1
|
Nowruzi B, Hutarova L, Vešelenyiova D, Metcalf JS. Characterization of Neowestiellopsis persica A1387 (Hapalosiphonaceae) based on the cpcA, psbA, rpoC1, nifH and nifD gene sequences. BMC Ecol Evol 2024; 24:57. [PMID: 38711016 PMCID: PMC11075313 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-024-02244-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Complex descriptions of new strains of cyanobacteria appear very frequently. The main importance of these descriptions concerns potential new substances that they could synthesise, as well as their different properties as a result of their different ecological niches. The main gene used for these descriptions is 16 S with ITS or whole genome sequencing. Neowestiellopsis persica represents a unique example of the influence of ecology on morphological changes, with almost identical 16 S identity. Although our previously described Neowestiellopsis persica strain A1387 was characterized by 16 S analysis, we used different molecular markers to provide a way to separate strains of this genus that are closely related at the genetic level. MATERIALS AND METHODS In order to conduct an in-depth study, several molecular markers, namely psbA, rpoC1, nifD, nifH and cpcA were sequenced and studied in Neowestiellopsis persica strain A1387. RESULTS The results of the phylogenetic analysis, based on cpcA, showed that the studied strain A 1387 falls into a separate clade than N. persica, indicating that this signature sequence could be a useful molecular marker for phylogenetic separation of similar strains isolated in the future. CONCLUSIONS Analysis of strain A1387 based on gene differences confirmed that it is a Neowestiellopsis strain. The morphological changes observed in the previous study could be due to different ecological and cultivation conditions compared to the type species. At the same time, the sequences obtained have increased our understanding of this species and will help in the future to better identify strains belonging to the genus Neowestiellopsis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bahareh Nowruzi
- Department of Biotechnology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Daneshgah Blvd, Simon Bulivar Blvd, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Lenka Hutarova
- Institute of Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Ss. Cyril and Methodius in Trnava, Trnava, Slovakia
| | - Dominika Vešelenyiova
- Institute of Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Ss. Cyril and Methodius in Trnava, Trnava, Slovakia
| | - James S Metcalf
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH, 43403, USA
- Brain Chemistry Labs, Box 3464, Jackson, WY, 83001, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Padovan A, Kennedy K, Gibb K. A microcystin synthesis mcyE/ndaF gene assay enables early detection of microcystin production in a tropical wastewater pond. HARMFUL ALGAE 2023; 127:102476. [PMID: 37544676 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2023.102476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 06/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
Cyanobacteria can dominate the algal community in wastewater ponds, which can lead to the production of cyanotoxins and their release into the environment. We applied traditional and molecular techniques to identify cyanotoxin hazards and high-risk periods in a tropical wastewater treatment system. Potentially toxic cyanobacteria were identified by microscopy and amplicon sequencing over the course of a year. Toxin gene levels were monitored and compared to toxin production to identify likely toxin producing species and high-risk periods. Cyanobacteria were persistent in the effluent year-round, with Planktothrix and Microcystis the most abundant genera; Microcystis could not be resolved beyond genus using amplicon sequencing, but M. flos-aquae was identified as a dominant species by microscopy. Microcystin toxin was detected for the first time in treated effluent at the beginning of the wet season (December 2018), which correlated with an increase in Microcystis amplicon sequence abundance and elevated microcystin toxin gene (mcyE/ndaF) levels. Concomitantly, microscopy data showed an increase in M. flos-aquae but not M. aeruginosa. These data informed a refined sampling campaign in 2019 and results showed a strong correlation between mcyE/ndaF gene abundance, microcystin toxin levels and Microcystis amplicon sequence abundance. Microscopy data showed that in addition to M. flos-aquae, M. aeruginosa was also abundant in February and March 2019, with highest levels coinciding with toxin detection and toxin gene levels. M. aeruginosa was the most abundant Microcystis species detected in selected treated effluent samples by metagenomics analysis, and elevated levels coincided with toxin production. All microcystin genes in the biosynthesis pathway were detected, but microcystin genes from Planktothrix agardhii were not detected. Gene toxin assays were successfully used to predict microcystin production in this wastewater system. Changes in amplicon sequence relative abundance were a useful indicator of changes in the cyanobacterial community. We found that metagenomics was useful not just for identifying the most abundant Microcystis species, but the detection of microcystin biosynthesis genes helped confirm this genus as the most likely toxin producer in this system. We recommend toxin gene testing for the early detection of potential toxin producing cyanobacteria to manage the risk of toxicity and allow the implementation of risk management strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Padovan
- Research Institute for the Environment and Livelihoods, Ellengowan Drive, Casuarina, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, NT, Australia.
| | - Karen Kennedy
- Power and Water Corporation, Water Services, P.O. Box 37471, Winnellie, NT, Australia
| | - Karen Gibb
- Research Institute for the Environment and Livelihoods, Ellengowan Drive, Casuarina, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, NT, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Pessi IS, Popin RV, Durieu B, Lara Y, Tytgat B, Savaglia V, Roncero-Ramos B, Hultman J, Verleyen E, Vyverman W, Wilmotte A. Novel diversity of polar Cyanobacteria revealed by genome-resolved metagenomics. Microb Genom 2023; 9:mgen001056. [PMID: 37417735 PMCID: PMC10438808 DOI: 10.1099/mgen.0.001056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Benthic microbial mats dominated by Cyanobacteria are important features of polar lakes. Although culture-independent studies have provided important insights into the diversity of polar Cyanobacteria, only a handful of genomes have been sequenced to date. Here, we applied a genome-resolved metagenomics approach to data obtained from Arctic, sub-Antarctic and Antarctic microbial mats. We recovered 37 metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs) of Cyanobacteria representing 17 distinct species, most of which are only distantly related to genomes that have been sequenced so far. These include (i) lineages that are common in polar microbial mats such as the filamentous taxa Pseudanabaena, Leptolyngbya, Microcoleus/Tychonema and Phormidium; (ii) the less common taxa Crinalium and Chamaesiphon; (iii) an enigmatic Chroococcales lineage only distantly related to Microcystis; and (iv) an early branching lineage in the order Gloeobacterales that is distributed across the cold biosphere, for which we propose the name Candidatus Sivonenia alaskensis. Our results show that genome-resolved metagenomics is a powerful tool for expanding our understanding of the diversity of Cyanobacteria, especially in understudied remote and extreme environments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Igor S. Pessi
- Department of Microbiology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Helsinki Institute of Sustainability Science (HELSUS), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Rafael V. Popin
- Department of Microbiology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Benoit Durieu
- InBioS – Centre for Protein Engineering, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Yannick Lara
- Early Life Traces & Evolution-Astrobiology, UR-Astrobiology, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Bjorn Tytgat
- Laboratory of Protistology & Aquatic Ecology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Valentina Savaglia
- InBioS – Centre for Protein Engineering, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
- Laboratory of Protistology & Aquatic Ecology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Beatriz Roncero-Ramos
- InBioS – Centre for Protein Engineering, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, University of Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Jenni Hultman
- Department of Microbiology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Helsinki Institute of Sustainability Science (HELSUS), Helsinki, Finland
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (LUKE), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Elie Verleyen
- Laboratory of Protistology & Aquatic Ecology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Wim Vyverman
- Laboratory of Protistology & Aquatic Ecology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Annick Wilmotte
- InBioS – Centre for Protein Engineering, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Teneva I, Belkinova D, Paunova-Krasteva T, Bardarov K, Moten D, Mladenov R, Dzhambazov B. Polyphasic characterisation of Microcoleusautumnalis (Gomont, 1892) Strunecky, Komárek & J.R.Johansen, 2013 (Oscillatoriales, Cyanobacteria) using a metabolomic approach as a complementary tool. Biodivers Data J 2023; 11:e100525. [PMID: 38327371 PMCID: PMC10848847 DOI: 10.3897/bdj.11.e100525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2024] Open
Abstract
As a result of the continuous revision of cyanobacterial taxonomy, Phormidiumautumnale (Agardh) Trevisan ex Gomont, 1892 has been transferred to the genus Microcoleus as Microcoleusautumnalis (Gomont, 1892) Strunecky, Komárek & J.R.Johansen, 2013. This transfer was based on a single strain and literature data. In the present study, we revise the taxonomic position of Microcoleusautumnalis by applying the classical approach of polyphasic taxonomy and additionally using metabolomics. Cyanobacterial strains identified as Phormidiumautumnale and Microcoleusvaginatus (type species of the genus Microcoleus) were used for comparative analyses. In addition, the taxonomic relationship between the species Phormidiumautumnale and Phormidiumuncinatum was determined on the basis of polyphasic characteristics. Monitoring of the morphological variability of Phormidiumautumnale and Microcoleusvaginatus strains showed a difference in the morphology concerning the ends of the trichomes, the shape of the apical cells, as well as the presence/absence of the calyptra and its shape. The performed TEM analysis of the thylakoid arrangement of the studied strains showed parietal arrangement of the thylakoids in the representatives of genus Phormidium and fascicular arrangement in genus Microcoleus. Molecular genetic analyses, based on 16S rDNA, revealed grouping of the investigated P.autumnale strains in a separate clade. This clade is far from the subtree, which is very clearly formed by the representatives of the type species of genus Microcoleus, namely M.vaginatus. The metabolomic analysis involving P.autumnale and M.vaginatus strains identified 39 compounds that could be used as potential biochemical markers to distinguish the two cyanobacterial species. Based on the data obtained, we suggest changing of the current status of Microcoleusautumnalis by restoring its previous appurtenance to the genus Phormidium under the name Phormidiumautumnale (Agardh) Trevisan ex Gomont, 1892 and distinguishing this species from genus Microcoleus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ivanka Teneva
- Faculty of Biology, Plovdiv University “Paisii Hilendarski”, Plovdiv, BulgariaFaculty of Biology, Plovdiv University “Paisii Hilendarski”PlovdivBulgaria
