1
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Samassa F, Mallone R. Self-antigens, benign autoimmunity and type 1 diabetes: a beta-cell and T-cell perspective. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes 2022; 29:370-378. [PMID: 35777965 DOI: 10.1097/med.0000000000000735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Recent work using immunopeptidomics and deconvolution of the antigenic reactivity of islet-infiltrating CD8+ T cells has expanded our knowledge about the autoimmune target epitopes of type 1 diabetes. The stem-like properties of autoimmune CD8+ T cells have also been described. We here propose a possible link between these findings. RECENT FINDINGS Weak major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-binding epitopes list among the major targets of human islet-infiltrating CD8+ T cells, likely resulting in low peptide-MHC presentation that delivers weak T-cell receptor (TCR) signals, especially in the face of low-affinity autoimmune TCRs. These weak TCR signals may favor the maintenance of the partially differentiated stem-like phenotype recently described for islet-reactive CD8+ T cells in the blood and pancreatic lymph nodes. These weak TCR signals may also be physiological, reflecting the need for self-peptide-MHC contacts to maintain homeostatic T-cell survival and proliferation. These features may underlie the universal state of benign autoimmunity that we recently described, which is characterized by islet-reactive, naïve-like CD8+ T cells circulating in all individuals. SUMMARY These observations provide novel challenges and opportunities to develop circulating T-cell biomarkers for autoimmune staging. Therapeutic halting of islet autoimmunity may require targeting of stem-like T cells to blunt their self-regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Roberto Mallone
- Institut Cochin, Université Paris Cité, CNRS, INSERM
- Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Service de Diabétologie et Immunologie Clinique, Cochin Hospital, Paris, France
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2
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Human islet T cells are highly reactive to preproinsulin in type 1 diabetes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2107208118. [PMID: 34611019 PMCID: PMC8521679 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2107208118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Insulin is a major self-antigen in type 1 diabetes (T1D), and as such, insulin-based immunotherapies have been trialed to treat the underlying autoimmunity but with minimal clinical benefit. Here, we comprehensively assessed reactivity to insulin and its precursor, preproinsulin, by CD8 T cells obtained from the pancreatic islets of organ donors with and without T1D. CD8 T cells highly reactive to peptides throughout the entire preproinsulin protein were only found in T1D donors at varying frequencies. Our results suggest considering the use of preproinsulin rather than just insulin for intervention immunotherapies and have important implications for identifying individuals that may respond to antigen-specific therapies designed to treat autoimmune disorders. Cytotoxic CD8 T lymphocytes play a central role in the tissue destruction of many autoimmune disorders. In type 1 diabetes (T1D), insulin and its precursor preproinsulin are major self-antigens targeted by T cells. We comprehensively examined preproinsulin specificity of CD8 T cells obtained from pancreatic islets of organ donors with and without T1D and identified epitopes throughout the entire preproinsulin protein and defective ribosomal products derived from preproinsulin messenger RNA. The frequency of preproinsulin-reactive T cells was significantly higher in T1D donors than nondiabetic donors and also differed by individual T1D donor, ranging from 3 to over 40%, with higher frequencies in T1D organ donors with HLA-A*02:01. Only T cells reactive to preproinsulin-related peptides isolated from T1D donors demonstrated potent autoreactivity. Reactivity to similar regions of preproinsulin was also observed in peripheral blood of a separate cohort of new-onset T1D patients. These findings have important implications for designing antigen-specific immunotherapies and identifying individuals that may benefit from such interventions.
