, UT, United States
| | - Clinton A Stonecipher
- Poisonous Plant Research Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Logan, UT, United States
| | - Dale R Gardner
- Poisonous Plant Research Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Logan, UT, United States
| | - Bryan L Stegelmeier
- Poisonous Plant Research Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Logan, UT, United States
| | - T Zane Davis
- Poisonous Plant Research Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Logan, UT, United States
| | - Daniel Cook
- Poisonous Plant Research Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Logan, UT, United States
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Vertebral and spinal dysplasia: A novel dominantly inherited congenital defect in Holstein cattle. Vet J 2015; 204:287-92. [PMID: 25862397 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2015.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2014] [Revised: 03/11/2015] [Accepted: 03/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Monitoring and surveillance strategies are imperative for managing genetic defects in livestock populations in order to avoid detrimental effects on animal welfare and productivity. Recently, a number of previously unknown defects have been described in cattle, fostered by the huge progress in genome analysis and genomic selection. In response to reports about a potentially new defect in Holstein cattle, case-control studies were carried out to confirm a genetic background of the defect and to evaluate its phenotypic relevance. Eighty-five potentially affected offspring of a suspected carrier sire for the defect and 41 matched control calves were subjected to clinical and epidemiological monitoring on 39 farms. Forty-one animals, all offspring of the suspected carrier sire, showed pathognomonic tail malformations providing highly significant evidence for a congenital inherited defect, which was subsequently termed vertebral and spinal dysplasia (VSD). The defect is characterised by vertebral (specifically tail) deformities and neurological dysfunctions with gait abnormalities of the hind limbs. The deformities and neurological dysfunctions varied from very mild (only tail deformities) to severe (paraparesis). Detailed epidemiological monitoring provided no indication of environmental factors affecting VSD. The malformations and dysfunctions associated with VSD, as well as its mode of inheritance and the genotyping of the suspected carrier sire, indicated that VSD is a defect previously not described in cattle. VSD is inherited in a dominant mode, but shows incomplete penetrance of the phenotype, which impedes unequivocal identification of VSD carriers. A direct diagnostic genetic test for VSD is available.
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Panter KE, Welch KD, Gardner DR, Green BT. Poisonous plants: effects on embryo and fetal development. BIRTH DEFECTS RESEARCH. PART C, EMBRYO TODAY : REVIEWS 2013; 99:223-34. [PMID: 24339034 DOI: 10.1002/bdrc.21053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2013] [Accepted: 10/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2023]
Abstract
Poisonous plant research in the United States began over 100 years ago as a result of livestock losses from toxic plants as settlers migrated westward with their flocks, herds, and families. Major losses were soon associated with poisonous plants, such as locoweeds, selenium accumulating plants, poison-hemlock, larkspurs, Veratrum, lupines, death camas, water hemlock, and others. Identification of plants associated with poisoning, chemistry of the plants, physiological effects, pathology, diagnosis, and prognosis, why animals eat the plants, and grazing management to mitigate losses became the overarching mission of the current Poisonous Plant Research Laboratory. Additionally, spin-off benefits resulting from the animal research have provided novel compounds, new techniques, and animal models to study human health conditions (biomedical research). The Poisonous Plant Research Laboratory has become an international leader of poisonous plant research as evidenced by the recent completion of the ninth International Symposium on Poisonous Plant Research held July 2013 in Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China. In this article, we review plants that negatively impact embryo/fetal and neonatal growth and development, with emphasis on those plants that cause birth defects. Although this article focuses on the general aspects of selected groups of plants and their effects on the developing offspring, a companion paper in this volume reviews current understanding of the physiological, biochemical, and molecular mechanisms of toxicoses and teratogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kip E Panter
- USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Poisonous Plant Research Laboratory, 1150 East 1400 North, Logan, Utah, 84341
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Green BT, Welch KD, Panter KE, Lee ST. Plant toxins that affect nicotinic acetylcholine receptors: a review. Chem Res Toxicol 2013; 26:1129-38. [PMID: 23848825 DOI: 10.1021/tx400166f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Plants produce a wide variety of chemical compounds termed secondary metabolites that are not involved in basic metabolism, photosynthesis, or reproduction. These compounds are used as flavors, fragrances, insecticides, dyes, hallucinogens, nutritional supplements, poisons, and pharmaceutical agents. However, in some cases these secondary metabolites found in poisonous plants perturb biological systems. Ingestion of toxins from poisonous plants by grazing livestock often results in large economic losses to the livestock industry. The chemical structures of these compounds are diverse and range from simple, low molecular weight toxins such as oxalate in halogeton to the highly complex norditerpene alkaloids in larkspurs. While the negative effects of plant toxins on people and the impact of plant toxins on livestock producers have been widely publicized, the diversity of these toxins and their potential as new pharmaceutical agents for the treatment of diseases in people and animals has also received widespread interest. Scientists are actively screening plants from all regions of the world for bioactivity and potential pharmaceuticals for the treatment or prevention of many diseases. In this review, we focus the discussion to those plant toxins extensively studied at the USDA Poisonous Plant Research Laboratory that affect the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors including species of Delphinium (Larkspurs), Lupinus (Lupines), Conium (poison hemlock), and Nicotiana (tobaccos).