| | - Detelina Belkinova
- Faculty of Biology, Plovdiv University “Paisii Hilendarski”, Plovdiv, BulgariaFaculty of Biology, Plovdiv University “Paisii Hilendarski”PlovdivBulgaria
- Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Research, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, BulgariaInstitute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Research, Bulgarian Academy of SciencesSofiaBulgaria
| | - Tsvetelina Paunova-Krasteva
- The Stephan Angeloff Institute of Мicrobiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, BulgariaThe Stephan Angeloff Institute of Мicrobiology, Bulgarian Academy of SciencesSofiaBulgaria
| | - Krum Bardarov
- InoBioTech Ltd., Sofia, BulgariaInoBioTech Ltd.SofiaBulgaria
| | - Dzhemal Moten
- Faculty of Biology, Plovdiv University “Paisii Hilendarski”, Plovdiv, BulgariaFaculty of Biology, Plovdiv University “Paisii Hilendarski”PlovdivBulgaria
| | - Rumen Mladenov
- Faculty of Biology, Plovdiv University “Paisii Hilendarski”, Plovdiv, BulgariaFaculty of Biology, Plovdiv University “Paisii Hilendarski”PlovdivBulgaria
| | - Balik Dzhambazov
- Faculty of Biology, Plovdiv University “Paisii Hilendarski”, Plovdiv, BulgariaFaculty of Biology, Plovdiv University “Paisii Hilendarski”PlovdivBulgaria
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Kohata R, Lim H, Kanamoto Y, Murakami A, Fujita Y, Tanaka A, Swingley W, Ito H, Tanaka R. Heterologous complementation systems verify the mosaic distribution of three distinct protoporphyrinogen IX oxidase in the cyanobacterial phylum. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2023; 136:107-115. [PMID: 36357749 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-022-01423-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The pathways for synthesizing tetrapyrroles, including heme and chlorophyll, are well-conserved among organisms, despite the divergence of several enzymes in these pathways. Protoporphyrinogen IX oxidase (PPOX), which catalyzes the last common step of the heme and chlorophyll biosynthesis pathways, is encoded by three phylogenetically-unrelated genes, hemY, hemG and hemJ. All three types of homologues are present in the cyanobacterial phylum, showing a mosaic phylogenetic distribution. Moreover, a few cyanobacteria appear to contain two types of PPOX homologues. Among the three types of cyanobacterial PPOX homologues, only a hemJ homologue has been experimentally verified for its functionality. An objective of this study is to provide experimental evidence for the functionality of the cyanobacterial PPOX homologues by using two heterologous complementation systems. First, we introduced hemY and hemJ homologues from Gloeobacter violaceus PCC7421, hemY homologue from Trichodesmium erythraeum, and hemG homologue from Prochlorococcus marinus MIT9515 into a ΔhemG strain of E. coli. hemY homologues from G. violaceus and T. erythraeum, and the hemG homologue of P. marinus complimented the E. coli strain. Subsequently, we attempted to replace the endogenous hemJ gene of the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC6803 with the four PPOX homologues mentioned above. Except for hemG from P. marinus, the other PPOX homologues substituted the function of hemJ in Synechocystis. These results show that all four homologues encode functional PPOX. The transformation of Synechocystis with G. violaceus hemY homologue rendered the cells sensitive to an inhibitor of the HemY-type PPOX, acifluorfen, indicating that the hemY homologue is sensitive to this inhibitor, while the wild-type G. violaceus was tolerant to it, most likely due to the presence of HemJ protein. These results provide an additional level of evidence that G. violaceus contains two types of functional PPOX.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryoya Kohata
- Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University, N19W8, Kita-Ku, Sapporo, 060-0819, Japan
| | - HyunSeok Lim
- Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University, N19W8, Kita-Ku, Sapporo, 060-0819, Japan
| | - Yuki Kanamoto
- Research Center of Inland Seas, Kobe University, Awaji, 656-2401, Japan
| | - Akio Murakami
- Research Center of Inland Seas, Kobe University, Awaji, 656-2401, Japan
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan
| | - Yuichi Fujita
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Ayumi Tanaka
- Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University, N19W8, Kita-Ku, Sapporo, 060-0819, Japan
| | - Wesley Swingley
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL, 60115, USA
| | - Hisashi Ito
- Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University, N19W8, Kita-Ku, Sapporo, 060-0819, Japan
| | - Ryouichi Tanaka
- Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University, N19W8, Kita-Ku, Sapporo, 060-0819, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Rasouli-Dogaheh S, Komárek J, Chatchawan T, Hauer T. Thainema gen. nov. (Leptolyngbyaceae, Synechococcales): A new genus of simple trichal cyanobacteria isolated from a solar saltern environment in Thailand. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0261682. [PMID: 34995289 PMCID: PMC8741055 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0261682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple trichal types constitute a group of cyanobacteria with an abundance of novel, often cryptic taxa. Here, we investigated material collected from wet surface-soil in a saline environment in Petchaburi Province, central Thailand. A morphological comparison of the isolated strain with similar known species, as well as its phylogenetic and species delimitation analyses based on the combined datasets of other related organisms, especially simple trichal cyanobacteria, revealed that the material of this study represented an independent taxon. Using a multifaceted method, we propose that this material represents a new genus, Thainema gen. nov., belonging to the family Leptolyngbyaceae, with the type species Thainema salinarum sp. nov. This novel taxon shares similar ecological habitats with strains previously placed in the same lineage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Somayeh Rasouli-Dogaheh
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Komárek
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Thomrat Chatchawan
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Tomáš Hauer
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Johansen JR, González-Resendiz L, Escobar-Sánchez V, Segal-Kischinevzky C, Martínez-Yerena J, Hernández-Sánchez J, Hernández-Pérez G, León-Tejera H. When will taxonomic saturation be achieved? A case study in Nunduva and Kyrtuthrix (Rivulariaceae, Cyanobacteria). JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY 2021; 57:1699-1720. [PMID: 34289115 DOI: 10.1111/jpy.13201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
A number of heterocytous, mat-forming, tapering cyanobacteria in Rivulariaceae have recently been observed in both the Atlantic and Pacific coasts in the rocky intertidal and supratidal zones. These belong to the genera Nunduva, Kyrtuthrix, and Phyllonema and have been the subject of several recent studies. Herein, two new species of Nunduva (N. komarkovae and N. sanagustinensis) and two new species of Kyrtuthrix (K. munecosensis and K. totonaca) are characterized and described from the coasts of Mexico. Genetic separation based on the 16S-23S ITS region was pronounced (>10% in all comparisons). Morphological differences between all existing species in these two genera were also observed, but the group is morphologically complex, and these taxa are considered pseudocryptic. Nunduva and Kyrtuthrix remain morphologically and phylogenetically separate even with the addition of new species. However, how long will this remain the case? Many new genera and species of cyanobacteria have recently been described. Will the taxonomy of cyanobacteria eventually become saturated? Will we start to see multiple populations for the same cryptic species, or will future taxonomists collapse multiple species into fewer species, or multiple genera into single genera. The description of even more Nunduva and Kyrtuthrix species causes us to pause and evaluate the future of cyanobacterial taxonomy. These same questions are faced by algal taxonomists studying other phyla, and the resolution may ultimately be similar.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey R Johansen
- Department of Biology, John Carroll University, University Heights, Ohio, 44118, USA
- Department of Botany, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 1760, Česke Budějovice, 370 05, Czech Republic
| | - Laura González-Resendiz
- Departamento de Procesos y Tecnología, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana- Cuajimalpa, Av. Vasco de Quiroga 4871, Ciudad de México, C.P. 053000, Mexico
| | - Viviana Escobar-Sánchez
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Coyoacán, Código Postal, Ciudad de México, 04510, Mexico
| | - Claudia Segal-Kischinevzky
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Coyoacán, Código Postal, Ciudad de México, 04510, Mexico
| | - José Martínez-Yerena
- Departamento de Biología Comparada, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Coyoacán, Código Postal, Ciudad de México, 04510, Mexico
| | - Joaquín Hernández-Sánchez
- Departamento de Biología Comparada, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Coyoacán, Código Postal, Ciudad de México, 04510, Mexico
| | - Gabriela Hernández-Pérez
- Departamento de Biología Comparada, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Coyoacán, Código Postal, Ciudad de México, 04510, Mexico
| | - Hilda León-Tejera
- Departamento de Biología Comparada, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Coyoacán, Código Postal, Ciudad de México, 04510, Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Hauerová R, Hauer T, Kaštovský J, Komárek J, Lepšová-Skácelová O, Mareš J. Tenebriella gen. nov. - the dark twin of Oscillatoria. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2021; 165:107293. [PMID: 34391914 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2021.107293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Oscillatoria has long been known to be polyphyletic. After recent resequencing of the reference strain for this genus, many Oscillatoria-like groups phylogenetically distant from the type species O. princeps remained unresolved. Here we describe one of these groups as a new genus Tenebriella. Most of the studied strains originate from Central Europe, where they are able to form prominent microbial mats. Despite the overall Oscillatoria-like morphology, Tenebriella can be distinguished by darker trichomes and forms a separate monophyletic clade in phylogenies inferred from the 16S rRNA gene and two additional loci (rpoC1, rbcLX). Within Tenebriella we recognize two new species differing from each other by morphological and ecological characteristics. First species does not fit any known taxon description, and thus is described as a new species T. amphibia. The latter one corresponds with the information available for Oscillatoria curviceps Agardh ex Gomont, and thus new combination T. curviceps is proposed. The phylogenetic analyses of the 16S-23S ITS region together with the comparison of the hypothetical secondary structures confirmed recognition of these two species and additionally revealed presence of a morphologically cryptic species Tenebriella sp. The results corroborate frequent recurrence of convergent morphotypes in the evolution of cyanobacteria and justify further exploration even of the intensively studied European freshwaters using molecular phylogenetics to discover new and ecologically relevant taxa.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Radka Hauerová
- University of South Bohemia, Faculty of Science, Branišovská 1760, 370 05, České Budějovice, Czech Republic; Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Soil Biology, Na Sádkách 702/7, 37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic.