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3
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Kahn SE, Chen YC, Esser N, Taylor AJ, van Raalte DH, Zraika S, Verchere CB. The β Cell in Diabetes: Integrating Biomarkers With Functional Measures. Endocr Rev 2021; 42:528-583. [PMID: 34180979 PMCID: PMC9115372 DOI: 10.1210/endrev/bnab021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The pathogenesis of hyperglycemia observed in most forms of diabetes is intimately tied to the islet β cell. Impairments in propeptide processing and secretory function, along with the loss of these vital cells, is demonstrable not only in those in whom the diagnosis is established but typically also in individuals who are at increased risk of developing the disease. Biomarkers are used to inform on the state of a biological process, pathological condition, or response to an intervention and are increasingly being used for predicting, diagnosing, and prognosticating disease. They are also proving to be of use in the different forms of diabetes in both research and clinical settings. This review focuses on the β cell, addressing the potential utility of genetic markers, circulating molecules, immune cell phenotyping, and imaging approaches as biomarkers of cellular function and loss of this critical cell. Further, we consider how these biomarkers complement the more long-established, dynamic, and often complex measurements of β-cell secretory function that themselves could be considered biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven E Kahn
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, VA Puget Sound Health Care System and University of Washington, Seattle, 98108 WA, USA
| | - Yi-Chun Chen
- BC Children's Hospital Research Institute and Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4H4, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4H4, Canada.,Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4H4, Canada
| | - Nathalie Esser
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, VA Puget Sound Health Care System and University of Washington, Seattle, 98108 WA, USA
| | - Austin J Taylor
- BC Children's Hospital Research Institute and Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4H4, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4H4, Canada.,Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4H4, Canada
| | - Daniël H van Raalte
- Department of Internal Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Center (UMC), Vrije Universiteit (VU) University Medical Center, 1007 MB Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Experimental Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Center (UMC), Academic Medical Center, 1007 MB Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sakeneh Zraika
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, VA Puget Sound Health Care System and University of Washington, Seattle, 98108 WA, USA
| | - C Bruce Verchere
- BC Children's Hospital Research Institute and Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4H4, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4H4, Canada.,Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4H4, Canada
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4
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Efficient killing of tumor cells by CAR-T cells demands engagement of a larger number of CARs as opposed to TCRs. J Biol Chem 2021; 297:101033. [PMID: 34371020 PMCID: PMC8452787 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.101033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Although CAR T cells are widely used to treat cancer, efficiency of CAR-T cell cytolytic responses has not been carefully examined. We engineered CAR specific for HMW-MAA (high molecular weight melanoma-associated antigen) and evaluated potency of CD8+ CAR-T cells to release cytolytic granules and to kill tissue-derived melanoma cells, which express different levels of HMW-MAA. CAR T cells efficiently killed melanoma cells expressing high level of HMW-MAA, but not melanoma cells with lower levels of HMW-MAA. The same melanoma cells presenting significantly lower level of stimulatory peptide-MHC ligand were readily lysed by T cells transduced with genes encoding α,β-TCR specific for the peptide-MHC ligand. The data suggest that higher level of targeted molecules is required to engage a larger number of CARs than TCRs to induce efficient cytolytic granule release and destruction of melanoma cells. Understanding the difference in molecular mechanisms controlling activation thresholds of CAR- versus TCR-mediated responses will contribute to improving efficiency of CAR T cells required to eliminate solid tumors presenting low levels of targeted molecules.
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5
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Amdare N, Purcell AW, DiLorenzo TP. Noncontiguous T cell epitopes in autoimmune diabetes: From mice to men and back again. J Biol Chem 2021; 297:100827. [PMID: 34044020 PMCID: PMC8233151 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.100827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a T cell-mediated autoimmune disease that affects the insulin-producing beta cells of the pancreatic islets. The nonobese diabetic mouse is a widely studied spontaneous model of the disease that has contributed greatly to our understanding of T1D pathogenesis. This is especially true in the case of antigen discovery. Upon review of existing knowledge concerning the antigens and peptide epitopes that are recognized by T cells in this model, good concordance is observed between mouse and human antigens. A fascinating recent illustration of the contribution of the nonobese diabetic mouse in the area of epitope identification is the discovery of noncontiguous CD4+ T cell epitopes. This novel epitope class is characterized by the linkage of an insulin-derived peptide to, most commonly, a fragment of a natural cleavage product of another beta cell secretory granule constituent. These so-called hybrid insulin peptides are also recognized by T cells in patients with T1D, although the precise mechanism for their generation has yet to be defined and is the subject of active investigation. Although evidence from the tumor immunology arena documented the existence of noncontiguous CD8+ T cell epitopes, generated by proteasome-mediated peptide splicing involving transpeptidation, such CD8+ T cell epitopes were thought to be a rare immunological curiosity. However, recent advances in bioinformatics and mass spectrometry have challenged this view. These developments, coupled with the discovery of hybrid insulin peptides, have spurred a search for noncontiguous CD8+ T cell epitopes in T1D, an exciting frontier area still in its infancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitin Amdare
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Anthony W Purcell
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Teresa P DiLorenzo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA; Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA; Einstein-Mount Sinai Diabetes Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA; The Fleischer Institute for Diabetes and Metabolism, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA.