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedict T Green
- USDA/ARS Poisonous Plant Research Laboratory , 1150 East 1400 North, Logan, Utah 84341, USA
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Lee ST, Green BT, Welch KD, Jordan GT, Zhang Q, Panter KE, Hughes D, Chang CWT, Pfister JA, Gardner DR. Stereoselective Potencies and Relative Toxicities of γ-Coniceine and N-Methylconiine Enantiomers. Chem Res Toxicol 2013; 26:616-21. [DOI: 10.1021/tx400050r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen T. Lee
- Poisonous Plant Research Laboratory,
Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, 1150 E. 1400 N., Logan, Utah 84341,
United States
| | - Benedict T. Green
- Poisonous Plant Research Laboratory,
Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, 1150 E. 1400 N., Logan, Utah 84341,
United States
| | - Kevin D. Welch
- Poisonous Plant Research Laboratory,
Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, 1150 E. 1400 N., Logan, Utah 84341,
United States
| | - Glenn T. Jordan
- Cincinnati Hills Christian Academy, 11525 Snider Road, Cincinnati, Ohio
45249, United States
| | - Qian Zhang
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Utah State University, 0300 Old Main Hill, Logan, Utah
84322-0300, United States
| | - Kip E. Panter
- Poisonous Plant Research Laboratory,
Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, 1150 E. 1400 N., Logan, Utah 84341,
United States
| | - David Hughes
- Cincinnati Hills Christian Academy, 11525 Snider Road, Cincinnati, Ohio
45249, United States
| | - Cheng-Wei Tom Chang
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Utah State University, 0300 Old Main Hill, Logan, Utah
84322-0300, United States
| | - James A. Pfister
- Poisonous Plant Research Laboratory,
Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, 1150 E. 1400 N., Logan, Utah 84341,
United States
| | - Dale R. Gardner
- Poisonous Plant Research Laboratory,
Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, 1150 E. 1400 N., Logan, Utah 84341,
United States
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Lambers H, Clements JC, Nelson MN. How a phosphorus-acquisition strategy based on carboxylate exudation powers the success and agronomic potential of lupines (Lupinus, Fabaceae). AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2013; 100:263-88. [PMID: 23347972 DOI: 10.3732/ajb.1200474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Lupines (Lupinus species; Fabaceae) are an ancient crop with great potential to be developed further for high-protein feed and food, cover crops, and phytoremediation. Being legumes, they are capable of symbiotically fixing atmospheric nitrogen. However, Lupinus species appear to be nonmycorrhizal or weakly mycorrhizal at most; instead some produce cluster roots, which release vast amounts of phosphate-mobilizing carboxylates (inorganic anions). Other lupines produce cluster-like roots, which function in a similar manner, and some release large amounts of carboxylates without specialized roots. These traits associated with nutrient acquisition make lupines ideally suited for either impoverished soils or soils with large amounts of phosphorus that is poorly available for most plants, e.g., acidic or alkaline soils. Here we explore how common the nonmycorrhizal phosphorus-acquisition strategy based on exudation of carboxylates is in the genus Lupinus, concluding it is very likely more widespread than generally acknowledged. This trait may partly account for the role of lupines as pioneers or invasive species, but also makes them suitable crop plants while we reach "peak phosphorus".
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans Lambers
- School of Plant Biology, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia.