| | - Tomáš Hauer
- University of South Bohemia, Faculty of Science, Branišovská 1760, 370 05, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Kaštovský
- University of South Bohemia, Faculty of Science, Branišovská 1760, 370 05, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Komárek
- University of South Bohemia, Faculty of Science, Branišovská 1760, 370 05, České Budějovice, Czech Republic; The Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Botany, Centre for Phycology, Dukelská 135, 379 82 Třeboň, Czech Republic
| | - Olga Lepšová-Skácelová
- University of South Bohemia, Faculty of Science, Branišovská 1760, 370 05, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Mareš
- University of South Bohemia, Faculty of Science, Branišovská 1760, 370 05, České Budějovice, Czech Republic; Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Hydrobiology, Na Sádkách 702/7, 37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
In vitro activity of reconstituted rubisco enzyme from Gloeobacter violaceus. J Biosci 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12038-021-00188-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
10
|
Abstract
Species of the floating, freshwater fern Azolla form a well-characterized symbiotic association with the non-culturable cyanobacterium Nostoc azollae, which fixes nitrogen for the plant. However, several cyanobacterial strains have over the years been isolated and cultured from Azolla from all over the world. The genomes of 10 of these strains were sequenced and compared with each other, with other symbiotic cyanobacterial strains, and with similar strains that were not isolated from a symbiotic association. The 10 strains fell into three distinct groups: six strains were nearly identical to the non-symbiotic strain, Nostoc (Anabaena) variabilis ATCC 29413; three were similar to the symbiotic strain, Nostoc punctiforme, and one, Nostoc sp. 2RC, was most similar to non-symbiotic strains of Nostoc linckia. However, Nostoc sp. 2RC was unusual because it has three sets of nitrogenase genes; it has complete gene clusters for two distinct Mo-nitrogenases and an alternative V-nitrogenase. Genes for Mo-nitrogenase, sugar transport, chemotaxis and pili characterized all the symbiotic strains. Several of the strains infected the liverwort Blasia, including N. variabilis ATCC 29413, which did not originate from Azolla but rather from a sewage pond. However, only Nostoc sp. 2RC, which produced highly motile hormogonia, was capable of high-frequency infection of Blasia. Thus, some of these strains, which grow readily in the laboratory, may be useful in establishing novel symbiotic associations with other plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brenda S. Pratte
- Department of Biology, University of Missouri–St. Louis, One University Blvd, St. Louis, MO 63121, USA
| | - Teresa Thiel
- Department of Biology, University of Missouri–St. Louis, One University Blvd, St. Louis, MO 63121, USA
- *Correspondence: Teresa Thiel,
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Demoulin CF, Lara YJ, Cornet L, François C, Baurain D, Wilmotte A, Javaux EJ. Cyanobacteria evolution: Insight from the fossil record. Free Radic Biol Med 2019; 140:206-223. [PMID: 31078731 PMCID: PMC6880289 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2019.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Revised: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Cyanobacteria played an important role in the evolution of Early Earth and the biosphere. They are responsible for the oxygenation of the atmosphere and oceans since the Great Oxidation Event around 2.4 Ga, debatably earlier. They are also major primary producers in past and present oceans, and the ancestors of the chloroplast. Nevertheless, the identification of cyanobacteria in the early fossil record remains ambiguous because the morphological criteria commonly used are not always reliable for microfossil interpretation. Recently, new biosignatures specific to cyanobacteria were proposed. Here, we review the classic and new cyanobacterial biosignatures. We also assess the reliability of the previously described cyanobacteria fossil record and the challenges of molecular approaches on modern cyanobacteria. Finally, we suggest possible new calibration points for molecular clocks, and strategies to improve our understanding of the timing and pattern of the evolution of cyanobacteria and oxygenic photosynthesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Catherine F Demoulin
- Early Life Traces & Evolution - Astrobiology, UR ASTROBIOLOGY, Geology Department, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium.
| | - Yannick J Lara
- Early Life Traces & Evolution - Astrobiology, UR ASTROBIOLOGY, Geology Department, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Luc Cornet
- Early Life Traces & Evolution - Astrobiology, UR ASTROBIOLOGY, Geology Department, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium; Eukaryotic Phylogenomics, InBioS-PhytoSYSTEMS, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Camille François
- Early Life Traces & Evolution - Astrobiology, UR ASTROBIOLOGY, Geology Department, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Denis Baurain
- Eukaryotic Phylogenomics, InBioS-PhytoSYSTEMS, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Annick Wilmotte
- BCCM/ULC Cyanobacteria Collection, InBioS-CIP, Centre for Protein Engineering, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Emmanuelle J Javaux
- Early Life Traces & Evolution - Astrobiology, UR ASTROBIOLOGY, Geology Department, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Konstantinou D, Voultsiadou E, Panteris E, Zervou SK, Hiskia A, Gkelis S. Leptothoe, a new genus of marine cyanobacteria (Synechococcales) and three new species associated with sponges from the Aegean Sea. JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY 2019; 55:882-897. [PMID: 31001838 DOI: 10.1111/jpy.12866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Cyanobacterial diversity associated with sponges remains underestimated, though it is of great scientific interest in order to understand the ecology and evolutionary history of the symbiotic relationships between the two groups. Of the filamentous cyanobacteria, the genus Leptolyngbya is the most frequently found in association with sponges as well as the largest and obviously polyphyletic group. In this study, five Leptolyngbya-like sponge-associated isolates were investigated using a combination of molecular, chemical, and morphological approach and revealed a novel marine genus herein designated Leptothoe gen. nov. In addition, three new species of Leptothoe, Le. sithoniana, Le. kymatousa, and Le. spongobia, are described based on a suite of distinct characters compared to other marine Leptolyngbyaceae species/strains. The three new species, hosted by four sponge species, showed different degrees of host specificity. Leptothoe sithoniana and Le. kymatousa hosted by the sponges Petrosia ficiformis and Chondrilla nucula, respectively, seem to be more specialized than Le. spongobia, which was hosted by the sponges Dysidea avara and Acanthella acuta. All three species contained nitrogen-fixing genes and may contribute to the nitrogen budget of sponges. Leptothoe spongobia TAU-MAC 1115 isolated from Acanthella acuta was shown to produce microcystin-RR indicating that microcystin production among marine cyanobacteria could be more widespread than previously determined.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Despoina Konstantinou
- Department of Botany, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, GR-541 24, Greece
- Department of Zoology, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, GR-541 124, Greece
| | - Eleni Voultsiadou
- Department of Zoology, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, GR-541 124, Greece
| | - Emmanuel Panteris
- Department of Botany, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, GR-541 24, Greece
| | - Sevasti-Kiriaki Zervou
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, NCSR "Demokritos", Athens, GR-153 10, Greece
| | - Anastasia Hiskia
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, NCSR "Demokritos", Athens, GR-153 10, Greece
| | - Spyros Gkelis
- Department of Botany, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, GR-541 24, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Mareš J, Johansen JR, Hauer T, Zima J, Ventura S, Cuzman O, Tiribilli B, Kaštovský J. Taxonomic resolution of the genus Cyanothece (Chroococcales, Cyanobacteria), with a treatment on Gloeothece and three new genera, Crocosphaera, Rippkaea, and Zehria. JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY 2019; 55:578-610. [PMID: 30830691 DOI: 10.1111/jpy.12853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The systematics of single-celled cyanobacteria represents a major challenge due to morphological convergence and application of various taxonomic concepts. The genus Cyanothece is one of the most problematic cases, as the name has been applied to oval-shaped coccoid cyanobacteria lacking sheaths with little regard to their phylogenetic position and details of morphology and ultrastructure. Hereby we analyze an extensive set of complementary genetic and phenotypic evidence to disentangle the relationships among these cyanobacteria. We provide diagnostic characters to separate the known genera Cyanothece, Gloeothece, and Aphanothece, and provide a valid description for Crocosphaera gen. nov. We describe two new genera, Rippkaea and Zehria, to characterize two distinct phylogenetic lineages outside the previously known genera. We further describe 13 new species in total including Cyanothece svehlovae, Gloeothece aequatorialis, G. aurea, G. bryophila, G. citriformis, G. reniformis, Gloeothece tonkinensis, G. verrucosa, Crocosphaera watsonii, C. subtropica, C. chwakensis, Rippkaea orientalis, and Zehria floridana to recognize the intrageneric diversity as rendered by polyphasic analysis. We discuss the close relationship of free-living cyanobacteria from the Crocosphaera lineage to nitrogen-fixing endosymbionts of marine algae. The current study includes several experimental strains (Crocosphaera and "Cyanothece") important for the study of diazotrophy and the global oceanic nitrogen cycle, and provides evidence suggesting ancestral N2 -fixing capability in the chroococcalean lineage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jan Mareš
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Biology Centre, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Na Sádkách 7, CZ-37005, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
- Department of Botany, University of South Bohemia, Faculty of Science, Branišovská 1760, CZ-37005, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Jeffrey R Johansen
- Department of Botany, University of South Bohemia, Faculty of Science, Branišovská 1760, CZ-37005, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
- John Carroll University, Department of Biology, University Heights, Ohio, 44118, USA
| | - Tomáš Hauer
- Department of Botany, University of South Bohemia, Faculty of Science, Branišovská 1760, CZ-37005, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
- Institute of Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Dukelská 135, CZ-37982, Třeboň, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Zima
- Institute of Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Dukelská 135, CZ-37982, Třeboň, Czech Republic
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 1760, CZ-37005, České Budějovice
| | - Stefano Ventura
- Firenze Unit, Institute of Ecosystem Study, National Research Council of Italy, via Madonna del Piano 10, I-500 19, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Oana Cuzman
- Institute for the Conservation and Valorization of Cultural Heritage, National Research Council of Italy, via Madonna del Piano 10, I-500 19, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Bruno Tiribilli
- Firenze Unit, Institute for Complex Systems, National Research Council of Italy, via Madonna del Piano 10, I-500 19, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Jan Kaštovský
- Department of Botany, University of South Bohemia, Faculty of Science, Branišovská 1760, CZ-37005, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Highly divergent 16S rRNA sequences in ribosomal operons of Scytonema hyalinum (Cyanobacteria). PLoS One 2017; 12:e0186393. [PMID: 29073157 PMCID: PMC5658200 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0186393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 09/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A highly divergent 16S rRNA gene was found in one of the five ribosomal operons present in a species complex currently circumscribed as Scytonema hyalinum (Nostocales, Cyanobacteria) using clone libraries. If 16S rRNA sequence macroheterogeneity among ribosomal operons due to insertions, deletions or truncation is excluded, the sequence heterogeneity observed in S. hyalinum was the highest observed in any prokaryotic species thus far (7.3-9.0%). The secondary structure of the 16S rRNA molecules encoded by the two divergent operons was nearly identical, indicating possible functionality. The 23S rRNA gene was examined for a few strains in this complex, and it was also found to be highly divergent from the gene in Type 2 operons (8.7%), and likewise had nearly identical secondary structure between the Type 1 and Type 2 operons. Furthermore, the 16S-23S ITS showed marked differences consistent between operons among numerous strains. Both operons have promoter sequences that satisfy consensus requirements for functional prokaryotic transcription initiation. Horizontal gene transfer from another unknown heterocytous cyanobacterium is considered the most likely explanation for the origin of this molecule, but does not explain the ultimate origin of this sequence, which is very divergent from all 16S rRNA sequences found thus far in cyanobacteria. The divergent sequence is highly conserved among numerous strains of S. hyalinum, suggesting adaptive advantage and selective constraint of the divergent sequence.