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6
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Wiedeman AE, Speake C, Long SA. The many faces of islet antigen-specific CD8 T cells: clues to clinical outcome in type 1 diabetes. Immunol Cell Biol 2021; 99:475-485. [PMID: 33483981 PMCID: PMC8248166 DOI: 10.1111/imcb.12437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Immune monitoring enables a better understanding of disease processes and response to therapy, but has been challenging in the setting of chronic autoimmunity because of unknown etiology, variable and protracted kinetics of the disease process, heterogeneity across patients and the complexity of immune interactions. To begin to parse this complexity, we focus here on type 1 diabetes (T1D) and CD8 T cells as a cell type that has features that are associated with different stages of disease, rates of progression and response to therapy. Specifically, we discuss the current understanding of the role of autoreactive CD8 T cells in disease outcome, which implicates particular CD8 functional subsets, rather than unique antigens or total number of autoreactive T cells. Next, we discuss how autoreactive CD8 T‐cell features can be reflected in measures of global CD8 T cells, and then pull these concepts together by highlighting immune therapies recently shown to modulate both CD8 T cells and disease progression. We end by discussing outstanding questions about the role of specific subsets of autoreactive CD8 T cells in disease progression and how they may be optimally modulated to treat and prevent T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice E Wiedeman
- Translational Immunology, Benaroya Research Institute, 1201 9th Ave, Seattle, WA, 98101, USA
| | - Cate Speake
- Interventional Immunology, Benaroya Research Institute, 1201 9th Ave, Seattle, WA, 98101, USA
| | - Sarah Alice Long
- Translational Immunology, Benaroya Research Institute, 1201 9th Ave, Seattle, WA, 98101, USA
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7
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Azoury ME, Tarayrah M, Afonso G, Pais A, Colli ML, Maillard C, Lavaud C, Alexandre-Heymann L, Gonzalez-Duque S, Verdier Y, Vinh J, Pinto S, Buus S, Dubois-Laforgue D, Larger E, Beressi JP, Bruno G, Eizirik DL, You S, Mallone R. Peptides Derived From Insulin Granule Proteins Are Targeted by CD8 + T Cells Across MHC Class I Restrictions in Humans and NOD Mice. Diabetes 2020; 69:2678-2690. [PMID: 32928873 DOI: 10.2337/db20-0013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The antigenic peptides processed by β-cells and presented through surface HLA class I molecules are poorly characterized. Each HLA variant (e.g., the most common being HLA-A2 and HLA-A3) carries some peptide-binding specificity. Hence, features that, despite these specificities, remain shared across variants may reveal factors favoring β-cell immunogenicity. Building on our previous description of the HLA-A2/A3 peptidome of β-cells, we analyzed the HLA-A3-restricted peptides targeted by circulating CD8+ T cells. Several peptides were recognized by CD8+ T cells within a narrow frequency (1-50/106), which was similar in donors with and without type 1 diabetes and harbored variable effector/memory fractions. These epitopes could be classified as conventional peptides or neoepitopes, generated either via peptide cis-splicing or mRNA splicing (e.g., secretogranin-5 [SCG5]-009). As reported for HLA-A2-restricted peptides, several epitopes originated from β-cell granule proteins (e.g., SCG3, SCG5, and urocortin-3). Similarly, H-2Kd-restricted CD8+ T cells recognizing the murine orthologs of SCG5, urocortin-3, and proconvertase-2 infiltrated the islets of NOD mice and transferred diabetes into NOD/scid recipients. The finding of granule proteins targeted in both humans and NOD mice supports their disease relevance and identifies the insulin granule as a rich source of epitopes, possibly reflecting its impaired processing in type 1 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mahmoud Tarayrah
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, CNRS, INSERM, Paris, France
| | - Georgia Afonso
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, CNRS, INSERM, Paris, France
| | - Aurore Pais
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, CNRS, INSERM, Paris, France
| | - Maikel L Colli
- Université Libre de Bruxelles Center for Diabetes Research and Welbio, Medical Faculty, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Claire Maillard
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, CNRS, INSERM, Paris, France
| | - Cassandra Lavaud
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, CNRS, INSERM, Paris, France
| | - Laure Alexandre-Heymann
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, CNRS, INSERM, Paris, France
- Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Paris Centre-Université de Paris, Cochin Hospital, Service de Diabétologie et Immunologie Clinique, Paris, France
| | - Sergio Gonzalez-Duque
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, CNRS, INSERM, Paris, France