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White PJ, Windsor PA. Congenital chondrodystrophy of unknown origin in beef herds. Vet J 2012; 193:336-43. [PMID: 22633829 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2012.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2011] [Revised: 04/11/2012] [Accepted: 04/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Congenital chondrodystrophy of unknown origin (CCUO), often referred to as 'acorn calf disease' or congenital joint laxity and dwarfism (CJLD), has been reported in beef cattle in Canada, the United States, Europe, South Africa, New Zealand and Australia. An association of CCUO with grazing drought-affected pastures, feeding hay-only or silage-only diets or supplementation with apple pulp suggests a nutritional cause such as a mineral deficiency. This review compares published reports on CCUO in order to identify common features among outbreaks and to provide a basis for future research into the condition. A protocol for investigation of outbreaks is provided to improve the outcome of future comparisons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J White
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Camperdown 2006, Australia.
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Molyneux RJ, Panter KE. Alkaloids toxic to livestock. THE ALKALOIDS. CHEMISTRY AND BIOLOGY 2009; 67:143-216. [PMID: 19827367 DOI: 10.1016/s1099-4831(09)06703-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Russell J Molyneux
- Western Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Albany, California, USA.
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Lee ST, Panter KE, Welch KD, Pfister JA, Ralphs MH, Gardner DR, Stegelmeier BL, Cook D, Green BT, Davis TZ, Gay CC, Motteram ES. Lupine-Induced Crooked Calf Disease: The Last 20 Years. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.2111/1551-501x-30.6.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Lee ST, Green BT, Welch KD, Pfister JA, Panter KE. Stereoselective Potencies and Relative Toxicities of Coniine Enantiomers. Chem Res Toxicol 2008; 21:2061-4. [DOI: 10.1021/tx800229w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen T. Lee
- Poisonous Plant Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, 1150 E. 1400 N., Logan, Utah 84341
| | - Benedict T. Green
- Poisonous Plant Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, 1150 E. 1400 N., Logan, Utah 84341
| | - Kevin D. Welch
- Poisonous Plant Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, 1150 E. 1400 N., Logan, Utah 84341
| | - James A. Pfister
- Poisonous Plant Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, 1150 E. 1400 N., Logan, Utah 84341
| | - Kip E. Panter
- Poisonous Plant Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, 1150 E. 1400 N., Logan, Utah 84341
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Lee ST, Panter KE, Pfister JA, Gardner DR, Welch KD. The effect of body condition on serum concentrations of two teratogenic alkaloids (anagyrine and ammodendrine) from lupines (Lupinus species) that cause crooked calf disease. J Anim Sci 2008; 86:2771-8. [PMID: 18539842 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2007-0610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Several species of lupine (Lupinus spp.) are toxic to livestock, causing death losses in sheep and cattle but more commonly crooked calf disease in pregnant range cows. The major toxic alkaloids in lupine are of the quinolizidine alkaloid group and include the teratogen anagyrine, which is primarily responsible for crooked calf disease. Lupines also contain teratogenic piperidine alkaloids including ammodendrine. Previous work in sheep has shown that lupine alkaloid clearance may be influenced by the animal's physiological status. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine if differences in body condition of cattle would alter the absorption and elimination of anagyrine or ammodendrine given in a single oral dose as Lupinus leucophyllus or Lupinus sulphureus, respectively. Mature non-lactating cows in low body condition (LBC, n = 4) and high body condition (HBC, n = 4) received a single dose of dry ground lupine plant (2.0 g/kg of BW) via oral gavage. Lupinus leucophyllus (anagyrine) was dosed first; then after 21 d the same animals were dosed with L. sulphureus (ammodendrine). Blood samples were taken via jugular venipuncture 0 to 60 h after dosing. Serum anagyrine and ammodendrine concentrations were evaluated. The concentration of anagyrine was greater (P = 0.001) in the HBC group and peaked 2 h after dosing versus 12 h in LBC cows. Similarly for ammodendrine, the alkaloid concentration peaked at 3 h after dosing for the HBC group compared with 6 h for the LBC group (P = 0.001). Area under the curve tended to differ (P <or= 0.11) for both alkaloids in the HBC group compared with the LBC group. There were also differences in the maximum serum anagyrine (P = 0.02) and ammodendrine (P = 0.06) concentrations. Elimination half-life (E1/2) tended to differ (P = 0.12) between the HBC and LBC groups for ammodendrine. The kinetic profiles suggest that body condition influenced the disposition of these alkaloids. This study also suggests that body condition may impact the risk of toxicity, teratogenicity, or both of these alkaloids.