Collapse
|
15
|
Shalygin S, Shalygina R, Johansen JR, Pietrasiak N, Berrendero Gómez E, Bohunická M, Mareš J, Sheil CA. Cyanomargarita gen. nov. (Nostocales, Cyanobacteria): convergent evolution resulting in a cryptic genus. JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY 2017; 53:762-777. [PMID: 28403525 DOI: 10.1111/jpy.12542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 03/04/2017] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Two populations of Rivularia-like cyanobacteria were isolated from ecologically distinct and biogeographically distant sites. One population was from an unpolluted stream in the Kola Peninsula of Russia, whereas the other was from a wet wall in the Grand Staircase-Escalante National Monument, a desert park-land in Utah. Though both were virtually indistinguishable from Rivularia in field and cultured material, they were both phylogenetically distant from Rivularia and the Rivulariaceae based on both 16S rRNA and rbcLX phylogenies. We here name the new cryptic genus Cyanomargarita gen. nov., with type species C. melechinii sp. nov., and additional species C. calcarea sp. nov. We also name a new family for these taxa, the Cyanomargaritaceae.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sergei Shalygin
- Department of Biology, John Carroll University, University Heights, Ohio, 44118, USA
- Polar-Alpine Botanical Garden-Institute, Kola Science Center, Russian Academy of Science, Kirovsk-6, 184230, Russia
| | - Regina Shalygina
- Institute of Industrial Ecology Problems of the North, Kola Science Center, Russian Academy of Science, Akademgorodok 14a, Apatity, 184209, Russia
| | - Jeffrey R Johansen
- Department of Biology, John Carroll University, University Heights, Ohio, 44118, USA
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 31, České Budějovice, 370 05, Czech Republic
| | - Nicole Pietrasiak
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, New Mexico State University, 945 College Drive, Las Cruces, New Mexico, 88003, USA
| | - Esther Berrendero Gómez
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 31, České Budějovice, 370 05, Czech Republic
| | - Markéta Bohunická
- Institute of Botany of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Dukelská 135, Třeboň, 379 82, Czech Republic
- Research and Breeding Institute of Pomology, Holovousy 129, Hořice, 508 01, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Mareš
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 31, České Budějovice, 370 05, Czech Republic
- Institute of Botany of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Dukelská 135, Třeboň, 379 82, Czech Republic
- Biology Centre of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Institute of Hydrobiology, Na Sádkách 702/7, České Budějovice, 37005, Czech Republic
| | - Christopher A Sheil
- Department of Biology, John Carroll University, University Heights, Ohio, 44118, USA
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Thangaraj B, Rajasekar DP, Vijayaraghavan R, Garlapati D, Devanesan AA, Lakshmanan U, Dharmar P. Cytomorphological and nitrogen metabolic enzyme analysis of psychrophilic and mesophilic Nostoc sp.: a comparative outlook. 3 Biotech 2017; 7:107. [PMID: 28560647 PMCID: PMC5449278 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-017-0724-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyanobacterial diazotrophs play a significant role in environmental nitrogen economy despite their habitat either tropical or polar. However, the phenomenon by which it copes with temperature induced stress is poorly understood. Temperature response study of psychrophilic and mesophilic Nostoc strains explores their adaptive mechanisms. The selected psychrophilic and mesophilic strains were confirmed as Nostoc punctiforme and Nostoc calcicola respectively, by ultrastructure and 16S rDNA phylogeny. The psychrophilic strain has extensive glycolipid and polysaccharide sheath along with characteristic deposition of cyanophycin, polyhydroxybutyrate granules, and carboxysomes. This is possibly an adaptive strategy exhibited to withstand the freezing temperature and high intense of ultraviolet rays. The biomass measured in terms of dry weight, protein, and chlorophyll indicated a temperature dependant shift in both the psychrophilic and mesophilic strains and attained maximum growth in their respective temperature niches. At low temperature, psychrophilic organism exhibited nitrogenase activity, while mesophilic strains did not. The maximum glutamine synthetase activity was observed at 4 °C for psychrophilic and 37 °C for mesophilic strains. Activity at 4 °C in psychrophilic strains revealed their energetic mechanism even at low temperature. The nitrate and nitrite reductase of both psychrophilic and mesophilic strains showed maximum activity at 37 °C denoting their similar nitrogen assimilating mechanisms for combined nitrogen utilization. The activity studies of nitrogen fixation/assimilation enzymes have differential effects at varying temperatures, which provide valuable insights of physiological contribution and role of Nostoc strains in the biological nitrogen cycle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bhuvaneshwari Thangaraj
- National Facility for Marine Cyanobacteria (Sponsored by Department of Biotechnology, Govt. of India), Department of Marine Biotechnology, School of Marine Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, 620024, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Diana Princey Rajasekar
- National Facility for Marine Cyanobacteria (Sponsored by Department of Biotechnology, Govt. of India), Department of Marine Biotechnology, School of Marine Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, 620024, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Rashmi Vijayaraghavan
- Department of Microbiology, Srimad Andavan Arts and Science College (Autonomous), Tiruchirappalli, 620005, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Deviram Garlapati
- National Facility for Marine Cyanobacteria (Sponsored by Department of Biotechnology, Govt. of India), Department of Marine Biotechnology, School of Marine Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, 620024, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Arul Ananth Devanesan
- National Facility for Marine Cyanobacteria (Sponsored by Department of Biotechnology, Govt. of India), Department of Marine Biotechnology, School of Marine Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, 620024, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Uma Lakshmanan
- National Facility for Marine Cyanobacteria (Sponsored by Department of Biotechnology, Govt. of India), Department of Marine Biotechnology, School of Marine Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, 620024, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Prabaharan Dharmar
- National Facility for Marine Cyanobacteria (Sponsored by Department of Biotechnology, Govt. of India), Department of Marine Biotechnology, School of Marine Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, 620024, Tamil Nadu, India.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Ávila MP, Staehr PA, Barbosa FAR, Chartone-Souza E, Nascimento AMA. Seasonality of freshwater bacterioplankton diversity in two tropical shallow lakes from the Brazilian Atlantic Forest. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2016; 93:fiw218. [DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiw218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
|
18
|
Genetic characterization of Microcystis aeruginosa isolates from Portuguese freshwater systems. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 32:118. [PMID: 27263013 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-016-2063-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Cyanobacteria are microorganisms that pose a serious threat to the aquatic waterways through the production of dense blooms under eutrophic conditions and the release of toxic secondary metabolites-cyanotoxins. Within cyanobacteria, the colonial planktonic Microcystis aeruginosa is widely distributed in both fresh and brackish aquatic environments throughout the world being frequently observed in the Portuguese water systems. Apart from the well-established distribution of M. aeruginosa in Portugal, knowledge of its genetic diversity and population structure is unknown. Therefore, in this study twenty-seven strains were obtained from the North, Centre and South regions of Portugal and were subjected to extensive phylogenetic analyses using simultaneously four distinct genetic markers (16S rRNA, 16S-23S ITS, DNA gyrase subunit ß and cell division protein (ftsZ)) encompassing in total 2834 bp. With this work we characterized the phylogenetic relationship among the Portuguese strains, with the southern strains showing higher genetic structure relatively to the North and Centre strains. A total of fifteen genotypes were determined for M. aeruginosa in Portuguese water systems revealing a high genetic diversity. This is also the first study to report geographic variation on the population structure of the Portuguese M. aeruginosa.