- École Supérieure de Physique et de Chimie Industrielles Paris, Université Paris Sciences et Lettres, Spectrométrie de Masse Biologique et Protéomique, CNRS USR3149, Paris, France
| | - Yann Verdier
- École Supérieure de Physique et de Chimie Industrielles Paris, Université Paris Sciences et Lettres, Spectrométrie de Masse Biologique et Protéomique, CNRS USR3149, Paris, France
| | - Joelle Vinh
- École Supérieure de Physique et de Chimie Industrielles Paris, Université Paris Sciences et Lettres, Spectrométrie de Masse Biologique et Protéomique, CNRS USR3149, Paris, France
| | - Sheena Pinto
- Division of Developmental Immunology, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Soren Buus
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Danièle Dubois-Laforgue
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, CNRS, INSERM, Paris, France
- Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Paris Centre-Université de Paris, Cochin Hospital, Service de Diabétologie et Immunologie Clinique, Paris, France
| | - Etienne Larger
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, CNRS, INSERM, Paris, France
- Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Paris Centre-Université de Paris, Cochin Hospital, Service de Diabétologie et Immunologie Clinique, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Paul Beressi
- Service de Diabétologie, Centre Hospitalier de Versailles André Mignot, Le Chesnay, France
| | - Graziella Bruno
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Decio L Eizirik
- Université Libre de Bruxelles Center for Diabetes Research and Welbio, Medical Faculty, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sylvaine You
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, CNRS, INSERM, Paris, France
| | - Roberto Mallone
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, CNRS, INSERM, Paris, France
- Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Paris Centre-Université de Paris, Cochin Hospital, Service de Diabétologie et Immunologie Clinique, Paris, France
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8
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Ahmed S, Cerosaletti K, James E, Long SA, Mannering S, Speake C, Nakayama M, Tree T, Roep BO, Herold KC, Brusko TM. Standardizing T-Cell Biomarkers in Type 1 Diabetes: Challenges and Recent Advances. Diabetes 2019; 68:1366-1379. [PMID: 31221801 PMCID: PMC6609980 DOI: 10.2337/db19-0119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) results from the progressive destruction of pancreatic β-cells in a process mediated primarily by T lymphocytes. The T1D research community has made dramatic progress in understanding the genetic basis of the disease as well as in the development of standardized autoantibody assays that inform both disease risk and progression. Despite these advances, there remains a paucity of robust and accepted biomarkers that can effectively inform on the activity of T cells during the natural history of the disease or in response to treatment. In this article, we discuss biomarker development and validation efforts for evaluation of T-cell responses in patients with and at risk for T1D as well as emerging technologies. It is expected that with systematic planning and execution of a well-conceived biomarker development pipeline, T-cell-related biomarkers would rapidly accelerate disease progression monitoring efforts and the evaluation of intervention therapies in T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simi Ahmed
- Immunotherapies Program, Research, JDRF, New York, NY
| | | | - Eddie James
- Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA
| | - S Alice Long
- Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA
| | | | - Cate Speake
- Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA
| | - Maki Nakayama
- Departments of Pediatrics and Integrated Immunology, Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO
| | - Timothy Tree
- Department of Immunobiology, King's College London, London, U.K
| | - Bart O Roep
- Department of Diabetes Immunobiology, City of Hope Diabetes & Metabolism Research Institute, Duarte, CA
| | - Kevan C Herold
- Departments of Immunobiology and Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Todd M Brusko
- Department of Pathology, University of Florida Diabetes Institute, Gainesville, FL
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9