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Affiliation(s)
- S T Lee
- USDA-ARS Poisonous Plant Research Laboratory, Logan, UT 84341, USA.
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Lee ST, Cook D, Panter KE, Gardner DR, Ralphs MH, Motteram ES, Pfister JA, Gay CC. Lupine induced "crooked calf disease" in Washington and Oregon: identification of the alkaloid profiles in Lupinus sulfureus, Lupinus leucophyllus, and Lupinus sericeus. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2007; 55:10649-10655. [PMID: 18038992 DOI: 10.1021/jf0723110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Several lupines (Lupinus spp.) present on western U.S. rangelands contain alkaloids that are teratogenic to livestock and cause congenital birth defects in calves (crooked calf disease). Periodically, large losses of calves due to lupine-induced "crooked calf disease" occur in northern Oregon and eastern Washington state. Five lupine populations from this area representing three species (L. leucophyllus, L. sulfureus, and L. sericeus) were evaluated taxonomically and by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, and the major alkaloids in each lupine species were identified. The teratogenic alkaloid anagyrine was present in both of the lupine species responsible for the high outbreaks in east-central Washington and northeastern Oregon. However, the alkaloid profiles of the two lupines identified as L. leucophyllus were dissimilar, as were the alkaloid profiles of the two lupines identified as L. sulfureus. Botanical classification is not sufficient to determine potential teratogenicity, and it must be followed by chemical characterization to determine risk to livestock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen T Lee
- Poisonous Plant Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Logan, UT 84341, USA.
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Lopez-Ortiz S, Pfister J, Launchbaugh K, Gay C. Forage Availability and Body Condition Affect Intake of Lupine (Lupinus leucophyllus) by Grazing Cattle. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1532/s1080-7446(15)31006-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Lee ST, Ralphs MH, Panter KE, Cook D, Gardner DR. Alkaloid Profiles, Concentration, and Pools in Velvet Lupine (Lupinus leucophyllus) Over the Growing Season. J Chem Ecol 2006; 33:75-84. [PMID: 17146716 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-006-9211-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2006] [Accepted: 09/22/2006] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Lupinus leucophyllus is one of many lupine species known to contain toxic and/or teratogenic alkaloids that can cause congenital birth defects. The concentrations of total alkaloids and the individual major alkaloids were measured in three different years from different plant parts over the phenological development of the plant. All of the alkaloids were found in the different plant tissues throughout the growing season, although their levels varied in different tissues. Concentrations of total alkaloids and the individual alkaloids varied on an annual basis and in their distribution in the different tissues. Anagyrine levels were highest in the floral tissue, lupanine and unknown F accumulated to the greatest level in the vegetative tissue, and 5,6-dehydrolupanine accumulated to the highest level in the stem. These alkaloids appear to be in a metabolically active state with the teratogenic alkaloid anagyrine accumulating to its highest level in the developing seed. The latter is, thus, the phenological stage posing the greatest danger to grazing livestock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen T Lee
- Poisonous Plant Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, 1150 E. 1400 N, Logan, UT 84341, USA.