Collapse
|
19
|
Gaget V, Welker M, Rippka R, de Marsac NT. A polyphasic approach leading to the revision of the genus Planktothrix (Cyanobacteria) and its type species, P. agardhii, and proposal for integrating the emended valid botanical taxa, as well as three new species, Planktothrix paucivesiculata sp. nov.ICNP, Planktothrix tepida sp. nov.ICNP, and Planktothrix serta sp. nov.ICNP, as genus and species names with nomenclatural standing under the ICNP. Syst Appl Microbiol 2015; 38:141-58. [PMID: 25757799 DOI: 10.1016/j.syapm.2015.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2013] [Revised: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Twenty strains of Planktothrix and five of 'Oscillatoria' were characterized by a polyphasic approach, for clarification of their taxonomic relationships. Emphasis was given to the strains (17) of the Pasteur Culture Collection of Cyanobacteria (PCC). Phenotypic characters analyzed comprised morphology, phycobiliprotein composition, temperature and salinity tolerance. The gvpA gas vesicle gene was detected by PCR in all strains, and transmission electron microscopy confirmed gas vesicle formation in the strains of 'Oscillatoria'. MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry revealed 13 chemotypes, nine of which produce microcystins. A multi-locus sequence typing (MLST) analysis was conducted using individual and concatenated nucleotide sequences of the 16S rDNA, internal transcribed spacer (ITS), gyrB, rpoC1 and rpoB. The results highlighted an unexpected diversity within the genus Planktothrix, showing that the five strains of 'Oscillatoria' need to be included in this taxon. Consequently, the genus consists of seven phylogenetic clusters, three of which represent new species, named Planktothrix paucivesiculata sp. nov.ICNP (type strain: PCC 8926T), Planktothrix tepida sp. nov.ICNP (type strain: PCC 9214T) and Planktothrix serta sp. nov.ICNP (type strain: PCC 8927T). These, together with the emended genus Planktothrix and its type species P. agardhii, valid taxa under the ICN, are described/re-described for gaining nomenclatural standing under the ICNP.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Cluster Analysis
- Cyanobacteria/classification
- Cyanobacteria/cytology
- Cyanobacteria/genetics
- Cyanobacteria/physiology
- Cytoplasmic Vesicles/ultrastructure
- DNA Gyrase/genetics
- DNA, Bacterial/chemistry
- DNA, Bacterial/genetics
- DNA, Ribosomal/chemistry
- DNA, Ribosomal/genetics
- DNA, Ribosomal Spacer/chemistry
- DNA, Ribosomal Spacer/genetics
- DNA-Directed RNA Polymerases/genetics
- Microscopy, Electron, Transmission
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Multilocus Sequence Typing
- Phycobiliproteins/analysis
- Phylogeny
- RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics
- Salinity
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization
- Temperature
- Terminology as Topic
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Virginie Gaget
- Institut Pasteur, Unité des Cyanobactéries, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) Unité de Recherche Associée (URA) 2172, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France; Centre d'Analyse Environnementales, Bât. Dufy, 1 place de Turenne, 94417 Saint-Maurice Cedex, France.
| | - Martin Welker
- AnagnosTec GmbH, Am Mühlenberg 11, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Rosmarie Rippka
- Institut Pasteur, Unité des Cyanobactéries, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) Unité de Recherche Associée (URA) 2172, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
| | - Nicole Tandeau de Marsac
- Institut Pasteur, Unité des Cyanobactéries, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) Unité de Recherche Associée (URA) 2172, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Lee E, Ryan UM, Monis P, McGregor GB, Bath A, Gordon C, Paparini A. Polyphasic identification of cyanobacterial isolates from Australia. WATER RESEARCH 2014; 59:248-261. [PMID: 24810741 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2014.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2013] [Revised: 04/10/2014] [Accepted: 04/12/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Reliable identification of cyanobacterial isolates has significant socio-economic implications as many bloom-forming species affect the aesthetics and safety of drinking water, through the production of taste and odour compounds or toxic metabolites. The limitations of morphological identification have promoted the application of molecular tools, and encouraged the adoption of combined (polyphasic) approaches that include both microscopy- and DNA-based analyses. In this context, the rapid expansion of available sequence data is expected to allow increasingly reliable identification of cyanobacteria, and ultimately resolve current discrepancies between the two approaches. In the present study morphological and molecular characterisations of cyanobacterial isolates (n = 39), collected from various freshwater sites in Australia, were compared. Sequences were obtained for the small ribosomal subunit RNA gene (16S rDNA) (n = 36), the DNA-dependent RNA polymerase gene (rpoC1) (n = 22), and the phycocyanin operon, with its intergenic spacer region (cpcBA-IGS) (n = 19). Phylogenetic analyses identified three cyanobacterial orders: the Chroococcales (n = 8), Oscillatoriales (n = 6), and Nostocales (n = 25). Interestingly, multiple novel genotypes were identified, with 22% of the strains (17/77) having <95% similarity to available sequences in GenBank. Morphological and molecular data were in agreement at the species level for only 26% of the isolates obtained (10/39), while agreement at the genus level was obtained for 31% (12/39). Confident identification of the remaining 44% of the strains (17/39) beyond the order level was not possible. The present study demonstrates that, despite the taxonomic revisions, and advances in molecular-, and bioinformatics-tools, the lack of reliable morphological features, culture-induced pleomorphism, and proportion of misidentified or poorly described sequences in GenBank, still represent significant factors, impeding the confident identification of cyanobacteria species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elvina Lee
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, 90 South Street, Murdoch, Western Australia 6150, Australia
| | - Una M Ryan
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, 90 South Street, Murdoch, Western Australia 6150, Australia
| | - Paul Monis
- Australian Water Quality Centre, South Australian Water Corporation, 250 Victoria Square, Adelaide 5000, Australia
| | - Glenn B McGregor
- Department of Science, Information Technology, Innovation and the Arts, GPO Box 5078, Brisbane, Queensland 4001, Australia
| | - Andrew Bath
- Drinking Water Quality Branch, Water Corporation, 629 Newcastle Street, Leederville, Western Australia 6007, Australia
| | - Cameron Gordon
- Drinking Water Quality Branch, Water Corporation, 629 Newcastle Street, Leederville, Western Australia 6007, Australia
| | - Andrea Paparini
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, 90 South Street, Murdoch, Western Australia 6150, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Capella-Gutierrez S, Kauff F, Gabaldón T. A phylogenomics approach for selecting robust sets of phylogenetic markers. Nucleic Acids Res 2014; 42:e54. [PMID: 24476915 PMCID: PMC3985644 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gku071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Reconstructing the evolutionary relationships of species is a major goal in biology. Despite the increasing number of completely sequenced genomes, a large number of phylogenetic projects rely on targeted sequencing and analysis of a relatively small sample of marker genes. The selection of these phylogenetic markers should ideally be based on accurate predictions of their combined, rather than individual, potential to accurately resolve the phylogeny of interest. Here we present and validate a new phylogenomics strategy to efficiently select a minimal set of stable markers able to reconstruct the underlying species phylogeny. In contrast to previous approaches, our methodology does not only rely on the ability of individual genes to reconstruct a known phylogeny, but it also explores the combined power of sets of concatenated genes to accurately infer phylogenetic relationships of species not previously analyzed. We applied our approach to two broad sets of cyanobacterial and ascomycetous fungal species, and provide two minimal sets of six and four genes, respectively, necessary to fully resolve the target phylogenies. This approach paves the way for the informed selection of phylogenetic markers in the effort of reconstructing the tree of life.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Salvador Capella-Gutierrez
- Bioinformatics and Genomics Programme. Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG) and UPF. Doctor Aiguader, 88. 08003 Barcelona, Spain, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF). 08003 Barcelona, Spain, University of Kaiserslautern, Molecular Phylogenetics, Postfach 3049, 67653 Kaiserslautern, Germany and Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Pg. Lluís Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Mareš J, Hrouzek P, Kaňa R, Ventura S, Strunecký O, Komárek J. The Primitive Thylakoid-Less Cyanobacterium Gloeobacter Is a Common Rock-Dwelling Organism. PLoS One 2013; 8:e66323. [PMID: 23823729 PMCID: PMC3688883 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0066323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2013] [Accepted: 05/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyanobacteria are an ancient group of photosynthetic prokaryotes, which are significant in biogeochemical cycles. The most primitive among living cyanobacteria, Gloeobacter violaceus, shows a unique ancestral cell organization with a complete absence of inner membranes (thylakoids) and an uncommon structure of the photosynthetic apparatus. Numerous phylogenetic papers proved its basal position among all of the organisms and organelles capable of plant-like photosynthesis (i.e., cyanobacteria, chloroplasts of algae and plants). Hence, G. violaceus has become one of the key species in evolutionary study of photosynthetic life. It also numbers among the most widely used organisms in experimental photosynthesis research. Except for a few related culture isolates, there has been little data on the actual biology of Gloeobacter, being relegated to an "evolutionary curiosity" with an enigmatic identity. Here we show that members of the genus Gloeobacter probably are common rock-dwelling cyanobacteria. On the basis of morphological, ultrastructural, pigment, and phylogenetic comparisons of available Gloeobacter strains, as well as on the basis of three new independent isolates and historical type specimen, we have produced strong evidence as to the close relationship of Gloeobacter to a long known rock-dwelling cyanobacterial morphospecies Aphanothece caldariorum. Our results bring new clues to solving the 40 year old puzzle of the true biological identity of Gloeobacter violaceus, a model organism with a high value in several biological disciplines. A probable broader distribution of Gloeobacter in common wet-rock habitats worldwide is suggested by our data, and its ecological meaning is discussed taking into consideration the background of cyanobacterial evolution. We provide observations of previously unknown genetic variability and phenotypic plasticity, which we expect to be utilized by experimental and evolutionary researchers worldwide.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jan Mareš
- Institute of Botany ASCR, Centre for Phycology, Třeboň, Czech Republic
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Hrouzek
- Institute of Microbiology ASCR, Department of Autotrophic Microorganisms - ALGATECH, Třeboň, Czech Republic
| | - Radek Kaňa
- Institute of Microbiology ASCR, Department of Autotrophic Microorganisms - ALGATECH, Třeboň, Czech Republic
| | - Stefano Ventura
- CNR-ISE Istituto per lo Studio degli Ecosistemi, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Otakar Strunecký
- Institute of Botany ASCR, Centre for Phycology, Třeboň, Czech Republic
- Centre for Polar Ecology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Komárek
- Institute of Botany ASCR, Centre for Phycology, Třeboň, Czech Republic