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Kuranda K, Caillat-Zucman S, You S, Mallone R. In Vitro Expansion of Anti-viral T Cells from Cord Blood by Accelerated Co-cultured Dendritic Cells. MOLECULAR THERAPY-METHODS & CLINICAL DEVELOPMENT 2018; 13:112-120. [PMID: 30740473 PMCID: PMC6357851 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2018.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) using unrelated cord blood (CB) donors is a suitable approach when an HLA-matched donor is not available. However, one important drawback is the risk of life-threatening viral infections prior to immune reconstitution, particularly from adenoviruses (AdVs). Although adoptive therapy with ex vivo expanded virus-reactive donor T cells has proven effective to treat these infections in HSCT recipients, the manufacturing process is complex and requires large numbers of cells, which is incompatible with CB donor units. Here, we have adapted our previous accelerated co-cultured dendritic cell (acDC) method, which allows to efficiently and rapidly expand peripheral blood T cells reactive to a given antigen, for use on limited CB material. Selected cytokine cocktails induced DC differentiation and maturation from unfractionated CB mononuclear cell cultures and simultaneously stimulated and expanded, within 10 days, functional CD8+ T cells specific for the model antigen MelanA or AdV immunodominant peptides. In addition, the use of G-Rex cultures yielded numbers of AdV-reactive CD8+ T cells compatible with adoptive cell therapy applications. Our acDC strategy, which uses reagents compatible with good manufacturing practices, may be promptly translated into the clinic for treating intercurrent infections in CB HSCT recipients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaudia Kuranda
- INSERM, U1016, Cochin Institute, Paris 75014, France.,CNRS, UMR8104, Cochin Institute, Paris 75014, France.,Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris 75014, France
| | - Sophie Caillat-Zucman
- Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Laboratoire d'Immunologie, Saint Louis Hospital, Paris 75010, France.,INSERM, UMR1149, Center for Research on Inflammation, Paris Diderot University, Paris 75018, France
| | - Sylvaine You
- INSERM, U1016, Cochin Institute, Paris 75014, France.,CNRS, UMR8104, Cochin Institute, Paris 75014, France.,Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris 75014, France
| | - Roberto Mallone
- INSERM, U1016, Cochin Institute, Paris 75014, France.,CNRS, UMR8104, Cochin Institute, Paris 75014, France.,Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris 75014, France.,Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Service de Diabétologie, Cochin Hospital, Paris 75014, France
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10
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James EA, Abreu JRF, McGinty JW, Odegard JM, Fillié YE, Hocter CN, Culina S, Ladell K, Price DA, Alkanani A, Rihanek M, Fitzgerald-Miller L, Skowera A, Speake C, Gottlieb P, Davidson HW, Wong FS, Roep B, Mallone R. Combinatorial detection of autoreactive CD8 + T cells with HLA-A2 multimers: a multi-centre study by the Immunology of Diabetes Society T Cell Workshop. Diabetologia 2018; 61:658-670. [PMID: 29196783 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-017-4508-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Validated biomarkers are needed to monitor the effects of immune intervention in individuals with type 1 diabetes. Despite their importance, few options exist for monitoring antigen-specific T cells. Previous reports described a combinatorial approach that enables the simultaneous detection and quantification of multiple islet-specific CD8+ T cell populations. Here, we set out to evaluate the performance of a combinatorial HLA-A2 multimer assay in a multi-centre setting. METHODS The combinatorial HLA-A2 multimer assay was applied in five participating centres using centralised reagents and blinded replicate samples. In preliminary experiments, samples from healthy donors were analysed using recall antigen multimers. In subsequent experiments, samples from healthy donors and individuals with type 1 diabetes were analysed using beta cell antigen and recall antigen multimers. RESULTS The combinatorial assay was successfully implemented in each participating centre, with CVs between replicate samples that indicated good reproducibility for viral epitopes (mean %CV = 33.8). For beta cell epitopes, the assay was very effective in a single-centre setting (mean %CV = 18.4), but showed sixfold greater variability across multi-centre replicates (mean %CV = 119). In general, beta cell antigen-specific CD8+ T cells were detected more commonly in individuals with type 1 diabetes than in healthy donors. Furthermore, CD8+ T cells recognising HLA-A2-restricted insulin and glutamate decarboxylase epitopes were found to occur at higher frequencies in individuals with type 1 diabetes than in healthy donors. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Our results suggest that, although combinatorial multimer assays are challenging, they can be implemented in multiple laboratories, providing relevant T cell frequency measurements. Assay reproducibility was notably higher in the single-centre setting, suggesting that biomarker analysis of clinical trial samples would be most successful when assays are performed in a single laboratory. Technical improvements, including further standardisation of cytometry platforms, will likely be necessary to reduce assay variability in the multi-centre setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eddie A James
- Benaroya Research Institute, 1201 9th Ave, Seattle, WA, 98101, USA.