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Gay CC, Panter KE, Mealey KL, Gay JM, Hjartarson SW, Tibary A, Motteram ES, Wierenga T, James LF. Comparison of plasma disposition of alkaloids after lupine challenge in cattle that had given birth to calves with lupine-induced arthrogryposis or clinically normal calves. Am J Vet Res 2005; 65:1580-3. [PMID: 15566098 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.2004.65.1580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare plasma disposition of alkaloids after lupine challenge in cattle that had given birth to calves with lupine-induced arthrogryposis and cattle that had given birth to clinically normal calves and determine whether the difference in outcome was associated with differences in plasma disposition of anagyrine. ANIMALS 6 cows that had given birth to calves with arthrogryposis and 6 cows that had given birth to clinically normal calves after being similarly exposed to lupine during pregnancy. PROCEDURES Dried lupine (2 g/kg) was administered via gavage. Blood samples were collected before and at various time points for 48 hours after lupine administration. Anagyrine, 5,6-dehydrolupanine, and lupanine concentrations in plasma were measured by use of gas chromatography. Plasma alkaloid concentration versus time curves were generated for each alkaloid, and pharmacokinetic parameters were determined for each cow. RESULTS No significant differences in area under the plasma concentration versus time curve, maximum plasma concentration, time to reach maximum plasma concentration, and mean residence time for the 3 alkaloids were found between groups. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Because no differences were found in plasma disposition of anagyrine following lupine challenge between cattle that had given birth to calves with arthrogryposis and those that had not, our findings do not support the hypothesis that between-cow differences in plasma disposition of anagyrine account for within-herd differences in risk for lupine-induced arthrogryposis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clive C Gay
- Field Disease Investigation Unit, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-6610, USA
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James LF, Panter KE, Gaffield W, Molyneux RJ. Biomedical applications of poisonous plant research. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2004; 52:3211-30. [PMID: 15161174 DOI: 10.1021/jf0308206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Research designed to isolate and identify the bioactive compounds responsible for the toxicity of plants to livestock that graze them has been extremely successful. The knowledge gained has been used to design management techniques to prevent economic losses, predict potential outbreaks of poisoning, and treat affected animals. The availability of these compounds in pure form has now provided scientists with tools to develop animal models for human diseases, study modes of action at the molecular level, and apply such knowledge to the development of potential drug candidates for the treatment of a number of genetic and infectious conditions. These advances are illustrated by specific examples of biomedical applications of the toxins of Veratrum californicum (western false hellebore), Lupinus species (lupines), and Astragalus and Oxytropis species (locoweeds).
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynn F James
- Poisonous Plant Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, 1150 East 1400 North, Logan, Utah 84341, USA.
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Panter KE, Weinzweig J, Gardner DR, Stegelmeier BL, James LF. Comparison of cleft palate induction by Nicotiana glauca in goats and sheep. TERATOLOGY 2000; 61:203-10. [PMID: 10661910 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1096-9926(200003)61:3<203::aid-tera8>3.0.co;2-i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The induction of cleft palate by Nicotiana glauca (wild tree tobacco) during the first trimester of pregnancy was compared between Spanish-type goats and crossbred western-type sheep. Cleft palate was induced in 100% of the embryonic/fetal goats when their pregnant mothers were gavaged with N. glauca plant material or with anabasine-rich extracts from the latter, during gestation days 32-41. Seventy-five percent of newborn goats had cleft palate after maternal dosing with N. glauca during gestation days 35-41, while no cleft palates were induced when dosing periods included days 36-40, 37-39, or day 38 only. The induced cleft palates were bilateral, involving the entire secondary palates with complete detachment of the vomer. Eleven percent of the newborn goats from does gavaged during gestation days 32-41 had extracranial abnormalities, most often contractures of the metacarpal joints. Most of these contractures resolved spontaneously by 4-6 weeks postpartum. One newborn kid also had an asymmetric skull due to apparent fetal positioning. No cleft palates were induced in lambs whose mothers were gavaged with N. glauca plant or anabasine-rich extracts during gestation days 34-41, 35-40, 35-41, 36-41, 35-51, or 37-50. Only one of five lambs born to three ewes gavaged with N. glauca plant material during gestation days 34-55 had a cleft palate, but all five of these lambs had moderate to severe contractures in the metacarpal joints. The slight to moderate contracture defects resolved spontaneously by 4-6 weeks postpartum, but the severe contractures resolved only partially. Embryonic/fetal death and resorption (determined by ultrasound) occurred in 25% of pregnant goats fed N. glauca compared to only 4% of pregnant sheep. Nicotiana glauca plant material contained the teratogenic alkaloid anabasine at 0.175% to 0.23%, dry weight, demonstrating that Spanish-type goats are susceptible to cleft palate induction by the natural toxin anabasine, while crossbred western-type sheep are resistant. However, clinical signs of toxicity were equally severe in goats and sheep, even though maternal alkaloid tolerance was generally lower in sheep. We postulate that an alkaloid-induced reduction in fetal movement during the period of normal palate closure is the cause of the cleft palate and multiple flexion contractures. Teratology 61:203-210, 2000. Published 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- K E Panter
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Poisonous Plant Research Laboratory, Logan, Utah 84341, USA.
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