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Koh EY, Cowie ROM, Simpson AM, O'Toole R, Ryan KG. The origin of cyanobacteria in Antarctic sea ice: marine or freshwater? ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY REPORTS 2012; 4:479-483. [PMID: 23760892 DOI: 10.1111/j.1758-2229.2012.00346.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Cyanobacteria play an important role in the primary productivity of many ecosystems and are dominant in non-marine polar environments. Apart from detecting low levels of cyanobacteria-like pigments in the Southern Ocean, little effort has been spent in trying to elucidate Cyanobacteria in Antarctic sea ice. Here, we report the first use of culture, microscope, microarray and molecular techniques to show that marine Cyanobacteria are rare or absent in sea ice. Our infrequent positive signals were most closely related to freshwater Cyanobacteria from neighbouring terrestrial sources, which illustrates our techniques were sensitive enough to find sea-ice cyanobacteria if they were present. It is still possible that minute quantity of marine cyanobacteria may exist in sea ice and do not contribute significantly to the polar marine ecosystems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eileen Y Koh
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, PO Box 600, Wellington 6140, New Zealand
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Bernát G, Schreiber U, Sendtko E, Stadnichuk IN, Rexroth S, Rögner M, Koenig F. Unique properties vs. common themes: the atypical cyanobacterium Gloeobacter violaceus PCC 7421 is capable of state transitions and blue-light-induced fluorescence quenching. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2012; 53:528-542. [PMID: 22302714 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcs009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The atypical unicellular cyanobacterium Gloeobacter violaceus PCC 7421, which diverged very early during the evolution of cyanobacteria, can be regarded as a key organism for understanding many structural, functional, regulatory and evolutionary aspects of oxygenic photosynthesis. In the present work, the performance of two basic photosynthetic adaptation/protection mechanisms, common to all other oxygenic photoautrophs, had been challenged in this ancient cyanobacterium which lacks thylakoid membranes: state transitions and non-photochemical fluorescence quenching. Both low temperature fluorescence spectra and room temperature fluorescence transients show that G. violaceus is capable of performing state transitions similar to evolutionarily more recent cyanobacteria, being in state 2 in darkness and in state 1 upon illumination by weak blue or far-red light. Compared with state 2, variable fluorescence yield in state 1 is strongly enhanced (almost 80%), while the functional absorption cross-section of PSII is only increased by 8%. In contrast to weak blue light, which enhances fluorescence yield via state 1 formation, strong blue light reversibly quenches Chl fluorescence in G. violaceus. This strongly suggests regulated heat dissipation which is triggered by the orange carotenoid protein whose presence was directly proven by immunoblotting and mass spectrometry in this primordial cyanobacterium. The results are discussed in the framework of cyanobacterial evolution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gábor Bernát
- Plant Biochemistry, Ruhr-University Bochum, D-44801 Bochum, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Sciuto K, Andreoli C, Rascio N, La Rocca N, Moro I. Polyphasic approach and typification of selected Phormidium strains (Cyanobacteria). Cladistics 2011; 28:357-374. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-0031.2011.00386.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
|
26
|
Criscuolo A, Gribaldo S. Large-scale phylogenomic analyses indicate a deep origin of primary plastids within cyanobacteria. Mol Biol Evol 2011; 28:3019-32. [PMID: 21652613 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msr108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of photosynthetic eukaryotes has played a crucial role in evolution and has strongly modified earth's ecology. Several phylogenetic analyses have established that primary plastids arose from a cyanobacterium through endosymbiosis. However, the question of which present-day cyanobacterial lineage is most closely related to primary plastids has been unclear. Here, we have performed an extensive phylogenomic investigation on the origin of primary plastids based on the analysis of up to 191 protein markers and over 30,000 aligned amino acid sites from 22 primary photosynthetic eukaryotes and 61 cyanobacteria representing a wide taxonomic sampling of this phylum. By using a number of solutions to circumvent a large range of systematic errors, we have reconstructed a robust global phylogeny of cyanobacteria and studied the placement of primary plastids within it. Our results strongly support an early emergence of primary plastids within cyanobacteria, prior to the diversification of most present-day cyanobacterial lineages for which genomic data are available.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexis Criscuolo
- Institut Pasteur, Département de Microbiologie, Unité de Biologie Moléculaire du Gène chez les Extrêmophiles, 25-28 rue du Dr Roux, Paris cedex 15, France
| | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Phylogeny and molecular signatures for the phylum Thermotogae and its subgroups. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 2011; 100:1-34. [DOI: 10.1007/s10482-011-9576-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2011] [Accepted: 03/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
28
|
Newton RJ, Jones SE, Eiler A, McMahon KD, Bertilsson S. A guide to the natural history of freshwater lake bacteria. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2011; 75:14-49. [PMID: 21372319 PMCID: PMC3063352 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00028-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 837] [Impact Index Per Article: 64.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Freshwater bacteria are at the hub of biogeochemical cycles and control water quality in lakes. Despite this, little is known about the identity and ecology of functionally significant lake bacteria. Molecular studies have identified many abundant lake bacteria, but there is a large variation in the taxonomic or phylogenetic breadths among the methods used for this exploration. Because of this, an inconsistent and overlapping naming structure has developed for freshwater bacteria, creating a significant obstacle to identifying coherent ecological traits among these groups. A discourse that unites the field is sorely needed. Here we present a new freshwater lake phylogeny constructed from all published 16S rRNA gene sequences from lake epilimnia and propose a unifying vocabulary to discuss freshwater taxa. With this new vocabulary in place, we review the current information on the ecology, ecophysiology, and distribution of lake bacteria and highlight newly identified phylotypes. In the second part of our review, we conduct meta-analyses on the compiled data, identifying distribution patterns for bacterial phylotypes among biomes and across environmental gradients in lakes. We conclude by emphasizing the role that this review can play in providing a coherent framework for future studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan J. Newton
- Great Lakes WATER Institute, University of Wisconsin—Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, Limnology/Department of Ecology & Genetics, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden, Departments of Bacteriology and Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Stuart E. Jones
- Great Lakes WATER Institute, University of Wisconsin—Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, Limnology/Department of Ecology & Genetics, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden, Departments of Bacteriology and Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Alexander Eiler
- Great Lakes WATER Institute, University of Wisconsin—Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, Limnology/Department of Ecology & Genetics, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden, Departments of Bacteriology and Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Katherine D. McMahon
- Great Lakes WATER Institute, University of Wisconsin—Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, Limnology/Department of Ecology & Genetics, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden, Departments of Bacteriology and Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Stefan Bertilsson
- Great Lakes WATER Institute, University of Wisconsin—Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, Limnology/Department of Ecology & Genetics, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden, Departments of Bacteriology and Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Schirrmeister BE, Antonelli A, Bagheri HC. The origin of multicellularity in cyanobacteria. BMC Evol Biol 2011; 11:45. [PMID: 21320320 PMCID: PMC3271361 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2148-11-45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2010] [Accepted: 02/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cyanobacteria are one of the oldest and morphologically most diverse prokaryotic phyla on our planet. The early development of an oxygen-containing atmosphere approximately 2.45-2.22 billion years ago is attributed to the photosynthetic activity of cyanobacteria. Furthermore, they are one of the few prokaryotic phyla where multicellularity has evolved. Understanding when and how multicellularity evolved in these ancient organisms would provide fundamental information on the early history of life and further our knowledge of complex life forms. RESULTS We conducted and compared phylogenetic analyses of 16S rDNA sequences from a large sample of taxa representing the morphological and genetic diversity of cyanobacteria. We reconstructed ancestral character states on 10,000 phylogenetic trees. The results suggest that the majority of extant cyanobacteria descend from multicellular ancestors. Reversals to unicellularity occurred at least 5 times. Multicellularity was established again at least once within a single-celled clade. Comparison to the fossil record supports an early origin of multicellularity, possibly as early as the "Great Oxygenation Event" that occurred 2.45-2.22 billion years ago. CONCLUSIONS The results indicate that a multicellular morphotype evolved early in the cyanobacterial lineage and was regained at least once after a previous loss. Most of the morphological diversity exhibited in cyanobacteria today--including the majority of single-celled species--arose from ancient multicellular lineages. Multicellularity could have conferred a considerable advantage for exploring new niches and hence facilitated the diversification of new lineages.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bettina E Schirrmeister
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Domínguez-Escobar J, Beltrán Y, Bergman B, Díez B, Ininbergs K, Souza V, Falcón LI. Phylogenetic and molecular clock inferences of cyanobacterial strains within Rivulariaceae from distant environments. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2011; 316:90-9. [PMID: 21208268 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2010.02195.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Heterocyst-forming cyanobacteria are important players at both evolutionary and ecological scales, but to date it has been difficult to establish their phylogenetic affiliations. We present data from a phylogenetic and molecular clock analysis of heterocystous cyanobacteria within the family Rivulariaceae, including the genera Calothrix, Rivularia, Gloeotrichia and Tolypothrix. The strains were isolated from distant geographic regions including fresh and brackish water bodies, microbial mats from beach rock, microbialites, pebble beaches, plus PCC strains 7103 and 7504. Phylogenetic inferences (distance, likelihood and Bayesian) suggested the monophyly of genera Calothrix and Rivularia. Molecular clock estimates indicate that Calothrix and Rivularia originated ∼1500 million years ago (MYA) ago and species date back to 400-300 MYA while Tolypothrix and Gloeotrichia are younger genera (600-400 MYA).