| | - Joana R F Abreu
- Department of Immunohaematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - John W McGinty
- Benaroya Research Institute, 1201 9th Ave, Seattle, WA, 98101, USA
| | - Jared M Odegard
- Benaroya Research Institute, 1201 9th Ave, Seattle, WA, 98101, USA
| | - Yvonne E Fillié
- Department of Immunohaematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Claire N Hocter
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
| | | | - Kristin Ladell
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
| | - David A Price
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
| | - Aimon Alkanani
- Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Marynette Rihanek
- Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Lisa Fitzgerald-Miller
- Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | | | - Cate Speake
- Benaroya Research Institute, 1201 9th Ave, Seattle, WA, 98101, USA
| | - Peter Gottlieb
- Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Howard W Davidson
- Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - F Susan Wong
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
| | - Bart Roep
- Department of Diabetes Immunology, City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA
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11
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Mukherjee G, Chaparro RJ, Schloss J, Smith C, Bando CD, DiLorenzo TP. Glucagon-reactive islet-infiltrating CD8 T cells in NOD mice. Immunology 2015; 144:631-40. [PMID: 25333865 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2014] [Revised: 10/13/2014] [Accepted: 10/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes is characterized by T-cell-mediated destruction of the insulin-producing β cells in pancreatic islets. A number of islet antigens recognized by CD8 T cells that contribute to disease pathogenesis in non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice have been identified; however, the antigenic specificities of the majority of the islet-infiltrating cells have yet to be determined. The primary goal of the current study was to identify candidate antigens based on the level and specificity of expression of their genes in mouse islets and in the mouse β cell line MIN6. Peptides derived from the candidates were selected based on their predicted ability to bind H-2K(d) and were examined for recognition by islet-infiltrating T cells from NOD mice. Several proteins, including those encoded by Abcc8, Atp2a2, Pcsk2, Peg3 and Scg2, were validated as antigens in this way. Interestingly, islet-infiltrating T cells were also found to recognize peptides derived from proglucagon, whose expression in pancreatic islets is associated with α cells, which are not usually implicated in type 1 diabetes pathogenesis. However, type 1 diabetes patients have been reported to have serum autoantibodies to glucagon, and NOD mouse studies have shown a decrease in α cell mass during disease pathogenesis. Our finding of islet-infiltrating glucagon-specific T cells is consistent with these reports and suggests the possibility of α cell involvement in development and progression of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gayatri Mukherjee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
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Babad J, Mukherjee G, Follenzi A, Ali R, Roep BO, Shultz LD, Santamaria P, Yang OO, Goldstein H, Greiner DL, DiLorenzo TP. Generation of β cell-specific human cytotoxic T cells by lentiviral transduction and their survival in immunodeficient human leucocyte antigen-transgenic mice. Clin Exp Immunol 2015; 179:398-413. [PMID: 25302633 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Several β cell antigens recognized by T cells in the non-obese diabetic (NOD) mouse model of type 1 diabetes (T1D) are also T cell targets in the human disease. While numerous antigen-specific therapies prevent diabetes in NOD mice, successful translation of rodent findings to patients has been difficult. A human leucocyte antigen (HLA)-transgenic mouse model incorporating human β cell-specific T cells might provide a better platform for evaluating antigen-specific therapies. The ability to study such T cells is limited by their low frequency in peripheral blood and the difficulty in obtaining islet-infiltrating T cells from patients. We have worked to overcome this limitation by using lentiviral transduction to 'reprogram' primary human CD8 T cells to express three T cell receptors (TCRs) specific for a peptide derived from the β cell antigen islet-specific glucose-6-phosphatase catalytic subunit-related protein (IGRP265-273 ) and recognized in the context of the human class I major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecule HLA-A2. The TCRs bound peptide/MHC multimers with a range of avidities, but all bound with at least 10-fold lower avidity than the anti-viral TCR used for comparison. One exhibited antigenic recognition promiscuity. The β cell-specific human CD8 T cells generated by lentiviral transduction with one of the TCRs released interferon (IFN)-γ in response to antigen and exhibited cytotoxic activity against peptide-pulsed target cells. The cells engrafted in HLA-A2-transgenic NOD-scid IL2rγ(null) mice and could be detected in the blood, spleen and pancreas up to 5 weeks post-transfer, suggesting the utility of this approach for the evaluation of T cell-modulatory therapies for T1D and other T cell-mediated autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Babad
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
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T-lymphocyte recognition of beta cells in type 1 diabetes: clinical perspectives. DIABETES & METABOLISM 2013; 39:459-66. [PMID: 24139825 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabet.2013.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2013] [Accepted: 08/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune disease characterized by the activation of lymphocytes against pancreatic β cells. Landmarks in the history of T1D were the description of insulitis and of islet cell autoantibodies, and report an association between T1D and a limited number of HLA alleles. Another step was the study of T-lymphocytes, now known to be central to the disease process of T1D whether in mice or men. In humans, T-lymphocytes, and especially CD8⁺ T-cells, are predominant in insulitis. The characterization of antigenic fragments--peptides--recognized by T-cells paves the way towards new assays for predicting T1D and its prevention using antigen- or peptide-specific immunotherapy, while avoiding side effects that may counteract the limited efficacy of immunosuppression and immunomodulation in preserving β-cells from autoimmune destruction in recent-onset T1D patients. The current need for new preclinical models for testing strategies of antigen-specific immune tolerance is also highlighted.
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Luce S, Briet C, Bécourt C, Lemonnier F, Boitard C. The targeting of β-cells by T lymphocytes in human type 1 diabetes: clinical perspectives. Diabetes Obes Metab 2013; 15 Suppl 3:89-97. [PMID: 24003925 DOI: 10.1111/dom.12159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2013] [Accepted: 05/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
This review focuses on genes that control β-cell targeting in autoimmune, type 1-dependent, diabetes (T1D) and on insulin as the major autoantigen recognized by T lymphocytes throughout the disease process. T1D associates with multiple gene variants. Beyond genes that predispose to general failure of immune tolerance to self, loci identified by the analysis of crosses between non-obese diabetic (NOD) and conventional mouse strains harbour genes that control β-cell targeting or the deviation of autoimmunity towards other tissues. We report here the role of genes encoding co-activation molecules involved in the activation of T lymphocytes, ICOS and ICOS ligand (B7RP1). NOD mice which are deficient in either of these two molecules are protected from diabetes, but instead develop a neuromuscular autoimmune disease. We also report the characterization in humans of T lymphocytes that are specific for major β-cell autoantigens, especially insulin. This opens the way towards new bioassays in the diagnosis of autoimmunity and towards autoantigen-specific immunotherapy in T1D. In order to develop a new preclinical model of T1D that would allow testing insulin epitopes to induce immune tolerance in vivo, we developed a mouse that is deficient in endogenous major histocompatibility complex class I and class II genes and deficient for the two murine insulin genes and that express human class I, class II and insulin genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Luce
- INSERM, UMR1016, Paris, France
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van Lummel M, Zaldumbide A, Roep BO. Changing faces, unmasking the beta-cell: post-translational modification of antigens in type 1 diabetes. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes 2013; 20:299-306. [PMID: 23770733 DOI: 10.1097/med.0b013e3283631417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Description on post-translational modification of islet-autoantigens in type 1 diabetes (T1D). RECENT FINDINGS T1D is an autoimmune disease characterized by progressive destruction of the insulin-producing beta-cells. It is a complex disease process that results from the loss of tolerance to beta-cell autoantigens. This loss of tolerance can be caused by modification of beta-cell autoantigens, generating 'neo-autoantigens', and inducing T-cell responses. Post-translational modifications (PTMs) within the endoplasmic reticulum of stressed beta-cells might impact on the autoantigen T-cell epitope repertoire and on T1D pathogenesis progression. This review summarizes the processes involved in beta-cell stress and PTM of beta-cell autoantigens in T1D. SUMMARY PTMs of beta-cell autoantigens provide a novel hypothesis to understand how autoreactive T-cells can escape immune tolerance and cause destruction of beta-cells ('beta-cell homicide'). Additionally, aberrant proteins produced by stressed beta-cells can cause their own destruction ('beta-cell suicide'). Upon endoplasmic reticulum-stress, proteins are misfolded or modified changing the protein structure. In T1D, this may generate new beta-cell (neo)autoantigens. PTM of islet-autoantigens provides a mechanism by which pathogenic T-cells can escape thymic deletion. This amplifies the immune response when encountering a modified beta-cell neo-autoantigen bound to T1D predisposing human leucocyte antigen molecules in the periphery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Menno van Lummel
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Mallone R, Roep BO. Biomarkers for immune intervention trials in type 1 diabetes. Clin Immunol 2013; 149:286-96. [PMID: 23510725 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2013.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2013] [Accepted: 02/09/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