Collapse
|
31
|
Gupta RS, Mathews DW. Signature proteins for the major clades of Cyanobacteria. BMC Evol Biol 2010; 10:24. [PMID: 20100331 PMCID: PMC2823733 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2148-10-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2009] [Accepted: 01/25/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The phylogeny and taxonomy of cyanobacteria is currently poorly understood due to paucity of reliable markers for identification and circumscription of its major clades. RESULTS A combination of phylogenomic and protein signature based approaches was used to characterize the major clades of cyanobacteria. Phylogenetic trees were constructed for 44 cyanobacteria based on 44 conserved proteins. In parallel, Blastp searches were carried out on each ORF in the genomes of Synechococcus WH8102, Synechocystis PCC6803, Nostoc PCC7120, Synechococcus JA-3-3Ab, Prochlorococcus MIT9215 and Prochlor. marinus subsp. marinus CCMP1375 to identify proteins that are specific for various main clades of cyanobacteria. These studies have identified 39 proteins that are specific for all (or most) cyanobacteria and large numbers of proteins for other cyanobacterial clades. The identified signature proteins include: (i) 14 proteins for a deep branching clade (Clade A) of Gloebacter violaceus and two diazotrophic Synechococcus strains (JA-3-3Ab and JA2-3-B'a); (ii) 5 proteins that are present in all other cyanobacteria except those from Clade A; (iii) 60 proteins that are specific for a clade (Clade C) consisting of various marine unicellular cyanobacteria (viz. Synechococcus and Prochlorococcus); (iv) 14 and 19 signature proteins that are specific for the Clade C Synechococcus and Prochlorococcus strains, respectively; (v) 67 proteins that are specific for the Low B/A ecotype Prochlorococcus strains, containing lower ratio of chl b/a2 and adapted to growth at high light intensities; (vi) 65 and 8 proteins that are specific for the Nostocales and Chroococcales orders, respectively; and (vii) 22 and 9 proteins that are uniquely shared by various Nostocales and Oscillatoriales orders, or by these two orders and the Chroococcales, respectively. We also describe 3 conserved indels in flavoprotein, heme oxygenase and protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase proteins that are specific for either Clade C cyanobacteria or for various subclades of Prochlorococcus. Many other conserved indels for cyanobacterial clades have been described recently. CONCLUSIONS These signature proteins and indels provide novel means for circumscription of various cyanobacterial clades in clear molecular terms. Their functional studies should lead to discovery of novel properties that are unique to these groups of cyanobacteria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Radhey S Gupta
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
| | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
The evolutionary path to terminal differentiation and division of labor in cyanobacteria. J Theor Biol 2010; 262:23-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2009.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2008] [Revised: 08/21/2009] [Accepted: 09/06/2009] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
|
33
|
Gupta RS. Protein signatures (molecular synapomorphies) that are distinctive characteristics of the major cyanobacterial clades. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2009; 59:2510-26. [DOI: 10.1099/ijs.0.005678-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
|
34
|
Organization, evolution, and expression analysis of the biosynthetic gene cluster for scytonemin, a cyanobacterial UV-absorbing pigment. Appl Environ Microbiol 2009; 75:4861-9. [PMID: 19482954 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02508-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyanobacteria are photosynthetic prokaryotes capable of protecting themselves from UV radiation through the biosynthesis of UV-absorbing secondary metabolites, such as the mycosporines and scytonemin. Scytonemin, a novel indolic-phenolic pigment, is found sequestered in the sheath, where it provides protection to the subtending cells during exposure to UV radiation. The biosynthesis of scytonemin is encoded by a previously identified gene cluster that is present in six cyanobacterial species whose genomes are available. A comparison of these clusters reveals that two major cluster architectures exist which appear to have evolved through rearrangements of large sections, such as those genes responsible for aromatic amino acid biosynthesis and through the insertion of genes that potentially confer additional biosynthetic capabilities. Differential transcriptional expression analysis demonstrated that the entire gene cluster is transcribed in higher abundance after exposure to UV radiation. This analysis helps delineate the cluster boundaries and indicates that regulation of this cluster is controlled by the presence or absence of UV radiation. The findings from an evolutionary phylogenetic analysis combined with the fact that the scytonemin gene cluster is distributed across several cyanobacterial lineages led to our proposal that the distribution of this gene cluster is best explained through an ancient evolutionary origin.
Collapse
|
35
|
Valério E, Chambel L, Paulino S, Faria N, Pereira P, Tenreiro R. Molecular identification, typing and traceability of cyanobacteria from freshwater reservoirs. Microbiology (Reading) 2009; 155:642-656. [DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.022848-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to assess the potential of several molecular targets for the identification, typing and traceability of cyanobacteria in freshwater reservoirs, molecular techniques were applied to 118 cyanobacterial isolates mostly sourced from Portuguese freshwater reservoirs and representative of three orders of cyanobacteria: Chroococcales (54), Oscillatoriales (15) and Nostocales (49). The isolates were previously identified by morphological methods and subsequently characterized by composite hierarchical cluster analysis of STRR and LTRR (short and long tandemly repeated repetitive sequences) PCR fingerprinting profiles. Representative isolates were selected from each cluster and their molecular identification, at the species level, was obtained or confirmed by phylogenetic positioning using 16S rRNA gene and rpoC1 phylogenies. A highly congruent association was observed between STTR- and LTRR-based clusters and taxonomic affiliation, revealing the usefulness of such PCR fingerprinting profiles for the identification of cyanobacteria. Composite analysis of hierarchical clustering of M13 and ERIC PCR fingerprints also appeared suitable for strain typing and traceability within a reservoir, indicating its potential for use in cyanobacterial monitoring, as a quality management control. Based on Simpson (D) and Shannon–Wiener (J′) indices a high diversity was observed within all species, with Planktothrix agardhii showing the lowest diversity values (D=0.83; J′=0.88) and Aphanizomenon flos-aquae the highest ones (D=J′=0.99). A diagnostic key based on 16S-ARDRA, ITS amplification and ITS-ARDRA for identification purposes is also presented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elisabete Valério
- Laboratório de Microbiologia e Ecotoxicologia, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Dr Ricardo Jorge, Avenida Padre Cruz, 1649-016 Lisboa, Portugal
- Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Ciências, Centro de Biodiversidade, Genómica Integrativa e Funcional (BioFIG), Edifício ICAT, Campus da FCUL, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Lélia Chambel
- Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Ciências, Centro de Biodiversidade, Genómica Integrativa e Funcional (BioFIG), Edifício ICAT, Campus da FCUL, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Sérgio Paulino
- Laboratório de Microbiologia e Ecotoxicologia, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Dr Ricardo Jorge, Avenida Padre Cruz, 1649-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Natália Faria
- Laboratório de Microbiologia e Ecotoxicologia, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Dr Ricardo Jorge, Avenida Padre Cruz, 1649-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Paulo Pereira
- Laboratório de Microbiologia e Ecotoxicologia, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Dr Ricardo Jorge, Avenida Padre Cruz, 1649-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Rogério Tenreiro
- Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Ciências, Centro de Biodiversidade, Genómica Integrativa e Funcional (BioFIG), Edifício ICAT, Campus da FCUL, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Battistuzzi FU, Hedges SB. A Major Clade of Prokaryotes with Ancient Adaptations to Life on Land. Mol Biol Evol 2008; 26:335-43. [DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msn247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
|
37
|
Gupta RS. The Phylogeny and Signature Sequences Characteristics ofFibrobacteres,Chlorobi, andBacteroidetes. Crit Rev Microbiol 2008; 30:123-43. [PMID: 15239383 DOI: 10.1080/10408410490435133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Fibrobacteres, Chlorobi, and Bacteroidetes (FCB group) comprise three main bacterial phyla recognized on the basis of 16S rRNA trees. Presently, there are no distinctive biochemical or molecular characteristics known that can distinguish these bacteria from other bacterial phyla. The relationship of these bacteria to other phyla is also not known. This review describes many signatures, consisting of defined and conserved inserts in widely distributed proteins, that provide distinctive molecular markers for these groups of bacteria. These signatures serve to clarify the evolutionary relationship between members of the FCB group, and to other bacterial phyla. A 4 aa insert in DNA Gyrase B (GyrB) and a 45 aa insert in the SecA proteins are uniquely shared by various Bacteroidetes species. The insert in GyrB is present in all Bacteroidetes species (>100) covering different orders and families, indicating that it is a distinctive characteristic of the group. Three signatures consisting of an 18 aa insert in ATPase alpha-subunit, an 8-9 aa insert in the FtsK protein and a 1 aa insert in the UvrB protein are commonly shared only by the Bacteroidetes and Chlorobi homologs providing evidence that these two groups are specifically related to each other. Two additional inserts in the RNA polymerase beta'-subunit (5-7 aa) and Serine hydroxymethyl-transferase (14-16 aa), which are commonly present in various Bacteroidetes, Chlorobi, and Fibrobacteres homologs, but not any other bacteria, provide evidence that these groups shared a common ancestor exclusive of all other bacteria. The FCB groups of bacteria are indicated to have diverged from this common ancestor in the following order: Fibrobacteres --> Chlorobi --> Bacteriodetes. The inferences from signature sequences are strongly supported by phylogenetic analyses. These observations suggest that the FCB groups of bacteria should be placed in a single phylum rather than three distinct phyla. Signature sequences in a number of other proteins provide evidence that the FCB group of bacteria diverged at a similar time as the Chlamydiae group, and that the Spirochetes and Aquificales groups are its closest relatives.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Radhey S Gupta
- Department of Biochemistry, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Finsinger K, Scholz I, Serrano A, Morales S, Uribe-Lorio L, Mora M, Sittenfeld A, Weckesser J, Hess WR. Characterization of true-branching cyanobacteria from geothermal sites and hot springs of Costa Rica. Environ Microbiol 2007; 10:460-73. [PMID: 18093164 DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-2920.2007.01467.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Costa Rica is at the centre of the Mesoamerican biodiversity hotspot. Little is known about cyanobacteria from this region so far. Here, four isolates of the order Stigonematales (section V) were characterized in a polyphasic approach. All strains were isolated from geothermal sites and hot springs of Costa Rica. However, one of them, identified as Westiellopsis sp. Ar73, did not grow at more than 40 degrees C. Based on its identical 16S rRNA to several previously isolated Westiellopsis sp. and Fischerella muscicola strains, a ubiquitous distribution throughout tropical and subtropical regions can be implied. In contrast, the isolates MV9, MV11 and RV14 grew well up to 50-55 degrees C. Based on morphologic, ultrastructural, molecular and physiologic data, MV9, MV11 and RV14 were identified to belong to the genus Fischerella. Two distinct intergenic transcribed spacer (ITS) types, with or without tRNA genes, were detected for all Stigonematales analysed here, indicating ITS polymorphism as a characteristic feature of heterocystous cyanobacteria. In phylogenetic trees, these Fischerella spp. formed a new and distinct clade within the wider lineage of thermophilic Fischerella (Mastigocladus cf. laminosus), which might represent a geographic lineage. Thus, geographic isolation may be an underestimated aspect of microbial evolution. The strains presented here are suitable as new models to study this group of cyanobacteria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karin Finsinger
- University of Freiburg, Faculty of Biology, Schänzlestr. 1, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
McKenzie CM, Seviour EM, Schumann P, Maszenan AM, Liu JR, Webb RI, Monis P, Saint CP, Steiner U, Seviour RJ. Isolates of ‘Candidatus Nostocoida limicola’ Blackall et al. 2000 should be described as three novel species of the genus Tetrasphaera, as Tetrasphaera jenkinsii sp. nov., Tetrasphaera vanveenii sp. nov. and Tetrasphaera veronensis sp. nov. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2006; 56:2279-2290. [PMID: 17012548 DOI: 10.1099/ijs.0.63978-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite differences in their morphologies, comparative analyses of 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed high levels of similarity (>94 %) between strains of the filamentous bacterium ‘Candidatus Nostocoida limicola’ and the cocci Tetrasphaera australiensis and Tetrasphaera japonica and the rod Tetrasphaera elongata, all isolated from activated sludge. These sequence data and their chemotaxonomic characters, including cell wall, menaquinone and lipid compositions and fingerprints of their 16S–23S rRNA intergenic regions, support the proposition that these isolates should be combined into a single genus containing six species, in the family Intrasporangiaceae in the Actinobacteria. This suggestion receives additional support from DNA–DNA hybridization data and when partial sequences of the rpoC1 gene are compared between these strains. Even though few phenotypic characterization data were obtained for these slowly growing isolates, it is proposed, on the basis of the extensive chemotaxonomic and molecular evidence presented here, that ‘Candidatus N. limicola’ strains Ben 17, Ben 18, Ben 67, Ben 68 and Ben 74 all be placed into the species Tetrasphaera jenkinsii sp. nov. (type strain Ben 74T=DSM 17519T=NCIMB 14128T), ‘Candidatus N. limicola’ strain Ben 70 into Tetrasphaera vanveenii sp. nov. (type strain Ben 70T=DSM 17518T=NCIMB 14127T) and ‘Candidatus N. limicola’ strains Ver 1 and Ver 2 into Tetrasphaera veronensis sp. nov. (type strain Ver 1T=DSM 17520T=NCIMB 14129T).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C M McKenzie
- Biotechnology Research Centre, La Trobe University, Bendigo, Victoria 3552, Australia
| | - E M Seviour
- Biotechnology Research Centre, La Trobe University, Bendigo, Victoria 3552, Australia
| | - P Schumann
- DSMZ - Deutsche Sammlung von Mikroorganismen und Zellkulturen GmbH, Mascheroder Weg 1b, D-38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - A M Maszenan
- Biotechnology Research Centre, La Trobe University, Bendigo, Victoria 3552, Australia
| | - J-R Liu
- Biotechnology Research Centre, La Trobe University, Bendigo, Victoria 3552, Australia
| | - R I Webb
- Centre for Microscopy and Microanalysis, Department of Microbiology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - P Monis
- Australian Water Quality Centre, Bolivar, South Australia 5108, Australia
| | - C P Saint
- Australian Water Quality Centre, Bolivar, South Australia 5108, Australia
| | - U Steiner
- DSMZ - Deutsche Sammlung von Mikroorganismen und Zellkulturen GmbH, Mascheroder Weg 1b, D-38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - R J Seviour
- Biotechnology Research Centre, La Trobe University, Bendigo, Victoria 3552, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Zhaxybayeva O, Gogarten JP, Charlebois RL, Doolittle WF, Papke RT. Phylogenetic analyses of cyanobacterial genomes: quantification of horizontal gene transfer events. Genes Dev 2006; 16:1099-108. [PMID: 16899658 PMCID: PMC1557764 DOI: 10.1101/gr.5322306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 260] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2006] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Using 1128 protein-coding gene families from 11 completely sequenced cyanobacterial genomes, we attempt to quantify horizontal gene transfer events within cyanobacteria, as well as between cyanobacteria and other phyla. A novel method of detecting and enumerating potential horizontal gene transfer events within a group of organisms based on analyses of "embedded quartets" allows us to identify phylogenetic signal consistent with a plurality of gene families, as well as to delineate cases of conflict to the plurality signal, which include horizontally transferred genes. To infer horizontal gene transfer events between cyanobacteria and other phyla, we added homologs from 168 available genomes. We screened phylogenetic trees reconstructed for each of these extended gene families for highly supported monophyly of cyanobacteria (or lack of it). Cyanobacterial genomes reveal a complex evolutionary history, which cannot be represented by a single strictly bifurcating tree for all genes or even most genes, although a single completely resolved phylogeny was recovered from the quartets' plurality signals. We find more conflicts within cyanobacteria than between cyanobacteria and other phyla. We also find that genes from all functional categories are subject to transfer. However, in interphylum as compared to intraphylum transfers, the proportion of metabolic (operational) gene transfers increases, while the proportion of informational gene transfers decreases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Olga Zhaxybayeva
- Genome Atlantic and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 1X5, Canada.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Kim SG, Rhee SK, Ahn CY, Ko SR, Choi GG, Bae JW, Park YH, Oh HM. Determination of cyanobacterial diversity during algal blooms in Daechung Reservoir, Korea, on the basis of cpcBA intergenic spacer region analysis. Appl Environ Microbiol 2006; 72:3252-8. [PMID: 16672464 PMCID: PMC1472365 DOI: 10.1128/aem.72.5.3252-3258.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The detection and prevention of cyanobacterial blooms are important issues in water quality management. As such, the diversity and community dynamics of cyanobacteria during cyanobacterial bloom in the Daechung Reservoir, Korea, were studied by analyzing the intergenic spacer (IGS) region between phycocyanin subunit genes cpcB and cpcA (cpcBA IGS). To amplify the cpcBA IGS from environmental samples, new PCR primers that could cover a wider range of cyanobacteria than previously known primers were designed. In the samples taken around the bloom peak (2 September 2003), seven groups of cpcBA IGS sequences were detected, and none of the amplified cpcBA IGSs was closely related to the cpcBA IGS from chloroplasts. Apart from the Microcystis-, Aphanizomenon (Anabaena)-, Pseudanabaena-, and Planktothrix (Oscillatoria)-like groups, the three other groups of cpcBA IGS sequences were only distantly related to previously reported sequences (<85% similarity to their closest relatives). The most prominent changes during the bloom were the gradual decrease and eventual disappearance of the Aphanizomenon (Anabaena)-like group before the bloom peak and the gradual increase and sudden disappearance of Planktothrix (Oscillatoria)-like groups right after the bloom peak. The community succession profile obtained based on the cpcBA IGS analysis was also supported by a PCR-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis analysis of the 16S rRNA genes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Song-Gun Kim
- Environmental Biotechnology Laboratory, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, 52 Eoeun-dong, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-333, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|