After many efforts to improve and standardize assays for detecting immune biomarkers in type 1 diabetes (T1D), methods to identify and monitor such correlates of insulitis are coming of age. The ultimate goal is to use these correlates to predict disease progression before onset and regression following therapeutic intervention, which would allow performing smaller and shorter pilot clinical trials with earlier endpoints than those offered by preserved β-cell function or improved glycemic control. Here, too, progress has been made. With the emerging insight that T1D represents a heterogeneous disease, the next challenge is to define patient subpopulations that qualify for personalized medicine or that should be enrolled for immune intervention, to maximize clinical benefit and decrease collateral damage by ineffective or even adverse immune therapeutics. This review discusses the current state of the art, setting the stage for future efforts to monitor disease heterogeneity, progression and therapeutic intervention in T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Mallone
- Cochin Institute, INSERM U1016, DeAR Lab Avenir, Paris, France; Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de Médecine, Paris, France; Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôtel Dieu, Service de Diabétologie, Paris, France.
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Abstract
Insulin is the hormone produced by pancreatic β-cells, with a central role in carbohydrate and fat metabolism. Together with its precursors preproinsulin and proinsulin, insulin is also a key target antigen (Ag) of the autoimmune islet destruction leading to type 1 diabetes. Being recognized by both autoantibodies (aAbs) and autoreactive T cells, insulin plays a triggering role, at least in rodent models, in diabetes pathogenesis. It is expressed not only by β-cells but also in the thymus, where it plays a major role in central tolerance mechanisms. We will summarize current knowledge concerning insulin, its role in β-cell autoimmunity as initial target Ag, its recognition by aAbs and autoreactive T cells, and the detection of these immune responses to provide biomarkers for clinical trials employing insulin as an immune modulatory agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sloboda Culina
- INSERM, U986, DeAR Lab Avenir, Saint Vincent de Paul Hospital, 82 Avenue Denfert Rochereau, 75674 Paris Cedex 14, France
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Vaughan K, Peters B, Mallone R, von Herrath M, Roep BO, Sette A. Navigating diabetes-related immune epitope data: resources and tools provided by the Immune Epitope Database (IEDB). Immunome Res 2013; 9. [PMID: 25140192 PMCID: PMC4134942 DOI: 10.4172/1745-7580.1000063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The Immune Epitope Database (IEDB), originally focused on infectious diseases, was recently expanded to allergy, transplantation and autoimmunity diseases. Here we focus on diabetes, chosen as a prototype autoimmune disease. We utilize a combined tutorial and meta-analysis format, which demonstrates how common questions, related to diabetes epitopes can be answered. Results A total of 409 references are captured in the IEDB describing >2,500 epitopes from diabetes associated antigens. The vast majority of data were derived from GAD, insulin, IA-2/PTPRN, IGRP, ZnT8, HSP, and ICA-1, and the experiments related to T cell epitopes and MHC binding far outnumbers B cell assays. We illustrate how to search by specific antigens, epitopes or host. Other examples include searching for tetramers or epitopes restricted by specific alleles or assays of interest, or searching based on the clinical status of the host. Conclusions The inventory of all published diabetes epitope data facilitates its access for the scientific community. While the global collection of primary data from the literature reflects potential investigational biases present in the literature, the flexible search approach allows users to perform queries tailored to their preferences, including or excluding data as appropriate. Moreover, the analysis highlights knowledge gaps and identifies areas for future investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerrie Vaughan
- Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA
| | - Bjoern Peters
- Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA
| | - Roberto Mallone
- INSERM, U1016, Cochin Institute, DeAR Lab Avenir, Saint Vincent de Paul Hospital, 82 Avenue Denfert Rochereau, 75674 Paris Cedex 14, France
| | - Matthias von Herrath
- Developmental Immunology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA
| | - Bart O Roep
- Department for Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Alessandro Sette
- Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA
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